Executive summary

We cannot imagine our life without internet, it become internal part of our life. Some researcher considered internet to be the greatest innovation of modern’s time. Suppose the facility of internet given to us taken by someone forcibly, then imagine our life without it.

In recent development china and iran have restricted the information flow throughout their country, specially china have ban Google-universal search engine and email in its country.

Firstly question arises why any country will ban if internet is so useful. There lots of hidden agenda of the govt that has to be protected, if there is free flow of information is there public start questioning on the procedures of govt work.

Internet censorship in China is among the most stringent in the world. The government blocks Web sites that discuss the Dalai Lama, the 1989 crackdown on Tiananmen Square protesters, Falun Gong, the banned spiritual movement, and other Internet sites

The government’s computers intercept incoming data and compare it against an ever-changing list of banned keywords or Web sites, screening out even more information. The motive is often obvious: Since late 2010, the censors have prevented Google searches of the English word “freedom.”

In March 2011, Google accused the Chinese government of disrupting its Gmail service in the country and making it appear as if technical problems at Google — not government intervention — were to blame. At the same time, several popular virtual private-network services, or V.P.N.’s, designed to evade the government’s computerized censors, have been crippled. V.P.N.’s are popular with China’s huge expatriate community and Chinese entrepreneurs, researchers and scholars who expect to use the Internet freely

Few analysts believe that the government will loosen controls any time soon, with events it considers politically sensitive swamping the calendar, including a turnover in the Communist Party’s top leadership in 2012.

As revolts began to ricochet through the Middle East and North Africa in 2011, and home-grown efforts to organize protests began to circulate on the Internet, the Chinese government tightened its grip on electronic communications, and appeared to be more determined than ever to police cell phone calls, electronic messages, e-mail and access to the Internet in order to smother any hint of antigovernment sentiment.

In the situation where govt is against any particular organisation it is very difficult to survive, but our study show that Google should keep patience and continue to work because due to evolving technology government will not able to control internet censorship for long. People in country is also demanding more freedom, more or less china is the biggest emerging market for internet user how any company can lose this potentially rich market.

KEY ISSUE IN CHINA- GOOGLE CONTROVERSY

NEWS ABOUT REVOLTS AGAINST GOVERNMENT ESPECIALLI IN AFRICA,ARAB&LIBIYA-Government of china want to suppress the news related to revolt against government in different parts of world because they fear that may affect the people to demand for more freedom which cause harm to strict govt control in china

NEWS RELATED TO FREEDOM OF TIBET- Government of china want it control over china and want to suppress any freedom movement there, it also want rest of world to be unaware what’s going in Tibet.

NEWS RELATED TO HUMAN RIGHTS- G overnment of china want to show internationally that human rights condition is very good in country, but if there is free flow of information in country then world will know about strict restrictions.

HEALTH RUMOURS OF PARTY CHIEF MR JIANG WHO RETIRED AT THE AGE 84- Not surprisingly, the stepped-up effort to silence speculation about the well being of Mr. Jiang, 84, who officially retired as party chief in 2002 and as president in 2003, has generated even more rumours after he failed to attend the 90th anniversary gala commemorating the birth of the Chinese Communist Party. On morning, the official Xinhua News Agency issued an English-language response to the reports that Mr. Jiang had died, saying they were “pure rumour” and quoting what it said were “authoritative sources.” Later in the day, during a regularly scheduled news conference, a Foreign Ministry spokesman declined to answer any questions about Mr. Jiang’s health, referring journalists to the Xinhua statement. That exchange, however, was curiously omitted from a transcript of the news conference posted on the ministry’s website.

BANNING WESTERN WEBSITES WHICH POPULARIZE DEMOCRACY- websites such as BBC and NEW YORK TIMES which imparts effect in popularizing the democracy in china has to be under strict government control because china is an communist country.

NEWS ABOUT DALAI LAMA -The main leader of Tibetan movement is Dalai Lama. Chinese agency do not any news regarding dalai lama reaches to the peoples of Tibet. Tibetan people’s have huge sentiment for Dalai Lama. Many Buddhist monks have set their body in fire in support of freedom and Dalai Lama. This creates a huge pressure on china from world community to liberalize its policy on the Tibet issue.

