golden rules of comfort and energy efficiency

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D a i k i n E u r o p e A c a d e m y

Learning, our way

Golden rules of Comfort and energy efficiency

By Daikin Europe N.V.

18/10/05 Consulting Sales Department 2


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Agenda

A. Golden rules of comfort– Thermal comfort– Acoustic comfort

B. Golden rules of energy efficiency– What do we consume?– How to improve ?– Energy performance of buildings directive



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A. Golden rules of comfort

• Thermal sensation of a human being is mainly related to the thermal balance of its body as a whole

• This balance is influenced by :

Personal factorsPersonal factors

Environmental Environmental parametersparameters

COMFORT DISCOMFORT



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• Depend on :

1. Activity level

2. Clothing thermal insulation of the person

Personal factors

1 met = 58 W/m2

1 clo = 0,155 m2K/W



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Environmental parameters

Air temperature

Air humidity

Air velocity

Air quality

Influenced by the ventilation system

Influenced by

-solar infiltration

-occupants

-electric appliances

-lighting



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PMV determination (ISO 7730)

General thermal comfort of the body can be calculated via the PMV : Predicted Mean Vote.

PMV takes in consideration:

• Body temperature and

energy balance

• Metabolic rate

• Activity rate

Thermalexchange

Radiation

Ingestion food

Wall temperature

Air temperature

Air velocity

Humidity

Metabolism

Clothing



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Comfort problems

Are mainly related to:

• Incorrect temperature

• Bad humidity

• Draught

• Bad air quality

• Noise



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Comfort solutions

Are mainly related to:

• Temperature control

• Humidity control

• Correct air distribution

• Air filters

• Noiseless equipment

Air conditioning



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Problem 1: high indoor temperature



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Solution : control of temperature set point

• Optimize temperature set point

• Limit the difference between the ambient temperature and indoor temperature to maximum 8°C.

Ideally, ΔT maxi = 5°C in cooling mode

Comfort zone Maximum comfort zone

Relative humidity (%)

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)



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Solution: even temperature

Cooling mode with VRV System:

Conventional A/C

VRV system

+/_ 0.5C



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Problem 2: large vertical temperature difference

• Stratification causes cold feet / warm head effect

10 cm

1,1 m

ΔT=3°C maxi

T°ceiling

Tem

pera

ture

sca

le (

°C)

We have to limit the vertical temperature stratification to:



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Solution: even air distribution

• Optimized air velocity parameters in the Occupation Zone

Occupation zone



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Solution: remote sensors

The remote sensor KRCS01-1:

Max.15 m

When fresh air is introduced through the IU, it is mandatory.

•Located in a representative place

•Not exposed to sun

•Not close to heat sources : PC, printers, fax, …

•Not in the A/C air stream



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Problem 3: bad humidity control

• RH too low (< 30%) :• Increase of electrostatic energy

• Increase of dust concentration

• RH too high (> 70%) :

Relative humidity (%)

Bacteria

Virus

Moulds

House dust mite

Respiratory allergy

Asthma and rhinitis

Chemical interaction

Ozone production

Optimum zone



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Solution: VKM with humidifier

Humidifier Element :VKM-GMV1 Only

Refrigerant Valve

Humidifier



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Problem 4 : draught• Heat loss from skin caused by draught is dependent on :

• Average air velocity• Turbulence in the airflow

• Air Temperature• Fluctuation of skin T°

• Prediction of dissatisfaction :Draught rating (DR)



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Solution: correct zoning and air distributionGOOD BAD

1

2

3



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Solution: correct sizing of the diffusers

Low velocity

Highvelocity

Cold feet

How to avoid draft :

• Increase air velocity by reducing size of diffuser

• Use the Coanda Effect



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Solution: correct unit for the correct application

Ground level

FXFQ-P(Class 20 to 80)

2,7 m

FXZQ2,7 m

FXFQ-P(100 & 125)

3,2 m

Distance to wallmini 1,5 m

Ceiling height (m)


FXCQMini 2,7 mMaxi 3m

2,73

3,2

NEW



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Ground level

FXUQ2,7 m

FXKQMini 2,7 mMaxi 3 m


Ceiling height (m)

FXUQ100 & 125

3,2 m

FXHQmaxi 3,8 m

FXLQFree Volume above 1,7 m

FXNQFree Volume above 1,7 m

Ideal 3,5 m




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360 radial round flow: enables

uniform air flow distribution

5 possible angles from 0 to 60°

30° for cooling mode

45° for heating

NEW




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Problem 5: bad Indoor Air QualityDiscomfort may occur when :

• Lack of fresh air

• Lack of filtration

• Lack of maintenance of filters

The ventilation system in my building doesn’t

provide me the expected comfort

Perceived air quality

Dis

satis

fied

pers

ons

(%)

1 Decipol is corresponding to the contamination produced by one standard person under a ventilation airflow of 10 l/s of fresh air not contaminated.



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Solution: fresh air equipment and correct filters

1) Standard : prefilter G3 2) Option : High efficiency filter F6

• VAM / VKM

1

2

Heat exchanger



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Solution: maintenance of the filters

• In industrial city, an AHU / VAM accumulates up to 7Kg of dust/ y

Pay attention to filter access when installing.

