THE REVOLUTIONARY

GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR

THE FIRST VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE

THE REVOLUTIONARY

GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR

THE FIRST VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE

THE REVOLUTIONARY

GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR

THE FIRST VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE

GOVERNANCE OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION IN

SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES

INCEPTION REPORT 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................. 2

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3

Schedule of Inception Mission ............................................................................................................... 5

Activities ................................................................................................................................................ 6

Meetings with governmental stakeholders .......................................................................................... 6

Department of Environment ............................................................................................................ 6

First Vice President’s Office ............................................................................................................ 8

Ministry of Finance .......................................................................................................................... 8

Planning Commission ..................................................................................................................... 8

Ministry of Land, Housing, Water, and Energy ................................................................................ 9

Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries ............................................................................................... 10

Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources .............................................................................. 11

Other stakeholders ....................................................................................................................... 11

Field visits ........................................................................................................................................ 12

Jozani Forest and Pete ................................................................................................................. 12

Jambiani ....................................................................................................................................... 12

Mkokotoni ..................................................................................................................................... 12

Nungwi ......................................................................................................................................... 13

Kilimani ......................................................................................................................................... 14

Three hotspots for baseline assessment ....................................................................................... 14

Overview of climate change related activities in Zanzibar .................................................................... 15

Strengthening Environment and Climate Change Governance Project ............................................. 15

Piloting Local Adaptation in Zanzibar ............................................................................................... 16

Least Developed Country Fund (LDCF) Project ............................................................................... 16

DFID-sponsored projects with activities in or implications for Zanzibar ............................................. 18

External Advisory Board ...................................................................................................................... 19

EAB members .................................................................................................................................. 19

Meeting schedule EAB ..................................................................................................................... 19

Update on work packages: additional technical assessments .............................................................. 20

Project planning ................................................................................................................................... 21

Further procedures .............................................................................................................................. 21

Annex I. Gantt Chart

Annex II. Work packages

DISCLAIMER

This is a procedural report that provides an overview of main activities during the inception phase of the

project. It is not intended as a comprehensive documentation of the research findings, which will be

published in 2016. Please do not cite this report.

In case of questions, please contact Ting Zhang (t.zhang@thehagueinstitute.org).

INTRODUCTION

The latest IPCC reports describe climate change as “having caused impacts on natural and human

systems on all continents and across the oceans” in recent decades.1 Small Island Developing States’

(SIDS) particular vulnerability to sea level rise is mainly due to their small land masses, concentration of

populations, and their high dependence on the coastal ecosystems for food, livelihood, security, and

protection against extreme events. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) recognizes the particular vulnerability of SIDS to the adverse effects of climate change and

thus stipulates that their specific needs and concerns should be given full consideration. The Barbados

Plan of Action for the Sustainable Development of SIDS (BPoA) and the Rio+20 Outcome point to the

climate-related predicament of SIDS and call for support to be provided. In light of the increasing

frequency of extreme events that threaten SIDS, greater resilience of SIDS and their communities to

disasters is needed under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030). The United

Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) lists examples such as reducing

exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and

water, and improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events as ways to reduce disaster

risks through systematic efforts to analyze and reduce causal factors of disasters. Disaster risk

reduction (DRR) is seen by the UNISDR as part of sustainable development, as it complements

activities to achieve sustainable development but can also be adversely affected by activities that are

not sustainable.

The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs lists 52 SIDS, spanning over the Caribbean, the

Pacific, and Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS). A regional cooperation

body has been established for each region, namely the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Pacific

Islands Forum (PIF), and the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC). Zanzibar, a semi-autonomous area of

Tanzania since 1964, is not strictly a SIDS. Nevertheless, the specific vulnerability and risks Zanzibar

faces are different from those mainland Tanzania is confronted with. The challenges specific to

Zanzibar have been largely omitted in the National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) submitted by

the Tanzanian government in 2007, which has led to the decision by the Revolutionary Government of

Zanzibar (RGZ) and other relevant stakeholders to collaborate with international partners on developing

Zanzibar’s own climate strategy. Zanzibar remains independent from an administrative perspective in

most of its government matters, also in environmental issues.

Research in preparation for the process of a National Adaptation Program of Action for Zanzibar

shows the following expected adverse effects of climate change on Zanzibar:

Precipitation becomes more unpredictable, less frequent but more intense, and less frequent in

dry periods, with devastating effects on agriculture (for farmers’ livelihoods and for food

security);

Food security is also declining as a result of rising temperatures affecting fisheries;

Saltwater intrusion in wells near the coast due to rising sea level and over abstraction of

groundwater will further reduce water availability;

Adverse impact on human health due to higher intensity of disease outbreaks and speed of

spread, higher frequency of water-borne diseases due to flooding, and increasing malnutrition;

1 IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Summary for Policymakers

(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, March 31, 2014), 4, http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/IPCC_WG2AR5_SPM_Approved.pdf.

More frequent and intense extreme weather events;

Alteration to the local ecosystem, which will further reduce the resilience of Zanzibar to climate

change impacts. In particular, coral bleaching will in turn affect revenues from tourism.

Focusing on Zanzibar, the overall objective of the project 'Governance of Climate Change Adaptation in

Small Island Developing States (SIDS)' (Acronym: GO ADAPT SIDS) is to contribute to sustainable

economic development, climate change adaptation, and DRR through developing effective governance

arrangements in a participatory process. The central tenet of this project is to build adaptive capacity at

multiple levels and to advance social justice and human security in local climate action.

Specifically, the project aims to:

Develop a comparative assessment on planning for climate change adaptation and DRR in

SIDS;

Develop a consensus-based action plan for climate change adaptation and sustainable

economic development, detailing both physical interventions and design of governance

arrangements, and to build capacity to implement the governance arrangements;

Disseminate knowledge on the lessons learnt in participatory planning processes for climate

change adaptation.

With Zanzibar as the primary case study, the project stems from the following rationale. The economies

of most SIDS and of Zanzibar is very vulnerable to climate, since a high percentage of GDP and a high

percentage of livelihoods are associated with climate sensitive economic sectors (directly and

indirectly), in particular agriculture, livestock, fisheries, tourism, and nature protection. Current climate

variability and extreme events such as floods, droughts, and storms, but also ongoing coastal erosion

and saltwater intrusion due to sea level rise, leads to major economic costs and affect livelihood. On

top of climate variability, recent research shows that climate of Zanzibar has been changing, and in the

last decade has seen a significant increase in extreme events, including the recent extreme events

such as droughts and floods, as example, which has led to major economic costs. However, Zanzibar is

currently not adequately adapted to deal with current and increasing variability. Within this context,

Zanzibar is confronted with tensions between different stakeholders (e.g. agriculture, livestock,

fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, and nature protection) and is still characterized by a prevalence of

poverty. Climate change may exacerbate existing vulnerabilities and inequities which increases the

potential for conflict.

