1

GOLDSMITHS, University of London DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AN53021A ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (0.5 cu) Spring Term READING LIST 2008-2009 COURSE LECTURER: Dr Eliza Darling

Course Objectives This course provides a critical introduction to environmental anthropology, beginning with a brief exploration of its historical roots and examining its subsequent iterations, but concentrating especially upon anthropology’s contributions to the interdisciplinary field of political ecology, with a particular emphasis upon issues of environmental justice in terms of race, gender, class and nation. Course Content In the past thirty years, disciplines across the social sciences and humanities – from philosophy to history to sociology to political science to geography to cultural studies – have undergone a “greening” as the social aspects of nature have come to be seen as a legitimate, even sexy subject of scholarly investigation. For anthropology, this has constituted more a revival than an invention, for anthropology was “environmental” long before there was an identifiable “environmental anthropology” of which to speak. Yet Carole Crumley notes that the discipline is marked by a distinct contradiction, emphasizing the immense capacity of environment to shape human existence through the pressures of natural selection, yet progressively according it a smaller and smaller role as culture ascends and nature declines in explanations of the human condition – until it comes full circle in the recognition of contemporary environmental crisis, whereupon “the environment, marginalized in the latter portions of the story of human evolution, becomes again the central problem for the species” (1994:2-3). We will bear this central contradiction in mind as we examine the human place in what we colloquially call “nature,” attempting to deconstruct the complex and antithetical meanings embedded in the term while avoiding the reduction of nature to a mere social construct. Accordingly, this course investigates the way we produce nature and the way nature produces us, taking a dialectical approach to the anthropology of environment.

Course requirements. Attendance requirements: the College Regulations state that “Students shall attend on all days prescribed for their programme unless the College is officially closed.” If you are unable to attend due to illness you must inform the Department Office on the day of the class. Coursework requirements: one course essay, though two essay are recommended. Students who fail to meet the attendance and coursework requirements risk being put on probation. Please see the Student Handbook for further information. Course essays are due in as follows in the Autumn Term: essay one (required) at seminars in week seven, essay two (optional) by the end of term. Mode of assessment: two-question take-home paper (no more than 1,500 words each). Take-home papers will be given out from 9am on Thursday 7 May 2009. Take-home papers are due in by 4pm on Thursday 21 May 2008. Towards the end of the reading list you will find a guide to writing and presenting course essays and examined reports. Please study these carefully before you plan and write your coursework essays and/or any examined reports.

2

Course Structure We will meet weekly for an hour-long lecture followed by a seminar, during which students will take it in turns to make short presentations based upon their own interests in environmental anthropology. We’ll use the seminar during the first week to organise panels of 2-3 presentations which “fit,” to the greatest extent possible, with the topic of each week’s lecture and readings. Depending on the number of students in each seminar, each student will be required to give at least two presentations. While we will not meet during Reading Week (Week 6), an optional module on “environment and development” will be available on the VLE for students to explore on their own during the break if they so choose. Course Topics Week 1 Introduction: Anthropology and the Denaturalisation of “Nature” Week 2 The Politics of Nature: Perspectives on Green Political Theory Week 3 Limits to Growth: Crisis, “Scarcity,” and Apocalyptic Environmentalism Week 4 State Agendas, Local Resistance: Capital, Regulation and Resource Control Week 5 Space and Place: Landscape, Alienation, Consumption Week 6 Optional Module: Environment and Development Week 7 Environmental Justice: Race, Waste and Indigeneity Week 8 Human Nature? The Construction of Gender and the Regulation of Reproduction Week 9 Epistemologies of Nature: Sacred and Secular Week 10 “Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?" Nature and Class Week 11 Imperial Nature: Ecology, War and the Colonial Encounter Course Readings Due to the explosion of green literature in the social sciences (including anthropology) over the past few decades, one course cannot hope to cover the entire canon, and many of the texts listed in this syllabus are full-length books. However, students should not despair at the length of the reading list. I have placed three article/chapter-length texts from each section in a reader pack (available for purchase from the Anthropology office) and three more from each section on the VLE. These readings comprise articles and chapters which are (a) foundational to the weekly topic and (b) unavailable to Goldsmiths students electronically, in the DSLC or on the Goldsmiths Library shelves. Some readings which are readily available to students are also foundational to the weekly topics, and I will point these out specifically during the lecture; please obtain these texts on your own. Students are encouraged to explore the remaining texts according to their individual intellectual interests (for example, if you find an excerpt from a particular book interesting, follow up by tracking down and reading the rest of it, or mining its bibliography for associated references). Texts which are not physically available on campus in books or journals have been ordered and will be made available as soon as possible; however, in the interim students should be prepared to access readings through interlibrary loan, AnthroSource, Senate House, the British Library, and other resources available to University of London students. Useful Journals Antipode Capitalism Nature Socialism City and Society Cultural Geographies Environment and History Environment and Planning Environmental Ethics Environmental History Environmental Politics Ethics, Place & Environment Global Environmental Change

Harbinger Human Ecology Journal of Ecology Journal of Political Ecology Journal of Rural Development Organization & Environment Rural History Science and Society The Journal of Rural Studies The Trumpeter Urban Anthropology

3

Week 1 Introduction: Anthropology and the Denaturalisation of “Nature” The introductory lecture provides a broad historical view on the concept of environment in anthropology, from the earliest inception of the discipline to the present day. We critically examine shifting anthropological perspectives on human-environmental relations through the development of the schools of cultural evolution, cultural materialism, human ecology, cultural ecology, historical ecology, and political ecology. We also consider the intersection of sociocultural anthropology with biological and linguistic anthropology and archaeology through the window of environment, as well as examining the role of environment in such topical subfields as cognitive anthropology. Although this section is intended to provide a very general overview, students are encouraged to pursue particular topics of interest through close reading of original texts on their own. The texts in this section are primarily historical, biographical and theoretical rather than ethnographic; however many of their themes are developed and contested through empirical research in the sections to follow. Argyrou, Vassos

2005 The Logic of Environmentalism: Anthropology, Ecology and Postcoloniality. New York: Berghahn Books.

Balée, William 2006 The Research Program of Historical Ecology. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:75-

98. Biersack, Aletta

1999 From the “New Ecology” to the New Ecologies. American Anthropologist 101(1):5-18. Childe, V. Gordon 2003 Man Makes Himself. New ed. Nottingham: Spokesman Books. Crumley, Carole L., ed.

2001 New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections. Walnut Creek and Oxford: AltaMira Press.

1994 Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.

Descola, Philippe and Gíslí Pálsson, eds. 1996 Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives. London and New York: Routledge.

Dove, Michael R. and Carol Carpenter, eds. 2008 Environmental Anthropology: A Historical Reader. Malden: Blackwell.

Escobar, Arturo 1996 Constructing Nature: Elements for a Poststructural Political Ecology. In Richard Peet

and Michael Watts, eds. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements. London and New York: Routledge.

Haenn, Nora and Richard R. Wilk, eds. 2006 The Environment in Anthropology: A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable

Living. New York: New York University Press. Harris, David, ed.

1994 The Archeology of V. Gordon Childe: Contemporary Perspectives. London: University College London.

Harris, Marvin 1979 Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture. New York: Random

House. Heider, Karl G.

1972 Environment, Subsistence, and Society. Annual Review of Anthropology 1:207-226. Ingold, Tim

2000 The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London and New York: Routledge.

1986 The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Kottak, Conrad P. 1999 The New Ecological Anthropology. American Anthropologist 101(1):23-35. Little, Paul E.

