glossary+for+international+politics

7/29/2019 Glossary+for+International+Politics

1/19

GLOSSARYuse the bookmarks on the left to navigate the document

AAbuse: In humanitarian interventiontheory when states cloak powerpolitical interests in the guise ofhumanitarianism.Agenda-formation: This is theprocesses by which an issue orproblem becomes recognized, emergesonto the political stage, is framed forconsideration and debate by therelevant policy communities, and riseshigh enough on the political agenda toinitiate negotiations or decision-making processes.

Anarchic system: The orderingprinciple of international politics, andthat which defines its structure.Anarchy: Does not imply chaos, butthe absence of political authority.Anomie: In the analysis of regimesthis is a system operating in theabsence of norms or rules.Anti-ballistic missiles (ABM):Efforts to develop anti-ballisticmissiles (ABM) that could interceptlong-range missiles during their flight

path date back to the 1950s. In the late1960s, the issue of ABM deploymentsbecame a major factor in the strategicarms control talks between the UnitedStates and the Soviet Union. The ABMTreaty of 1972 thus limited the ABMdeployments of the United States andthe Soviet Union to two sites, onearound each sides capital city, theother at an Inter-Continental BallisticMissile (ICBM) site. In 1974, aProtocol to the ABM Treaty restricted

such defensive deployments to onesite.Anti-foundational theories: Wherefoundational ethical theories assert thatmorality rests upon undeniable axioms(for example, the liberal belief in thesanctity of human rights), anti-foundational theories (for example,cultural relativism).

Apartheid: system of racialsegregation introduced in South Africain 1948, designed to ensure whiteminority domination.Atomic Energy Act: Also known asthe McMahon Act, this was passed on1 August 1946, and established theUnited States Atomic EnergyCommission (USAEC) as the soleowner of all fissionable materials andfacilities in the United States andprohibited all exchanges of nuclearinformation with other states.

Bbalance of power: a doctrine and anarrangement whereby the power of onestate (or group of states) is checked bythe countervailing power of otherstates.Balance of power: Refers to anequilibrium between states; historicalrealists regard it as the product ofdiplomacy (contrived balance) whereasstructural realists regard the system ashaving a tendency towards a naturalequilibrium (fortuitous balance).Battle of the Sexes: This is a scenarioin game theory illustrating the need fora coordination strategy.Bond: This a contractual obligation ofa corporation, association orgovernance agency to make paymentsof interest and repayments of principleon borrowed funds at certain fixedtimes.Brezhnev Doctrine: declaration by

Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev inNovember 1968 that members of theWarsaw pact would enjoy onlyLimited Sovereignty in their politicaldevelopment

CCapabilities: Population and size ofterritory, resources, economic strength,military capability, and competence(Waltz 1979:131).


2/19

Capitalism: The capitalist mode ofproduction, in Marxs analysisinvolved a specific set of socialrelations that were particular to aspecific historical period. For Marxthere were three main characteristics of

capitalism. (1) Everything involved inproduction (e.g. raw materials,machines, labour involved in thecreation of commodities, and thecommodities themselves) is given anexchange value, and all can beexchanged, one for the other. Inessence, under capitalism everythinghas its price, including peoplesworking time. (2) Everything that isneeded to undertake production (i.e.the factories, and the raw materials) isowned by one class - the capitalists. (3)Workers are free, but in order tosurvive must sell their labour to thecapitalist class in order to survive, andbecause the capitalist class own themeans ofproduction, and control therelations of production, they alsocontrol the profit that results from thelabour of workers.Claim-rights: the most basic rights -the only true rights, Hofeld believed;

the classic example of a claim- right isa right generated by a contract andaccompanied by correlative duties.coexistence: the doctrine of live andlet live between political communities,or states.Collaboration: In the analysis ofregimes this is a form of cooperationrequiring parties not to defect from amutually desirable strategy for anindividually preferable strategy.Collective governance: These are

