gounder research laboratory: chemistry and catalysis of
TRANSCRIPT
Gounder Research Laboratory: Chemistry and Catalysis of Nanoscale Materials
SITE DISTRIBUTION Si M
O O Si
~1 nm
ACTIVE SITE
10 µm!
CONFINING POCKET
Nanoscale catalysts with tunable site and structural properties CRYSTAL HABIT AND SIZE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
~1 nm
Rajamani Gounder [email protected]
Larry and Virginia Faith Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University
Purdue Process Safety and Assurance Center (P2SAC) Meeting May 17, 2021 – West Lafayette, IN
Overview of today’s presentation
• Overview of research group, interests and capabilities, collaborations
• Overall project vision: Prevention through design (PTD) concepts in catalysis and reaction engineering (CRE)
• Brief summary of first project in P2SAC (safer (ep)oxidation catalysis)
• Current project in P2SAC: solid acid alternatives to alkylation (motivation, goals)
• Catalytic chemistry: complementarity of alkylation and oligomerization catalysis
• Olefin chain-growth (e.g., oligomerization) is a coupled reaction-diffusion process
• Technical progress: • Synthetic methods to influence catalyst properties • Data on oligomerization at low conversion (fundamental studies) • Data on oligomerization at high conversion (process feasibility data)
• Current workplan for CY 2021, future ideas in CRE/PTD
Crude oil Jet fuel
Gasoline
Diesel
Fuel oils
Lubes
Coke Asphalt
Light naphtha
Naphtha
Kerosene
Middle distillates
PSA Gas
HDT Isomerization
HDT Reforming
HDT
HDT
Atm
osph
eric
di
still
atio
n R
esid
.
Gas oil
Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Coking, Deasphalting
Hydrodecyclization
HDT, Dewaxing, etc.
Gas oil
Desulfurization
Vacu
um
dist
illat
ion
Alkylation
Etherification, Condensation
H2, LPG
Petrochemical refining is driven by zeolite-based technologies
Adsorption/Purification
Separation
Catalysis
W. Vermeiren, J-P. Gilson,
Top. Catal. 52 (2009) 1131
Energy and environmental applications driven by zeolite catalysis
ABUNDANT FEEDSTOCKS
VALUED PRODUCTS
Crude oil
Chemicals
Fuels
Methane Oxidation to Methanol
Methane Dehydroaromatization to Ethene and Benzene
Ethane and Propane Dehydrogenation
Ethene and Propene Oligomerization
Aromatics Alkylation / Isomerization
OH
Biomass Plastics
Alcohols (Ethanol) to Fuels
Biomass (Sugars) to Chemicals
Plastics “Upcycling” Food/Pharma
Monomers Plastics
Fuels
NO, NO2
N2 H2O
(Inerts)
Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 (Diesel, Gasoline)
Passive NOx Adsorption for Low Temperature and Hybrid Engines
Shale gas
P2SAC Project: Prevention through catalyst design for applications in the petrochemical industry (PI: Raj Gounder)
LONG-TERM GOAL: A collaborative project that can leverage the expertise of more than 1 faculty in Purdue ChE
Courtesy of Chris Marshall (Argonne)
PhD-level projects
Raj Gounder
Fabio Ribeiro
Jeff Greeley
Jeff Miller
Brian Tackett (new assistant professor joining fall 2021) electrochemistry/catalysis, CO2 reduction
P2SAC Project: Prevention through catalyst design for applications in the petrochemical industry (PI: Raj Gounder)
VISION: Prevention through catalyst design. Design catalysts to allow practicing safer industrial processes, and eliminating safety/occupational hazards.
CHEMICALS: Synthesis of solid Lewis acids for safer catalytic oxidation reactions
Example: Propylene oxide (PO) monomers § 7.7 million tons/yr produced
worldwide in 2012 (9.5/yr in 2016) § BASF/Dow Chemical make PO
using Ti-zeolites (HPPO process)
Propylene epoxidation occurs on isolated Lewis
acidic Ti centers in zeolites Unwanted H2O2 decomposition to O2 occurs on non-framework TiO2 sites, potential overpressures / explosions
TiO2
SnO2
TiO2
SnO2
Ti
Ti
Ti
framework Ti desired non-framework TiO2 undesired
P2SAC Project: Prevention through catalyst design for applications in the petrochemical industry (PI: Raj Gounder)
VISION: Prevention through catalyst design. Design catalysts to allow practicing safer industrial processes, and eliminating safety/occupational hazards.
