gonzales vs henchaves

8/10/2019 Gonzales vs Henchaves

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GONZALES VS HECHANOVAPosted by kaye lee on 12:36 PMG.R. No. L-21897 October 22 1963 !"ec#t$%e &'ree(ents)

FACTS:!"ec. *ecretary +ec,ano%a a#t,or$sed t,e $(ortat$on o ore$'n r$ce to be#rc,ased ro( r$%ate so#rces. Gon/ales 0led a et$t$on oos$n' t,e sa$d

$(le(entat$on beca#se R& No. 32 ,$c, alle'edly reeals or a(ends R& No.22475 ro,$b$ts t,e $(ortat$on o r$ce and corn by t,e R$ce and orn&d($n$strat$on or any ot,er 'o%ern(ent a'ency.Resondents alle'ed t,at t,e $(ortat$on er($tted $n R& 2247 $s to bea#t,or$/ed by t,e Pres$dent o t,e P,$l$$nes5 and by or on be,al o t,eGo%ern(ent o t,e P,$l$$nes. ,ey add t,at ater eno$n$n' t,e R$ce and ornad($n$strat$on and any ot,er 'o%ern(ent a'ency ro( $(ort$n' r$ce and corn5 *.14 o R& 32 $nd$cates t,at only r$%ate art$es (ay $(ort r$ce #nder $tsro%$s$ons. ,ey contended t,at t,e 'o%ern(ent ,as already const$t#te %al$de"ec#t$%e a'ree(ents $t, $etna( and ;#r(a5 t,at $n case o con


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Re#bl$c o t,e P,$l$$nesSUPREME COURT

Man$la

!N ;&N

G.R. No. L-21897 Octob! 22" 19#$

RAMON A. GONZALES"et$t$oner5%s.RUFINO G. HECHANOVA" %& E'c(t)* Sc!t%!+" MACARIO PERALTA" ,R." %&Sc!t%!+ o /&" PERO GIMENEZ" %& A(0)to! G/!%" CORNELIOALMACEA" %& Sc!t%!+ o Co33!c %/0 I/0(&t!+" %/0 SALVAOR MARINO"Sc!t%!+ o ,(&t)c"resondents.

Ramon A. Gonzales in his own behalf as petitioner.Oce of the Solicitor General and Estanislao Fernandez for respondents.

CONCEPCION"J.:

,$s $s an or$'$nal act$on or ro,$b$t$on $t, rel$($nary $n#nct$on.

Bt $s not d$s#ted t,at on *ete(ber 225 19635 resondent !"ec#t$%e *ecretarya#t,or$/ed t,e $(ortat$on o 675444 tons o ore$'n r$ce to be #rc,ased ro( r$%ateso#rces5 and created a r$ce roc#re(ent co(($ttee co(osed o t,e ot,er resondents,ere$n1or t,e $(le(entat$on o sa$d roosed $(ortat$on. ,ere#on5 or *ete(ber25 19635 ,ere$n et$t$oner5 Ra(on &. Gon/ales C a r$ce lanter5 and res$dent o t,eBlo$lo Palay and orn Planters &ssoc$at$on5 ,ose (e(bers are5 l$ke$se5 en'a'ed $n t,erod#ct$on o r$ce and corn C 0led t,e et$t$on ,ere$n5 a%err$n' t,at5 $n (ak$n' oratte(t$n' to (ake sa$d $(ortat$on o ore$'n r$ce5 t,e aore(ent$oned resondentsare act$n' $t,o#t #r$sd$ct$on or $n e"cess o #r$sd$ct$on5 beca#se Re#bl$c &ct No.32 ,$c, alle'edly reeals or a(ends Re#bl$c &ct No. 224 C e"l$c$tly ro,$b$ts t,e$(ortat$on o r$ce and corn t,e R$ce and orn &d($n$strat$on or any other governmentagencyD t,at et$t$oner ,as no ot,er la$n5 seedy and adeA#ate re(edy $n t,e ord$naryco#rse o laD and t,at a rel$($nary $n#nct$on $s necessary or t,e reser%at$on o t,er$',ts o t,e art$es d#r$n' t,e endency t,$s case and to re%ent t,e #d'(ent t,ere$nro( co($n' $neEect#al. Pet$t$oner rayed5 t,ereore5 t,at sa$d et$t$on be '$%en d#eco#rseD t,at a r$t o rel$($nary $n#nct$on be ort,$t, $ss#ed restra$n$n' resondentt,e$r a'ents or reresentat$%es ro( $(le(ent$n' t,e dec$s$on o t,e !"ec#t$%e*ecretary to $(ort t,e aore(ent$oned ore$'n r$ceD and t,at5 ater d#e ,ear$n'5#d'(ent be rendered (ak$n' sa$d $n#nct$on er(anent.

