golgi apparatus golgi bodies or “dictyosomes” stacks of cisternae secretory function cell wall...
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Golgi Apparatus
• Golgi bodies or “dictyosomes”• Stacks of cisternae• Secretory function• Cell wall formation
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Golgi Apparatus: part of endomembrane system
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Cell Wall Deposition: movement of cellulose synthase rosettes is guided by microtubules in the cytoplasm. Problem or error here?
UDP-glucose (uridine diphosphate-glucose; cellulose precursor)
Cellulose microfibrils can’t “jump”; new microfibrils are always depositedBelow previously deposited microfibrils or cell wall layers.
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Increased Golgi Activity during division
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Progressive Stages of Cell Plate Formation
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Cell Wall : 3 Layers
• Middle lamella: – first layer formed during cell division– outermost wall of cell, shared by adjacent cells– Composed of pectins and proteins
• Primary (1°) wall:– formed after mid. lam.– cellulose micrifibrils in a gel-like matrix of pectins, hemicellulose,
proteins• Secondary (2°) wall:
– formed once cell enlargement is complete.– Extremely rigid and strong– Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
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Primary Cell Wall• All plant cells (?) have a primary cell wall.• Cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, proteins• All components are hydrophilic to a degree:
form a permeable hydrated matrix
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Plasmodesmata
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More Cell Wall & Plasmodesmata
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Cell Expansion?
• Wall acidification: H+ pumps in cell membrane move H+ into cell wall; disrupts crosslinkages between cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins.
• Expansins : enzymes that can cause cellulose microfibrils to slip.
• Hydrolytic enzymes: cellulase, pectinase, degrade cell wall polymers
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Secondary Wall
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Photosynthesis
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Chlorophylls
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
“Tail”- Unsubstituted chain of
C and H- Hydrophobic (lipid-like)- Anchors chlorophyll in
thylakoid membrane
Chromophore- Light-absorbing portion- Conjugated ring system- Absorption spectrum
modified by substitutions.- Methyl group (chl a)
Carboxyl (chl b) - Absorption spectrum also
altered by nearby molecules/interactions
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Chlorophll absorption spectra
• Chlorophylls absorb blue and red wavelengths primarily.
• Chl a maxima: • Chl b maxima:
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What we see.
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Chlorophyll Masking by Anthocyanins
• Malvidins – anthocyanins that absorb green/yellow wavelengths (+ UV)• Impart blue/red/purple coloration (red wine, cherries, geraniums)
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Chlorophyll masking by anthocyanin: a defense for new growth?
- Predators may seek young, bright green leaves (anthocyanins camouflage the leaf).- Other defenses of these young leaves? Felty appearance?- In time, 2° defenses (tannin concentrations, etc.) may develop.Anthocyanins also become important during leaf degreening and fruit ripening
Quercus marilandica (“blackjack oak”) Bastrop, TX.
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Degreening and Ripening
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Absorption spectrum of Chlorophyll and the Action Spectrum of Photosynthesis
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Elgelmann’s Experiment (1882)
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Overview of Photosynthesis
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Resonance Energy Transfer in Antenna Complex Pigments
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Non-cyclic electron flow & phosphorylation
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Transfer of e- and H+
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