non-hierarchical (in the sense of theabsence of a central coercive power)systems of management or governance.Collective Security: Proponents ofcollective security argue that althoughmilitary force remains an importantcharacteristic of international life, thereare nevertheless realistic opportunitiesto move beyond the self-help world ofrealism, especially after the end of thecold war. They reject the idea that statebehaviour is simply the product of the

structure of the international system.Ideas, it is argued, are alsoimportant. According to Charles andClifford Kupchan, for example, undercollective security, states agree toabide by certain norms and rules to

maintain stability, and when necessary,band together to stop aggression. Thisinvolves a recognition by states that toenhance their security they must agreeto three main principles in their inter-state relations.Collective Security: Refers to anarrangement where each state in thesystem accepts that the security of oneis the concern of all, and agrees to joinin a collective response to aggression(Roberts and Kingsbury, 1993: 30).collectivization of security: thetendency for security to be organizedon a multilateral basis, but without theinstitutional formality of a fully-fledged collective security system.Committee of the Regions: This is aBrussels-based advisory committee of222 members representing the interestsof local and regional authorities in theEU.Common humanity: The view that

we all have human rights by virtue ofour common humanity, and theserights generate correlative moral dutiesfor individuals and state leaders.communitarianism. The former seesthe bearers of rights and obligations asindividuals; the latter sees them asbeing the state. In the last decade,normative issues have become morerelevant to debates about foreignpolicy, for example in discussions ofethical foreign policy or how to

respond to calls for humanitarianintervention.Compellence: The use of threats(usually military or economic) to makesomeone do something they wouldotherwise not do.Competence: The right to act in agiven area. Such a right may beextended by a government to aninternational organization, but thisdoes not mean that ultimateresponsibility has been transferred, but


3/19

only that the international organizationis permitted to act on the states behalf.Competition (antitrust) Policy:Policies that prohibit anti-competitiveaction and transactions by firms,especially monopolists, including

state-owned enterprisesconcert: the directorial role played bya number of great powers, based onnorms of mutual consent.Conditionality: The way in whichstates or international institutionsimpose conditions upon developingcountries in advance of distributingeconomic benefits.constitutive theories: These areusually also anti-foundational theoriesContainment: American politicalstrategy for resisting perceived Sovietexpansion, first publicly espoused byan American diplomat, GeorgeKennan, in 1947. Containment becamea powerful factor in American policytoward the Soviet Union for the nextforty years.Contingent Realism: Contrary tosome neo-realists, there are otherrealist writers who present a rathermore optimistic assessment. Charles

Glaser, for example, accepts much ofthe analysis and assumptions ofstructural realism, but he argues thatthere are a wide range of conditions inwhich adversaries can best achievetheir security goals through co-operative policies, rather thancompetitive ones. In suchcircumstances states will choose to co-operate rather than to compete.Security is therefore seen to becontingent on the circumstances

prevailing at the time.Coordination: In the analysis ofregimes this is a form of cooperationrequiring parties to pursue a commonstrategy in order to avoid the mutuallyundesirable outcome arising from thepursuit of divergent strategies.Cosmopolitan Model of Democracy:Associated with David Held, and otherneo-idealists, a cosmopolitan model ofdemocracy requires the following: thecreation of regional parliaments and

the extension of the authority of suchregional bodies (like the EuropeanUnion) which are already in existence;human rights conventions must beentrenched in national parliaments andmonitored by a new International