Fort,$t,5 resondents ere reA#$red to 0le t,e$r anser to t,e et$t$on ,$c, t,ey d$d5and et$t$oners ray or a r$t o rel$($nary $n#nct$on as set or ,ear$n' at ,$c, bot,art$es aeared and ar'#ed orally. Moreo%er5 a (e(orand#( as 0led5 s,ortlyt,ereater5 by t,e resondents. ons$der$n'5 later on5 t,at t,e resol#t$on sa$d $nc$dent(ay reA#$re so(e rono#nce(ents t,at o#ld be (ore aror$ate $n a dec$s$on on t,e(er$ts o t,e case5 t,e sa(e as set or ,ear$n' on t,e (er$ts t,ereater. ,e art$es5,oe%er5 a$%ed t,e r$',t to ar'#e orally5 alt,o#', co#nsel or resondents 0led t,e$r(e(oranda.

B. Sciency of petitioner!s interest.

Resondents (a$nta$n t,at t,e stat#s o et$t$oner as a r$ce lanter does not '$%e ,$(s#?c$ent $nterest to 0le t,e et$t$on ,ere$n and sec#re t,e rel$e t,ere$n rayed or. =e0nd no (er$t $n t,$s retense. &art ro( ro,$b$t$n' t,e $(ortat$on o r$ce and corn byt,e R$ce and orn &d($n$strat$on or any ot,er 'o%ern(ent a'ency. Re#bl$c &ct No.32 declares5 $n *ect$on 1 t,ereo5 t,at t,e ol$cy o t,e Go%ern(ent $s to en'a'e $nt,e #rc,ase o t,ese bas$c oods directlyro( t,ose tenants5 ar(ers5 'roers5rod#cers and landoners in the "hilippines,o $s, to d$sose o t,e$r rod#cts at ar$ce t,at $ll aEord t,e( a a$r and #st ret#rn or t,e$r labor and ca$tal


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2. B((ed$ately ater eno$n$n' t,e R$ce and orn ad($n$strat$on and any ot,er'o%ern(ent a'ency ro( $(ort$n' r$ce and corn5 *ect$on 14 o Re#bl$c &ct No. 32adds t,at the importation of rice and corn is left to private parties#on ay(ent o t,ecorresond$n' ta"es5 t,#s $nd$cat$n' t,at onlyr$%ate art$es (ay $(ort r$ce #nder$ts ro%$s$onsD and

3. &s$de ro( rescr$b$n' a 0ne not e"ceed$n' P145444.44 and $(r$son(ent o not (oret,an 0%e IJ years or t,ose ,o s,all %$olate any ro%$s$on o Re#bl$c &ct No. 32 or

any r#le and re'#lat$on ro(#l'ated #rs#ant t,ereto5 *ect$on 1 o sa$d &ct ro%$dest,at $ t,e oEender $s apblic ocialand>or e(loyees5 ,e s,all be s#bect to t,eadd$t$onal enalty sec$0ed t,ere$n. & #bl$c o?c$al $s an o?cer of the Governmentitself5 as d$st$n'#$s,ed ro( o?cers or e(loyees o $nstr#(ental$t$es o t,eGo%ern(ent. +ence5 the dly athorized acts of the former are those of the Government5#nl$ke t,ose o a 'o%ern(ent $nstr#(ental$ty ,$c, (ay ,a%e a ersonal$ty o $ts on5d$st$nct and searate ro( t,at o t,e Go%ern(ent5 as s#c,. ,e ro%$s$ons o Re#bl$c&ct No. 2247 are5 $n t,$s resect5 e%en (ore e"l$c$t. *ect$on 3 t,ereo ro%$des a s$($laradd$t$onal enalty or any o?cer or e(loyee of the Government ,o %$olates5 abetsor tolerates t,e %$olat$on o any ro%$s$on o sa$d &ct. +ence5 t,e $ntent to aly t,esa(e to transact$ons (ade by the very government$s atent.

Bndeed5 t,e restr$ct$ons $(osed $n sa$d Re#bl$c &cts are (erely additionalto t,oserescr$bed $n o((onealt, &ct No. 1385 ent$tled &n &ct to '$%e nat$%e rod#cts anddo(est$c ent$t$es t,e reerence $n t,e #rc,ase o art$clesfor the Government.P#rs#ant to *ect$on 1 t,ereo:

,e P#rc,ase and !A#$(ent H$%$s$on o t,e Government of the "hilippinesandot,er o?cers and e(loyees o t,e (#n$c$al and ro%$nc$al 'o%ern(ents and theGovernment of the "hilippinesand o c,artered c$t$es5 boards5co(($ss$ons5 breas& departments& oces& agencies& branches5 and bod$es oany descr$t$on5 $ncl#d$n' 'o%ern(ent-oned co(an$es5 a#t,or$/ed to reA#$s$t$on5#rc,ase5 or contract or (ake d$sb#rse(ents or art$cles5 (ater$als5 and s#l$esor #bl$c #se5 #bl$c b#$ld$n's5 or #bl$c orks s,all give preference to materials...rod#ced ... in the "hilippinesor $n t,e @n$ted *tates5 and to domestic entities5s#bect to t,e cond$t$ons ,ere$nbelo sec$0ed. I!(,as$s s#l$ed.J

@nder t,$s ro%$s$on5 $n all #rc,ases by the Government5 $ncl#d$n' t,ose (ade byand>or or t,e ar(ed orces5preference shall be given to materials prodced in the"hilippines. ,e $(ortat$on $n%ol%ed $n t,e case at bar %$olates t,$s 'eneral ol$cy o o#rGo%ern(ent5 as$de ro( t,e ro%$s$ons o Re#bl$c &cts Nos. 2247 and 32.

,e atte(t to #st$y t,e roosed $(ortat$on by $n%ok$n' reasons o nat$onal sec#r$tyC red$cated #on t,e orsen$n' s$t#at$on $n Laos and $etna(5 and t,e recenttens$on created by t,e Malays$a roble( - and t,e alle'ed oers o t,e Pres$dent aso((ander-$n-,$e o all ar(ed orces $n t,e P,$l$$nes5 #nder *ect$on 2 o t,eNat$onal Heense &ct Io((onealt, &ct No. 1J5 o%erlooks t,e act t,at t,e rotect$ono local lanters o r$ce and corn $n a (anner t,at o#ld oster and accelerate sel-s#?c$ency $n t,e local rod#ct$on o sa$d co((od$t$es const$t#tes a actor t,at $s %$tal too#r ab$l$ty to (eet oss$ble nat$onal e(er'ency. !%en $ t,e $ntent $n $(ort$n' 'oods $nant$c$at$on o s#c, e(er'ency ere to bolster # t,at ab$l$ty5 t,e latter o#ld5 $nstead5be $(a$red $ t,e $(ortat$on ere so (ade as to d$sco#ra'e o#r ar(ers ro( en'a'$n'$n t,e rod#ct$on o r$ce.

;es$des5 t,e stock$l$n' o r$ce and corn or #rose o nat$onal sec#r$ty and>or nat$onale(er'ency $s $t,$n t,e #r%$e o Re#bl$c &ct No. 32. *ect$on 3 t,ereo e"resslya#t,or$/es t,e R$ce and orn &d($n$strat$on to acc#(#late stocks as a nationalreserve$n s#c, A#ant$t$es as $t (ay dee( roer and necessary to (eet anycontingencies. Moreo%er5 $t orda$ns t,at %the b'er stoc(s held as a nationalreserve... be deposited by the administration throghot the contry nder the properdispersal plans... and (ay be released only #on t,e occ#rrence o cala($t$esor emergencies.... I!(,as$s al$ed.J


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&'a$n5 t,e ro%$s$ons o *ect$on 2 o o((onealt, &ct No. 15 #on ,$c, resondentsrely so (#c,5 are not sel-e"ec#tory. ,ey (erely o#tl$ne t,e 'eneral obect$%es o sa$dle'$slat$on. ,e (eans or t,e atta$n(ent o t,ose obect$%es are s#bect tocon'ress$onal le'$slat$on. ,#s5 t,e cond$t$ons #nder ,$c, t,e ser%$ces o c$t$/ens5 as$nd$cated $n sa$d *ect$on 25 (ay be a%a$led o5 are ro%$ded or $n *ect$ons 35 and 1 to88 o sa$d o((onealt, &ct No. 1. *$($larly5 *ect$on t,ereo sec$0es t,e (anner $n,$c, reso#rces necessary or o#r nat$onal deense (ay be sec#red by t,e Go%ern(ento t,e P,$l$$nes5 b#t only dring a national mobilization59,$c, does not e"$st.

Bnerent$ally5 t,ereore5 $n t,e absence o a nat$onal (ob$l$/at$on5 sa$d reso#rces s,all berod#ced $n s#c, (anner as on'ress (ay by otherlas ro%$de ro( t$(e to t$(e.Bnsoar as r$ce and corn are concerned5 Re#bl$c &cts Nos. 2247 and 325 ando((onealt, &ct No. 138 are s#c, las.

Resondents c$te or$n $n s#ort o t,e$r retense5 b#t $n %a$n. &n e"a($nat$on o t,eork c$ted14s,os t,at or$n reerred to t,e oers o t,e Pres$dent d#r$n' art$(e11or ,en ,e ,as laced t,e co#ntry or a art t,ereo #nder (art$al la.12*$ncene$t,er cond$t$on obta$ns $n t,e case at bar5 sa$d ork (erely ro%es t,at resondentst,eory5 $ acceted5 o#ld5 $n eEect5 lace t,e P,$l$$nes #nder (art$al la5 withotadeclarat$on o t,e !"ec#t$%e to t,at eEect. =,at $s orse5 $t o#ld kee

#sperpetally#nder (art$al la.

