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PART I.

INFLECTION.

151. INFLECTION is a change in the form of a word, made to express its relation to other

words. It includes the declension of nouns, adjecties, and pronouns, and the conjugation ofer!s.

152. Eer" inflected word has a fundamental part, which is called the stem. To this areappended arious letters or s"lla!les, to form cases, tenses, persons, num!ers, etc.

153. #ost words contain a still more primitie element than the stem, which is called the root. Thus, the stemof the er! $ %&', honor, is $ %(), and that of the noun $ %*, is $ % )+ that of $-/, pa"ment, is $-), that of$%0/, held in honor, is $%0), that of $%1%( 2$%*%($0/3, aluation, is $%1%($)+ !ut all these stems aredeeloped from one root, $), which is seen pure in the er! $)', honor. In $', therefore, the er! stem and theroot are the same.

154. The stem itself ma" !e modified and assume arious forms in different parts of a noun or er!. Thus the

same er! stem ma" in different tense stems appear as 45)+ 465), and 405) 2see 7893. :o the same noun stemma" appear as $ % ), $ % ), and $ %1) 2; the singular, the dual, and the plural. The singular denotesone o!ject, the plural more than one. The dual is sometimes used to denote two o!jects, !uteen here the plural is more common.

156. There are threegenders+ the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter.

157. ?. The grammaticalgender in @reeA is er" often different from the natural gender. Especiall" man"names of things are masculine or feminine. B @reeA noun is called masculine, feminine, or neuter, when it

reuires an adjectie or article to taAe the form adapted to either of these genders, and the adjectie or article isthen said to hae the gender of the corresponding noun+ thus 6 D / 50$(%G/, the !road rier 2masc.3, H(410 H , the !eautiful house 2fem.3, $0 $0 $0 5D %(, this thing 2neut.3.The gender of a noun is often indicated !" prefixing the article 2J=

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NOUNS.

164. There are three declensionsof nouns, in which also all adjecties and participles areincluded.

165. These correspond in general to the first three declensions in Latin. The first is sometimes called the Adeclension 2with stems in and the second the declension 2with stems in 03. These two together aresometimes called the Vowel declension, as opposed to the third or Consonant declension2PV

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The relations of some of these endings to the terminations actuall" in use will !e explained under the differentdeclensions. The agreement of the two classes in man" points is striAing.

FIRST DECLENSION.

168. :tems of the first declension end originall" in . This is often modified into *in thesingular, and it !ecomes in the plural. The nominatie singular of feminines ends in +or *+that of masculines ends in or *. There are no neuters.

169. The following ta!le shows how the final +or *of the stem unites with the case endings 2;