. Google and China: The Beginnings

• September 2000: Google introduces a Chinese version of its search engine at the Google.com domain.

• September 2002: Access to Google's site is completely blocked in China for about two weeks. It appears the domain name was hijacked and redirected -- a move the Chinese government may have been behind. Soon thereafter, signs of restricted access and censored results begin to surface. Even the brainiest who got all of Google's famously impossible interview questions right can't quite figure out what's going on.

Google and China: The Censorship Begins

• January 2006: Google relents and launches Google.cn, a specialized version of its search site that filters out pornographic and "politically sensitive" results. The company acknowledges that the filtering "clearly compromises [its] mission," but notes that "failing to offer Google search at all to a fifth of the world's population ... [would do so] far more severely."

• March 2008: China blocks access to YouTube and Google News during riots in Tibet. It isn't the first time China has blocked access to specific Google services, and it won't be the last.

• March 2009: Fast-forward one year, and YouTube gets the boot in China again. A Chinese official denies his nation is afraid of the Internet; a wisecracking writer suspects the Jonas Brothers are really to blame. This ban, by most accounts, is still pretty much in place today.

Google and China: The Tensions Climb

• June 2009: China finds some pornographic results in the Google.cn site and goes ballistic. (Those guys evidently never read this study about why porn is actually good for society.) The country blocks access to Google until the G-team wipes out every mention of the G-spot.

• September 2009: The guy who ran the Google China operation since its inception steps down from his role. Analysts speculate that his departure might be a sign of broader problems between Google and the People's Republic. Around the same time, satirists speculate that Apple is working with the Chinese government to form its own repressive business strategies.

Google and China: Spiralling Out of Control

• January 12, 2010: Google announces that it will no longer censor search results in China following an attack on its servers in the country. The attack, Google says, targeted the Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists. "These attacks and the surveillance they have uncovered ... have led us to conclude that we should review the feasibility of our business operations in China," Google explains in a blog posting. "We have decided we are no longer willing to continue censoring our results on Google.cn. ... We recognize that this may well mean having to shut down Google.cn, and potentially our offices in China."

• January 14, 2010: China counters Google's threat by saying if it wants to operate in the country, it will have to abide by local laws. Those laws include the requirement to filter (read: censor) search results.

• January 14, 2010: Microsoft says it'll continue operating in China, despite Google's concerns position. Said news is not announced via Bill Gates' Twitter account, as that account will not be activated until 1/19, silly.

• January 18, 2010: Someone hacks into the Gmail accounts of foreign journalists at two Beijing news bureaus. This may or may not be related to the main attack, but its timing certainly doesn't help with the tension.

• January 18, 2010: An unnamed source claims an employee of Google China may have been involved with the Cyber attacks in some way.

• January 19, 2010: Google announces its postponing the release of two Android phones in China. Reports indicate the delay is related to the company's ongoing talks with Chinese authority

• January 21, 2010: U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton lashes out against Internet censorship but Chinese continue to do so.

GOOGLE-THE ORGANIZATION

Google China is a subsidiary of Google, Inc., the world's largest Internet search engine company. Google China ranks as the number 2 search engine in the People's Republic of China, after Baidu. In 2010, searching via all Google search sites, including Google Mobile, was moved from Mainland China to Hong Kong.

HISTORY- founded in 2005 and was originally headed by Kai-Fu Lee.

In 2005, a Chinese-language interface was developed for the google.com website. In Jan 2006, Google launched its China-based google.cn search page with results subject to censorship by the Chinese government.

In 2006 Beijing office was moved to Tsinghua Science Park.

In march 2009 china blocks Google YouTube sites .In September 2009 Kai-Fu Lee announced his surprise departure

Environment in which it working-In Jan 2010, Google announced that in response to a Chinese-originated hacking attack on them and other US tech companies, they were no longer willing to censor searches in China and would pull out of the country completely if necessary.

