gm foods ppt

8/4/2019 Gm Foods Ppt

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Genetically Modified Food



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Have you ever eatengenetically modified food?

Can you tell the difference between agenetically modified organism and anon-GM organism?

Do GM foods taste any different?

Could they?



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Before Reading Any Further…

What is the first impressionyou get when you hear“genetically modified” foods?



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Is it…

1 2

What’s scarier is not knowing thefacts!



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GMO FOODS

Genetically modified foods (GM foods or GMO foods) arefoods derived from genetically modified organisms, (GMOs).Genetically modified organisms have had specific changesintroduced into their DNA by genetic engineering techniques.

Genetic engineering techniques :

These techniques are much more precise thanmutagenesis (mutation breeding) where an organism is exposedto radiation or chemicals to create a non-specific but stablechange.

Other techniques by which humans modify food organismsinclude selective breeding; plant breeding, and animal

breeding, and somaclonal variation.



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Also called genetically modifiedorganisms (GMO).

Involves the insertion of DNA from oneorganism into another OR modificationof an organism’s DNA in order to

achieve a desired trait.

+Astrawberryresistant tofrost

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4 5

Arctic fish

DNA

straw

berry


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What is DNA?

DNA is molecule of life.

It contains all of instructions (genes)required to make an

organism.

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Method

''Genetic modification involves theinsertion or deletion of genes. In theprocess of cisgenesis, genes are

artificially transferred between organismsthat could be conventionally bred. In theprocess of transgenesis, genes from adifferent species are inserted, which is a

form of horizontal gene transfer.

In nature this can occur whenexogenous DNA penetrates the cell



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Food Properties of the geneticallymodified variety

Modification

Soybeans Resistant to glyphosate orglufosinate herbicides Herbicide resistant gene takenfrom bacteria inserted intosoybean

Corn, field Resistant to glyphosate orglufosinate herbicides. Insectresistance via producing Bt proteins,some previously used as pesticides inorganic crop production. Vitamin-

enriched corn derived from SouthAfrican white corn variety M37W hasbright orange kernels, with 169xincrease in beta carotene, 6x thevitamin C and 2x folate

New genes, some from thebacterium Bacillus thuringiensis,added/transferred into plantgenome.

Cotton (cottonseed

oil)

Pest-resistant cotton Bt crystal protein gene

added/transferred into plantgenome

Squash (Zucchini) Resistance to watermelon, cucumberand zucchini yellow mosaic viruses

Contains coat protein genes of viruses

Sweet Peppers Resistance to virus Contains coat protein genes of the virus

Alfalfa Resistant to glyphosate orlufosinate herbicides

New genes added/transferredinto lant enome

SOME OF THE GM CROPS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphosate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glufosinate



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis













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Hawaiian papaya Variety is resistant to thepapaya ringspot virus

Variety is resistant to thepapaya ringspot virus

Tomatoes Variety in which the production

of the enzymepolygalacturonase (PG) issuppressed, retarding fruitsoftening after harvesting

A reverse copy (an antisense

gene) of the gene responsiblefor the production of PGenzyme added into plantgenome

Sugar cane Resistance to certainpesticides, high sucrosecontent.

New genes added/transferredinto plant genome

Sugar beet Resistance to glyphosate,glufosinate herbicides

New genes added/transferredinto plant genome

Rice Golden Rice: geneticallymodified to contain

beta-carotene (a source of vitamin A)

Current version of Golden Riceunder development contains

genes from maize and acommon soil microorganism[22]. Previous prototype versioncontained three new genes: twofrom daffodils and the thirdfrom a bacterium

WHY GM CROPS FOUND

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya_ringspot_virus


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carotene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffodils

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffodils

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carotene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinase










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WHY GM CROPS FOUNDNECESSARY

Allows a much wider selection of traits forimprovement: e.g. not only pest, diseaseand herbicide resistance (as achieved todate in plants) but also potentially

drought resistance, improved nutritionalcontent and improved sensory properties

It is faster and lower in cost

Desired change can be achieved in veryfew generations

Allows greater precision in selecting

characteristics





















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Improved agricultural performance (yields) with lesslabour input and less cost input

Benefits to the soil of “notill” farming practiceReduced usage of pesticides and herbicides

Ability to grow crops in previously inhospitableenvironments (e.g. via increased ability of plants togrow in conditions of drought, soil salinity, extremesof temperature, consequences of global warming,etc.)