CHEMICALS: Synthesis of solid Lewis acids for safer catalytic oxidation reactions
Major accomplishments of this project
Research Products • Publications (10) • Presentations (67) • U. S. Patents (1 issued, 1 patent pending) Mentoring / Education Outcomes • Postdoctoral scholars (1) • PhD students (4) -> 1 faculty, 3 postdocs (1 NL, 2 academia) • PhD student (1) affiliated with project and engaged with P2SAC • Undergraduate students (5) -> 2 are now PhD students Other Outcomes • Internal (Purdue) and External Research Collaborations • Laboratory/Instrumentation Safety (Publications, and Instrument
Design Adopted at Other Universities)
P2SAC Project: Prevention through catalyst design for applications in the petrochemical industry (PI: Raj Gounder)
VISION: Prevention through catalyst design. Design catalysts to allow practicing safer industrial processes, and eliminating safety/occupational hazards.
REFINING: Synthesis of solid Brønsted acids to practice carbon chain growth chemistry
Example: Alkylation for high-octane gasoline § 2 million barrels/day produced
worldwide in 2016 § Several refiners make alkylate
using H2SO4 or HF liquid acids § Last major refinery/petrochemical
process using strong liquid acids
§ Some potential alternatives are emerging: § Solid Lewis-Brønsted superacids § AlkyClean® (Albermarle, CB&I, Neste Oil): 2700 barrels/day § ISOALKY (Chevron -> Honeywell UOP): ionic liquids
§ Numerous well-documented process safety incidents with HF acid handling, storage/release, usage that motivate a PTD approach
P2SAC Project: Prevention through catalyst design for applications in the petrochemical industry (PI: Raj Gounder)
VISION: Prevention through catalyst design. Design catalysts to allow practicing safer industrial processes, and eliminating safety/occupational hazards.
REFINING: Synthesis of solid Brønsted acids to practice carbon chain growth chemistry
Example: Alkylation for high-octane gasoline § 2 million barrels/day produced
worldwide in 2016 § Several refiners make alkylate
using H2SO4 or HF liquid acids § Last major refinery/petrochemical
process using strong liquid acids
§ Project Goals: Basic research on solid acid hydrocarbon chain-growth catalysts § Research needs: Synthesis methods and structure-property relations to design catalysts with
higher stability (lifetime) and selectivity § Minimize coke precursors (deactivation) § Improve hydride transfer selectivity (toward alkylate)
§ Track 1: Design of solid Brønsted acid catalysts (zeolites, oxides) § Controlled local active site distributions (proximity) and densities (Si/Al) § Controlled diffusion properties (crystallite size, Thiele moduli, …)
§ Track 2: Catalyst Testing (low conversion for fundamental work, high conversion for feasibility)