On March 30, 2010, searching via all Google search sites (not only google.cn but all language versions, e.g. google.co.jp. google.com.au, etc.), including Google Mobile, was banned in Mainland China. Any attempt to search using Google resulted in a DNS error. Other Google services such as Google Mail and Google Maps appeared to be unaffectedOn June 30, 2010, Google ended the automatic redirect of Google China to Google Hong Kong, and instead placed a link to Google Hong Kong to avoid getting their Internet Content Provider (ICP) license revoked.

GOLDEN SHIELD PROJECT- Since announcing its intent to comply with Internet censorship laws in the People's Republic of China, Google China had been the focus of controversy over what critics view as capitulation to the "Golden Shield Project". Because of its self-imposed censorship, whenever people searched for prohibited Chinese keywords on a blocked list maintained by the PRC government, google.cn displayed the following at the bottom of the page (translated): In accordance with local laws, regulations and policies, part of the search result is not shown.

Google critics in the United States claimed that Google China is a flagrant violation of the Google motto, "Don't be evil."

OPERATION ARORA- On January 12, 2010, Google announced that it was "no longer willing to continue censoring" results on Google.cn, citing a breach of Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists. The company found that the hackers had breached two Gmail accounts but were only able to access 'from' and 'to' information and subject headers of emails in these accounts. The company's investigation into the attack showed that at least 34 other companies had been similarly targeted. Among the companies that were attacked were Adobe Systems, Symantec, Yahoo, Northrop Grumman and Dow Chemical.On January 13, 2010, the news agency AHN reported that the U.S. Congress plans to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese government used the company's service to spy on human rights activists. The Chinese government has since made numerous standard and general statements on the matter, but has taken no real actions. It also criticized Google for failing to provide any evidence of its accusation

Business- Google China serves a market of mainland Chinese Internet users that was estimated in July 2009 to number 338 million. This estimate is up from 45.8 million in June 2002, according to a survey report from the CNNIC released on June 30, 2002. A CNNIC report published a year and a half earlier, on January 17, 2001, estimated that the mainland Chinese Internet user base numbered 22.5 million people; this was considerably higher than the number published by Iamasia, a private Internet ratings company.] The first CNNIC report, published on October 10, 1997, estimated the number of Chinese internet users at fewer than 650 thousand people. The competitors of Google China include Baidu often called the "Google of China" because of its resemblance and similarity to Google.

Google China has a market share in China of 29% according to Analysis International.

FUTURE ACTION PLAN

SHUT DOWN GOLDEN SHIELD PROJECT-Google should immediately shut down its

golden shield project because its affecting its motto of complete freedom and its also resulting in its revenue loss. instead of self censoring company must broaden the outlook to attract more customer

STRENGTHEN AURORA PROJECT-Google should strengthen the server to protects its

data from cyber attacks of Chinese hackers .

Technical action to be taken-

HTTP Proxy -HTTP proxying sends HTTP requests through an intermediate proxying server. A client connecting through an HTTP proxy sends exactly the same HTTP request to the proxy as it would send to the destination server unproxied. The HTTP proxy parses the HTTP request; sends its own HTTP request to the ultimate destination server; and then returns the response back to the proxy client

CGI Proxy CGI proxying uses a script running on a web server to perform the proxying function. A CGI proxy client sends the requested URL embedded within the data portion of an HTTP request to the CGI proxy server. The CGI proxy server pulls the ultimate destination information from the data embedded in the HTTP request, sends out its own HTTP request to the ultimate destination, and then returns the result to the proxy client

IP Tunnelling-Some of the most common tools used for IP Tunnelling include virtual private networks or VPNs. VPNs give the user client a connection that originates from the VPN host rather than from the location of the client. Thus a client connecting to a VPN in a non-filtered country from a filtered country has access as if he is located in the non-filtered country.

Re-routing- Re-routing systems route data through a series of proxying servers, encrypting the data again at each proxy, so that a given proxy knows at most either where the traffic came from or where it is going to, but not both.