Improved sensory attributes of food (e.g. flavor,

texture, etc.)

produce a non allergenic

GM peanut (University of Arkansas) and a non

allergenic
























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Potential BenefitsHumanitarian:

Improvedfarming

Cheaper food

More

food

Increased nutrition

Reducingworldhunger andimproving

world health

Pest resistance

Herbicideresistance

Cold tolerance

Droughttolerance

Edible vaccines

Environmental: reduced use of herbicides and chemicals in farming.



























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How are animals targeted?

The microinjectionmethod uses a fine

needle to inject asolution of DNA intoa developingembryo.

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How are plants targeted?

A particle gun is used toshoot small bits of metal

coated with the gene intothe plant.

• Agrobacterium that normallynormally infects plants with disease

is used to infect plant with gene of interests or…7
















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How common are GMOfoods?

Labeling of GM foods is not mandatoryunless if there is a health or safety concern (Health Canada/Canadian Food Inspection

Agency)

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HARMFUL EFFECTS

Environment:Unintended environmental impacts include harming non target

and/or beneficial species in the case of crops with engineeredinsecticidal properties, as well as the development of new strains of resistant pests. Additionally there is concern that pollen fromgenetically engineered herbicide resistant crops could reach wild,weedy relatives of the crop and create so called super weeds. This isof particular concern in the U.S. with crops such as canola andsquash.

Health:

At present, there is no evidence to suggest that GM foods areunsafe. However, there are no absolute guarantees, either.Unintended health impacts from GMOs concern allergens, antibiotic

resistance, decreased nutrients, and toxins.





















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Allergens

Because protein sequences are changed with the addition of newgenetic material, there is concern that the engineered or modifiedorganism could produce known or unknown allergens. A recent NationalResearch Council committee report on GMOs recommended the

development of improved methods for identifying potential allergens"specifically focusing on new tests relevant to the human immune systemand on more reliable animal models.“

Antibiotic resistance

Plant genetic engineers have frequently attached genes they aretrying to insert to antibiotic resistance genes. This allows them to readilyselect the plants that acquire the new genes by treating them with theantibiotic. Sometimes these genes remain in the transgenic crop that haslead critics to charge that the antibiotic resistance genes could spread topathogens in the body and render antibiotics less effective. However,several panels of antibiotic resistance experts have concluded that the
























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Decreased nutrients

Because the DNA of genetically engineered plants is altered, there isconcern that some GMOs could havedecreased levels of important nutrients,

as DNA is the code for the production of nutrients. However, it must be noted thatnutritional differences also have beendocumented with traditionally bred crops.

Introduced toxins

Residual toxins resulting fromintroduced enes of the bacteria Bacillus






















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HEALTH RISKS

In 1998 : potatoes genetically modified to contain lectin had adverseintestinal effects on rats.

The experiment modified potatoes to add a toxin (snowdrop lectin), but theexperiment failed to include a control for the toxin alone or a control for geneticmodifications alone (without added toxin); therefore, no conclusion could be madeabout the safety of the genetic engineering.

Photo:showing stunted growth -the larger rat, 19days old,is from the control group;

thesmaller rat, 20 days old, is






















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In 2009: three patented crops(Mon 810, Mon 863, and NK 603)developed and owned byMonsanto cause liver, kidney, andheart damage in mammals.

In the mid 1990s: Pioneer Hi-Bred tested the allergenicity of atransgenic soybean that expresseda Brazil nut seed stora e rotein in
















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Human exposure to pesticides associated withGM foods

A 2011 study, the first to evaluate thecorrelation between maternal andfetal exposure to pesticides

associated with genetically modifiedfoods and to determine exposurelevels of the pesticides and their

metabolites, revealed the presence of pesticides associated with GM foodsin both non-pregnant women andpregnant women and their fetuses
















Potential EnvironmentalHazards

Reducedeffectiveness of pesticides asinsects becomeresistant toengineeredtoxins.

Loss of biodiversity

Harm to other organismsPollen from Bt corn was

shown to cause highmortality rates inmonarch butterfly

larvae(9). BUT follow-upstudies have shown that

the exposure levels in thefields are negligible(10).

