11 September 2012

1

Goldenrod galls: An analysis of herbivory and natural

enemy attack through three trophic levels.

Goldenrod – Solidago sp.

Solidago altissima Solidago canadensis

11 September 2012

2

Gall Fly – Eurosta solidaginis

Gall fly inside gall

Adult gall fly

Larval gall fly

Wasp – Eurytoma obtusiventris

Adult female larvae

11 September 2012

3

Wasp – Eurytoma gigantea

Adult female

larvae

Beetle – Mordellistena unicolor

larvae Adult female

11 September 2012

4

Birds

Male downy woodpecker

Male black-capped chickadee

Review of Larvae

E. gigantea

E. solidaginis

M. unicolor

E. obtusiventris

11 September 2012

5

Work Cited

•  Abrahamson, Dr. Warren and Paul Heinrich. Bucknell University. http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/abrahmsn/solidago/main.html (October 29, 2002).