Despite these challenges, Zanzibar also provides great opportunities for sustainable economic

development of the activities on the islands. These developments should be legitimate to the

inhabitants of the area, reflect on the conflicting ambitions of stakeholders in area vulnerable to sea

level rise and ecosystem degradation (including the socio-ecological functions), and the uncertain

consequences of climate change, and fit within the current and future capacity of the national

government. There is the potential for much greater advances on climate adaptation planning and

DRR. While the existing policy sets out architecture and responsibilities, there remains the need for

considerable strengthening of adaptive capacity (i.e. at community and government level), information,

governance, infrastructure, etc. to enable this work most effectively. To realize sustainable

development of the area under these conditions, both physical interventions will have to be designed as

well as new governance arrangements. The process of designing will be the subject of this project.

The expected outputs of this project include:

Consensus-based action plans for three hotspot areas: Mkokotoni, Nungwi and Mjini Kiuyu;

Physical interventions and the governance arrangements that are needed to put these

interventions into place;

Road map for implementation and financing schemes;

Further study and knowledge sharing;

Improved planning capacity with local stakeholders.

In addition to an overview of existing initiatives on climate change adaptation and capacity building that

are relevant for Zanzibar, as well as an update on activities to be carried out in the different work

packages, a large part of this inception report will be devoted to the findings made during the inception

mission to Zanzibar by the project team. The main goals of the inception mission were to:

Consult with relevant local stakeholders and to gain their interest and commitment to the

project.

Identify hotspots that are particularly vulnerable to climate change.

Recruit a highly-competent junior researcher from Zanzibar, who will work closely with the Dutch

junior researcher (also based in Zanzibar) on conducting the baseline assessment as well as

being involved in the participatory planning processes.

SCHEDULE OF INCEPTION MISSION

The inception mission took place from 18 to 23 January, 2015. The mission followed the schedule

provided below.

Date Time Activity

18 January 10:00-17:00 Final preparation for the inception mission

19 January 09:00-11:00 Introductory meeting with the Department of Environment

11:00-14:00 Field visit to Jozani Forest and Pete, meeting with villagers

14:00-15:00 Lunch break

15:00-17:00 Field visit to Jambiani village, meeting with seaweed farmers

20 January 09:00-11:00 Field visit to Mkokotoni, meeting with rice farmers

11:00-13:00 Field visit to Nungwi, meeting with fishermen and hoteliers

13:00-14:00 Lunch break

14:00-15:30 Meeting with Principal Secretary of the First Vice President's Office

15:30-17:00 Field visit to Kilimani, meeting with local stakeholders

21 January 09:00-10:30 Meeting with Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Finance

10:30-12:00 Meeting with Executive Secretary of the Zanzibar Planning

Commission

12:00-13:30 Meeting with Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Land, Housing,

Date Time Activity

Water, and Energy

13:30-14:00 Lunch break

14:00-15:30 Meeting with Principal Secretary of Ministry of Livestock and

Fisheries

15:30-17:00 Meeting with Principal Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture and

Natural Resources

22 January 09:00-11:00 Meeting with the Attorney General's Office for the Memorandum of

Understanding

11:00-14:00 Debriefing meeting with the Department of Environment

14:00-15:00 Interviews with potential candidates for the local Young Expert

position

15:00-18:00 Lunch break and flight to Dar es Salaam

23 January 08:00-10:00 Meeting with the First Secretary of the Dutch embassy

ACTIVITIES

Meetings with governmental stakeholders

This section provides a summary of key points of discussions emerging from the meetings held with

various governmental stakeholders in Zanzibar.

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT The introductory meeting between the project team and the Department of Environment (DoE), the

main local contact for this project, was about getting to know each other's work in the area of climate

change and to exchange ideas about future directions of the project.

The DoE is composed of six units, namely: 1) pollution, prevention and control; 2) natural resources

management; 3) climate change; 4) environmental impact assessment (EIA); 5) planning, Policy and

research; 6) environmental Education; 7) administration and finance.

The DoE has been working under the guidance of the Zanzibar Environmental Policy (2013), the

Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act No. 2 of 1996, and regulations regarding

EIA (2002); Non Renewable Natural Resources (2011), and the banning of plastic bags (2011), among

others. It is currently chiefly responsible for the proposal of an Environmental Management Act (2014).

Under the DoE there are two multi-sectoral committees on climate change. One committee is the

Climate Change Steering Committee, which advises on matters relating to the Zanzibar mission, policy,

strategy, and action plan with respect to all issues of climate change, and is primarily comprised of

Principal Secretaries from across government. Their responsibility includes recommending on guidance

for Climate Change Policy and Strategy, as well as any other climate change related document for

Zanzibar. The second committee is Climate Change Technical Committee, which implements the

directives and plan of action of the Climate Change Steering Committee on matters related to Zanzibar

policy, strategy, adaptation and mitigation plans and responsibilities with respect to climate change.

All economic sectors in Zanzibar are directly impacted by climate change. Key areas impacted by

climate change, identified by the DoE, include:

1. Agriculture. Almost all agriculture in Zanzibar is rainfed agriculture, which has been affected by

increasing frequency of drought and heavy rain. Saltwater inundation has also rendered

agricultural fields uncultivable.

2. Fisheries. 90 percent of protein obtained by the residents of Zanzibar in their diet comes from

fish. Currently, fishing only takes an artisanal form. Fishermen are heavily dependent on coral

reef for fishing. There is insufficient capacity and equipment to go beyond the coral reefs into

the deeper sea. As a consequence, coral reef bleaching resulting from changing water

temperature and higher acidity in the marine environment has negatively affected the fishing

yields.

3. Groundwater. Salination of groundwater has increasingly become a problem in Zanzibar, due to

lowering water table and rising sea level.

4. Beach erosion. Particularly the sandy beaches of Zanzibar have been severely affected by

erosion. According to a survey done in 2004, an estimated 30 to 80 meter of beaches has been

eroded in the past 50 years.

There are a variety of activities to address the challenges brought about by climate change. The DoE

has been actively involved in many of these. A few examples are shown below:

1. Environment and climate change project in cooperation with the United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Development Assistance Plan (UNDAP), which

seeks to develop tools for the management of climate change.

2. Development of climate change financing mechanisms in cooperation with the Ministry of

Finance.

3. Design of guidelines for mainstreaming climate change into all policies in cooperation with the

Ministry of Planning.

4. Development of an action plan to guide the implementation of the recently adopted Climate

Change Strategy (2014). A proposal of the action plan has been submitted to the UK

Department for International Development (DFID) and as of the date of the report is pending

approval.

5. Supporting the development of a Local Adaptation Program of Action (LAPA) in cooperation

with the International Institute of Environment and Development (IIED). The LAPA activities will

contribute to the implementation of the abovementioned action plan.

6. Island Project initiated by the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC). The project is funded by the

European Union (EU). Participating countries include Zanzibar, Comoros, Mauritius (project

lead), Reunion, Seychelles, and Madagascar. The project works in four areas: mapping of

coastal challenges in the Indian Ocean, disaster risk management, sustainable development

promotion through sustainability modelling, and coral reef protection. Most of the activities

center on capacity building.