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Potential Environmental Hazards

Gene Transfer to non-target species

Herbicide resistant plants and weedscould cross breed and create“superweeds”

To address this one could:

Create sterile male plants that don’t

produce pollen

Engineer the plants so that pollendoesn’t contain the foreign genes

Create buffer zones of non-GM cropsaround GM crops. The buffer crops



















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Economic Hazards

Elimination of competition

GM seeds are patented

Suicide seedsPlants with sterile seeds that are infertile are

created

Farmers are forced to buy seeds every year

However, some companies have reducedcosts or donated GM seeds toimpoverished nations.




















Creating a balance

So are GM foodsa good or badthing?

It depend oneach individualcase.

Consumers, the

government andscientists shouldbe responsiblefor weighing thebenefits against

the costs.

Improved Nutrition

Resistance todisease

Reduced use of chemicals

Environmentalrisks

Health risks

Economic risks




























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HIDDEN THREATS

Food fromGeneticallyModified Crops









Artificial organisms

GE crops areproduced usinglaboratorytechniques where

genetic material from the cells of onespecies istransferred into

another species

to artificially createnew livingorganisms thatwould never

naturally occurthrough breeding.
























Types of GM Crops

Of economicalimportance are so fartwo types:

1. Herbicide resistantcrops

can stand high doses of aspecific herbicide

in case of Monsanto’sseeds:

Roundup Ready crops

















Roundup Ready crops

‘Roundup Ready’ soya:most widely grown GMcrop variety

tolerates applicationsof Monsanto’s ‘broadspectrum’ glyphosateherbicide

Roundup destroys allother plants.















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Roundup Ready Gene

“The glyphosate resistance gene protects food plants against the broad-spectrum herbicideRoundup®, which efficiently kills invasive weeds

in the field. The major advantages of the"Roundup Ready®” system include better weedcontrol, reduction of crop injury, higher yield, andlower environmental impact than traditional weedcontrol systems. Notably, fields treated with

Roundup® require less tilling; this preserves soilfertility by lessening soil run-off and oxidation.”























Types of GMO (2)

2. Bt crops, such asBt corn and Btcotton

these crops have aninserted gene fromthe bacteriaBacillusthuringiensis (Bt )

which enables themto produce apoison which shallkill the dominantpests

corn borer,



























Animal feeds

Likewise animalfeeds commonly

contain corn andsoybean meal fromGM crops

Also in Europe GM

material was foundin milk and meat















Concern: Food Safety

GM food is not labeledas such

The industry argues GMcrops are “substantiallyequivalent” to theirconventionalcounterparts

Consequently no needfor specialconsiderationsconcerning safety

Label “GMO free”




















Producers ensure

All food developersand manufacturers arerequired to ensure thesafety and quality of their products.

Producers of newfoods have anobligation to ensurethat the foods they

offer consumers aresafe

and in compliance withapplicable legalrequirements(US Food, Drug and CosmeticAct


























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How India fits in thepicture of GM Crops?

In India, experiments have beencarried out and GM crops like theGolden Rice (which is rich in proteins)

have been used. Unfortunately, theGM business is owned by topmultinational companies and

agribusiness is only for vestedinterests.

One of the prime fears related to
















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India Becoming a DumpingGround for GE Crops






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As the world wakes up to humanhealth and environment nuisancefrom the genetically modified (GM)crops, India is fast turning into a

dustbin for the new technology.In India on the other hand, besides

cotton, genetic engineering

experiments are being conductedon maize, mustard, sugarcane,sorghum, pigeon pea, chickpea,rice, tomato, brinjal, potato,

banana, papaya, cauliflower,

In future the following goals need to


















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In future the following goals need tobe met and their related challenges

overcome:

Agricultural biotechnology must bemade affordable to developing worldfarmers.

There is a need for largerinvestments in research in the publicsector.

To garner the level of public interestand support that can sustain anagricultural revolution, agricultural

development must be regarded as






















Conclusion

Numerous feedingtrails with rats andseveral observationsby farmers indicatethat the novelsubstances of GMcrops are not asharmless asMonsanto and othersstate.

Assessment of the listof risks indicates thatGM crops arecurrently far too

riskyto be used for

food or animal feed.




























Conclusion (2) To some extent: Humanity

has been turned into a packof guinea pigs*

* somebodyor somethingexperimentedon: somebodyor somethingused as thesubject of anexperiment or

test.























Conclusion (3)

Producers andconsumers need tobe aware of thebooming dangers

Informationconcerning productscontaining GMmaterial is essential

In food preparationssoya oil, cornstarchand glucose syrupshould not be usedunless origin is clear.





















Thank you!



gm foods ppt

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