god’s kingdom during the second-temple era (pptx presentation)

Anticipations: God’s Kingdom during the Second-Temple Era

Rafael Rodríguez, PhD

Johnson University

3 November 2011

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Next Week in Chapel: A Sermon about Something or Other by Dr. Carl Bridges

The Greek Text behind the KJV Rafael Rodríguez, PhD

Johnson University

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From Greek Text to Jewish Sects Rafael Rodríguez, PhD

Johnson University

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Jews of the Second-Temple era didn’t know what to expect, but they knew to expect something.

Anticipations: Setting the Stage

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“[Three facts] dominated Jewish history in the sixth and fifth centuries [BCE]: the fall of Jerusalem and the ensuing exile in Babylon; the return from the exile and the restoration of the Jewish community;


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And the continued dispersion of a large number of Jews.”

George W. E. Nickelsburg Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah, 8


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“The destruction of Jerusalem and the exile meant the disruption of life and the breaking up of institutions whose original form was never fully restored [emphasis added]. Much of postbiblical Jewish theology and literature was influenced and sometimes governed by a hope for such a restoration:


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a return of the dispersed; the appearance of a Davidic heir to throw off the shackles of foreign domination and restore Israel’s sovereignty; and the gathering of one people around a new and glorified temple.”

George W. E. Nickelsburg Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah, 14


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Anticipations: Soundings from Second-Temple Judaism

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Tobit •  gives a tithe (one-tenth) of

his income to the poor •  gives a tithe to care for

widows, orphans, and gentile converts

•  buries the abandoned dead


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Tobit •  taken into exile to the

Assyrian city, Nineveh •  hunted by the Assyrian

king, with his possessions confiscated


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Tobit “I did not know that there were sparrows on the wall; their fresh droppings fell into my eyes and produced white films. I went to physicians to be healed, but the more they treated me with ointments the more my vision was obscured by the white films, until I became completely blind” (Tob. 2.10).


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Tobit “Blessed be God who lives forever, because his kingdom lasts throughout all ages” (Tob. 13.1).

“Exalt him in the presence of every living being, because he is our Lord and he is our God; he is our Father and he is God forever” (Tob. 13.4; my emphasis).


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Tobit “A bright light will shine to all the ends of the earth; many nations will come to you from far away, the inhabitants of the remotest parts of the earth to your holy name, bearing gifts in their hands for the King of heaven. Generation after generation will give joyful praise in you; the name of the chosen city will endure forever” (Tob. 13.11).


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11QMelchizedek •  Gen. 14.18–20: Melchizedek

blesses Abram; receives a tithe •  Psa. 110: the Davidic king is a

priest in the same vein as Melchizedek


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11QMelchizedek “The LORD makes this promise on oath and will not revoke it: ‘You are an eternal priest after the pattern of Melchizedek’” (Psa. 110.4).


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11QMelchizedek “liberty will be proclaimed for them, to free them from the debt of all their iniquities” (11QMelch. 2.6). “atonement shall be made for all the sons of light and for the men of the lot of Melchizedek” (11QMelch. 2.8)


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11QMelchizedek “Melchizedek will carry out the vengeance of God’s judgments, and on that day he will free them form the hand of Belial [i.e., the chief demon] and from the hand of all the spirits of his lot” (11QMelch. 2.13).


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11QMelchizedek “This is the day of peace [yōm hashalōm] about which he said through Isaiah the prophet, who said, ‘How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of the messenger who announces peace,


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11QMelchizedek the messenger of good who announces salvation, saying to Zion: your God reigns’” (11QMelch. 2.15–16).


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11QMelchizedek The suffering and oppression of those who held strongly to their faith could not go on forever.


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11QMelchizedek The Jews at Qumran turned to their sacred biblical traditions in order to think about how (and when) God would bring salvation to his people.


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11QMelchizedek 11QMelchizedek

begins with an interpretation of the Jubilee, the year of release and the forgiveness of debts

Jesus and his followers

Jesus announces the year of jubilee (or the year of God’s favor) in Luke 4.19


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turns to Melchizedek to explain how God will judge evil and vindicate the faithful


Hebrews turns to Melchizedek to explain how Jesus serves as the priest who offers the ultimate sin offering for God’s people


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quotes Isa. 52.7 to describe the day of peace [yōm hashalōm] that Melchizedek announces


Paul quotes Isa. 52.7 to describe how God has sent messengers to proclaim the gospel to everyone, everywhere


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quotes Dan. 9.25 to speak of “an anointed prince” who will come and confirm the covenant of God with his people


Jesus refers to himself as “the Son of Man,” a phrase that comes from Daniel 9 for the heir to David’s throne


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god’s kingdom during the second-temple era (pptx presentation)

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