gosaikund tour bsc 3rd gg 2014 student pics

Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar

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GOSAINKUND TOURBSC 3RD YR 2014

Professor Amulya Tuladhar


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Gosainkund Educational Tour Start


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TO SEE:1. Tropic to Alpine Vegetation Change2. Mountain Agriculture / Forestry Link3. Himalayan Theory of Environmental Degradation4. Depopulation in Adjoining districts of KTM5. Ethnic diversity6. Climate Change Effects7. Sacred Hill Landscape Conservation Approach


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Nepal Map


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Central Dev Regions of Nepal


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GGIC in Nepal Map


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Golden Gate Indternational College


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The Rugged Military-Clad Student

Map of Rasuwa District


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Nuwakot and Rasuwa way to Gosainkund


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Gosainkund Tour Path


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Dhunche and Syafru VDCS


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Reaching Dhunche in Langtang


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Red Rivers from Rasuwa


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About to Reach Gosaikund?


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Gosainkund with 2 other lakes


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Ganesh Kund


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Gosainkund at Night

Langtang National Park(for the partial fulfillment of EESD 522:Conservation of Protected Areas)

A Presentation byVijaya Tamla

M.Ed. EESD (Third Semester), Kathmandu University

December 22, 2011Gosainkund Tour

Professor Amulya Tuladhar 19

Here we are at Langtang NP

Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 20

How to reach the Park?


Source : Google Map

Entry Fee Per Person Per Entry

For Nepalese Nationals Free

For SAARC Nationals Rs. 100/-

For Other Foreign Nationals Rs. 1,000/-

(Note: Entrance fee not required for children under 10 years)

IntroductionDate of Establishment

1976

Area 1710 sq. km. (Nuwakot, Rasuwa and Sidhupalchok)

Buffer zone 420 sq. km (in and around the park, established in 1998)

Highest Altitude Mount Himalchuli, 7,864 m

Climate Dry weather except January-FebruarySeptember-May : glacial-craved cliffs, wild flowers, livestock return to lower pasturesApril : warm weather; red, pink and white rhododendrons bloom, yak and chauri ascend higher elevation



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Ecoregions of Nepal


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Ecoregions of Nepal


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Reading Landscape of Langtang


Flora and Fauna

(Source : Bhuju, Shakya, Basnet, & Shrestha, 2007)Gosainkund Tour

Professor Amulya Tuladhar27

Flora 1,043 species of vascular plants; 67 pteriodophytes, 976 flowering plants; 15 endemic. Example: Sal, Chir pine, Rhododendron, Nepali alder, larch, oak, hemlock, birch, silver fir, etc.

Fauna 45 mammals, 345 birds, four herpeto, and two fish species.Example: Musk deer, Himalayan tahr, Red pandas, Himalayan black bear, Snow leopard, Wild dog, Ghoral, Serow, etc.

Brrrr Cold Dhunche Morning…


Highest number of floral species!!!


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Source : (Bhuju, Shakya, Basnet, & Shrestha, 2007)


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LANGTANG NATIONAL PARK & BUFFERZONE -AT A GLANCE

Park Established : 1976

Buffer Zone declared : 1998

Park Core Area : 1710 km2

Buffer Zone Area : 420 km2

No of BZ User Groups : 336

No of BZ Community Forests : 78

No of BZ User Committees : 21

Latitude : 27056’20” 28 0 22” 02

Longitude : 85 012’13” 85 0 52’54”


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Bio-diversity in LNP BZ

Ecological Zones : 18

Birds : 300 Mammals : 46

Butterflies : 58

Fishes : 30

Reptiles : 11

Plant species : 1000


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PARK ISSUES

Habitat destruction

Conservation Issues• Eighteen types of Ecosystems and Fourteen types of

Vegetation are identified in LNP by Biodiversity Profiles Project, BPP 1995

• Nineteen species of mammals found in LNP are protected by CITES

• Twelve species of mammals, and two species of birds are considered endangered and protected under Appendix I of NPWC Act 1973


Yala Glacier; Glacial retreat


Conservation Critiques• Gosainkunda, Panch Pokhari and Kyangjing

wetlands (Ramsar site 2007) are significant for biodiversity (WWF and CITES) but enforcement officials are feebly functional for monitoring of the lakes.