7. World Bank-funded project on coastal zone resilience.

With Zanzibar having not yet been recognized as a SIDS, it cannot access the funding provided by the

UNFCCC directly but has to obtain it through the government of Tanzania. Currently, funding received

by the First Vice President's Office (FVPO), within which the DoE is nested, include the Least

Developed Countries Fund and the Climate Change Adaptation Fund. The former has been absorbed

to a limited extent by Zanzibar, while the latter has mainly been channeled to mainland Tanzania.

FIRST VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE The FVPO is mandated to coordinate four cross-cutting issues, including environment and climate

change, disability affairs, substance abuse and rehabilitation, and HIV/AIDS. The work of almost all

government ministries touches upon climate change, including that of the Attorney General’s chamber.

More than 145 places in Unguja and Pemba are currently affected by salt water inundation.

Furthermore, Zanzibar as a whole can be recognized as a coastal zone, which is more vulnerable to

climate change.

Zanzibar launched its Climate Change Strategy in June 2014 during the commemoration of the World

Environmental Day. The strategy was displayed in the Third International Conference on SIDS, which

held at Samoa in September 2014. There is local willingness to work with multiple stakeholders due to

imminent climate change threats.

Zanzibar is currently dependent on the mainland for its power source. There are projects to develop

alternative sources of energy, including pilots of solar energy and an EU-funded survey on the potential

for wind energy.

Two main obstacles are perceived by the FVPO as the greatest in the implementation of the Climate

Change Strategy:

1. International and regional conventions and protocols on the environment and climate

change are Union matters, which means Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania have to deal with

them jointly while their interests are sometimes not compatible.

2. Capacity of RGZ’s staff to deal with climate change issues needs to be improved. At the

same time, awareness by the private sector and the general public about the challenges of

climate change needs to be raised.

MINISTRY OF FINANCE The Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy calls for the establishment of climate change financing

mechanisms. The Ministry of Finance has been tasked to lead the process of developing them. Current

modalities for finance are not deemed to be viable or sustainable in the long term. The tax bases, which

present financing taps into is narrow mainly due to poverty and unemployment. There is new potential

for funding from the private sector after a new law on public private partnerships has been drafted.

PLANNING COMMISSION According to the Planning Commission, the problem with inaction or a lack of action in the area of

climate change adaptation is not due to the absence of planning but rather the failure to implement the

plans. The Planning Commission mentions three main obstacles for the implementation of the Climate

Change Strategy in Zanzibar, which is similar to those mentioned by the FVPO.

A lack of mainstreaming of climate change into all policies (unlike other cross-cutting issues

such as gender and HIV/AIDS) despite legal requirement for incorporation of climate change

and environmental considerations in all projects.

A lack of capacity by policy-makers is the main reason for the lack of mainstreaming. The

Planning Commission has been asked to develop guidelines to mainstream climate change into

sectoral policies but have not yet succeeded. The Commission identified the needs for

assistance provided to the planning departments of all ministries, as well as for knowledge

transfers of experiences learnt from the gender and HIV/AIDS-mainstreaming processes.

A lack of funding opportunities both for climate change-related activities and for participatory

planning processes.

The Planning Commission sees great potential in the project, particularly in the following areas:

Implementation of the national plan for adaptation (to be supported by DFID), as long as the

project stays well integrated with the national plan;

Providing an overview of the status quo of climate change adaptation efforts in Zanzibar leading

up to the review of the Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUZA II).

Capacity building for staff (through learning-by-doing) in the Planning Commission on their skills

in facilitating participatory planning processes and on their knowledge about climate change

(and thus creating sustainability of the project).

The development of a ‘toolkit’ detailing a step-by-step approach on how to mainstream climate

change in each sector, also incorporating socio-economic considerations.

MINISTRY OF LAND, HOUSING, WATER, AND ENERGY Due to population growth, demand for housing and land in Zanzibar is increasing. At the same time,

climate change has led to more land scarcity as agricultural lands become unusable and houses are

being built on land that was once agricultural (as people are forced to relocate further inland). Land

disputes are on the rise. There are land tribunals that aim to peacefully mediate the disputes, which are

broadly categorized as disputes between private parties as well as investment-related disputes where

compensation are usually involved. Most of the disputes are over land boundaries.

A land registration system has been introduced to prevent land disputes. However, land registration

remains uncommon in Zanzibar. Three possible explanations for this include (perceived) corruption by

the government, (and related to this) fear of land being unlawfully taken away by the government, and a

lack of proof of ownership due to the customary nature of most land ownership.

The land tribunals have successfully mediated 10 percent of the disputes they receive, but aim to

increase the rate to 50 percent by the end of 2015. The last resort for disputes that are not resolved

through the land tribunals is the court.

In terms of water resources, there are two springs in the urban areas that provide the majority of the

water supply to Zanzibar’s urban residents. Water tables of both springs have been declining due to

overuse. The Ministry has attempted to restore the water table by constructing fences around the

springs. In addition, the Ministry has worked with contractors from the United Arab Emirates in deep

well drilling. Other measures to increase the availability of water supply include the introduction of

rainwater harvesting on the roof of nine schools. Wastewater falls under the responsibility of

municipalities, which are in collaboration with the ministry regarding the treatment and potential reuse

of wastewater. There is an intention to incorporate wastewater under the Zanzibar Water Authority

(ZAWA), which does fall under the ministry.

Demand-side water management measures are also being taken. Water leakage from pipes has been

identified as a major issue, as well as the wasteful use of water. The main reason for these is the flat

rate charge. The Ministry aims to introduce water meters (despite resistance by the local population) to

better monitor (and therefore better plan for) water use as well as to encourage water conservation

behavior.

MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries has no specific focus on climate change as a separate issue,

but has incorporated climate change in many of its policies. The Ministry noted climate change impacts

on livestock production (and consequently food security) in Zanzibar. Changing rainfall patterns have

had an impact on the growth of pasture, which in turn affected the availability of food and immunity of

the livestock. Seawater intrusion has also been observed in some grazing areas. This is a phenomenon

occurring throughout the whole of Zanzibar.

Current action undertaken by the ministry to tackle seawater intrusion includes the planting of

mangroves, carried out in cooperation with the Department of Forest in the Ministry of Agriculture and

Natural Resources. There is not yet any specific plan to reclaim land that has been affected by

seawater intrusion. Due to the same strips of land usually being used for both agriculture and grazing

simultaneously, there is no clear delimitation of responsibility between the Ministry of Livestock and

Fisheries and the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources on many agricultural- and livestock-

related climate change problems.

In terms of fisheries, more than 23,000 farmers, most of whom women, are currently dependent on

seaweed farming. Some areas of seaweed cultivation are close to marine protected areas (MPAs),

threatening the health of the ecosystem in these areas. Seaweed production has also reduced mainly

as a result of nutrient depletion. There have been attempts to shift the seaweed farmers to deeper

areas away from the MPAs but the attempts have failed, mainly due to a lack of technical capacity of

the farmers. Illegal fishing exists but according to the Ministry is not occurring to a large extent.

Negative impacts by climate change on the fisheries sector also manifest in coral reef bleaching, sea

temperature rise, and sedimentation of the seabed, the consequences of which include a declining fish

population, particularly those that depend on sea grass.

