goal 4 the great west and the rise of the debtors (1860s 1896)
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Goal 4:The Great West
and the Rise of the Debtors(1860s-1896)
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4.01 Compare and contrast the different groups of people who migrated to the West and describe the problems they experienced.
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4.02 Evaluate the impact that settlement in the West had upon different groups of people and the environment.
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4.03 Describe the causes and effects of the financial difficulties that plagued the American farmer and trace the rise and decline of Populism.
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4.04 Describe innovations in agricultural technology and business practices and assess their impact on the West.
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Comstock LodeTranscontinental RailroadPromontory Point, UT Roles of Irish… Chinese … African-AmericansBuffalo Soldiers Sand Creek MassacreChief Joseph Battle of Little Big HornNez Perce Wounded KneeDawes Severalty Act Century of DishonorOklahoma Land Rush Cattle TrailsHomestead Act Morrill Land GrantRoles of women Sod housesWindmill Steel PlowBarbed Wire
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Essential QuestionsEssential Questions
1. What national issues emerged in the process of closing the western frontier?
2. Why does the West hold such an important place in the American imagination?
3. In what ways is the West romanticized in American culture?
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The Frontier
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Population Changes in the West, 1850 to 1900
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Groups of the West
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1. Miners2. Railroad Companies3. Cowboys & Ranchers4. Native Americans5. White farmers6. Ethnic Minorities
(Blacks, Hispanics, & Asians)
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Key TensionsKey Tensions
Native Americans
Buffalo HuntersRailroadsU. S. Gov.
Cattlemen Sheep Herders
Ranchers Farmers
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Key TensionsKey Tensions
EthnicMinorities
Nativists
Environmentalists
Big Business Local Gov. OfficialsFarmersBuffalo Hunters
Lawlessness of the Frontier
“Civilizing” Forces
[The “Romance” of the West]
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Group: MinersKey Events
–1848: a series of “big strikes” in CA, NV, CO
• Key People– ’49ers–Civil War Vets–Young men–Some families
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Gold Panning
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Sluicing
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ProspectingProspecting
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Mining Centers: 1900
Mining Centers: 1900
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Group: Laborers/Workers
• Key Events– 1869: 1st transcontinental railroad
meets in Promontory Pt., Utah
Promontory, Utah
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Promontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)
Promontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)
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Railroad ConstructionRailroad Construction
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Group: Laborers/Workers
• Key People– Irish: from East– Chinese: from West– African Americans
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Group: Laborers/Workers
• Government Policies/Legislation– Gov’t. gives land to railroad companies
but doesn’t regulate rates they charge or rail gauge/ width
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Regional Population Distribution
by Race: 1900
Regional Population Distribution
by Race: 1900
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Regional Population Distribution
by Race: 1900
Regional Population Distribution
by Race: 1900
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Black“Exoduster”Homestead
ers
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Blacks Moving West
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The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great Plains
The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great Plains
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The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian Wars
The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian Wars
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The “Chinese Question”The “Chinese Question”
Exclusion Act (1882) - Oriental Exclusion Act - Chinese Exclusion Act
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The Tong Wars: 1850s-1920sThe Tong Wars: 1850s-1920s
Began in San Francisco in 1875.
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African American & ChinesePopulations:
1880-1900
African American & ChinesePopulations:
1880-1900
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Group: Native Americans
• Key Events– Chivington (aka Sand
Creek) Massacre: 200+ Natives killed
– Custer’s Last Stand: 200 Americans killed
– Battle of Wounded Knee: 300 Natives killed
• Key People– Col Chivington– Gen. Custer– Sitting Bull– Crazy Horse
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Group: Native Americans
• Cultural Characteristics– Total reliance on
buffalo– White slaughter led
to starvation
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1871-1875:
11,000,000 bison
slaughtered!
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Group: Native Americans
• Government Policies/ Legislation– Reservation system– Broken treaties– Dawes Act- tried “Americanization”
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ColoradoGold Rush
(1859)
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Colonel John ChivingtonColonel John Chivington
Kill and scalp all, big and little!