1999 Environments and Environmentalisms in Anthropological Research: Facing a New Millennium. Annual Review of Anthropology 28:253-284.

Milton, Kay

4

1996 Environmentalism and Cultural Theory: Exploring the Role of Anthropology in Environmental Discourse. London and New York: Routledge.

1993 Environmentalism: The View from Anthropology. London and New York: Routledge. Morgan, Lewis Henry

1963 Ancient Society; or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress From Savagery Through Barbarism to Civilization. Eleanor Burke Leacock, ed. New York: Meridian Books.

Orlove, Benjamin S. 1980 Ecological Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology 9:235-273.

Orlove, Benjamin S. and Stephen B. Brush 1996 Anthropology and the Conservation of Biodiversity. Annual Review of Anthropology

25:329-352. Peace, William J.

2004 Leslie A. White: Evolution and Revolution in Anthropology. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Rappaport, Roy A. 1984 Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People. New Haven:

Yale University Press. Scoones, I.

1999 New Ecology and the Social Sciences: What Prospects for a Fruitful Engagement? Annual Review of Anthropology 28:479-507.

Steward, Julian 1977 Evolution and Ecology: Essays on Social Transformation. Urbana: University of

Illinois Press. 1972 Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution. Urbana:

University of Illinois Press. Sutton, Mark Q. and E.N. Anderson 2004 Introduction to Cultural Ecology. Oxford and New York: Berg. Townsend, Patricia K.

2000 Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.

Vayda, Andrew P. and Bonnie J. McCay 1975 New Directions in Ecology and Ecological Anthropology. Annual Review of

Anthropology 4:293-306. White, Leslie

1969 The Science of Culture: A Study of Man and Civilization. 2nd ed. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

1959 The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Zubrow, Ezra B.W. 1972 Environment, Subsistence, and Society: The Changing Archaeological Perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 1:179-206. Week 2 The Politics of Nature: Perspectives on Green Political Theory As the social sciences have undergone a “greening” with the rise of the mass environmental movement, so too has political theory. In this section, we move beyond the disciplinary boundaries of anthropology to examine the intersection of ecology with socialism, feminism, anarchism, and critical race theory, drawing on inter- and cross-disciplinary approaches to green political theory. We examine the social ecology approach of Murray Bookchin, the green feminist socialism of Mary Mellor, the eco-anarchism of Brian Morris, James O’Connor’s second contradiction of capitalism, Neil Smith’s uneven development, Arne Næss’s deep ecology, and Donna Harraway’s cyborg feminism, among others. The texts in this section tend heavily toward theory rather than ethnographic example; however, as with week one, many of their themes are investigated empirically in ensuring sections. And again, students are encouraged to pursue personal topics of interest through close reading of original texts in order to augment the general overview provided by the lecture. Benton, Ted, ed.

5

1996 The Greening of Marxism. New York: Guilford Press. 1993 Natural Relations: Ecology, Animal Rights and Social Justice. London and New York: Verso. Bookchin, Murray 1992 Deep Ecology and Anarchism: A Polemic. London: Freedom Press. 1990 The Philosophy of Social Ecology: Essays on Dialectical Naturalism. Montréal and New York: Black Rose Books. Castree, Noel and Bruce Braun

1998 The Construction of Nature and the Nature of Construction: Analytical and Political Tools for Survivable Futures. In Bruce Braun and Noel Castree, eds. Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium. London and New York: Routledge.

Dobson, Andrew 2000 Green Political Thought. 3rd ed. London and New York: Routledge. Dobson, Andrew and Robyn Eckersley, eds.

2006 Political Theory and the Ecological Challenge. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Engels, Friedrich 1972 The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State; in Light of the Researches

of Lewis Henry Morgan. Eleanor Burke Leacock, ed. New York: International Publishers.

1940 Dialectics of Nature. Clemens Dutt, trans and ed. New York: International Publishers. Foster, John Bellamy 2002 Ecology Against Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press. 2000 Marx’s Ecology: Materialism and Nature. New York: Monthly Review Press. Haraway, Donna 2004 The Haraway Reader. New York and London: Routledge.

1997 Modest-Witness@Second-Millennium.FemaleMan-Meets-OncoMouse: Feminism and Technoscience. New York: Routledge.

1991 Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. London: Free Association.

Harvey, David 1996 Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. Hornborg, Alf and Carole L. Crumley, eds.

2006 The World System and the Earth System: Global Socio-environmental Change and Sustainability Since the Neolithic. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.

Katz, Eric, Andrew Light and David Rothenberg 2000 Beneath the Surface: Critical Essays in the Philosophy of Deep Ecology. Cambridge: MIT Press. Latour, Bruno

2004 Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy. Catherine Porter, trans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Leff, Enrique 1998 Murray Bookchin and the End of Dialectical Naturalism. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 9(4):67-93. Light, Andrew, ed. 1998 Social Ecology after Bookchin. New York: Guilford Press. Light, Andrew and Avner de-Shalit, eds. 2003 Moral and Political Reasoning in Environmental Practice. Cambridge: MIT Press. Light, Andrew and Eric Katz, eds. 1996 Environmental Pragmatism. London and New York: Routledge. Luke, Timothy W.

1999 Capitalism, Democracy and Ecology: Departing from Marx. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Macauley, David, ed. 1996 Minding Nature: The Philosophers of Ecology. New York: Guilford Press.

Mellor, Mary 1997 Feminism & Ecology. Cambridge: Polity Press. 1992 Breaking the Boundaries: Towards a Feminist, Green Socialism. London: Virago.

Merchant, Carolyn 1992 Radical Ecology: The Search for a Livable World. New York: Routledge.

6

Mies, Maria and Vandana Shiva. 1993 Ecofeminism. Halifax: Fernwood.

Moog, Sandra and Rob Stone, eds. 2008 Nature, Social Relations and Human Needs: Essays in Honour of Ted Benton. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Morris, Brian

1996 Ecology & Anarchism: Essays and Reviews on Contemporary Thought. Victoria: Images Publishing.

O’Connor, James 1998 Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism. New York: Guilford Press. Salleh, Ariel 1997 Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx, and the Postmodern. London and New York: Zed Books. Schmidt, Alfred

1971 The Concept of Nature in Marx. Ben Fowkes, trans. London: NLB. Smith, Neil

2008 Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. 3rd ed. New York: Blackwell.

Soper, Kate 1995 What is Nature? Culture, Politics, and the Non-Human. Oxford: Blackwell. Warren, Karen J. 2000 Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters. Lanham and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. Williams, Raymond

1976 Nature. In Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford University Press.

Zimmerman, Michael E. 1994 Contesting Earth’s Future: Radical Ecology and Postmodernity. Berkeley: University of California Press. Week 3 Limits to Growth: Crisis, “Scarcity,” and Apocalyptic Environmentalism Contemporary environmental discourses are frequently organised around the allegory of crisis: economic, ecological, political. The tropes which frame modern discussions of global warming, demographic explosion (or collapse) and eco-capitalistic contradiction, however, share certain themes in common with older, politically problematic theories of catastrophic ecology, including Malthusianism and the “tragedy of the commons.” In this section, we examine what geographer Cindi Katz terms “apocalyptic environmentalism,” critically analysing the political agendas implicit in various types of catastrophic ecological discourse and their outcomes in practice, including policy. To what extent are ecocidal narratives linked to the control of women? In what ways do overpopulation arguments legitimise racism, including anti-immigration sentiments? Does the framing of environmentalism in terms of apocalypse-versus-salvation actually, as Katz argues, obscure the source of environmental problems? What are the alternatives? Boucher, Douglas H.