There have been recent developments in both marine (mainly) and freshwater (small-scale)

aquaculture, particularly in Pemba. There is potential for rainwater harvesting in both forms of

aquaculture. However, there is currently only one area investing in rainwater harvesting.

The Ministry has received support from the DoE and the Institute for Marine Sciences to address the

marine environmental changes. The Ministry has implemented fishery programs that will identify

vulnerable areas and plant artificial reefs. Several programs exist but there is a lack of monitoring and

evaluation of the progress and results of these programs.

The Ministry works with local interest groups closely. Local representatives of interest groups are well-

organized. Some areas are represented by fishery committees, seaweed associations (consisting of

female farmers only), and livestock farmer associations. The Ministry provides agricultural extension

services to these associations on topics such as protection of livestock, health of fisheries and so on.

The Ministry mentioned a need for capacity building, particularly on the livestock aspect of their work.

There are limited staff’s skills and know-how on climate change issues. In addition, livestock farmers

are not yet aware of how climate change affects their work or how they could adapt their livestock

practices in relation to the changing rain patterns. There are daily weather updates provided on

television but not all farmers have access to the weather forecast due to a lack of television or even a

lack of access to electricity.

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES The Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resource is responsible for the management and coordination

of activities related to agricultural and natural resources development in the islands and ensure the

sustainable use of natural resources. The Ministry comprises of six departments (Department of

Planning, Policy and Research; Department of Administration and Human Resources; Department of

Agriculture; Department of Forest and Non-Renewable Natural Resources; Department of Irrigation;

Department of Food Security and Nutrition), two institutes (Kizimbani Agricultural Training Institute and

the Institute of Agricultural Research) and the Liaison Office in Pemba.

The Ministry recognizes climate change impacts in the form of seawater intrusion in rice fields. As

responses, dykes have been built at two sites in Pemba to protect the rice fields. Preparations are in

place to expand the construction of dykes and to also reinforce the protection of rice fields with the

replanting of mangroves. These projects are financed both by the government and by the communities

themselves.

There is currently also a policy review with regard to policies on natural resources management.

The Ministry has recently completed assessments related to climate change for some four-year

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) projects. In addition, the

Ministry has conducted a survey on wood burner use among Unguja and Pemba residents. A study has

also been carried out to assess the forest coverage of Zanzibar.

Zanzibar has seen a high prevalence of community-based natural resources management for both

terrestrial and marine natural resources. There are also platforms available for the implementation of

projects and action plans to further raise the awareness of community-based natural resources

management. As the roles of farmers and fishermen are very often played by the same people, the

management of marine and terrestrial resources are closely connected.

The Ministry considers the following as areas that could be improved or that need assistance:

Despites a presence of expertise within the Ministry on climate change issues, funding is not

always available to implement programs or projects;

The crop calendar is changing due to changing rainfall patterns. Farmers need to be made

aware of these changes and adapt their practice accordingly;

Agricultural technology transfer and technical assistance (e.g. through developing toolkits).

OTHER STAKEHOLDERS It has emerged from this inception mission that in addition to the abovementioned governmental

stakeholders, the following stakeholders (list is not exhaustive) are also of high relevance for the

project:

Village leaders (sheha’s);

Sheha committees;

District councils;

Regional commissions;

Association of Tour Guides;

Fishery Committees;

NGOs for organic farming, cloves farming, and climate change;

CODECOZ;

Association of Tourism Investors;

Zanzibar Water Authority.

Field visits

The team conducted field visits to six sites in Zanzibar that have shown signs of impacts of climate

change. This section presents a brief overview of the observations made at the sites.

JOZANI FOREST AND PETE Jozani Forest and Pete,

located in the forested south of

Unguja (see Figure 1), has

witnessed changing winds in

recent years. Southerly winds

are increasing in force and

frequency, as a result of

weather variability. This has

led to flooding during strong

southern winds, which push

the seawater into the Pete

inlet, submerging outside walls

of houses (see Figure 2). This relatively new phenomenon has incurred

internal displacement in the area, as villagers seek higher grounds or

areas further inland.

JAMBIANI Jambiani is located in the southeast of Unguja (see Figure 4). It is a touristic

area directly on the beach, where erosion has been severe (70 to 100

meters in 30 to 40 years). In addition, the income of local fishermen is also

threatened by the coastal erosion. Some fishermen have taken up seaweed

farming (for export) to sustain their livelihoods. The reason for the coastal

erosion is similar to that for Jozani and Pete, namely increasing winds and

changing wind directions to mainly southerly winds. Furthermore, current

adaptation measures take on an individual level, such as concrete walls

(Figure 3), are increasing the rate of erosion.

MKOKOTONI

Mkokotoni is located in the northwest of Unguja (see Figure 5). Villagers in

this area are mostly (rice) farmers. The area is suffering from coastal

FIGURE 1 THE LOCATION OF JOZANI FOREST AND PETE IN UNGUJA.

FIGURE 2 MARKS LEFT BEHIND BY SEAWATER AT RISING TIDE CAN BE SEEN ON THE OUTSIDE WALL OF THE HOUSE IN JOZANI AND PETE.

FIGURE 4 THE LOCATION OF JAMBIANI IN UNGUJA.

erosion and salt water

inundation in agricultural

area. The coastal erosion is

caused by the combination of

cutting of mangroves and the

illegal beach sand mining.

The sand was taken to the

nearby Island Tumbatu where

there is a scarcity of building

materials since it mainly

consists of coral rock. The

destabilizing effect of sand

mining and mangrove cutting

caused a breach through the sand dunes and sea water inundated the low

lying agricultural land and grazing areas.

Because of incoming seawater as well as an accumulation of storm water in preferential pathway,

previously fertile farmland has been degraded and

deemed uncultivable. Farmers are forced to switch to

more salt-resistant crops. The community built an earth

levee but due to its ill design the levee was destroyed

during high sea water events (see Figure 6). Around 10

hectares of land have been invaded by sea water and the

upper soil layer is brackish and no longer suitable for

agricultural production (see Figure 7). According to the

local population, local groundwater layers still seem to be

fresh and not affected by the sea water. The beach

vegetation is still being cut for small constructions and

other dune breaches are threatening the fisher village and

the productive areas. The local population took action

through the local authorities to stop the illegal sand

mining.

NUNGWI Nungwi, located at the northernmost point of Unguja (see

Figure 8), is an area highly frequented by tourists. The

area is exposed to strong winds, waves, and currents.

Beaches at Nungwi have experienced exponential rates

of erosion (70 to 100 meters) in the past few decades

(and in particularly the past five to six years (7 to 10

meters), due to stronger and changing winds, waves, and

currents.

Due to its beautiful coral reefs, the area is home to many

high quality hotels, diving schools, fishermen, and

FIGURE 3 SEA WALLS HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE BEACH FRONT IN JAMBIANI.

FIGURE 5 THE LOCATION OF MKOKOTONI IN UNGUJA.

FIGURE 6 A DYKE CONSTRUCTED BY FARMERS IN MKOKOTONI HAS BEEN BREACHED BY THE INCOMING SEA WATER.