• Are the buffer zones in LNP successfully contributing in reducing the biotic pressure and sustainable management of natural resources?

• Dead bodies of animals like adult Red pandas snow leopards are found in jungle or catchment areas, do all of those bodies undergo sincere post mortem?

• Payment for Ecosystem Services has not yet developed


Snow LeopardPhoto Courtesy: Anonymous

Thank You


Thanking Langtang Warden Bed


Depopulated districts around Kathmandu Valley

Group Members: Ashesh AcharyaAlisha ShresthaBinita SharmaAsmita Panta


Depopulating Kathmandu…



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Gosainkund Tour Bsc 3rd Yr 2014Ranking District Population(2001) Population (2011) Pop Growth Rate

1 Kathmandu 1,081,845 1,744,240 61.232 Lalitpur 337,785 468,132 38.593 Bhaktapur 225,461 304,651 35.124 Kalikot 105,580 136,948 29.715 Kaski 380,527 492,098 29.326 Banke 385,840 491,313 27.347 Jajarkot 134,868 171,304 27.028 Rautahat 545,132 686,722 25.979 Mugu 43,937 55,286 25.83

10 Kailali 616,697 775,709 25.7811 Humla 40,595 50,858 25.2812 Rupandehi 708,419 880,196 24.2513 Dolpa 29,545 36,700 24.2214 Bajura 108,781 134,912 24.0215 Bara 559,135 687,708 22.9916 Chitawan 472,048 579,984 22.8717 Sunsari 625,633 763,487 22.0318 Jumla 89,427 108,921 21.8019 Surkhet 288,527 350,804 21.5820 Sarlahi 635,701 769,729 21.0821 Parsa 497,219 601,017 20.8822 Dang 462,380 552,583 19.5123 Kanchanpur 377,899 451,248 19.4124 Kapilbastu 481,976 571,936 18.6625 Jhapa 688,109 812,650 18.1026 Bajhang 167,026 195,159 16.8427 Dailekh 225,201 261,770 16.2428 Morang 843,220 965,370 14.4929 Nawalparasi 562,870 643,508 14.3330 Salyan 213,500 242,444 13.5631 Mahottari 553,481 627,580 13.3932 Dadeldhura 126,162 142,094 12.6333 Dhanusa 671,364 754,777 12.4234 Saptari 570,282 639,284 12.1035 Bardiya 382,649 426,576 11.4836 Siraha 572,399 637,328 11.3437 Achham 231,285 257,477 11.3238 Rukum 188,438 208,567 10.6839 Udayapur 287,689 317,532 10.3740 Darchula 121,996 133,274 9.2441 Pyuthan 212,484 228,102 7.3542 Makwanpur 392,604 420,477 7.1043 Baitadi 234,418 250,898 7.0344 Rolpa 210,004 224,506 6.9145 Sindhuli 279,821 296,192 5.8546 Ilam 282,806 290,254 2.6347 Tanahu 315,237 323,288 2.5548 Doti 207,066 211,746 2.2649 Baglung 268,937 268,613 -0.1250 Sankhuwasabha 159,203 158,742 -0.2951 Myagdi 114,447 113,641 -0.7052 Dhading 338,658 336,067 -0.7753 Kavrepalanchok 385,672 381,937 -0.9754 Solukhumbu 107,686 105,886 -1.6755 Dhankuta 166,479 163,412 -1.8456 Palpa 268,558 261,180 -2.7557 Rasuwa 44,731 43,300 -3.2058 Nuwakot 288,478 277,471 -3.8259 Ramechhap 212,408 202,646 -4.6060 Panchthar 202,056 191,817 -5.0761 Arghakhanchi 208,391 197,632 -5.1662 Lamjung 177,149 167,724 -5.3263 Taplejung 134,698 127,461 -5.3764 Gulmi 296,654 280,160 -5.5665 Okhaldhunga 156,702 147,984 -5.5666 Sindhupalchok 305,857 287,798 -5.9067 Gorkha 288,134 271,061 -5.9368 Parbat 157,826 146,590 -7.1269 Dolakha 204,229 186,557 -8.6570 Syangja 317,320 289,148 -8.8871 Bhojpur 203,018 182,459 -10.1372 Terhathum 113,111 101,577 -10.2073 Mustang 14,981 13,452 -10.2174 Khotang 231,385 206,312 -10.8475 Manang 9,587 6,538 -31.80