1996 Not with a Bang but a Whimper. Science and Society 60(3):279-289. Special Issue on Marxism and Ecology.

Carson, Rachel 2002 Silent Spring. 40th anniversary ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Clark, Brett, John Bellamy Foster and Richard York 2008 Ecology: Moment of Truth. Special Issue. Monthly Review 60(3). Davis, Mike 1999 A World’s End: Drought, Famine and Imperialism (1896-1902). Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 10(2):3-46. 1998 Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster. New York: Metropolitan Books. 1990 City of Quartz: Excavating the Future of Los Angeles. London and New York: Verso.

7

Ellis, Jeffrey C. 1996 On the Search for Root Cause: Essentialist Tendencies in Environmental Discourse.

In William Cronon, ed. Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company.

Ehrlich, Paul R. 1971 The Population Bomb. New York: Ballantine Books. Ehrlich, Paul R. and Anne H. Ehrlich 1996 Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti-Environmental Rhetoric Threatens Our Future. Washington: Island Press. Goldsmith, Edward 1972 A Blueprint for Survival. New York: Penguin Books. Hardin, Garrett 1995 The Immigration Dilemma: Avoiding the Tragedy of the Commons. Washington: The Federation for American Immigration Reform. 1977 Managing the Commons. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Katz, Cindi

1995 Under the Falling Sky: Apocalyptic Environmentalism and the Production of Nature. In Marxism in the Postmodern Age: Confronting the New World Order. Antonio Callari et.al., eds. New York and London: Guilford.

Keil, Roger et.al. 1999 Symposium: Mike Davis’ Ecology of Fear. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 19(3):71. Kovel, Joel

2007 The Enemy of Nature: The End of Capitalism or the End of the World? 2nd ed. London and New York: Zed Books.

Marco, Gino J., Robert M. Hollingworth and William Durham, eds. 1987 Silent Spring Revisited. Washington: American Chemical Society. McCay, Bonnie J. and James M. Acheson, eds.

1987 The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Oliver-Smith, Anthony 1996 Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters. Annual Review of Anthropology

25:303-328. Ross, Andrew

1994 The Chicago Gangster Theory of Life: Nature’s Debt to Society. London and New York: Verso.

Shantz, Jeffrey 2003 Scarcity and the Emergence of Fundamentalist Ecology. Critique of Anthropology 23:

144 - 154. Mühlhäusler, Peter and Adrian Peace

2006 Environmental Discourses. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:457-479. Seccombe, Wally 1991 Marxism and Demography. New Left Review 137:22-47. Vanderheiden, Steve and John Barry 2008 Political Theory and Global Climate Change. Cambridge: MIT Press. Vandermeer, John

1996 Tragedy of the Commons: The Meaning of the Metaphor. Science and Society 60(3):290-306.

Williams, Gavin 1995 Modernizing Malthus: The World Bank, Population Control and the African

Environment. In Jonathan Crush, ed. Power of Development. London and New York: Routledge.

Week 4 State Agendas, Local Resistance: Capital, Regulation and Resource Control States play crucial roles in the regulation of environment, from pollution legislation to resource exploitation to the enforcement of private property. In this section, we draw on the work of the French regulation theorists to frame our discussion of state environmental management, with a particular eye on the role of the state in negotiating capitalistic relationships with nature within and between nation

8

states in the context of globalisation and neoliberalism. We pay special attention to the state regulation of common property resources, including parks, through preservation, conservation, and restoration. To what extent are such strategies reflective (or generative) of social inequality? In what ways to they subvert (or sustain) the process of capital accumulation? Has the power of the state to manage nature been eroded through the process of globalisation? To what extent are states effective units of environmental management in the context of global ecological crisis? How has environment been implicated in the discourse of rights, civil and human? Acheson, James M.

2006 Institutional Failure in Resource Management. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:117-134.

Agrawal, Arun 1999 State Formation in Community Spaces: Control over Forests in the Kumaon

Himalaya, India. Paper presented to the Workshop on Environmental Politics, 30 April.

2003 Sustainable Governance of Common-Pool Resources: Context, Methods, and Politics. Annual Review of Anthropology 32:243-262.

Agrawal, Arun and Clark C. Gibson, eds. 2001 Communities and the Environment: Ethnicity, Gender and the State in Community- Based Conservation. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Brosius, Peter J., ed. 2005 Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-Based Natural Resource Management. Walnut Creek: AltaMira. Blaikie, Piers, Harold Brookfield and Narpat Jodha

1987 The Degradation of Common Property Resources. In Piers Blaikie and Harold Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. London and New York: Methuen.

Cederlöf, Gunnel and K. Sivaramakrishnan, eds. 2006 Ecological Nationalisms: Nature, Livelihoods and Identities in South Asia. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Charnley, Susan and Melissa R. Poe

2007 Community Forestry in Theory and Practice: Where Are We Now? Annual Review of Anthropology 36:301–36.

Doolittle, Amity Appell 2005 Property & Politics in Sabah, Malaysia: Native Struggles over Land Rights. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Dreiling, Michael 1998 Remapping North American Environmentalism: Contending Visions and Divergent Practices in the Fight over NAFTA. In The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States. Daniel Faber, ed. New York: Guilford Press. Howarth, William 1998 Property Rights, Regulation and Environmental Protection: Some Anglo-Romanian Contrasts. In Property Relations: Renewing the Anthropological Tradition. C.M. Hann, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Katz, Cindi

1998 Whose Nature, Whose Culture? Private Productions of Space and the “Preservation” of Nature. In Bruce Braun and Noel Castree, eds. Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium. London and New York: Routledge.

Lipschutz, Ronnie D. and Ken Conca, eds. 1993 The State and Social Power in Global Environmental Politics. New York: Columbia

University Press. Luke, Timothy W. 1997 Ecocritique: Contesting the Politics of Nature, Economy, and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Martinez-Alier, Juan 1996 The Merchandising of Biodiversity. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 7:37-54. Rocheleau, Dianne and Laurie Ross

1995 Trees as Tools, Trees as Text: Struggles over Resources in Zambrana-Chacuey, Dominican Republic. Antipode 27(4):407-428.

Monbiot, George

9

1995 Brazil: Land Ownership and the Flight to Amazonia. In Marcus Colchester and Larry Lohman, eds. The Struggle for Land and the Fate of the Forest. London: Zed Books. Neumann, Roderick P.

1995 Local Challenges to Global Agendas: Conservation, Economic Liberalization and The Pastoralists’ Rights Movement in Tanzania. Antipode 27(4):363-382.

Neumann, Roderick P. 1996 Nature-State-Territory: Toward a Critical Theorization of Conservation Enclosures. In

Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements. 2nd ed. Richard Peet and Michael Watts, eds. London and New York: Routledge.

Peluso, Nancy Lee 1993 Coercing Conservation? The Politics of State Resource Control. Global Environmental Change 3(2):199-217.

1992 Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Peluso, Nancy Lee and Michael Watts, eds. 2001 Violent Environments. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Robbins, Paul 2000 The Practical Politics of Knowing: State Environmental Knowledge and Local Political Economy. Economic Geography 76:126-144. Scott, James C.