Alkylation Catalysis: Background and Motivation
§ Alkylation Mechanism (simplified):
§ Reaction: § Alkylation of isobutane with light (C3-C5) olefins to make multiply-branched
C7-C9 alkanes with high octane number (gasoline)
!"# $%&'( )*!*&+$!, (-# !% !"# &%. %&#/0 )%0)#0!1*!'%0#2#1+."#1# '0 !"'$ 1#*)!%13
4! '$ 2#1+ ('5/)-&! *0( 61%7*7&+ !%% #*1&+ !% 5%1#)*$!'5 8*0( ."#09 !"# 61%)#$$ (#2#&%6:#0!$ '0 ;*7&# < .'&&7# ':6&#:#0!#( %0 * )%::#1)'*& $)*
!" #$%&'(& )'* +,$ -$%.+/0%+/'( %(- &$1$.+/0/+21'&& ') &'1/- %1321%+/'( .%+%12&+&
;"# $':6&#$! :#)"*0'$: %0# )*0 '02%=# 5%1 !"#*)'(>)*!*&+?#( 8#3@3, ?#%&'!#>)*!*&+?#(9 *&=+&*!'%0 %5'$%7-!*0# .'!" A>7-!#0# '$ (#6')!#( '0 B'@3 C3 ;"#(%-7&# 7%0( %5 !"# *&=#0# *(($ !% !"# 6%$'!'2#&+)"*1@#( )*17%0 *!%: %5 !"# !#1!'*1+>7-!+& )*!'%0 )"#>
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
4! '$ 7#+%0( !"# $)%6# %5 !"'$ *))%-0! !% ('$)-$$, '05-&& (#6!", !"# 2*&'('!+ %5 !"'$ :#)"*0'$: 5%1 '$%7->!*0#HA>7-!#0# *&=+&*!'%0 %0 $%&'( *)'($3 4! '$ %72'%-$,"%.#2#1, !"*! '! $-55#1$ 51%: *! &#*$! !.% $#2#1# $"%1!>)%:'0@$I 8'9 '! 5*'&$ !% #E6&*'0 !"# 5%1:*!'%0 %5 !"#%!"#1 !1':#!"+&6#0!*0#$, '3#3, A,A,J>, A,C,C> *0( A,C,J>!1':#!"+&6#0!*0#, %5 !"# ('71*0)"#( *0( :%0%>71*0)"#( '$%%)!*0#$, *0( %5 !"# '$%*&=*0#$ .'!" &#$$*0( :%1# !"*0 #'@"! )*17%0 *!%:$ 8&'@"! *0( "#*2+#0($93 ;% *))%-0! 5%1 !"# 5%1:*!'%0 %5 !"# %!"#1!1':#!"+&6#0!*0#$, *)'(>)*!*&+?#( 1#*11*0@#:#0!$ %5!"# )*17%0 $=#&#!%0 *! !"# #& %5 !"# )"#:'$%17#('$%%)!+& )*!'%0$ *1# -$-*&&+ '02%=#( 8#2#0 '5 !"'$ '$*))#6!#(, '! 1#:*'0$ %6#0 ."+ $% &'!!&# A,A,C>!1'>:#!"+&6#0!*0# '$ 5%1:#( '0 '$%7-!*0#HA>7-!#0# *&=+>&*!'%093 ;"#1# '$ 0% .*+, "%.#2#1, !% '0!#161#! !"#
;*7&# <4$%7-!*0#H*&=#0# *&=+&*!'%0 %0 $%&'( )*!*&+$!$3 K-11#0! 61%)#$$ (#2#&%6:#0!$ *! !"# 6'&%! 6&*0! $!*@#
D%3 L#2#&%6#1H&')#0$#1 K*!*&+$! M#*)!%1 !+6# N&=+&*!#)*6*)'!+8=@H(9
M#5#1#0)#$
< O*&(%1 ;%6$P# NHF ;1'5&-%1%:#!"*0#$-&5%0') *)'(%0 * 6%1%-$ $-66%1!
B'E#( 7#(, *)'( :%2#$ *&%0@7#(, 61%61'#!*1+ 61%)#$$ 5%1*)'( 1#@#0#1*!'%0
QQ R<S,<TU
A K*!*&+!')*, D#$!# V+,K%0%)%
W1%61'#!*1+ X0=0%.0, .'!" 1#)+)&# *0()*!*&+$! 1#@#0#1*!'%0
TYZ R<Y,<[U
C K"#:')*& M#$#*1)" \]')#0$'0@, K"#21%0
N0!':%0+6#0!*5&-%1'(# %0*)'(>.*$"#( $'&')*
F&-11+ 1#*)!%1 <<<Z R<Y,<[U
J XVW W1%61'#!*1+, 1#$#:7&#$ !1*('!'%0*&"+(1%)*17%0 )%02#1$'%0 )*!*&+$!$
X0=0%.0, .'!" )%0!'0-%-$ )*!*&+$!1#@#0#1*!'%0 -$'0@ "+(1%@#0
X0=0%.0 R<Y,<[U
B'@3 C3 F':6&#$! )*!*&+!') )+)&# 5%1 !"# *&=+&*!'%0 %5 '$%7-!*0# .'!"A>7-!#0#3
<[S '( )&!#*%+,- .( /$%% 0 1%#%234!4 /56%3 78 9:888; :8<=:88
Propagated by intermolecular hydride transfer reactions
Promoted by stronger acids, higher acid site densities
Complementarity between alkylation/oligomerization reactions: connections in fundamental knowledge (kinetics/mechanisms, site requirements, etc.)