Hypothesis

Kathmandu Valley is destination for migrants of depopulated districts


Returning from Rasuwa…


Findings summary

Indicators

Pull destination Kathmandu Valley Districts

Push sources 5 surrounding depopulated districts

Total change in population 2001-2011 (%) 51.01% -2.88%

Total population change per year (%) 5.10% -0.28%

Change in male population (%) 1465934 (47.46%) Less 42487 (-6.42%)

Change in female population (%) 1466475 (52.43%) Less 15233 (-2.17%)

Maximum change age group and % change 25-29 (247.29%) 0-4 (-31.42%)*

Maximum change Male age group and % change 40-44 (259.79%) 0-4 (-31.22%) *

Maximum change Female age group and % change 25-29 (238.05%) 0-4 (-31.62%) *

Maximum change VDC or Municipality TotalsKathmandu M.P.C

(303,607) Katunje VDC Dhading (-1226)Maximum change VDC or Municipality Totals Male

Kathmandu M.P.C (151,738) Maidi VDC Dhading (-818)

Maximum change VDC or Municipality Totals Female

Kathmandu M.P.C (151,869) Nilkantha VDC Dhading(-3423)


Kathmandu & Adjoining Valleys


Age Group Nuwakot 2001 Nuwakot 2011 % change

TOTAL 287425 277471 -3.463164304

0-4 YEARS 32107 21784 -32.15186719

5-9 YEARS 40793 29670 -27.26693305

10-14 YEARS 40608 37346 -8.032899921

15-19 YEARS 31456 33524 6.574262462

20-24 YEARS 23556 23135 -1.78723043

25-29 YEARS 18796 18884 0.46818472

30-34 YEARS 17084 16073 -5.917817841

35-39 YEARS 15538 15531 -0.045050843

40-44 YEARS 14159 15453 9.139063493

45-49 YEARS 11404 13550 18.81795861

50-54 YEARS 10164 12802 25.95434868

55-59 YEARS 8143 9670 18.75230259

60-64 YEARS 7803 9073 16.27579136

65-69 YEARS 6139 7171 16.81055547

70-74 YEARS 4420 5835 32.01357466

75 & OVER 5255 7970 51.66508088Gosainkund Tour


NUWAKOT Findings• Indicators push source (Nuwakot)• Total change in -6.429

population• Total change in population -0.642

per year• Change in male population -9.682• Change in female population -3.288


Population Density

Population density in 2001

Population density in 2011


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Population Density Analysis• The population density of Rasuwa district is

same in both figures which is of two different decade. It is because the population increase rate is negative in this district because of out migration and the population of both decade in all VDC falls under the same range.


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Rasuwa: Average change in age cohorts

VDC/MUNICIPALITYRasuwa 2001

Rasuwa 2011 % change

TOTAL 43906.00 43300.00 -1.380-4 YEARS 5213.00 3755.00 -27.975-9 YEARS 6114.00 4944.00 -19.14

10-14 YEARS 5624.00 6034.00 7.2915-19 YEARS 4313.00 4521.00 4.8220-24 YEARS 3834.00 3140.00 -18.1025-29 YEARS 3123.00 3142.00 0.6130-34 YEARS 2735.00 2563.00 -6.2935-39 YEARS 2630.00 2499.00 -4.9840-44 YEARS 2161.00 2488.00 15.1345-49 YEARS 1863.00 2170.00 16.4850-54 YEARS 1492.00 2099.00 40.6855-59 YEARS 1168.00 1482.00 26.8860-64 YEARS 1362.00 1421.00 4.3365-69 YEARS 813.00 1041.00 28.0470-74 YEARS 683.00 858.00 25.6275 & OVER 778.00 1143.00 46.92Gosainkund Tour