Bt ,as been s#''ested t,at e%en $ t,e roosed $(ortat$on %$olated Re#bl$c &cts Nos.2247 and 325 $t s,o#ld5 ne%ert,eless5 be er($tted beca#se $t redo#nds to t,e bene0to t,e eole. Sals popli est sprema le#5 $t $s sa$d.

B t,ere ere a local s,orta'e o r$ce5 t,e ar'#(ent might haveso(e %al#e. ;#t t,eresondents5 as o?c$als o t,$s Go%ern(ent5 ,a%e e"ressly a?r(ed a'a$n and a'a$nt,at t,ere $s no r$ce s,orta'e. &nd t,e $(ortat$on $s a%oedly or stock$le of theArmyC nott,e c$%$l$an o#lat$on.

;#t let #s ollo t,e resondents trend o t,o#',t. Bt ,as a (ore ser$o#s $(l$cat$on t,ataears on t,e s#race. Bt $(l$es t,at $ an e"ec#t$%e o?cer bel$e%es t,at co(l$ance$t, a certa$n stat#te $ll not bene0t t,e eole5 ,e $s at l$berty to d$sre'ard $t. ,at $dea(#st be reected - e st$ll l$%e #nder a r#le o la.

&nd t,en5 t,e eole are e$t,er rod#cers or cons#(ers. No C as resondentse"l$c$tly ad($t C Re#bl$c &cts Nos. 2247 and 32 ere aro%ed by t,e Le'$slat#reor t,e bene0t o rod#cers and cons#(ers5 $.e.5 t,e eole5 $t (#st ollo t,at t,eelare o t,e eole l$es rec$sely $n t,e compliance$t, sa$d &cts.

Bt $s not or resondent e"ec#t$%e o?cers no to set t,e$r on o$n$ons a'a$nst t,at ot,e Le'$slat#re5 and adot (eans or ays to set t,ose &cts at na#',t. &nyay5 t,oselas er($t $(ortat$on C b#t #nder certa$n cond$t$ons5 ,$c, ,a%e not been5 ands,o#ld be co(l$ed $t,.

B. )he contracts with *ietnam and +rmaC

Bt $s lastly contended t,at t,e Go%ern(ent o t,e P,$l$$nes ,as already entered $nto toI2J contracts or t,e P#rc,ase o r$ce5 one $t, t,e Re#bl$c o $etna(5 and anot,er $t,t,e Go%ern(ent o ;#r(aD t,at t,ese contracts const$t#te %al$d e"ec#t$%e a'ree(ents#nder $nternat$onal laD t,at s#c, a'ree(ents beca(e b$nd$n' eEect$%e #on t,es$'n$n' t,ereo by reresentat$%es t,e art$es t,eretoD t,at $n case o con


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,e o#rt $s not sat$s0ed t,at t,e stat#s o sa$d tracts as alle'ed e"ec#t$%e a'ree(ents,as been s#?c$ently establ$s,ed. ,e art$es to sa$d contracts do not ear to ,a%ere'arded t,e sa(e as e"ec#t$%e a'ree(ents. ;#t5 e%en ass#($n' t,at sa$d contracts(ay roerly cons$dered as e"ec#t$%e a'ree(ents5 t,e sa(e are #nla#l5 as ell as n#lland %o$d5 ro( a const$t#t$onal %$eo$nt5 sa$d a'ree(ents be$n' $ncons$stent $t, t,ero%$s$ons o Re#bl$c &cts Nos. 2247 and 32. &lt,o#', t,e Pres$dent (ay5 #nder t,e&(er$can const$t#t$onal syste( enter $nto e"ec#t$%e a'ree(ents withotre%$o#sle'$slat$%e a#t,or$ty5 ,e (ay not5 by e"ec#t$%e a'ree(ent5 enter $nto a transact$on ,$c,

$sprohibitedby stat#tes enacted r$or t,ereto. @nder t,e onst$t#t$on5 t,e (a$n #nct$ono t,e !"ec#t$%e $s to enorce las enacted by on'ress. ,e or(er (ay not $nterere $nt,e eror(ance o t,e le'$slat$%e oers o t,e latter5 e"cet $n t,e e"erc$se o ,$s %etooer. +e (ay not deeat le'$slat$%e enact(ents t,at ,a%e acA#$red t,e stat#s o la5by indirectly repealingt,e sa(e t,ro#', an e"ec#t$%e a'ree(entproviding for theperformance of the very act prohibited by said laws.