Distributed Hosting-A distributed hosting system mirrors content across a range of participating servers that serve the content out to clients upon request. The primary advantage of a distributed hosting system is that it provides access to the requested data even when the original server cannot, for instance if the original server has been overwhelmed by traffic or even taken down by a denial of service attack

Legal action to be taken-Google should take legal action against any attempt from unauthorized censorship attempts through courts or international appealing authorities

For example-Chinese advocates have filled complaint against Baidu Chinese search provider. Eight Chinese-born pro-democracy advocates filed suit in Federal District Court in Manhattan on Wednesday against one of China’s largest Internet companies, Baidu, accusing it of colluding with the government in censoring Web search results. The suit charges that there is a “conspiracy” between Baidu and the government to censor “any political speech that is pro-democracy.” Jiang Yu, a Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, said that China

guaranteed freedom of speech online and that American courts had no jurisdiction in the country, the news agency Xinhua reported.

BY PUTTING PRESSURE ON CHINESE GOVT BY AMERICAN AUTHORITIES-In today’s world all countries are interconnected, so there is international pressure on almost every country to lift their international reputation so that they gain from export –import business. For example china is major exporter of electronics and house hold items, if America with its friend allies warns that if china will not give internet freedom they will not give him purchase order .Due to huge economic consideration then china will frame liberal censorship.

OTHER MINOR STEPS-shifting of server from mainland china to Hong kong. Google started to redirect all search queries from Google.cn to Google.com.hk. (Google Hong Kong), thereby bypassing Chinese regulators and allowing uncensored,

1-PROBLEM-IP ADRESS BLOCKING

SOLUTION-USE OF PROXY WEB SERVER

2-PROBLEM-DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM FILTERING

SOLUTION-Input the I P ADDRESS (try HEX and OCTAL if Decimal doesn’t work) instead of domain name using such as NSLookup

3-PROBLEM-PACKET FILTERING

SOLUTION- Reduce the IP stack’s MTU/MSS to reduce the content of each packet. If the amount of text is small enough to divide up the trigger words, they will not be detected by the program scanning the string.

4-PROBLEM-PORTAL CENSORSHIP

SOLUTION- Slowly build up a library of useful domain names and URLs, stumbling from site to site. This one is really annoying to deal with.

REFERENCES-

Help taken from these sites- telegraphs.co.uk, nytimes.com, streetarticles.com, yalelatech.org, en.flausmamnuals.net, princeton.edu

[1] Merriam Webster Dictionary http://www.merriam-webster.com/

[2] "History of Censorship." The Long History of Censorship.Mette, Newth. July 2001. Beacon for

Freedom of Expression.. 15 Mar. 2009 http://www.beaconforfreedom.org/about_project/history.html.

[3] Government Control of Information Cass R. Sunstein, California Law Review, Vol. 74, No. 3,

Symposium: New Perspectives in the Law of Defamation (May, 1986), pp. 889-921 Published by:

California Law Review, Inc.

[4] See K. DAVIS, ADMINISTRATIVE LAW TREATISE? 4.45, at 442-46 (2d ed. 1978).

[5] See, e.g., Pell V Procunier, 417 U.S. 817 (1974); Saxbe v. Washington Post Co., 417 U.S. 843 (1974).

[6] W. WILSON, THE NEW FREEDOM1 13-14 (1913); see also id. at 130 ("Government must, if it is to

be pure and correct in its processes, be absolutely public in everything that affects it.")

[7] United Nations General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Geneva: United Nations

General Assembly; Resolution 217 A (II), IUN doc. A/ 810 (III) (1948 Dec).

[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship

[9] Ruth field, Scott. “The Internet’s History and Development: From Wartime Tool to the Fish-Cam”,

September 1995, http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds2-1/inet-history.html

[10] Roberts et al, “2007 Circumvention Landscape Report: Methods, Uses, and Tools,” The Berk man

Centre for Internet & Society at Harvard University, March 2009. Retrieved from

http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/2007_Circumvention_Landscape.pdf.