Sandy Creek, CO Massacre
November 29, 1864
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Capt. William J. FettermanCapt. William J. Fetterman
80 soldiers massacredDecember 21, 1866
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Gold Found in the Black
Hills of the Dakota
Territory!
1874
Gold Found in the Black
Hills of the Dakota
Territory!
1874
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The Battle of Little Big Horn1876
The Battle of Little Big Horn1876
Chief Sitting Bull
Gen. GeorgeArmstrong
Custer
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Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever!
Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever!
Nez Percé tribal
retreat (1877)
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Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause
Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause
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Helen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt Jackson
A Century of Dishonor (1881)
Ramona (1884)
A Century of Dishonor (1881)
Ramona (1884)
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Dawes Severalty Act (1887):
Assimilation Policy
Dawes Severalty Act (1887):
Assimilation Policy
Carlisle Indian School, PA
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Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890
Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890
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Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Body
Wounded Knee, SD, 1890
Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Body
Wounded Knee, SD, 1890
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Mt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SD
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Crazy Horse Monument:Black Hills, SD
Crazy Horse Monument:Black Hills, SD
Lakota ChiefLakota Chief
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Korczak Ziolkowski, SculptorCrazy Horse Monument
Korczak Ziolkowski, SculptorCrazy Horse Monument
His vision of the finished memorial.
His vision of the finished memorial.
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Oklahoma Land Rush of
1889
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Group: Cowboys/Ranchers
• Key Events– Corralling +
Branding + Long drive to railroads
– 1883- droughts– 1887- blizzard– 1880- barbed wire ends the open range
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Group: Cowboys/Ranchers
• Key People:– Joseph McKoy: ran Abilene stockyard– Buffalo Bill Hickok’s Wild West show– Calamity Jane
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Group: Cowboys/Ranchers
• Government Policies/Legislation– The gov’t. gave land to railroad
companies to sell so they could raise money to build the railroads
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Group: Cowboys/Ranchers
• Cultural characteristics:– Boots– Spurs– Chaps– 6 shooters– Good songs– Loneliness
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The
Cattle
Trails
The
Cattle
Trails
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The Bronc BusterFrederick Remington
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Black Cowboys
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Colt .45 RevolverColt .45 Revolver
God didn’t make men equal.Colonel Colt did!
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Legendary Gunslingers & Train Robbers
Legendary Gunslingers & Train Robbers
Jesse James
Billy the Kid
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Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890
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Group: Farmers
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Group: Farmers
• Government Policies/ Legislation– Homestead Act of 1862: 160 acres of
free land– Morrill Act: Est. farm colleges– Hatch Act: Funds farm research
NCSU Freshman
class 1889
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Group: Farmers
• Key People– Families– Women are key
– Keep house, educate kids, prepare food, make clothing
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Group: Farmers
• Cultural characteristics– Sod houses – Dugouts– Plows– Windmills– Reapers
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Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890
Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890
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Rain Follows the Plow!Rain Follows the Plow!
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Homesteads From Public LandsHomesteads From Public Lands
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1887Land
PromotionPosterfor theDakota
Territories
1887Land
PromotionPosterfor theDakota
Territories
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What is the Message of this Picture?
What is the Message of this Picture?
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The Reality: “My First House in Neb, 1880”
The Reality: “My First House in Neb, 1880”
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The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD
The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD
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A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD
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Land Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880s
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New AgriculturalTechnology
New AgriculturalTechnology
“Prairie Fan”Water Pump
Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]
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Barbed WireBarbed Wire
Joseph GliddenJoseph Glidden
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The Range WarsThe Range Wars
SheepHerders
CattleRanchers
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The Traditional View of the West
The Traditional View of the West
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William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West
Show
William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West
Show
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“Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Bull
“Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Bull
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Legendary Female Western Characters
Legendary Female Western Characters
Calamity JaneCalamity Jane Annie OakleyAnnie Oakley
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The Fall of the Cowboy
Frederick Remington
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What were the long-term
effects of westward
expansion?
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Destruction of the Buffalo Herds
Destruction of the Buffalo Herds
The near extinction of the buffalo.
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Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park
First national park established
in 1872.
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National ParksNational Parks
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Conservation MovementConservation Movement
John Muir
With President Theodore Roosevelt
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Sierra ClubSierra Club
Founded in 1892
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