FIGURE 7 FIELDS THAT ONCE PRODUCED RICE IN MKOKOTONI ARE LEFT BARREN AFTER SEAWATER INTRUSION.

seaweed farmers. As a result the area is of high socio-economic importance

for Zanzibar. Due to the high population density and the growing population,

the area is also affected by water scarcity. An over abstraction of

groundwater has led to seawater intrusion. Measures taken against beach

erosion have had no effect at best or even a counterproductive effect. There

are many hotels concentrated in Nungwi, including several high-end hotel

resorts. Some of the hotels have constructed concrete walls to prevent

beach erosion (see Figure 9). Without properly guided technical surveys,

parts of the sea walls have collapsed or been undermined. As in the case of

Jambiani, the sea walls are in fact exacerbating the problem of erosion.

Hoteliers mentioned the need to purchase and deposit new sands on the

beaches in front of their properties on some occasions. Vertical walls built to

protect the hotels are provoking additional erosion and stakeholders are not

aware of how to solve the issues. More detailed analysis of the coastal

dynamics is necessary before measures can be proposed. Fishermen in

Nungwi are also affected by climate change, as

damage to coral reefs means they are yielding less fish

(see Figure 10).

KILIMANI Kilimani is a semi-urban residential area near Stone

Town in the west of Zanzibar. Located in an estuary, it

has been affected by seawater inundation.

THREE HOTSPOTS FOR BASELINE ASSESSMENT The team has decided to choose three specific

hotspots to focus the stakeholder analysis, the

participatory planning process, and the implementation

of climate adaptation plans on. The hotspots were

selected on the basis of the abovementioned field visits

as well as the wider inventory of hotspots visited in the

framework of the Scoping Study by Deltares (Letitre et

al.).

The selection criteria for the three hotspots were:

A location on Unguja and on Pemba Island;

Stakeholders showed initiative and willingness

to solve the problems;

Location where the type of stakeholders is

diverse and where the problems are representative of

the problems occurring across many locations in

Zanzibar;

Locations where climate change-related

FIGURE 8 THE LOCATION OF NUNGWI IN UNGUJA.

FIGURE 9 A LUXURY HOTEL RESORT IN NUNGWI IS PROTECTED AT THE BEACH FRONT BY TALL CONCRETE SEA WALLS, WHICH HAVE PARTIALLY COLLAPSED IN SOME PLACES.

FIGURE 10 ARTISANAL FISHING BOATS ARE SCATTERED NEAR THE BEACH IN NUNGWI. FISHERMEN IN THE AREA ARE DEPENDENT ON CORAL REEFS FOR THE FISHING YIELDS.

problems are having serious impact and where

urgent actions are needed;

Locations where both climate-related factors and

human-related factors play a role but where

additional analysis is needed to define what the

role is exactly.

The following locations have been selected in mutual

consultation with the DoE and other stakeholders.

Mkokotoni (Unguja)

Nungwi (Unguja)

Mjini Kiuyu (Pemba)

Mjini Kiuyu was visited by project team member Peter Letitre in a scoping study by Deltares. An area in

Pemba, population density is increasing in Mjini Kiuyu and more houses are built close to the coastline.

Mangrove areas have been partly destroyed. During certain periods of the year seawater levels are

reaching the houses, also causing floods and erosion of the beaches (see Figure 11). Villagers have

already started replanting mangroves and biological protection methods have been used in attempts to

stop beach erosion. Options to relocate houses to higher areas have been discussed but not yet

implemented.

OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED ACTIVITIES IN

ZANZIBAR

This section provides an overview of the past, ongoing, and upcoming climate change related activities

in Zanzibar. The list is by no means exhaustive but reflects the knowledge that the team has obtained

through its partners on the ground as well as members of the project’s External Advisory Board. The

team aims to build on the past and existing efforts and connect the project’s outcomes to any upcoming

activities whenever possible.

Strengthening Environment and Climate Change Governance Project

This project aims to strengthen environment and climate change governance in Zanzibar. The project is

funded by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Tanzania through the United Nations

Development Assistance Plan (UNDAP). The project started in 2012 and is expected to complete in

2016 with seven outputs:

Environment and climate change adaptation mainstreamed in national development planning

processes as part of the Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty II (MKUZA-II)

implementation;

Development of the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy;

Strengthened institutional framework for improved climate change governance in Zanzibar;

Development of the Zanzibar Climate Change Financing Mechanism;

FIGURE 11 FLOODING IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS OF MJINI KIUYU.

Improved levels of information availability and awareness on climate change impacts and

adaptation strategies among general public and MDAs;

Strengthened capacity for increased use of sustainable low carbon energy efficient

technologies;

Strengthened enabling environment for increased use of alternatives to forest-oriented biomass.

Piloting Local Adaptation in Zanzibar

On 15th July, 2014, the FVPO signed agreement with the International Institute for Environment and

Development (IIED) to support the capacity development program for local adaptation plan of actions

(LAPA) in Zanzibar. IIED allocated about £40,000 to support the LAPA intervention. In line with

Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy and as a means of implementing integrating adaptation options into

development policy and planning processes, FVPO and IIED initiated the process of LAPA

development in mid-2014. As of May 2015, the LAPA was being prepared through extensive

stakeholder consultations.

The program has three main objectives:

To enable communities to understand the changing and uncertain future climatic conditions and

engage them effectively in the process of identifying adaptation priorities;

To support the implementation of climate-resilient plans that are flexible enough for responding

to changing and uncertain climatic conditions;

To inform sectoral programs for mainstreaming and policy reforms.

This program started in March 2015 and is expected to complete on December 2015.

Least Developed Country Fund (LDCF) Project

The purpose of the LDCF project is to address urgent adaptation needs in four targeted vulnerable

coastal sites in Tanzania. These include Pangani District, Bagamoyo District, Rufiji District, and

Zanzibar. The project is designed to achieve the following three outcomes:

increased local level capacities and knowledge to effectively analyze the threats and potential

impacts of climate change;

enhanced government and public engagement in climate change adaptation activities;

reduced vulnerability to climate change in the coastal zones by means of adaptation

interventions and pilot innovations. Interventions will address the systematic barriers to climate

change adaptation and strengthen existing soft and hard infrastructure for coastal protection.

LDCF PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND RELATED OUTPUTS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Output Activity

Climate change impact assessment capacity established for project sites (monitoring climate changes)

District level training on sectoral, livelihoods and planning, climate and economic vulnerability and Participatory Vulnerability Assessments (PVA) (3 training workshops).

Procure and provide district-level training on coastal vulnerability modeling tools (DIVA, COSMO).

Detailed participatory coastal vulnerability Produce coastal vulnerability models and

Output Activity

assessment for Rufiji, Bagamoyo and Pangani districts and Zanzibar

maps and a costal vulnerability index for Tanzania.

Perform PVA, revise existing land use policies to integrate climate adaptation and prepare policy recommendations including budget allocations.

Public engagement in climate change adaptation activities is enhanced

Strengthening of non-governmental organization (NGO) and community-based organization (CBO) network on climate change.

Implementation of an awareness campaign focused on climate change in Coastal zones.

Student internship program established for interns to project sites

Creation and administration of a climate change internship program for undergraduate and graduate students.