,e &(er$can t,eory to t,e eEect t,at5 $n t,e e%ent o con


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=+!R!FOR!5 #d'(ent $s ,ereby rendered declar$n' t,at resondent !"ec#t$%e*ecretary ,ad and ,as no oer to a#t,or$/e t,e $(ortat$on $n A#est$onD t,at ,ee"ceeded ,$s #r$sd$ct$on $n 'rant$n' sa$d a#t,or$tyD sa$d $(ortat$on $s not sanct$oned byla and $s contrary to $ts ro%$s$onsD and t,at5 or lack o t,e reA#$s$te (aor$ty5 t,e$n#nct$on rayed or (#st be and $s5 accord$n'ly den$ed. Bt $s so ordered.

+engzon& ,& "adilla& /abrador& Reyes& .+./.& 0izon and $a(alintal& .&conc#r."aredes and Regala& .&conc#r $n t,e res#lt.

S4%!t O4)/)o/&

AUTISTA ANGELO"J., conc#rr$n':

@nder Re#bl$c &ct No. 22475 ,$c, took eEect on May 15 1995 $t $s #nla#l or anyerson5 assoc$at$on5 cororat$on or 'o%ern(ent a'ency to $(ort r$ce and corn $nto anyo$nt $n t,e P,$l$$nes. ,e e"cet$on $s $ t,ere $s an e"$st$n' or $(($nent s,orta'e os#c, co((od$ty o (#c, 'ra%$ty as to const$t#te nat$onal e(er'ency $n ,$c, case an$(ortat$on (ay be a#t,or$/ed by t,e Pres$dent ,en so cert$0ed by t,e Nat$onal!cono($c o#nc$l.

+oe%er5 on K#ne 15 19625 Re#bl$c &ct 32 as enacted ro%$d$n' t,at t,e$(ortat$on o r$ce and corn can onlybe (ade by r$%ate art$es t,ereby ro,$b$t$n' ro(do$n' so t,e R$ce and orn &d($n$strat$on or any ot,er 'o%ern(ent a'ency. Re#bl$c &ct32 does not e"ressly reeal Re#bl$c &ct 22475 b#t only reeals or (od$0ed t,osearts t,ereo t,at are $ncons$stent $t, $ts ro%$s$ons. ,e A#est$on t,at no ar$ses $s:+as t,e enact(ent o Re#bl$c &ct 32 t,e eEect o ro,$b$t$n' co(letely t,e'o%ern(ent ro( $(ort$n' r$ce and corn $nto t,e P,$l$$nes

My anser $s $n t,e ne'at$%e. *$nce t,$s &ct does not $n any (anner ro%$de or t,e$(ortat$on o r$ce and corn $n case o nat$onal e(er'ency5 t,e ro%$s$on o t,e or(erla on t,at (atter s,o#ld stand5 or t,at $s not $ncons$stent $t, any ro%$s$on e(bod$ed$n Re#bl$c &ct 32. ,e R$ce and orn &d($n$strat$on5 or any ot,er 'o%ern(enta'ency5 (ay t,ereore st$ll $(ort r$ce and corn $nto t,e P,$l$$nes as ro%$ded $nRe#bl$c &ct 2247 $ t,ere $s a declared nat$onal e(er'ency.

,e ne"t A#est$on t,at ar$ses $s: an t,e 'o%ern(ent a#t,or$/e t,e $(ortat$on o r$ceand corn re'ardless o Re#bl$c &ct 2247 $ t,at $s a#t,or$/ed by t,e Pres$dent aso((ander-$n-,$e o t,e P,$l$$ne &r(y as a ($l$tary reca#t$onary (eas#re or($l$tary stock$le

Resondents anser t,$s A#est$on $n t,e a?r(at$%e. ,ey ad%ance t,e ar'#(ent t,at $t$s t,e Pres$dents d#ty to see to $t t,at t,e &r(ed Forces o t,e P,$l$$nes are 'eared tot,e deenses o t,e co#ntry as ell as to t,e #l0ll(ent o o#r $nternat$onal co(($t(ents$n *o#t,east &s$a $n t,e e%ent t,e eace and sec#r$ty o t,e area are $n dan'er. ,estock$l$n' o r$ce5 t,ey a%er5 $s an essent$al reA#$re(ent o deense rearat$on $n %$eo t,e l$($ted local s#ly and t,e robable d$sr#t$on o trade and co((erce $t,o#ts$de co#ntr$es $n t,e e%ent o ar(ed ,ost$l$t$es5 and t,$s ($l$tary reca#t$onary(eas#re $s necessary beca#se o t,e #nsettled cond$t$ons $n t,e *o#t,east &s$aborder$n' on act#al t,reats o ar(ed con


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IcJ ,e nat$onal (ob$l$/at$on s,all $ncl#de t,e e"ec#t$on o all (eas#res necessaryto ass ro( a eace to a ar oot$n'.