1998 State Projects of Legibility and Simplification: Nature and Space. In James C. Scott. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Smith, Eric Alden 1998 Nature as Artifice and Artifact. In Bruce Braun and Noel Castree, eds. Remaking

Reality: Nature at the Millennium. London and New York: Routledge. Smith, Eric Alden and Joan McCarter, eds.

1997 Contested Arctic: Indigenous Peoples, Industrial States, and the Circumpolar Environment. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Snajdr, Edward 2008 Nature Protests: The End of Ecology in Slovakia. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Thompson, E. P.

1975 Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act. London: Allen Lane. Tokar, Brian 1997 Earth for Sale: Reclaiming Ecology in the Age of Corporate Greenwash. Boston: South End Press. West, Paige, James Igoe, and Dan Brockington

2006 Parks and Peoples: The Social Impact of Protected Areas. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:251-277.

Zerner, C., ed. 2000 People, Plants, and Justice: The Politics of Nature Conservation. New York: Columbia University Press. Week 5 Space and Place: Landscape, Alienation, Consumption Week five provides a brief introduction to the burgeoning literature on “space and place,” which considers the ways in which people form cultural and psychological attachments to general spaces and particular places through concepts such as freedom and security, risk and comfort, independence and collectivity. We begin with an analysis of the historical development of the western concept of “landscape” before moving on to consider the politics of the built environment. Cross-cutting many of the themes addressed in other sections, we relate space and place to gender, race, class and nation, looking especially at gendered metaphors of nature as they relate to tropes of nationalism and manifest destiny, as well as the relationship between race, landscape and eugenics. We also attempt to deconstruct the well-worn shibboleths which divide urban and rural into discreet spheres, examining the mutually-reinforcing historical, material and ideological relationships between them, and evaluating the commonalities between the political ecology of the city and that of the countryside.

10

Bender, Barbara, ed. 1993 Landscape: Politics and Perspectives. Providence: Berg. Cronon, William

1991 Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Darby, Wendy Joy 2000 Landscape and Identity: Geographies of Nation and Class in England. Oxford: Berg. Darling, Eliza

2006 Nature’s Carnival: The Ecology of Pleasure at Coney Island. In In the Nature of Cities: Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism. Nik Heynen, Maria Kaika and Erik Swyngedouw, eds. New York and London: Routledge.

2005 The City in the Country: Wilderness Gentrification and the Rent Gap. Environment and Planning A 37:1015-1032.

Desai, Madhavi, ed. 2004 Gender and the Built Environment in India. New Delhi: Zubaan. Dickens, Peter

1996 Reconstructing Nature: Alienation, Emancipation and the Division of Labour. London and New York: Routledge.

Eiesland, Nancy L. 2000 A Particular Place: Urban Restructuring and Religious Ecology in a Southern Exurb. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Green, Nicholas

1990 The Spectacle of Nature: Landscape and Bourgeois Culture in Nineteenth Century France. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.

Hirsch, Eric and Michael O’Hanlon, eds. 1995 The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Space and Place. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Keith, Michael and Steve Pile, eds. 1993 Place and the Politics of Identity. London and New York: Routledge. Kolodny, Annette

1975 The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Lawrence, Denise L. and Setha M. Low 1990 The Built Environment and Spatial Form. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 453-

505. Levinson, Stephen C.

1998 Studying Spatial Conceptualization across Cultures: Anthropology and Cognitive Science. Ethos 26(1): Pages 7 – 24.

Light, Andrew and Jonathan M. Smith, eds. 1997 Space, Place and Environmental Ethics. Lanham: Roman & Littlefield Publishers. Low, Setha M.

2007 Urban Fear: Building the Fortress City. City & Society 9(1):53-71. 2006 The Erosion of Public Space and the Public Realm: Paranoia, Surveillance and

Privatization in New York City. City & Society (18)1:43-49. 2001 The Edge and the Center: Gated Communities and the Discourse of Urban Fear.

American Anthropologist 103(1):45-58. 1996 Spatializing Culture: The Social Production and Social Construction of Public Space

in Costa Rica. American Ethnologist 23(4): 861-879. Low, Setha and Neil Smith, eds.

2006 The Politics of Public Space. New York: Routledge. Nash, Roderick 1983 Wilderness and the American Mind. New Haven: Yale University Press. Massey, Doreen 2005 For Space. London: SAGE. 1994 Space, Place and Gender. Cambridge: Polity. Marx, Leo

1964 The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America. London, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Mitchell, TWJ., ed. 2002 Landscape and Power. 2nd ed. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

11

Pred, Allen 1998 The Nature of Denaturalized Consumption and Everyday Life. In Bruce Braun and

Noel Castree, eds. Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium. London and New York: Routledge.

Price, Jennifer 1999 Fight Maps: Adventures with Nature in Modern America. New York: Basic Books. Rothenberg, David, ed. 1995 Wild Ideas. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Sheridan, Thomas E.

2007 Embattled Ranchers, Endangered Species, and Urban Sprawl: The Political Ecology of the New American West. Annual Review of Anthropology 36:121-138.

Schrepfer, Susan R. 2005 Nature’s Altars: Mountains, Gender, and American Environmentalism. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. Spirn, AW 2000 The Language of Landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press. Stewart, Pamela and Andrew Strathern, eds.

2003 Landscape, Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives. London and Sterling: Pluto.

Tuan, Yi-Fu 2001 Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of

Minnesota Press. Urry, John

1995 Consuming Places. London and New York: Routledge. Williams, Raymond

1973 The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press. Zukin, Sharon 1991 Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World. Berkeley: University of California Press. Week 6 Optional Module: Environment and International Development “International development” refers to the global debt industry which arose with American empire in the wake of WWII, defining relationships between rich and poor nations and constituting a proxy battleground for the Cold War. Because development has been driven by modernisation, it has entailed an often brutal reworking of nature at the scale of landscape. This course contains no formal section on development, as many students will already have taken Anthropology of Development: Critical Voices, which includes a section on environment and development. This section offers an optional reading list for students who have not taken this course, or students who wish to explore the intersection of environment and development in further depth. Because the materials for this week are optional, they will not be formally examined; however, because “development” cross-cuts so many general themes in anthropology, students may find the readings listed in this section relevant for other sections of the course, including the weeks on gender, race, imperialism, and regulation. Adams, W.M.

1995 Green Development Theory? Environmentalism and Sustainable Development. In Jonathan Crush, ed. Power of Development. London and New York: Routledge.

Braidotti, Rosi et.al. 1994 Women, the Environment and Sustainable Development: Emergence of the Theme

and Different Views. In Rosi Braidotti et.al. Women, the Environment, and Sustainable Development: Towards a Theoretical Synthesis. London: ZED Books.

Carruyo, Light 2008 Producing Knowledge, Protecting Forests: Rural Encounters with Gender, Ecotourism, and International Aid in the Dominican Republic. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. Chatterjee, Pratap and Matthias Finger

1994 The Earth Brokers: Power, Politics and World Development. London and New York: Routledge.

12

Croll, Elisabeth and David Parkin 1992 Bush Base, Forest Farm: Culture, Environment and Development. London and New York: Routledge. Dove, Michael R.

1996 So Far from Power, So Near to the Forest: A Structural Analysis of Gain and Blame in Tropical Forest Development. In Christine Padoch and Nancy Lee Peluso, eds. Borneo in Transition: People, Forests, Conservation, and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

FitzSimmons, Margaret and David Goodman 1998 Incorporating Nature: Environmental Narratives and the Reproduction of Food. In

Bruce Braun and Noel Castree, eds. Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium. London and New York: Routledge.