Knowledge is integrated into university curriculum Perform a curriculum assessment for potential integration of climate change as multidisciplinary course of study within formal curriculum review.

Develop pilot courses and educational materials for streamlining climate change into selected courses.

Train academic staff and deliver pilot courses.

Mangroves are restored in pilot sites Restore mangroves using locally available resilient tree species (Rufiji, Zanzibar, Pemba).

Creation and local enforcement of no-take zones and buffer areas in rehabilitated mangroves.

Create community-based mangrove nursery and management associations for ongoing sustainable management and monitoring.

Water resources are protected from sea level rise and erosion and coastal communities have access to safe water

Decommission and relocate salinized wells (Bagamoyo).

Water harvesting systems implemented (Bagamoyo).

Train communities on water conservation, management and recycling (Bagamoyo).

Coastal infrastructure and assets are protected Rehabilitation and upgrade of Pangani seawall, Kisiwa Panza seawall and Bwawani seawall.

Dyke, groyne and spillway reconstruction at Ukele and Tumbe west (Zanzibar).

The LDCF project started in 2013 and is expected to complete in 2017. It is coordinated by the Vice

President’s Office of the United Republic of Tanzania.

DFID-sponsored projects with activities in or implications for Zanzibar

The UK Department for International Development (DFID) is active in the realm of climate change both

in mainland Tanzania and in Zanzibar. The existing program portfolio relevant for climate change

adaptation in Zanzibar is listed below.

Tanzania Climate Change Institutional Strengthening Program (4 July 2011 – 15 June 2015)

The aim of the program is to improve Tanzania's access to climate finance and use it effectively to

support climate change resilience and low carbon sustainable growth by securing international climate

change funds both from multilaterals and bilaterals and by assessing targets annually which have been

set in the National Climate Change Strategy. The £3 million program will focus on providing support to

government institutions at a national and local level. This will complement other support provided by

DFID to civil society and private sector to address the challenges of climate change in Tanzania. The

coverage of the program has recently been extended to Zanzibar. It is under this program that the

proposal to develop a national climate change action plan submitted by the RGZ has been approved,

with finance to be channeled through the UNDP. The plan will be developed before October or

November 2015.

Renewable Energy and Adaptation Climate Technologies (Africa Climate Change Challenge

Fund) (16 September 2010 – 31 August 2016)

This program aims to stimulate private sector investment in developing low cost, clean energy and

climate change technologies and services, such as solar power, biomass energy, irrigation and crop

insurance products for small holder farmers. Every business supported by the program must

demonstrate a positive impact on the rural poor through increased incomes, employment and

productivity or by reducing costs. The program is implemented by NGOs, with funding totaling to £15

million.

Accountability in Tanzania (ACT) Program (1 May 2009 – 31 March 2016)

This £30 million program focuses on increasing the accountability and responsiveness of government

to its citizens through a strengthened civil society. The UK’s funding is to establish a civil society

climate change and environment advocacy fund. The intervention will complement other climate change

work currently funded by DFID Tanzania providing support to government and private sector. With

intended outputs such as improved public access to information on climate change and the

environment, increased civil society engagement in the formulation of climate change and environment

policies, stronger civil society monitoring of the implementation of these policies, and improved civil

society understanding of how to secure better climate change and environment policy, the program

seeks to improve policy and institutions to support climate change resilience and environmentally

sustainable growth, and eventually enable Tanzania to achieve the Millennium Development Goals

though better management of environment and climate change risks and opportunities.

Upcoming programs

Stage II of the Institutional Strengthening Program

The second stage of the Institutional Strengthening Program will continue to include Zanzibar in its

work. The total funding for this program will amount to £25 million. The framework for the program

will be developed by June 2015.

Building Urban Resilience to Climate Change in Tanzania

This £3 million program will be jointly implemented with the World Bank. It sees improved urban

resilience as a way to achieve positive impact on urban development at the city level and reduce

shocks to vulnerable households at the community level. The areas of focus include flood risks,

public private partnerships, municipal waste management, etc. The program will mainly be carried

out on urban resilience in Dar es Salaam, with some funding also for Zanzibar.

Water Resources Management in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor

This program will focus mainly on data collection and capacity building and will be supported by £5

million. The starting point is water as an obstacle to economic development. The framework for the

program will be developed by May 2015. It is part of the International Water Stewardship Program

in collaboration with the IFC Water Resource Group.

EXTERNAL ADVISORY BOARD

In the period February to March 2015 an External Advisory Board (EAB) has been established. Core

tasks for the advisory board include monitoring and evaluation of the project (both on content and

process), knowledge exchange and connection with similar projects, and identification of possible

follow-up and spin-off opportunities.

EAB members

Currently, the EAB consists of the following persons:

Arwin van Buuren, Erasmus University (EUR)

Jeroen Warner, Wageningen University (WUR)

Rob Verheem, Netherlands Committee for Environmental Assessment (NCEA)

Paul Watkiss, Global Climate Adaptation Partnership (GCAP)

Meeting schedule EAB

The EAB will convene four times over the remaining 20-months project period. Each meeting will

require 3 hours. The first EAB meeting (i.e. kick-off meeting) took place on Wednesday, April 1st, 2015,

14:00-17:00 hours in The Hague. The project team presented: the project, baseline assessment interim

findings, and analytical framework for comparative assessment. The EAB gave feedback on the

objectives, deliverables, key success factors, strengths and weaknesses of the project, and linked it to

relevant ongoing activities.

Proposed meeting schedule for all EAB meetings:

Activity When/where

EAB Kick-off meeting 01-04-2015, 14:00-17:00 hours, The Hague

Second EAB meeting (possibly in conjunction

with the GO ADAPT SIDS session at the

August 2015 (possibly Stockholm)

Stockholm World Water Week 2015)

Third EAB meeting (possibly in conjunction

with the Final Multi-stakeholder workshop in

Zanzibar)

February or March 2016 (possibly in Zanzibar)

Final International Conference of GO ADAPT

SIDS, in conjunction with the final event of The

Hague Institute’s Water Diplomacy: Making

Water Cooperation Work-project

November 2016, The Hague

UPDATE ON WORK PACKAGES: ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL

ASSESSMENTS

For the baseline assessment (work package 2) the project team decided to conduct a technical

assessment of each three hotspots, in addition to the baseline work already planned. Deltares has

been contracted to deliver the following additional services in the period March to April 2015:

Component A: Assess the coastal erosion problems and possible protection measures for

the three selected hotspots Mkokotoni, Nungwi, and Mjini Kiuyu: A desk assessment will

be carried out in which coastal erosion and coastal protection will be discussed for the selected

three hotspots. First a brief general overview of potential causes for erosion will be given and of

potential measures to mitigate erosion. On a conceptual level it will describe how the sediment

balance can be disturbed by natural causes and by human interference with the system. This

description will have a general character, so it may in a later stage also be used to understand

erosion problems in other areas. Then the main causes of erosion at the selected sites will be

evaluated. Attention will be paid to the relatively wave-exposed beach at Nungwi, for which

indicative estimates of the sediment transports and sediment balance will be made on the basis

of open source wave data. Also for the more shielded areas Mkokotoni and Mjini Kiuyu the main

cause(s) of coastal erosion will be investigated, although at these locations flooding (rather than

coastal erosion) seems to be the dominant problem. Coastal protection strategies and possible

mitigating measures will be evaluated on a conceptual level. Advantages and disadvantages of

various measures will be discussed for the three selected sites. Also the effects of measures

taken in the past will be evaluated. The desk assessment will be carried out on the basis of

readily available data. Though our in-house available data are sufficient to carry out this desk

study, it would be useful if the following data could be made available by DoE to support our

evaluation: a) historical shoreline data (old maps or photographs of the coasts at the selected

sites); b) details on measures carried out in the past (type of measure, year of construction).