IdJ ,e c$%$l a#t,or$ty s,all alays be s#re(e. ,e Pres$dent o t,e P,$l$$nes ast,e o((ander-$n-,$e o all ($l$tary orces5 s,all be resons$ble t,at (ob$l$/at$on(eas#res are reared at all t$(es.I!(,as$s s#l$edJ

Bndeed5 B 0nd $n t,at declarat$on o ol$cy t,at t,e sec#r$ty o t,e P,$l$$nes and $ts

reedo( const$t#tes t,e core o t,e reser%at$on o o#r *tate ,$c, $s t,e bas$c d#ty oe%ery c$t$/en and t,at to sec#re ,$c, $t $s eno$ned t,at t,e Pres$dent e(loy all t,ereso#rces at ,$s co((and. ;#t o%er and abo%e all t,at oer and d#ty5 #nda(ental ast,ey (ay see(5 t,ere $s t,e $n#nct$on t,at t,e c$%$l a#t,or$ty s,all alays be s#re(e.,$s $n#nct$on can only (ean t,at ,$le all reca#t$ons s,o#ld be taken to $ns#re t,esec#r$ty and reser%at$on o t,e *tate and to t,$s eEect t,e e(loy(ent o all reso#rces(ay be resorted to5 t,e act$on (#st alays be taken $t,$n t,e ra(eork o t,e c$%$la#t,or$ty. M$l$tary a#t,or$ty s,o#ld be ,ar(on$/ed and coord$nated $t, c$%$l a#t,or$ty5t,e only e"cet$on be$n' ,en t,e la clearly orda$ns ot,er$se. Ne$t,er Re#bl$c &ct22475 nor Re#bl$c &ct 325 conta$ns any e"cet$on $n a%or o ($l$tary act$onconcern$n' $(ortat$on o r$ce and corn. &n e"cet$on (#st be str$ctly constr#ed.

& d$st$nct$on $s (ade beteen t,e 'o%ern(ent and 'o%ern(ent a'ency $n an atte(t totake t,e or(er o#t o t,e oerat$on o Re#bl$c &ct 2247. B d$sa'ree. ,e Go%ern(ent ot,e Re#bl$c o t,e P,$l$$nes #nder t,e Re%$sed &d($n$strat$%e ode reers to t,atent$ty t,ro#', ,$c, t,e #nct$ons o 'o%ern(ent are e"erc$sed5 $ncl#d$n' t,e %ar$o#sar(s t,ro#', ,$c, ol$t$cal a#t,or$ty $s (ade eEect$%e ,et,er t,ey be ro%$nc$al5(#n$c$al or ot,er or( o local 'o%ern(ent5 ,ereas a 'o%ern(ent $nstr#(ental$tyreers to cororat$ons oned or controlled by t,e 'o%ern(ent to ro(ote certa$n asectso t,e econo($c l$e o o#r eole. & 'o%ern(ent a'ency5 t,ereore5 (#st necessar$lyreer to t,e 'o%ern(ent $tsel o t,e Re#bl$c5 as d$st$n'#$s,ed ro( any 'o%ern(ent$nstr#(ental$ty ,$c, ,as a ersonal$ty d$st$nct and searate ro( $t I*ect$on 2J.

,e $(ortant o$nt to deter($ne5 ,oe%er5 $s ,et,er e s,o#ld eno$n resondentsro( carry$n' o#t t,e $(ortat$on o t,e r$ce ,$c, accord$n' to t,e record ,as beena#t,or$/ed to be $(orted on government to government level5 $t aear$n' t,at t,earran'e(ent to t,$s eEect ,as already been concl#ded5 t,e only t,$n' lack$n' be$n' $ts$(le(entat$on. ,$s $s e%$dent ro( t,e (an$estat$on s#b($tted by t,e *ol$c$torGeneral ,ere$n $t aears t,at t,e contract or t,e #rc,ase o 75444 tons o r$ce ro(,ad been s$'n on October 5 19635 and or t,e #rc,ase o 245444 tons ro( ;#r(a onOctober 85 19635 by t,e a#t,or$/ed reresentat$%es o bot, o#r 'o%ern(ent and t,e'o%ern(ents o $etna( and ;#r(a5 resect$%ely. B $t $s tr#e t,at5 o#r 'o%ern(ent ,asalready (ade a or(al co(($t(ent $t, t,e sell$n' co#ntr$es t,ere ar$ses t,e A#est$onas to ,et,er t,e act can st$ll be $(eded at t,$s sta'e o t,e ne'ot$at$ons. ,o#', ont,$s score t,ere $s a d$%er'ence o o$n$on5 $t $s 'rat$y$n' to note t,at t,e (aor$ty ,ase"ressed $tsel a'a$nst $t. ,$s $s a la#s$ble att$t#de or5 ,ad t,e r$t been $ss#ed5 o#r'o%ern(ent o#ld ,a%e been laced $n a red$ca(ent ,ere5 as a necessaryconseA#ence5 $t o#ld ,a%e to re#d$ate a d#ly or(al$/ed a'ree(ent to $ts 'reate(barrass(ent and loss o ace. ,$s as a%o$ded by t,e #d$c$al states(ans,$ e%$ncedby t,e o#rt.