Rasuwa: Average change in age cohorts

0-4 YEARS

5-9 YEARS

10-14 YEARS

15-19 YEARS

20-24 YEARS

25-29 YEARS

30-34 YEARS

35-39 YEARS

40-44 YEARS

45-49 YEARS

50-54 YEARS

55-59 YEARS

60-64 YEARS

65-69 YEARS

70-74 YEARS

75 & OVER

-40.00 -30.00 -20.00 -10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

Average change

Average change in population (%)


Rasuwa: < 5yr; >60 yr

1971 1981 1991 2001 20110.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

6<index<65 indev


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Rasuwa Methodology

• Secondary data analysis and verification by field observation and interview


Vulnerability Mapping of Rasuwa District

Presented by:Usha ParajuliGosainkund Tour Professor Amulya

Tuladhar55

MethodTemperature and

Precipitation

Education

Age below 5Age above 65

Population density

exposure

sensitivity

adaptation

Vulnerability Index


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Findings

1971

1981

1991

2000

2010

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ExposureAdaptive IndexSensitivity Index


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Climate Change Index2011- -0.6232 2001- 0.1553


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Climate Change Index1991- 0.0796 1981- 0.2493


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Literacy and Population Density Index

1971 1981 1991 2001 20010

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Literacy IndexPopulation Density Index


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Rasuwa: Literacy Index

1971 1981 1991 2001 20010.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

Literacy Index

Literacy Index


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Discussion• The vulnerability decreased in the year 1991

and increased again in 2001. The increase in adaptive index which was based on literacy rate has increased in the year 2010 and it shows that it is education and awareness among people which has controlled the vulnerability.

–Thank You


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Deforested & eroded hillslopes: Midhills, Nepal

Deforested Denuded Hills


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Floods, 1998, in Bangladesh

The Ganges/Brahmaputra catchment

[WRITE] THE HIMALAYAN ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION THEORY

• Midhills population growth since 1950 have reached c 3.0-3.5%

• 90% of the population (1981 figures) are rural subsistence farmers.

• Increases in fuelwood demand, fodder tree cutting and construction.

• Deforestation rates increased - with estimates of 50% reserves cut between 1950-1980.

• Terrace construction for agriculture on steep marginal land has led to increases in soil erosion.

• Increased runoff- summer monsoon High wet -season flow.

• River flows are lower in the dry season.

[WRITE] HIMALAYAN ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION THEORY

• Loss of agricultural land leads to more deforestation for terracing. Reductions of fuelwood supply lead to increased use of dung for fuel thus reducing nutrient status of hillslope soils.

• Terrace soils degrade - giving higher erosion rates

• Changes in river flow regime and high sediment yields lead to river bed deposition and increased siltation of reservoirs and increased flood stages on the Gangetic plain.

• Increases of siltation in the Ganges/Meghna/ Brahmaputra delta with increased sediment from the upper reaches of the catchment.

Seeing Himalayan Degradation


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Terrace erosion, Nepal

Indigenous soil conservation and landsliding (Ives & Messerli, 1989)

1978: Kakani - Nepal: Landlside has detroyed terraces.The landslide was forecast to enlarge subsequently

The same view: October 1987. The landslide has been repaired. The area would not be considered as severely eroded

Natural hillslope instability: Terai, Nepal: Steep slopes destabilised by monsoon saturation &

occasional earthquakes.

Two types of terraces• Khet (irrigated terraces) - at lower

altitudesslope inward

rice & wheat crops

• Bari (rainfed terraces) - at higher altitudes

slope outwards maize and buckwheat

Bari terraces: Terai, Nepal

Nepal: Khet Terraces

[WRITE ] Downstream effects of catchment degradation: Scale issues,Ives & Messerli

(1989)

• .

High Himalaya, Nepal

Khumbu, Pangboche : Jokulhaup or GLOF effects

Nepal’s ethnic diversity

Map of the SHL

http://assets.panda.org/img/original/shl_1.jpg

PAs in SHL (Trans bolundary PAs)

THANK YOU FOR TOUR


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