Component B: Flood maps will be prepared for Mkokotoni and Mjini Kiuyu to assess the

risks of flooding in cases of high water events and to assess the effects of protective

measures such as a dam or a levee in Mkokotoni. The contractor will collect the necessary

satellite data (SRTM30m, SRTM+ (bathymetry oceans and see). The data requires analysis and

correction of elevations. On the basis of these data the contractor will prepare a 2D flood

visualization of both Mkokotoni and Mjini Kiuyu. For Mkokotoni the contractor will draft some

scenario’s what will happen in case of floods and what will be the effect of building a dam or

levee. The results (flood maps for different scenarios will be reported in the form of maps, a

report and a PowerPoint presentation. The results will be the basis for the problem analysis and

the analysis of possible solutions. Peter Letitre has been assigned to guide this problem

analysis and discussion of possible solutions during the three workshops.

PROJECT PLANNING

The overall planning scheme was agreed upon between the project team and the DoE during the

inception mission. A more detailed planning has been provided in the Gantt chart in Annex I.

FURTHER PROCEDURES

There was no doubt from the team's experience during the inception mission that Zanzibar cannot

afford to wait when it comes to climate change adaptation. The inception mission overall confirmed the

potential of the project to directly impact on local needs. It also enabled the team to tailor the project

even further to reflect local capacities and culture. Finally, the mission allowed the team to better

connect to existing efforts by bilateral donors and international agencies.

The inception mission marks the start of the project. Two parallel processes will take place between

February and June 2015. The first is the baseline assessment (including a system analysis and a

stakeholder analysis) for each of the three selected hotspots. In addition to Nungwi and Mkokotoni,

which the team has selected as the two hotspots on Unguja, the third hotspot will be Mijni Kiuyu on

Pemba. The reason for the inclusion of this hotspot is two-fold. The first reason is because the ambition

of the project to support the implementation of the national climate change action plan in Zanzibar,

which will cover both Unguja and Pemba islands. The second reason is the observation made by a

project team member in an earlier visit to Zanzibar, which indicates severe climate change impacts on

the third hotspot that are typical of impacts across many parts of Zanzibar. The baseline assessment

(work package 2) will be conducted by the team of two young experts in Zanzibar, with guidance from

and discussion with the rest of the project team.

The second is the comparative case studies of a SIDS in the Pacific and a SIDS in the Caribbean (work

package 4), in order to identify best practices based upon which lessons could be drawn for climate

change adaptation in Zanzibar. The comparative analysis will be conducted by the project team based

in the Netherlands, in close consultation with stakeholders in the respective case study countries.

The participatory planning process (work package 3) will start from May 2015 onwards, with the first

local stakeholder workshops in three hotspots being scheduled for 29 May – 5 June 2015 (see planning

in section 5).

Planned field trips include:

Month Field trip

April 2015 Meeting with stakeholders from SIDS in the Pacific and Caribbean during the

Month Field trip

World Water Forum in South Korea (12-17 April 2015)

June 2015 Multi-stakeholder workshops in three hotspots in Zanzibar

September

2015

Multi-stakeholder workshops with high-level policy-makers in Zanzibar

November 2015 Meeting with stakeholders and field visits to SIDS in the Caribbean

February 2016 Multi-stakeholder workshop Stonetown: Roadmap to implementation

ANNEX I. GANTT CHART

Work Package & task Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16

1. Project management

Needs assessment

Establishing project partnerships & contracts

Writing up project proposal

Feedback on proposal

Adjusting project proposal and submission for approval

Establishing project advisory committee

Writing up proposal for YEP NL

Writing up proposal for YEP ZNZ

Supervision of YEP NL

Supervision of YEP ZNZ

Training on participatory planning

Final conference in The Hague

2. Baseline assessment

Planning of inception mission ZNZ

Inception mission ZNZ

Reporting & follow-up inception mission ZNZ

Stakeholder analysis Mkokotoni

Systems analysis Mkokotoni

Vulnerability assessment Mkokotoni

Stakeholder analysis Mijni Kiuyu

Systems analysis Mijni Kiuyu

Vulnerability assessment Mijni Kiuyu

Stakeholder analysis Nungwi

Systems analysis Nungwi

Vulnerability assessment Nungwi

3. Participatory planning

Planning of participatory planning process Mkokotoni

Planning of participatory planning process Mijni Kiuyu

Planning of participatory planning process Nungwi

Participatory planning in three hotspots

Reporting & follow-up participatory planning in hotspots

Participatory planning at aggregated level (planning & actual meeting)

Reporting & follow-up participatory planning aggregate

Multi-criteria analysis leading to priority interventions

Developing roadmap for implementation of interventions

Developing general methods for climate-proof development in SIDS

Dissemination of findings in ZNZ in final workshop

4. Comparative analysis

Developing comparative assessment framework

Rapid assessment of SIDS & selection of cases

Contact SIDS Pacific

Contact SIDS Caribbean

Field mission SIDS Pacific for data collection

Reporting of field mission SIDS Pacific

Field mission SIDS Caribbean for data collection

Reporting of field mission SIDS Caribbean

Distilling best practices for ZNZ

ANNEX II. WORK PACKAGES

Work Package 1: Project Management

Team members: Patrick Huntjens (Project leader), Ting Zhang (Project coordinator), Fabienne Smith (Project assistant)

Objectives:

Ensure the project meets its objectives within allocated budget and schedule timescales;

Activities: Project Leader (PL: Patrick):

Overall supervision;

Contractual management (i.e. based on ToRs of project team);

Inception phase: Developing ToR’s for individual members of the project team

Inception phase: contacting and contracting local partners

Inception phase: liaise with strategic partners, e.g. World Bank, Dutch Embassy, GWP, UNDP etc

Supervising the administrative / financial part of the project (PMA deliver financial accounts + invoices to project director).

Monitoring the activities within the work packages to safeguard their usefulness and quality (e.g. based on weekly updates from (or meetings with) and PMA);

Coordination of work packages, i.e. ensure timely delivery of planned outputs for each work package, based on detailed time schedule for all work packages linked to expected outputs of each work package (see annex 3);

Coordinator / Project Management Assistant (PC: Ting):

Day-to-day coordination;

Inception phase: Organization of participatory planning process + action research in Zanzibar in close collaboration with field researchers and under the guidance of PL;

Inception phase: further refining of task allocations, activities and time schedules;

Coordination of work packages under supervision of PL, i.e. ensure timely delivery of planned outputs for each work package, based on detailed time schedule for all work packages linked to expected outputs of each work package;

Organization and facilitation of External Advisory Committee (including time schedule, agenda and minutes for meetings in consultation with PL);

Coordination of field trips to comparative case study countries in the Pacific/AIMS and the Caribbean and organization of workshops in these countries, in collaboration with PL.