Weitkamp and Traa, Catal. Today 49 (1999) 193-199
§ Catalyst deactivation: loss in conversion / selectivity to alkylate (and formation of oligomers)
!""# $% &'()*$+,-.+ /*0.%1234)"5 !"6# 7.%. 8$9:+4$ ;<4<12=. ,3$094<:.>094.:. <1?21<4,$: <3 7.11@ /+.4<,1.+ <;;$9:4 $: 4A. 3.<%;A 8$% 3$1,+ <1?21<4,$:;<4<12343 A<3 0..: B901,3A.+ %.;.:412 !"#@
!" #$%&'() *'$)+,'- .* &-./+)$(' $%01%$)&.( .(-.%&2 $3&2-
C: 4A. 1<4. "DEF3G H.,4?<*B +.I.1$B.+ 3B.;,<11<0$%<4$%2 4.;A:,J9.3 4<,1$%.+ 8$% < 4,*.)%.3$1I.+,:I.34,K<4,$: $8 ,3$094<:.><1?.:. <1?21<4,$: $: 3$1,+;<4<12343@ LA. *<,: 8.<49%.3 $8 4A.3. 4.;A:,J9.3 7.%.B%$+9;4 3<*B1,:K ,: 3A$%4 ,:4.%I<13 MNN,:34<:4<:.$93OO$% NN+,88.%.:4,<1OO 3<*B1,:KP ;$*0,:.+ 7,4A A,KA)%.3$)194,$: <:<123,3 $8 4A. ;$*B1.Q B%$+9;4 *,Q49%.3 02;<B,11<%2 K<3 ;A%$*<4$K%<BA2@ L2B,;<1 %.39143$04<,:.+ $: <: <;,+ 8$%* $8 =.$1,4. R <%. +.B,;4.+,: ',K@ 6@
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
Y9<1,4<4,I.12G 4A. 9:3<4,38<;4$%2 4,*.)$:)34%.<*0.A<I,$% 3A$7: ,: ',K@ 6 ,3 42B,;<1 8$% <11 3$1,+ <;,+33;%94,:,=.+ <3 ;<4<12343 8$% ,3$094<:. <1?21<4,$:G <:+4A,3 A<3 3$ 8<% B%.I.:4.+ 3$1,+ ;<4<12343 8%$* 0.,:K.*B1$2.+ ,: ;$**.%;,<1 ,3$094<:.>094.:. <1?21<4,$:B%$;.33.3@ LA.%. A<3G A$7.I.%G 0..: 3$*. B%$K%.33 ,:<:<12=,:K 4A. %.<3$:3 8$% 4A. B$$% 4,*.)$:)34%.<*0.A<I,$% $8 3$1,+ <1?21<4,$: ;<4<12343@ / 1,*,4.+ :9*)0.% $8 B%$;.33 +.I.1$B*.:43 A<I. .I.: 0..: +%,I.: 4,114A. B,1$4 B1<:4 34<K.@
4" 5,.3'-- 2'6'%.78'()- $) )9' 7&%.) 7%$() -)$:'
X,34.+ ,: L<01. " <%. 4A. B%$;.33 +.I.1$B*.:437A,;A %.12 $: 3$1,+ ;<4<12343 8$% 4A. *<:98<;49%. $8<1?21<4,$: K<3$1,:.@ LA. *$34 +.4<,1.+ ,:8$%*<4,$: A<30..: %.1.<3.+ ,: 4A. 1,4.%<49%. $: 4A. Z<1+$% L$B3[.B%$;.33 7A,;A *<?.3 93. $8 4%,\9$%$*.4A<:.3918$:,;<;,+ M4%,\,; <;,+G '(V]^(ZP $: < B$%$93 39BB$%4 ,: <-Q.+)0.+ %.<;4$%@ ^:. 8.<49%. $8 4A,3 B%$;.33 ,3 4A<44A. 1,J9,+ <;,+ $% < %.<;4,$: ,:4.%*.+,<4. MB.%A<B3 <:.34.% $8 4%,\,; <;,+P ,3 3$1901. 4$ 3$*. .Q4.:4 ,: 4A.A2+%$;<%0$: BA<3. <:+ *,K%<4.3 31$712 <1$:K 4A.-Q.+)0.+@ L$ 3$*. .Q4.:4G 4A. <;,+ +.<;4,I<4.3 7A,1.<;4,:K <3 <: <1?21<4,$: ;<4<1234G $: <;;$9:4 $8 $,13+,33$1I,:K ,: 4A. <;,+@ LA. +.<;4,I<4.+ <;,+ 1.<I,:K 4A.<1?21<4,$: %.<;4$% ,3 3.:4 4$ < 3.;$:+ %.<;4$% 7A.%. 4A.3B.:4 <;,+ ,3 %.K.:.%<4.+ $% %.;$I.%.+ <;;$%+,:K 4$B%$B%,.4<%2 4.;A:,J9.@
C4 ,3 ,:4.%.34,:K 4$ :$4,;. 4A<4 < 319%%2 %.<;4$% ,3.*B1$2.+ ,: <4 1.<34 $:. $8 4A. B%$;.33 +.I.1$B*.:431,34.+ ,: L<01. "@ / 319%%2 %.<;4$% B%$0<012 A.1B3 4$31$7 +$7: 4A. +.<;4,I<4,$: <:+ NN+.3.1.;4,I<4,$:OO $8
',K@ 6@ V$:I.%3,$: $8 < 1,J9,+ ,3$094<:.>")094.:. *,Q49%. $: <V.R)DW =.$1,4. ,: < 8,Q.+)0.+ %.<;4$% M(!WF!VG )!(" 0<%G 1,J9,+8..+ %<4.!E@5 ;*(>AG *<33 $8 ;<4<1234!"@_ KG !',3$094<:.! !'""094.:. !"" " "PG <84.% !"(`"5#@
*+ ,-"$.&/)0 1+ (%&& 2 3&$&45#"# (67&5 89 :;999< ;9=>;99 "D5
Olefin oligomerization (and chain-growth processes) in acid zeolites are inherently a coupled reaction-diffusion process
Initial Conversion / %
Initi
al S
elec
tivity
/ %
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 1 2 3
H-MFI (0.5 nm diam.)
