glycolysis and fermentation what’s so sweet about sugar?
TRANSCRIPT
Glycolysis and Fermentation
What’s so sweet about Sugar?
Objectives• Discuss ATP and where the ‘energy’ is• Describe what fermentation is and
where the ‘energy’ is • Design an experiment to ‘test’
fermentation• Weigh the merits of fermentation vs.
respiration• Recognize/explain what happens in a RedOx
reaction
Thinking it Through• CH4 (methane)
C2H5OH H3C-CH2-OH (ethanol) C8H18 CH3(CH2)6CH3
(octane)
• H2O CO2
• Similarities in components/structure?
• Differences in behavior?
• Differences in structure?
So where are ‘calories’?
Energy (heat) needed to raise 1g water, 1oC
Saturated Fat
Why are there more calories?
RedOx Reactions
OIL RIG
OIL = Oxidation Is Loss
RIG = Reduction Is Gainof electrons
of electrons
O
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD+
H H H
Oxidized Form Reduced Form
Oxidized Form Reduced Form
NAD+ NADH
“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”
“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”
“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”
Phosphate Groups
“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”
• Why not just separate?
• What does this mean in terms of ‘energy’?
How does breaking a bond ‘release’ energy?
Same thing shown with a bit more detail…
http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/ChemStructures/Atphydrl.gif
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Glycolysis• Glyco – glucose/sugar
• Lysis – “to loosen”, take apart
Glucose(6 Carbons)
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP2 NAD+
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
NAD+ is reduced to “NADH”
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
*Addition of 2 inorganic
phosphates
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Net production of 2 ATP
GlycolysisGlucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?
How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Fermentation(Lactic Acid)
Lactic Acid3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 NAD+2 NADH
NADH is oxidized into NAD+
Pyruvate is reduced and forms Lactic Acid
Fermentation(Alcoholic)
Ethanol2 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 NAD+2 NADH
NADH is oxidized into NAD+
Pyruvate is reduced and forms Ethanol
CO2CO2
Fermentation• Keep Glycolysis going - oxidizes
NADH into NAD+ • Glycolysis – 2 ATP
• “NO” O2 present
• Lactic Acid• Alcoholic
– Ethanol- CO2
Here’s the claim:Glycolysis –
Glucose + 2ATP Pyruvate + 4ATP
Fermentation (no O2 present)
Pyruvate + NADH ethanol + CO2 + NAD+
What can you test?
Conditions needed?
How?
Rank in terms of: feasibility, safety, ‘fun’
Optimizations• We’ve proposed testing for components
• Are all tests best done under same conditions?
• Concept: limiting components. How do you max your yield (or sensitivity) for:– Glucose
– CO2
– ETOH
More?
• What will your solution look like?– “murky”?
• How do you speed it up?
• What conditions do we WANT?
Time to get to know each other better…
Okay, that’s FermentationHow does it ‘usually’
happen?
So?• WHY do you breath O2?
• Where does the CO2 come from?
• Where does ‘body heat’ come from?
• What is the relationship between sugars, and fats?
What do ‘conclusive’ results tell you?
• Smoking, etc.– ‘consistent’ with