Management of content and program of the final conference in The Hague, and coordination of conference logistics.

Secretary (PA: Fabienne):

Managing the administrative / financial part of the project (e.g. PMA deliver financial accounts + invoices to SC, to be signed off by PL);

Logistics related to all project activities;

For project activities in Zanzibar, providing logistical support to field researchers;

For project activities in Pacific, AIMS, and Caribbean SIDS, providing logistical support to PL and PMA;

Organization of final conference in The Hague, under the supervision of PL and PMA.

Outputs + deadlines:

Project financial management report (December 2016)

Final project report (December 2016)

Periodic progress reports (June 2015, December 2015, June 2016)

Work Package 2: Baseline Assessment

Team members: Patrick Huntjens, Rens de Man, Ting Zhang, Sieske Valk (YEP-er NL), Salim Bakar (YEP-er Zanzibar)

Objectives:

Understand the local context and the relevant stakeholders as well as their needs for the project.

Provide an information base against which to monitor and assess the project’s progress and effectiveness during implementation and after completion.

Activities: Choosing comparative cases - in-house work at The Hague Institute (PH, RdM, TZ) (November-December 2014):

Rapid assessment of SIDS where we can find best practices and failures on planning for sustainable and climate-robust economic development.

Make a pre-selection of SIDS (2-3 from the Pacific/AIMS, 2-3 from the Caribbean) as comparative cases, and make a list of relevant organizations in the pre-selected SIDS.

Contact the relevant organizations to ask for best practices and failures.

Based on the information from the relevant organizations and other information from desk research, select one SIDS from the Pacific/AIMS and one SIDS from the Caribbean as comparative cases.

Baseline assessment for Zanzibar (December 2014-April 2015):

Draft a baseline plan, outlining what information is needed, and how, where and by whom the information can be collected: including focus, process / performance indicators, data collection methods, data source and quantity, means of analysis, and time frame. (PH, RdM, TZ)

Conduct a stakeholder analysis to a stakeholder analysis to identify actors who have a trigger and are able to act, by exploring the structure of social and governance networks, mapping actor perceptions and values.

Conduct a systems analysis of both the physical and socio-economic systems, and the vulnerabilities and institutional capacities.

For both the stakeholder analysis and the system analysis, work will be done in both The Hague and Zanzibar:

o Desk research at The Hague Institute (PH, RdM, TZ) o Field research in Zanzibar:

SV will be responsible for coordination of the interviews and focus groups. The interviews and focus groups will be conducted by SV and SB together. SB will be responsible for the development and implementation of local surveys. Surveys will take place at the two main islands of Zanzibar: Unguja and Pemba. Interviews with relevant stakeholders, including government officials, representatives of private companies, civil society and local people will focus on the problems, risks and vulnerabilities (What is at stake?), on possible solutions and adaptation measures (What can be done and who should do it?), how should the future look like (Vision?) and what are obstacles to reach that vision?

The baseline assessment for Zanzibar should include:

o Extensive stakeholder analysis to identify the most relevant stakeholders, their stake and importance, as well as to establish an overview of the stakeholders’ perceived priority problems, potential solutions, opinion on the potential of the project, ideas on partners and sustainability of the projects, as well as lessons learnt from past projects.

o System analysis of both the physical and socio-economic systems, and the vulnerabilities and institutional capacities.

o Needs assessment (felt needs, normative needs, relative needs). o Existing work in related fields and locations, including ongoing planning processes.

Outputs + deadlines:

A baseline assessment report of Zanzibar (April 2015).

A risk assessment or conflict matrix (April 2015).

A conceptual framework for the project (April 2015).

Consolidation of (local) partners in Zanzibar (May 2015).

Work Package 3: Participatory Planning Process

Team members: Patrick Huntjens, Rens de Man, Ting Zhang, Peter Letitre, Sieske Valk (YEP-er NL), Salim Bakar (YEP-er Zanzibar)

Objectives:

Bring together diverse stakeholders in development planning as co-learners and co-researchers.

Promote the use of local knowledge in developing a consensus-based action plan and empower stakeholders to have a say in the development of key economic sectors and adaptation to climate change.

Activities:

Based on the findings of the baseline assessment, create mechanisms that enable equitable stakeholder participation in Zanzibar, identify the specific issues and problems to be addressed during the participatory planning process, and make a plan of action (April-May 2015). (PH, RdM, TZ, PL, SV, SB).

Facilitation of the participatory planning processes, which should enable an exchange of knowledge and information among all stakeholders and the researchers, to be followed by an analysis of the information and options. (Facilitators: PH, RdM; Observers: TZ, SV, SB)

o 1st meeting: June 2015 o 2nd meeting: September 2015 o 3rd meeting: December 2015 o 4th meeting: February 2016

The participatory planning process will take place along a capacity building track, a decision support track, and a dialogue track. The facilitators will facilitate negotiations / discussions among stakeholders in order to formulate the action plan as well as a roadmap towards implementation of the plan. The observers will monitor and evaluate the participatory planning processes.

Outputs + deadlines:

Documentation of the four meetings, including four monitoring and evaluation reports (June 2015, September 2015, December 2015, February 2016).

Consensus-based action plan and implementation plan (September 2016).

Working paper (subsequently journal article) on the participatory planning process (September

2016).

One commentary on the challenges and lessons learnt from conducting the participatory planning process (February 2016).

Manual and training workshop for capacity building for future participatory planning processes (February 2016).

Work Package 4: Comparative Analysis

Team members: Patrick Huntjens, Rens de Man, Ting Zhang

Objectives:

Understand the dynamics of processes of mutual learning between SIDS about mainstreaming climate change adaptation in planning;

Make recommendations to optimize such learning processes.

Activities:

Meeting with local stakeholders and other relevant organizations in the case study countries in order to obtain insights into best practices and failures and success factors (June to December 2015)

Organize workshops with local stakeholders and relevant organizations to reflect on lesson-drawing and review results (June to December 2015).

Through desk research, translate lessons from cases into prescriptions in general and for Zanzibar in particular (June 2015 to March 2016).

Outputs + deadlines:

A plan of action for field research in the comparative case study countries (January 2015).

Confirmed comparative case studies with their respective best practices and failures, as well as relevant local and regional organizations (February-April 2015).

Country specific reports for Fiji and Barbados (November 2015)

Working paper on comparative analysis: learning between SIDS: lessons on policy-transfer (March 2016)

Journal article on policy learning / knowledge transfer between SIDS (November 2016)

Policy brief on policy learning / knowledge transfer between SIDS (October 2016)

Two commentaries on policy learning about SIDS governance: one about lessons learned in Zanzibar and one about how to optimize policy learning (prescriptions) (June 2016, September 2016)