Goodman, David and Michael Redclift 1991 The Food System and the Environment. In Refashioning Nature: Food, Ecology and

Culture. David Goodman and Michael Redclift, eds. London and New York: Routledge.

Greenberg, James B. 1997 A Political Ecology of Structural-Adjustment Policies: The Case of the Dominican

Republic. Culture & Agriculture 19(3):85-93. Helmreich , Stefan

1999 Digitizing 'Development': Balinese Water Temples, Complexity and the Politics of Simulation. Critique of Anthropology 19: 249 - 265.

Johnston, Barbara Rose, ed. 1997 Life and Death Matters: Human Rights and the Environment at the End of the

Millennium. Walnut Creek: AltaMira. Kurian, Priya A. 2000 Engendering the Environment? Gender in the World Bank’s Environmental Policies. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate. Leff, Enrique 1995 Green Production: Toward an Environmental Rationality. Margaret Villanueva, trans. New York: Guilford Press. McAfee, Kathleen

1999 Selling Nature to Save It? Biodiversity and the Rise of Green Developmentalism. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17(2):133 -154.

Nygren, Anja 1999 Local Knowledge in the Environment-Development Discourse: From Dichotomies to

Situated Knowledges. Critique of Anthropology 19: 267 - 288. Peet, Richard and Michael Watts

1996 Liberation Ecology: Development, Sustainability, and Environment in an Age of Market Triumphalism. In Richard Peet and Michael Watts, eds. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements. London and New York: Routledge.

Thomas-Slayter, Barbara P. and Dianne Rocheleau 1995 Gender, Environment and Development in Kenya: A Grassroots Perspective. Boulder: L. Rienner. Shiva, Vandana

1991 The Violence of the Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture, Ecology and Politics. London: Zed Books.

Shiva, Vandana, ed. 1994 Close to Home: Women Reconnect Ecology, Health and Development Worldwide.

Philadelphia: New Society Publishers. West, Paige 2006 Conservation Is Our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea. Duke University Press. Week 7 Environmental Justice: Race, Waste, and Indigeneity In this section, we examine the relationship between environment and race, focusing on two central problematics. First, we consider the literature inspired by the landmark findings of the United Church

13

of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, which in 1987 established a strong correlation between race and the placement of hazardous waste in the United States, spawning a generation of research into environmental racism on a global scale and a subsequent political struggle for environmental justice. Second, we consider the debates around the concept of the “ecologically noble savage,” in which indigenous peoples are posited (and often posit themselves) as natural conservationists by dint of historical, spiritual, or biological ties to particular landscapes and concomitant modes of sustainable living. In both cases, we critically analyse the centrality of “nature” to the construction of race and racism, questioning the extent to which struggles for racial justice can be effectively linked to environmentalism without reinforcing the very ideologies underpinning racism itself. Bicker, Alan, Roy Ellen and Peter Parkes, eds.

2000 Indigenous Environmental Knowledge and Its Transformations. London and New York: Routledge.

Brechin, Gray 1996 Conserving the Race: Natural Aristocracies, Eugenics, and the US Conservation Movement. Antipode 28(3):229-245. Brosius, J. Peter

1997 Endangered Forest, Endangered People: Environmentalist Representations of Indigenous Knowledge. Human Ecology 25(1):47-69.

Bullard, Robert D. 1990 Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder: Westview Press. Bullard, Robert D., ed.

1993 Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Boston: South End Press.

Camancho, David E., ed. 1998 Environmental Injustices, Political Struggles: Race, Class, and the Environment. Durham: Duke University Press. Cole, Luke W. and Sheila R Foster

2001 From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York: New York University Press.

Conklin, Beth and Laura Graham 1996 The Shifting Middle Ground: Amazonian Indians and Eco-Politics. American

Anthropologist 97(4):695-710. Crawford, Colin 1996 Uproar at Dancing Rabbit Creek: Battling over Race, Class, and the Environment. Reading: Addison-Wesley. Doane, Molly

2007 The Political Economy of the Ecological Native. American Anthropologist 109(3):452-462.

Dore, Elizabeth 1996 Capitalism and the Ecological Crisis: Legacy of the 1980s. In Helen Collinson, ed.

Green Guerrillas: Environmental Conflict and Initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean. London: Latin America Bureau.

Dove, Michael R. 2006 Indigenous People and Environmental Politics. Annual Review of Anthropology

35:191-208. Foster, John Bellamy

1993 Let Them Eat Pollution: Capitalism and the World Environment. Monthly Review 44(8):10-20.

Geddicks, Al 1998 Racism and Resource Colonization. In The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States. Daniel Faber, ed. New York: Guilford Press. Hames, Raymond

2007 The Ecologically Noble Savage Debate. Annual Review of Anthropology 36:177-190. Jacobs, Jane

1994 Earth Honoring: Western Desires and Indigenous Knowledge. In Alison Blunt and Gillian Rose, eds. Writing Women and Space: Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies. New York: Guilford.

Johnston, Barbara Rose, ed.

14

1994 Who Pays the Price? The Sociocultural Context of Environmental Crisis. Washington: Island Press.

Kuper, Adam 2003 The Return of the Native. Current Anthropology 44(3):389-402. Luhrmann, Tanya M.

1993 The Resurgence of Romanticism: Contemporary Neopaganism, Feminist Spirituality and the Divinity of Nature. In Kay Milton, ed. Environmentalism: The View from Anthropology. London and New York: Routledge.

Martinez-Alier, Juan 1997 Environmental Justice (Local and Global). Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 8(1):91-107. Morello-Frosch Rachel A. 2002 Discrimination and the Political Economy of Environmental Inequality. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20(4):477-496. Pulido Laura 1996a Ecological Legitimacy and Cultural Essentialism: Hispano Grazing in the Southwest. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 7(4):37-58.

1996b A Critical Review of the Methodology of Environmental Racism Research. Antipode 28(2):142-159.

Ramos, Alcida Rita 1991 A Hall of Mirrors: The Rhetoric of Indigenism in Brazil. Critique of Anthropology

11:155-169. Smith, Eric Alden and Mark Wishnie

2000 Conservation and Subsistence in Small-Scale Societies. Annual Review of Anthropology 29:493-524.

Smith, William D. 2004 The Topology of Autonomy: Markets, States, Soil and Self-determination in

Totonacapan. Critique of Anthropology 24:403 - 429. Surralles, Alexandre and Pedro Garcia Hierro, eds.

2005 The Land within: Indigenous Territory and the Perception of Environment. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.

Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo 1996 Images of Nature and Society in Amazonian Ethnology. Annual Review of

Anthropology 25:179-200. Westra, Laura and Peter S. Wenz, eds. 1995 Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Week 8 Human Nature? The Construction of Gender and the Regulation of Reproduction Following on the themes raised in weeks three, five and seven, in this section we consider the relationship between environment and gender, taking as a central problematic the shopworn maxim that “women are to nature as men are to culture,” which has been effectively exploited in the control, oppression and dehumanisation of women as well a counter-deployed in struggles for women’s liberation. Expanding on some of the readings from week two, we take a closer look at feminist approaches to environmentalism, exploring their “internal” controversies and contradictions (e.g., mysticism versus materialism) as well as exploring their relationship to environmental justice struggles based on race, class and nation. Finally, we pay particular attention to the relationship between gender, reproduction, technology and demography, considering the relationship between scales of gender oppression, from the body to the household to the nation to the region, and their political parallels with similar scales of struggle in environmentalism. Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella 2007 Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mpuche. Austin: University of Texas Press. Biehl, Janet 1991 Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics. Boston: South End Press. Blum, Elizabeth D.

