Good morning!

1. Please grab your text book from the shelf.

2. Also, I HAVE graded the quizzes and will call you up at the END of class to look at your grade. I will not pass them back until everyone has taken it or made it up…please do not ask.

Human Geography:Elements of Culture

Learning Goals:• Explain different economic and government

systems• Analyze major religions• Explain how urban areas develop

Population Geography

Population DistributionWhere are these people?

• Not evenly spread out throughout the world. Almost 90% of the population lives in the Northern Hemisphere!

• Why is this area well-suited for a large population?

Weather is warm enough and wet enough to make agriculture possible!

Population Density: helps geographers understand how heavily populated an area is

Explain how urban areas develop…

Growth of Urban Areas

• Today, much of the population of the world lives in cities.

• Cities are often the birthplace of innovation and change within a society.

Urban Areas

• Suburbs: the built-up area around the central city

• Urbanization: the dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result.

• Why have cities grown over the past 2 centuries?

People looking for work!!

What is Culture?• Culture:

– The knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by the members of a specific group.

• What do the following have in common?

• We SHARE and BORROW from ALL cultures around the world!

“Classic” American Breakfast

Coffee with cream & sugar, eggs

& bacon

Example of Sharing / Borrowing

Middle eastern plant

Domestication of cowsand the idea of milking

them comes from the Near East Sugar was

first made in India

Birds domesticated in Indo-China

Pigs domesticated in Eastern Asia

Innovation – taking existing

technology and resourcesand creating

something new

Diffusion – The spread of ideas,

inventions, or patterns of behavior

Cultural Hearth – A site of innovation

From which basic ideas, Materials, and

Technology diffuse toMany cultures

Acculturation – When society changes

because it accepts or adopts an innovation

Changing Culture?

• QUESTION: Does culture EVOLVE or remain the SAME?

• ANSWER: Culture is ALWAYS changing!

• Change can occur or

Language

• Helps to build cultural identity– Builds group identity and unity among

those speaking the SAME language.• Impact of multiple languages within a

or culture:• Can lead to divisions among people

– Ex: Canada (French and English)

Language

• How many languages are spoken throughout the world?– Between 3,000 and 6,500

• What is the term for different versions of a language spoken within a culture?

• DIALECT!– Examples: Southern drawl, Boston accent,

and street slang

Religion

• Very influential in cultures• Religion Categories:1. Monotheistic

• Belief in one god2. Polytheistic

• Belief in many gods3. Animistic

• Belief in divine forces in nature (more traditional)

Major Religions

• Judaism• Christianity• Islam• Hinduism• Buddhism• Confucianism• Taoism• Shinto

How religions spread throughout the world:

•Religion spreads through diffusion and converts.

FAITH FOLLOWERS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD…

These are estimations!!

Religions and Region

Religions

• Judaism:– Oldest of the Southwest Asian religions– Concentrated in Israel– Established more than 3,200 years ago– Oldest monotheistic religion– Basic laws & teachings come from Torah (Holy book)

• Christianity:– Evolved from the teachings of Judaism (2,000 yrs. ago)– Monotheistic– Based on teachings of Jesus Christ (Son of God to Christians)– New Testament of Bible– Found on every continent

• Groups: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox

Religions

• Islam:– Based on

teachings of Prophet Muhammad

– Monotheistic– God is Allah

(Arabic)– Close ties to

Judaism and Christianity

– Holy Book = Qur’an– 2 major divisions:

• Sunni and Shiite

• Hinduism:– One of the world’s

oldest religions (dates back 5,000 years)

– “Ethnic” religion (India)

– Polytheistic– One or many gods

represent an aspect of the divine spirit, Brahman

– Includes a Caste system (shapes lives and culture)

Hindu Caste System

Religions

• Buddhism:– Offshoot of Hinduism– Developed in India (563 B.C.)

• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha/Enlightened One)– Rejected Hindu caste system– Focused teachings on correct way to live to

reach enlightened spiritual state called NIRVANA

Anarchism (Rule by no one)

Democracy (Rule by the popular vote)

Monarchy. (Rule by one person) Monarchies are one of the oldest political systems known, developing from tribal structure with one person the absolute ruler.

Meritocracy (Rule by best) only practiced by a few parties in the world

Technocracy (Rule by experts)

Republic (Rule by non-monarch) The first recorded republic was in India in the 6th century BC (BCE).

Sultanate (Rule by one person and Allah) an Islamic political structure combining aspects of monarchy and theocracy

Theocracy (Rule by God and his representatives) and other religions too; also can force convert other non-religious person in any type in this system

Parliamentary democracy (rule by the popular vote through parliament)

Feudalism (Rule by lord/king)

Fascism (Rule by a leader)

Oligarchy (Rule by a few)

Military government (Rule by military)

Aristocracy (Rule by nobles)

Plutocracy (Rule by money)

Communism (Rule by workers)

Socialism (Rule by equality)

Who is in charge here?!?!?!?!

Types of Government

• Representative Democracy: Citizens hold political power; “Rule by the People” (U.S.)

• Monarchy: A ruling family, headed by a king or queen, holds political power (UK)– What is a constitutional

monarchy?

• Dictatorship: An individual or group holds COMPLETE political power (North Korea, Cuba)– Military dictatorship: where the

government resides within the military.

Economic Systems• Traditional:

“Barter”; trade without use of money

• Command: Government determines and owns all means of production

• Market: “Capitalism”; based on Supply and Demand—consumers play large role

• Mixed: Combination of command and market