Once a year, clean the long life filter (VAM example)



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Problem 6: noise Sound

pressureSound

pressure level



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Sound pressure & sound power

Sound pressure

Sound power

Sound pressure Sound power

The sound pressure that we hear is dependant on the distance from the source and the acoustic environment in which sound waves are present



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Noise rating NR: a more realistic acoustic notionThe sensitivity of the human ear is variable according to the frequency

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

leve

l (dB

)

Threshold of pain

Frequency

Threshold of audibility

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

Lp (

dB)

Frequency (Hz)



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1.5

m25

Sou

nd

pres

sure

le

vel d

B(A

)*

28

29

31

32

33

35

Class 20

Class 20

Class 20

Class 32

Class 20, 25

Class 25

Class 71, 40

*At low ventilation




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Solution: Optimize the noise level of some Daikin IU

FXMQ

FXZQProblem Noise increase if pattern Solution Adapt air flow setting

FXAQProblem Gurgling

Solution: New expansion valve

FXLQ Problem Noise for HotelsSolution New expansion valve

Do not use if Noise is 1 of the biggest issues

Install the unit in a technical room



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Solution: special LNOP function

• Setting a low operating sound level (OU) for night time

When the ambient temp. becomes highest, the hour is set to be 2:00PM

8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 4:00 8:00

100

0

50

Ca

pa

cit

y

%L

oa

d

%O

pe

rati

on

so

un

d

d

BA

58

50

Max. - 8dBA ( 10HP)

start stop

8 hours 10 hours

(initial setting)

Mode 1: AutomaticThe low noise operating mode is activated 8 hours after the recorded peak day time temp., and will run for 10 hours

Mode 2: ManualExact start and stop time from external time clock or other device

Mode 3: CombinedCombination of either of the above modes



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General guideline for optimal comfort

Temperature control :•Ambient temperature from 20 to 28°C•Sensor Representative location

Humidity control :•If too low, evaporation increases Mini 35%•If too high, molds generation Maxi 65%

Air movement :•Air velocity V < 0,2 m/s•Turbulence avoid by correct location of IU

Air cleaning :•Filtration Minimum air filtration required•Maintenance clean/change filter regularly



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B. Golden rules of energy

• What do we consume?

• How to improve ?– Optimize thermal loads– Daikin optimized energy consumption

• Energy performance of buildings directive



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What do we consume ?

• Example of building applications

Electrical consumption in small office building

Electrical consumption in big office building

Air treatment = 41%Cooling

Fans, pumpsLightingEquipmentsKitchenMiscellaneous

CoolingFans, pumpsHumidificationLightingEquipmentsKitchenMiscellaneous



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Optimized load

• Decrease sun effect :

– By external protections– By internal protections– Double glazing (20% reduction)– Adequate orientation– Insulate the walls



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Inverter technology

5%

100%

C a

p a

c i

t y

C

o n

t r

o l

LoadHigh

Low

Smooth control

NONNON

INV NONNON

INV

(30 HP)



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EER at 100% CR High COP

4,043,88

3,783,62

4,023,94

3,84 3,773,60 3,56 3,49

3,35

3,67 3,593,69

3,833,72

3,61

3,37 3,36

3,80 3,78

2,00

2,50

3,00

3,50

4,00

4,50

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

HP

EE

R c

oo

lin

g

Daikin High COP

Melco PUHY

VRVIII Heat pump: efficiencies ‘high COP’ version



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EER at 50% connection ratio High COP

5,19

5

4,85

4,65

5,18

5,044,94

4,82

4,654,56

4,5

4,4

4,17

3,71

4,43

4,25

4

4,33

4,2

3,82

3,683,76

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

5,5

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

HP

EE

R c

oo

lin

g

Daikin High COP

Melco PUY

VRVIII Heat pump: efficiencies ‘high COP’ version



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Remote controller

• Schedule time integrated-Adapt operation to your presence

-Decrease energy when no activity

-Program when set mode

• Adapt temperature to your own comfort evaluation

-Each °C lower on the set point in cooling mode 8% more consumption.

-Each °C upper on the set point in heating mode 5 to 7% more consumption.



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Conclusion

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

£/m² of gross floor area/annum

VAV

Chilled beam

4 pipe fancoil system

2 pipe fancoil system

VRV Heatrecovery

VRV Heatpump

Running costs

Source: UK Construction Benchmarks Property (2004), Franklin Andrews



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• Objective : Improvement of Energy Performance of Buildings BUT

taking into account:• Thermal comfort in winter and summer conditions• Air quality• Visual comfort

• Date of compliance : 04 January 2006

Note: EPD does not impose to use CEN procedures.No delay is allowed when certain CEN procedures are not available Risk of wide range of national procedures.

Energy performance of buildings - Directive 2002/91/EC



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• Methodology of calculation is done on national or regional level

•Based on following general framework:

(a) Thermal characteristics of the building(b) Heating installation and hot water supply, including insulation

characteristics(c) Air-conditioning installation(d) Ventilation(e) Built in lighting installation(f) Position and orientation of buildings, including outdoor climate(g) Passive solar systems & solar protection(h) Natural ventilation(I) Indoor climatic conditions, including the designed indoor climate




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• Positive influence of the following aspects shall be taken into account(a) Heating and electricity systems based on renewable energy sources (e.g. solar)(b) Electricity produced by CHP(c) District or block and cooling systems(d) Natural lighting


golden rules of comfort and energy efficiency

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