ARRERA"J., conc#rr$n':

;eca#se o oss$ble co(l$cat$ons t,at ($',t be a''ra%ated by ($sreresentat$on o t,etr#e nat#re and scoe o t,e case beore t,$s o#rt5 $t $s ell to restate as clearly asoss$ble5 t,e real and only $ss#e resented by t,e resondents reresent$n' t,e'o%ern(ent.

Fro( t,e anser 0led by t,e *ol$c$tor General5 $n be,al o resondents5 e A#ote:

,e $(ortat$on o t,e r$ce $n A#est$on by t,e &r(ed Forces o t,e P,$l$$nes $sor military stoc(pilinga#t,or$/ed by t,e Pres$dent #rs#ant to ,$s $n,erent oeras co((ander-$n-c,$e and as a military precationary measre$n %$e t,e


9/11

orsen$n' s$t#at$on $n Laos and $etna( and5 $t (ay added5 t,e recent5 tens$oncreated by t,e Malays$a roble( I&nser5 . 2D e(,as$s s#l$ed.J

H#r$n' t,e oral ar'#(ent5 *enator Fernande/5 aeal$n' $n be,al o t,e resondents5l$ke$se re$terated t,e $(orted r$ce as or ($l$tary stock$l$n'5 and ,$c, ,e ad($ttedt,at so(e o $t ent to t,e R$ce and orn &d($n$strat$on5 ,e e(,as$/ed a'a$n and a'a$nt,at r$ce as not $ntended or t,e R& or d$str$b#t$on to eole5 as t,ere as nos,orta'e o r$ce or t,at #rose b#t $t as only e"c,an'ed or alay beca#se t,$s co#ld

better reser%ed.

Fro( t,e (e(orand#( 0led t,ereater by t,e *ol$c$ts General5 a'a$n t,e cla$( as(ade:

=e resect#lly re$terate t,e ar'#(ents $n o#r anser dated October 5 1963 t,att,e $(ortat$on o r$ce so#',t be eno$ned $n t,$s et$t$on $s $n t,e e"erc$se o t,ea#t,or$ty %ested $n t,e Pres$dent o t,e P,$l$$nes as o((ander-$n-,$e o t,e&r(ed Forces5 as a measre of military preparedness demanded by a real andactal threat of emergency in the Soth East Asian contries. I. 15 !(,as$ss#l$ed.J

""" """ """

Bt It,e stress$n' o t,e #nsettled cond$t$ons $n *o#t,east &s$aJ is merely orintentionto s,o t,e necess$ty or t,e stock$l$n' o r$ce for army prposes& whichis the very reason for the importation.

""" """ """

As it is& the importation in 1estion is being made by the Repblic of the"hilippines for its own se& and the rice is not spposed to be pored into the openmar(et as to a'ect the price to be paid by the pblic. I. 5 !(,as$s s#l$ed.J

""" """ """

=,at e do contend $s t,at t,e la5 or ant o e"ress and clear ro%$s$on to t,ateEect5 does not inclde in its prohibition importation by the Government of rice forits own se and not for the consming pblic& regardless of whether there is orthere is no emergency. I. 5 !(,as$s s#l$ed.J