15

2008 Love Canal Revisited: Race, Class, and Gender in Environmental Activism. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. Buckingham, Susan 2000 Gender and Environment. London and New York: Routledge. d’Eaubonne, Françoise 1999 What Could an Ecofeminist Society Be? Ethics and the Environment 4(2):179-185. Di Chiro, Giovanna 1998 Environmental Justice from the Grassroots: Reflections on History, Gender, and Expertise. In The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States. Daniel Faber, ed. New York: Guilford Press. Engelhardt, Elizabeth Sanders Delwiche 2003 The Tangled Roots of Feminism, Environmentalism, and Appalachian Literature. Athens: Ohio University Press. Gaard, Greta, ed. 1993 Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Hessing, Melody, Rebecca Ragion and Catriona Sandilands, eds. 2005 This Elusive Land: Women and the Canadian Environment. Vancouver: UBC Press. Jackson, Cecile 1995 Radical Environmental Myths: A Gender Perspective. New Left Review 210:124-140. Janes, Craig R. 2004 Free Markets and Dead Mothers: The Social Ecology of Maternal Mortality in Post- Socialist Mongolia. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 18(2):230-257. Kanaaneh, Rhoda Ann

2002 Birthing the Nation: Strategies of Palestinian Women in Israel. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.

Lorentzen, Lois Ann 1995 Reminiscing about a Sleepy Lake: Borderland Views of Women, Place, and the Wild. In Wild Ideas. David Rothenberg, ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Low, Alaine and Soraya Tremayne, eds. 2001 Sacred Custodians of the Earth? Women, Spirituality and the Environment. New York: Berghahn Books. Lowe, Marian and Ruth Hubbard, eds. 1983 Woman's Nature: Rationalizations of Inequality. New York: Pergamon Press Martin, Emily

1998 Fluid Bodies, Managed Nature. In Bruce Braun and Noel Castree, eds. Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium. London and New York: Routledge.

Merchant, Carolyn. 1996 Earthcare: Women and the Environment. New York: Routledge. Peña, Devon Gerardo. 1997 The Terror of the Machine: Technology, Work, Gender and Ecology on the US- Mexican Border. Austin: University of Texas Press. Plumwood, Val 1993 Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. London and New York: Routledge. Riley, Glenda 1999 Women and Nature: Saving the “Wild” West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Silliman, Jael and Ynestra King 1999 Dangerous Intersections: Feminist Perspectives on Population, Environment, and Development. Cambridge: South End Press. Shiva, Vandana

1988 Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Survival in India. New Delhi: Kali for Women. Smedley, Audrey 2004 Women Creating Patrilyny: Gender and Environment in West Africa. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Sperling, Susan

1991 Baboons with Briefcases vs. Langurs in Lipstick: Feminism and Functionalism in Primate Studies. In Micaela di Leonardo, ed. Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Stephens, Sharon

16

1995 Physical and Cultural Reproduction in a Post-Chernobyl Norwegian Sami Community. In Faye D. Ginsburg and Rayna Rapp, eds. Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Sturgeon, Noël 1997 Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory, and Political Action. New York: Routledge. Warren, Karen J. 2000 Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters. Lanham and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. Warren, Karen J., ed. with Barbara Wells-Howe 1994 Ecological Feminism. London and New York : Routledge. Warren, Karen J., ed. with Nisvan Erkal 1997 Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Week 9 Epistemologies of Nature: Sacred and Secular In week nine, we examine the ways in which human-environmental relationships – material and discursive – are mitigated through the seemingly disparate epistemological categories of science, religion and spirituality. Building on the themes introduced in week eight, we begin with the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, examining the decline of classical understandings of the natural world with the rise to dominance of mechanistic views which would come to embody the principles of rationalisation, modernisation, progress, and creative destruction. We then contextualise this relationship by comparing and contrasting it with sacred, spiritual or faith-based epistemologies of nature, including global monotheistic religions as well as the vast variety of indigenous belief systems documented by anthropologists. Importantly, we avoid positing the secular and the sacred as oppositional categories (as well as reifying these systems geographically as a contrast between “the west and the rest”) instead critically scrutinizing their contradictions, commonalities, and overlaps. Arnold, David 2006 The Tropics and the Traveling Gaze: India, Landscape, and Science, 1800-1856. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Arnold, Philip P. and Ann Grodzins Gold, eds. 2001 Sacred Landscapes and Cultural Politics. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate. Barnhill, David Landis and Roger S. Gottlieb 2001 Deep Ecology and World Religions: New Essays on Sacred Grounds. Albany: State University of New York Press. Berglund, Eva

1997 Knowing Nature, Knowing Science: Ethnology of Local Environmental Activism. Cambridge: White Horse Press.

2001 Self-defeating Environmentalism? Models and Questions from an Ethnography of Toxic Waste Protest. Critique of Anthropology 21: 317-336.

Berkes, Fikret 1999 Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management. London: Taylor and Frances. Bird-David, Nurit 1990 The Giving Environment: Another Perspective on the Economic System of Gatherer- Hunter. Current Anthropology 31(2):189-196. Cooper, David E. and Joy A. Palmer, eds. 1998 Spirit of the Environment: Religion, Value, and Environmental Concern. London and New York: Routledge. Cunningham, Hilary

1998 Colonial Encounters in Postcolonial Contexts: Patenting Indigenous DNA and the Human Genome Diversity Project. Critique of Anthropology 18: 205 - 233.

Descola, Philippe 1994 In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia. Nora Scott, trans. New York: Cambridge University Press. Devall, Bill and George Sessions 1985 Deep Ecology. Salt Lake City: G.M. Smith.

17

Drengson, Alan and Yuichi Inoue, eds. 1995 The Deep Ecology Movement: An Introductory Anthology. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. Eden, Sally, Andrew Donaldson and Gordon Walker 2006 Green Groups and Grey Areas: Scientific Boundary-Work, Nongovernmental Organisations, and Environmental Knowledge. Environment and Planning A 38(6):1061-1076. Ellen R.F 1986 What Black Elk Left Unsaid: On the Illusory Images of Green Primitivism. Anthropology Today 2(6):8-12. Enfield, Georgina H. and David J. Nash 2002 Missionaries and Morals: Climatic Discourse in Nineteenth-Century Central Southern Africa. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92(4):727-742. Fairhead, Fairhead, James and Melissa Leach

1995 Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a Forest-Savannah Mosaic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Glacken, Clarence J. 1967 Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient

Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. Gottlieb, Roger S., ed. 1996 This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment. New York: Routledge. Haraway, Donna

1989 Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge.

Hughes, J. Donald 1996 North American Indian Ecology. 2nd ed. El Paso: Texas Western Press. Latour, Bruno

1999 Pandora’s Hope: An Essay on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Kellert, Stephen R. and Edward O. Wilson, eds. 1995 The Biophelia Hypothesis. Washington: Island Press. Krech, Shepard 1999 The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. McLaughlin, Andrew 1993 Regarding Nature: Industrialism and Deep Ecology. Albany: State University of New York Press. Menzies, Charles R., ed. 2006 Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Natural Resource Management. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Merchant, Carolyn

1990 The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

1989 Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Messer, Ellen and Michael Lambek, eds. 2001 Ecology and the Sacred: Engaging the Anthropology of Roy A. Rappaport. Ann

Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Rappaport, Roy A.