Si/Al = 13 dashed lines to guide the eye
= S9
= S6
= Sβ
PRIMARY DELPLOT (Bhore, Klein, Bischoff – 1990)
SnO2
Al
Al
Al
503 K, 165 kPa C3H6
PRIMARY PRODUCTS
Fundamental experimental investigations of coupled reaction-diffusion phenomena in zeolites
10 µm
= [H+] L2
De
Catalyst properties
× k
Reaction property
Thiele Modulus
Reaction Rate
Diffusion Rate =
Crystallite length, active site density influence diffusion
Material “Diffusion
Parameter” = [H+] L2
SnO2
Al
Al
Al
H-MFI (0.5 nm diam.)
Si/Al = 13
Materials design approaches:
• Vary crystallite size • Al spatial distribution (toward
crystallite exterior)
MFI 12 unique T-Sites
10-MR channels (~0.55 nm) Intersections (~0.70 nm)
𝚽2
(n = 1)
Current progress to date: Installation and safety / performance validation of a high pressure/conversion reactor in FlexLab
• Status update
• Installed and validated a benchtop-scale reactor (1-10 gram catalyst scale) to perform hydrocarbon reactions at industrial conditions and high conversions
• Housed in FlexLab, primarily designed for olefin oligomerization (CISTAR)
• Also capable of other hydrocarbon chemistries
• Goals
• Assess the practical functionality (and generate data for patents) of Purdue-developed catalysts for hydrocarbon reactions
• Characterize the product slate from catalysts at high conversions
• Evaluate long-term (eg, days-to-weeks) catalyst behavior (deactivation, time-on-stream product profiles) and regeneration
Current progress to date: Installation and safety / performance validation of a high pressure/conversion reactor in FlexLab
• Operational Features
• Automated and programmable for long-term unintended operation
• Max P: 100 bar, Max T: 800 oC
• Heated enclosure and transfer lines to prevent liquid condensation and send effluent to GC-MS (online analysis)
• Gas-liquid-liquid separator capable of separating two immiscible liquids (offline analysis)
• Safety Features (will automatically shut-off temperature / flow)
• Flammable gas detectors (2 for H2, 2 for hydrocarbons) to identify leaks inside and outside the heated box
• Loss of air-flow in lab room and exhaust/ventilation system
• Over-temperature and over-pressure alarms and safety shut-offs
Acknowledgements
§ Jason Bates (alumni) § Bereket Bekele § Elizabeth Bickel § Brandon Bolton § Bonn Cao § Tania Class Martinez § Michael Cordon (alumni) § John Di Iorio (alumni) § Ricem Diaz Arroyo § Sopuruchukwu Ezenwa § Jamie Harris (alumni) § Casey Jones § Ravi Joshi (alumni) § Phil Kester (alumni) § Siddarth Krishna (postdoc) § Trevor Lardinois § Songhyun Lee (postdoc)
Financial Support and Discussions
§ Fabio Ribeiro, Jeff Miller, Nick Delgass, Viktor Cybulskis (grad)
§ Jeffrey Greeley, Brandon Bukowski (grad)
§ David Flaherty (Illinois) § Christophe Copéret (ETH-Zürich) § Jackie Hall (UG alumni)
§ Alisa Henry (UG alumni) § YoonRae Cho (UG alumni)
§ Yury Zvinevich
§ Andrew Mikes § Claire Nimlos (alumni) § Ángel Santiago Colon § Juan Carlos Vega-Vila
(alumni)
§ Laura Wilcox § Young Gul Hur (PD alumni)
(Oxidation project) (Alkylation project) (Other P2SAC research) (ARSST)