Fro( t,e abo%e5 $t not only aears b#t $s e%$dent t,at t,e resondents ere notconcerned $t, t,epresentr$ce s$t#at$on conront$n' t,e consming pblic5 b#t eresolely and e"cl#s$%ely ater t,e stock$l$n' o r$ce or t,e ftre#se o t,e army. ,e$ss#e5 t,ereore5 $n ,$c, t,e Go%ern(ent as $nterested $s not ,et,er r$ce $s $(ortedto '$%e t,e eole a b$''er or 'reater s#ly to (a$nta$n t,e r$ce at P.84 er 'anta Cor5 to A#ote a'a$n t,e$r content$on: t,e r$ce $s not s#osed to be o#red $nto t,e oen(arket to aEect t,e r$ce to be a$d by t,e #bl$c5 as $t $s not or t,e cons#($n' #bl$c5re'ardless o ,et,er t,ere $s or t,ere $s no e(er'ency5 C b#t ,et,er r$ce can le'allybe $(orted by t,e &r(ed Forces o t,e P,$l$$nes a%oedly or $ts #t#re #se5not$t,stand$n' t,e ro,$b$tory ro%$s$ons o Re#bl$c &cts Nos. 2247 and 32. ,e(aor$ty o$n$on ably sets ort, t,e reasons ,y t,$s o#rt can not accet t,e content$ono t,e resondents t,at t,$s $(ortat$on $s beyond and o#ts$de t,e oerat$on o t,esestat#tes. B can only e(,as$/e t,at B see $n t,e t,eory ad%anced by t,e *ol$c$tor Generala dan'ero#s trend C t,at beca#se t,e ol$c$es en#nc$ated $n t,e c$ted las are or t,erotect$on o t,e rod#cers and t,e cons#(ers5 t,e ar(y $s re(o%ed ro( t,e$ral$cat$on. o adot t,$s t,eory $s to rocla$( t,e e"$stence $n t,e P,$l$$nes o t,reeecono($c 'ro#s or classes: t,e rod#cers5 t,e cons#(ers5 and t,e &r(ed Forces o t,eP,$l$$nes. =,at $s (ore ortento#s $s t,e eEect to eA#ate t,e ar(y $t, t,eGo%ern(ent $tsel.

,en a'a$n5 t,e $(ortat$on o t,$s r$ce or ($l$tary stock$l$n' $s so#',t to be #st$0ed byt,e alle'ed t,reat o e(er'ency $n t,e *o#t,east &s$an co#ntr$es. ;#t t,e e"$stence o


10/11

t,$s s#osed t,reat as #n$laterally deter($ned by t,e Heart(ent o Nat$onal Heensealone. =e recall t,at t,ere e"$sts a body called t,e Nat$onal *ec#r$ty o#nc$l $n ,$c, arereresented t,e !"ec#t$%e as ell as t,e Le'$slat$%e deart(ent. Bn $t s$t not only(e(bers o t,e arty $n oer b#t o t,e oos$t$on as ell. o o#r knoled'e5 t,$s $st,e ,$',est cons#ltat$%e body ,$c, del$berates rec$sely $n t$(es o e(er'encyt,reaten$n' to aEect t,e sec#r$ty o t,e state. ,e de(ocrat$c co(os$t$on o t,$s co#nc$l$s to '#arantee t,at $ts del$berat$ons o#ld be non-art$san and only t,e best $nterests ot,e nat$on $ll be cons$dered. ;e$n' a del$berat$%e body5 $t $ns#res a'a$nst rec$$tate

act$on. ,$s $s as $t s,o#ld be. Ot,er$se5 $n t,ese days o e%er resent cold ar5 anyc,an'e or de%elo(ent $n t,e ol$t$cal cl$(ate $n any re'$on o t,e orld $s at to betaken as an e"c#se or t,e ($l$tary to con#re # a cr$s$s or e(er'ency and t,ere#onatte(t to o%err$de o#r las and le'al rocesses5 and $(ercet$bly $nst$t#te so(e k$ndo (art$al la on t,e rete"t o reca#t$onary (ob$l$/at$on (eas#re a%oedly $n t,e$nterest o t,e sec#r$ty o t,e state. One need not5 be too $(a'$nat$%e to erce$%e a ,$nto t,$s $n t,e resent case.

,e *#re(e o#rt5 $n arr$%$n' at t,e concl#s$on #nan$(o#sly reac,ed5 $s #lly aare ot,e d$?c#lt and del$cate task $t ,ad to d$sc,ar'e. Bts os$t$on $s l$able to be e"lo$ted byso(e or t,e$r on #roses by cla$($n' and (ak$n' $t aear t,at t,e o#rt $s

#n($nd#l o t,e l$',t o o#r eole d#r$n' t,ese days o ,ards,$D t,at $t reerred to'$%e s#bstance to t,e n$cet$es o t,e la t,an ,eed t,e needs o t,e eole. O#r anser$s t,at t,e o#rt as let no alternat$%e. Bt ,ad5 $n co(l$ance $t, $ts d#ty5 to dec$de t,ecase #on t,e acts resented to $t. ,e resondents5 reresent$n' t,e ad($n$strat$on5steadastly (a$nta$ned and $ns$sted t,at t,ere $s no r$ce s,orta'eD t,at t,e $(orted r$ce$s not or t,e cons#($n' #bl$c and $s not s#osed to be laced $n t,e oen (arket toaEect t,e r$ce to be a$d by t,e #bl$cD t,at $t $s solely or stock$l$n' o t,e ar(y or#t#re #se as a (eas#re o (ob$l$/at$on $n t,e ace o ,at t,e Heart(ent o Nat$onalHeense #n$laterally dee(ed a t,reatened ar(ed con


11/11

For t,ese reasons5 B conc#r $n t,e dec$s$on o t,e o#rt.

gonzales vs henchaves

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