1979 Ecology, Meaning, and Religion. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. Robertson, George et.al., eds. 1996 FutureNatural: Nature, Science, Culture. London and New York: Routledge. Sessions, George, ed. 1995 Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Boston: Shambhala. Sheridan, Michael J and Celia Nyamweru, eds. 2008 African Sacred Groves: Ecological Dynamics and Social Change. Athens: Ohio University Press. Sillitoe, Paul

2002 Contested Knowledge, Contingent Classification: Animals in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. American Anthropologist 104(4):1162-1171.

Stoll, Mark

18

2007 Religion “Irradiates” the Wilderness. In American Wilderness: A New History. Michael Lewis, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Strum, Shirley C. and Linda M. Fedigan, eds. 2002 Primate Encounters: Models of Science, Gender, and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Toumey, Christopher P.

2006 God’s Own Scientists: Creationists in a Secular World. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Week 10 “Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?" Nature and Class While struggles for environmental justice are frequently linked to the liberatory politics of feminism, anti-racism and anti-colonialism, the significance of class in the production of exploitative human-nature relationships is increasingly on the scholarly and political agenda. This week, we consider the problem of class in environmental justice, drawing on much of the literature introduced in week two (especially that on social ecology, uneven development and the ecological contradictions of capitalism), paying particular attention to the most visible struggle for working class environmental justice through the occupational health and safety movement, but considering broader alliances (potential and realised) between workers and environmentalists as well. We also apply a critical class analysis to environmental movements, considering the historical antagonism between labour and environmental activists. Finally, we consider how the struggle for working class environmental justice relates to environmental movements based on race, gender and nation. Darling, Eliza 2001 The Lorax Redux: Profit Biggering and Some Selective Silences in American Environmentalism. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 12(4):51-66. Dewey, Scott 1998 Working for the Environment: Organized Labor and the Origins of Environmentalism in the United States, 1948-1970. Environmental History 3(1):45-63. Estabrook, Thomas 2005 Labor-Environmental Coalitions: Lessons from a Louisiana Petrochemical Region. Amityville: Baywood Publications. Field, Rodger C. 1998 Risk and Justice: Capitalist Production and the Environment. In The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States. Daniel Faber, ed. New York: Guilford Press. Foster, John Bellamy 1998 The Limits of Environmentalism without Class: Lessons from the Ancient Forest Struggle in the New West. In The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States. Daniel Faber, ed. New York: Guilford Press. Germic, Stephen A. 2001 American Green: Class, Crisis, and the Deployment of Nature in Central Park, Yosemite, and Yellowstone. Lanham: Lexington Books. Hansen, Edward C. 1995 The Great Bambi War: Tocquevillians versus Keynesians in an Upstate New York County. In Articulating Hidden Histories: Exploring the Influence of Eric R. Wolf. Jane Schneider and Rayna Rapp, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press. Heiman, Michael K. 2006 Race, Waste, and Class: New Perspectives on Environmental Justice. Antipode 28(2):111-121. 1989 Production Confronts Consumption: Landscape Perception and Social Conflict in the Hudson Valley. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 7(2):165-178. Jerrett M., J. Eyles, D. Cole and S. Reader 1997 Environmental Equity in Canada: An Empirical Investigation into the Income Distribution of Pollution in Ontario. Environment and Planning A 29(10):1777-1800. Kazis, Richard and Richard L. Grossman

19

1991 Fear at Work: Job Blackmail, Labor and the Environment. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers. Levenstein, Charles and John Wooding 1998 Dying for a Living: Workers, Production, and the Environment. In The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States. Daniel Faber, ed. New York: Guilford Press. Levenstein, Charels and John Wooding, eds. 1997 Work, Health and Environment: Old Problems, New Solutions. New York: Guilford Press. Martínez Alier, Juan 2002 The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. McCarthy, James

2002 First World Political Ecology: Lessons from the Wise Use Movement. Environment and Planning A 34:1281-1302.

Meier V. 1999 Cut-Flower Production in Colombia – A Major Development Success Story for Women? Environment and Planning A 31(2):273-289. Montrie, Chad 2000 Expedient Environmentalism: Opposition to Coal Surface Mining in Appalachia and the United Mine Workers of America, 1945-1977. Environmental History 5(1):75-98. Obach, Brian K. 2004 Labor and the Environmental Movement: The Quest for Common Ground. Cambridge: MIT Press. Prudham Scott 2007 Sustaining Sustained Yield: Class, Politics, and Post-War Forest Regulation in British Columbia. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25(2):258-283. 2005 Knock on Wood: Nature as Commodity in Douglas Fir Country. London and New York: Routledge. 2002 Downsizing Nature: Managing Risk and Knowledge Economies through Production Subcontracting in the Oregon Logging Sector. Environment and Planning A 34(1):145-166. Slatin, Craig 2009 Environmental Unions: Labor and the Superfund. Amityville: Baywood Publishing Company. Smith Neil 2000 What Happened To Class?" Environment and Planning A 32(6):1011-1032. Stewart, Sarah

1996 The Price of a Perfect Flower: Environmental Destruction and Health Hazards in the Colombian Flower Industry. In Helen Collinson, ed. Green Guerrillas: Environmental Conflict and Initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean. London: Latin America Bureau.

Walker, Peter and Louise Fortmann 2003 Whose Landscape? A Political Ecology of the “Exurban” Sierra. Cultural Geographies 10:469-491. White, Richard

1996 Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living? Work and Nature. In Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. William Cronon, ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Week 11 Imperial Nature: Ecology, War and the Colonial Encounter In the final week of the course, we analyse environment as an instrument of empire, wielded by powerful states in the process of colonialism, neocolonialism and expansionist wars. We examine nature as both object of conquest and strategic instrument in the form of space, territory, and resources, beginning with a general overview of the role of ecology (intended and inadvertent) in European colonialism and subsequent postcolonial struggle, before turning to the neocolonial aspects of contemporary environmental movements, including those driven by conservation, preservation, and

20

“sustainable” development agendas. We also look at the use of nature as a tool of war, from the production and deployment of biological weapons to the calculated destruction of ecological resources, drawing on the themes of mechanistic science and creative destruction introduced in week nine and examining the consequences for civilian populations. We conclude the course by considering the intersection of ecological and anti-imperialist resistance in the quest for a global environmental justice. Birch, Thomas H. 1998 The Incarceration of Wilderness: Wilderness Areas as Prisons. In In The Great New Wilderness Debate. J. Baird Callicott and Michael P. Nelson, eds. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press. Blaikie, Piers and Harold Brookfield

1987 Colonialism, Development, and Degradation. In Piers Blaikie and Harold Brookfield. Land Degradation and Society. London and New York: Methuen.

Castro, Alfonso Peter 1989 Southern Mount Kenya and Colonial Forest Conflicts. In John F. Richards and

Richard P. Tucker, eds. World Deforestation in the Twentieth Century. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Cosgrove, Dennis 1995 Habitable Earth: Wilderness, Empire, and Race in America. In Wild Ideas. David Rothenberg, ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Luke, Timothy

1997 The World Wildlife Fund: Ecocolonialism as Funding the Worldwide “Wise Use” of Nature. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 8(2):31-61.

Mackenzie, Fiona 1995 Selective Silence: A Feminist Encounter with Environmental Discourse in Colonial

Africa. In Jonathan Crush, ed. Power of Development. London and New York: Routledge.

Merchant, Carolyn 1996 Reinventing Eden: Western Culture as Recovery Narrative. In William Cronon, ed.

Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company.

Crosby, Alfred W. 1994 Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History. London: M.E. Sharpe.

1986 Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Davis, Mike 1999 A World’s End: Drought, Famine and Imperialism (1896-1902). Capitalism, Nature,

Socialism 10(2): 3-46. Griffiths Tom and Libby Robin

1997 Ecology and Empire: Environmental History of Settler Societies. University of Seattle: Washington Press.

Grove, Richard H. 1995 Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Forest Edens, and the Origins of

Environmentalism. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Harper, Krista

2005 "Wild Capitalism" and "Ecocolonialism": A Tale of Two Rivers. American Anthropologist 107(2):221-233.

Hughes, David McDermott. 2006 From Enslavement to Environmentalism: Politics on a South African Frontier. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Leaning, Jennifer

1993 War and the Environment: Human Health Consequences of the Environmental Damage of War. In Eric Chivian et.al., eds. Critical Condition: Human Health and the Environment. Cambridge and London: MIT Press.

MacKenzie, John, ed. 1990 Imperialism and the Natural World. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Merchant, Carolyn. 2003 Reinventing Eden: The Fate of Nature in Western Culture. New York: Routledge. Mills, Sara

21

1994 Knowledge, Gender, and Empire. In Allison Blunt and Gillian Rose, eds. Writing Women and Space: Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies. New York and London: The Guilford Press.

Neumann Roderick P. 1998 Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. Schroeder, Richard A. and Roderick P. Neumann 1995 Manifest Ecological Destinies: Local Rights and Global Environmental Agendas. Antipode 28:321-324. Course Essays 1. To what extent have shifts in the concept of “environment” in anthropology constituted a process “denaturalisation?” 2. Critically discuss Bruno Latour’s contention that political ecology has nothing to do with nature. 3. Critically discuss the political implications of apocalyptic environmentalism for gender OR race. 4. In what way can preservation be described as a new accumulation strategy for capital? 5. In what sense is wilderness not “wild?” 6. Critically discuss the social implications of the green revolution. 7. Must the marriage of indigenous rights movements and environmentalism necessarily entail an evocation of the “ecologically noble savage?” 8. Discuss the contradiction of mysticism versus materialism in ecofeminist politics. 9. Critique the notion that workers are a “threat” to the environment. 10. Is environmental conservation a form of neocolonialism?

22

A guide for writing and presenting course essays and examined reports These guidelines have been designed to ensure that you are aware of the basic expectations of written coursework and examined reports. In addition to general comments concerning essay structure, they include details about how to reference work and issues regarding plagiarism and overlap. Please note that in the marking of work, both of these issues will be taken into account. 1. General essay guidance

An essay should present a well-organized argument that responds to a set question. It should include a review and discussion of relevant literature, and should also present an argument for your own perspective. Aim to convince the reader that your angle on the topic is valid, but make sure you demonstrate knowledge of other possible approaches.

a. The Introduction

You should begin with an introduction setting out the issue to be discussed, and tell the reader how you will approach it. Avoid wasting space on definitions unless a particular question requires them. Make a clear argument and proceed from one point to the next so that the narrative builds on what went before.

b. The main body of the essay

Tell the reader where a line of reasoning you refer to is helpful or flawed and, using your own judgment and the work of previous commentators, explain why. Keep the essay focussed on the argument and avoid meandering. Critique is appropriate in an essay but unsubstantiated, moralistic and generalized polemic is not.

You can use subheadings to provide structure to the essay and guidance for the reader. Make the sections build on each other. In general, arguments should not be purely abstract or theoretical, but should use examples (from ethnography, history, the media and popular culture, and your own experience, where appropriate). Make sure that the relevance of your examples is clearly stated. Your essay should have a clear and succinct conclusion.

c. Footnotes and Endnotes

Footnotes may be used for points of amplification, but are not generally necessary. Endnotes are discouraged.

2. References

Sources listed in the reading guide will provide good starting points, but you may introduce other material. You may locate further references through bibliographies in articles and books that you already have, through browsing relevant journals, through library catalogues, or through searching the web. Bear in mind that material on the web, especially, is very uneven in quality: you need to make judgements as to whether data are likely to be accurate, and whether interpretations are justifiable or opinionated. In order to be clear and professional, you should cite and list your sources in a standardized way. In anthropology, the most common system uses ‘author-date’ citations within the text rather than footnotes or endnotes.

• General reference to writer/text within a sentence: for example,

‘…as Leach (1972) influentially argued…’ ‘…as critics of Said have noted (e.g. Clifford 1988)…’

• Reference to a specific passage/quotation: all direct quotations must be accompanied by

specific page references, for example, ‘…Fry and Willis are suspicious of the emphasis they see on traditional Aboriginal artists (1989: 160-62)…’

‘…Myers has suggested that “the appeal of the acrylics is the sense of their rootedness in the world” (1995: 84)….’

Any quotation longer than three lines should appear as a separate, indented paragraph, without

23

quotation marks.

• The Bibliography Full references should be consolidated in a bibliography at the end of your essay, not in the form of endnotes. It should be in alphabetical order by author and should include all and only those works cited. It is important that you include all the information for a reference, and not only date, author and title. Although there are a number of set bibliographic styles, we strongly recommend that you use the following form: Book: Taussig, Michael (1987) Shamanism, colonialism and the wild man: a study in terror and healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Edited book: Karp, Ivan and Stephen Lavine (eds) (1991) Exhibiting cultures: the poetics and politics of museum display. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Article in journal: Appadurai, Arjun (1990) ‘Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy’. Public Culture 2 (2): 1-24. Chapter in book: Beckett, Jeremy (1998) ‘Haddon attends a funeral: fieldwork in Torres Strait’, in Cambridge and the Torres Strait, Anita Herle and Sandra Rouse, (eds) pp. 23-49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Film/Video: Harlan County, USA. (1976) Barbara Kopple. Cabin Creek Films, USA. 103 minutes. [name after date is that of director]. Web pages: Where appropriate, refer to the specific page, rather than the site in general, and include details of the title and author of specific material, for example: Luttwak, Edward (1990) ‘Capitalism without capital’, www.lbr.org.uk/articles/luttwak.html

3. The issues of plagiarism and overlap

In addition to the general rules of plagiarism, as stated in the Student Handbook, you must ensure that the same work is not submitted for more than one examination, and that it does not overlap with other formally assessed work. Please note the College’s chief concern is that you do not use material in examinations as a means of deception. These guidelines do not therefore stipulate against you making links between courses, or establishing the cross-over of material, or against the answering of an examination question that may partially relate to a coursework essay. Plagiarism is the use of someone else’s work - either direct quotation or minor rephrasing - that is not cited, and is passed off as your own work. The form of the original source is irrelevant - for example, it can be from a book, the Internet, or another student’s essay. Work where the author is unknown should be listed as ‘anonymous’. Self-plagiarism is the use of your own work - either direct quotation or minor rephrasing - that has already been submitted to a Department, either in the form of a coursework essay or examination. Self-plagiarism is a particular issue where an essay, or section of an essay, is reproduced completely unchanged through ‘cut and paste’ facilities. Overlap is the use of the same material in more than one examination, either within this Department or another. In addition to self-plagiarism, overlap can include the use of virtually the same general argument or virtually the same sources of reference material. Note that the College is very strict on these matters, and if found guilty students are likely to be severely penalised. If you have any queries regarding these issues you must contact the Anthropology Examinations Officer.