Court of Human Rights; the UN mustbe replaced with a genuinelydemocratic and accountable globalparliament.Council of Europe: Established in1949 it has responsibility fordeliberation and co-operation in theareas of culture, human rights anddemocratisation.Council of Ministers: Based inBrussels (with some meetings inLuxembourg), the Council of Ministershas responsibility for representing theviews of national governments anddetermining the ultimate shape of EUlegislationCounter-restrictionists: Thoseinternational lawyers who argue thatthere is a legal right of humanitarianintervention in both UN Charter andcustomary international law.Crisis diplomacy: This refers to thedelicate communications and

negotiations involved in a crisis. Acrisis may be defined as a short,intense period in which the possibilityof (nuclear) war is perceived toincrease dramatically.Critical Security Studies: For criticalsecurity theorists states should not bethe centre of analysis because they areoften part of the problem of insecurityin the international system. Attentionshould be focused on the individualrather than the state. Ken Booth, for

example, focuses on humanemancipation.Critical Theory: This has its roots inMarxism, and developed out of theFrankfurt School in the 1920s. Its mostinfluential proponent since 1945 hasbeen Jurgen Habermas. One of thefounders of critical theory, MaxHorkheimer, distinguished betweentraditional and critical theory. RobertCox writes of the difference betweenproblem-solving and critical theory.


4/19

The former takes the world as givenand reifies existing distributions ofpower. The latter enquires into how thecurrent distribution of power came intoexistence. This leading Critical IRscholar argues that theory is always for

someone and for some purpose, andthat there is no such thing as theory initself.Cultural feminists: These includethose who see women as different frommen, more nurturing and peaceable forexample. They do not reject womensvalues, as liberal feminists do, butthey argue that these values are justwhat world politics, and ecology, nowneed. Some cultural feminists areaccused of essentialism, ofrepresenting these values as naturallywomens, and so reinforcing thegendered stereotypes that underpinwomens oppression.Cyberwar: The use of digitalnetworks and communications toattack enemies as an act of war orterrorism

DDemocratic Peace: A central plank of

liberal internationalist thought, thedemocratic peace thesis holds that warhas become unthinkable betweenliberal states. This theory has beenlargely associated with the writings ofMichael Doyle and Bruce Russett.Doyle points to the importance of theinsights contained in Immanuel Kants1795 essay, Perpetual Peace.Democratic representation, anideological commitment to humanrights, and transnational

interdependence can explain thepeace-prone tendencies of democraticstates.Deregulation: The removal of allregulation so that market forces notgovernment policy control economicdevelopments.Derivative: This a financial contractthat derives its value from anunderlying asset, exchange rate,interest level, or market index.

Dtente: The relaxation of tensionbetween East and West; Soviet-American dtente lastedDeterrence: The use of threats(usually military or economic) toprevent someone from doing

something they would otherwise do.Digital Divide: The division of digitalhaves and have nots within andbetween countries with regard toaccess to advanced communicationsand information services.Dual morality: The idea that there aretwo principles or standards of right andwrong: one for the individual citizenand different one for the state.

EE-Commerce: Electronic commercesold over the Web. Usually dividedbetween business-to-business andbusiness-to-consumer E-commerceEconomic and Social Committee:This Brussels-based advisorycommittee of 222 members representsthe interests of labour, employers andconsumer organisations in the EU.EEC: Established in 1958 the EEChad responsibility for creating a

customs union and Single marketamong its members. It is now the EU.Empire: a state which possesses botha home territory and foreign territories:an imperial state.Enlightenment: Associated withrationalist thinkers of the eighteenthcentury. Key ideas (which some wouldargue remain mottoes for our age)include: secularism, progress, reason,science, knowledge, and freedom.Environmental regime: This is an

international regime addressing anenvironmental issue.Epistemic communities: These areknowledge-based transnationalcommunities of experts with sharedunderstandings of an issue or problemor preferred policy responses.Equity: Also called stock or share, thisa number of equal portions in thenominal capital of a company; theshareholder thereby owns part of theenterprise.


5/19

Ethic of responsibility: For historicalrealists, an ethic of responsibility is thelimits of ethics in international politics;it involves the weighing up ofconsequences and the realization thatpositive outcomes may result from

amoral actions.Euratom: Established in 1958 this hasresponsibility for co-operation andjoint research in the area of nuclearenergy and particle physics.Eurobond: This is a bonddenominated in a currency that is aliento a substantial proportion of theunderwriters through whom it isdistributed and investors to whom it issold; the borrower, the syndicate ofmanagers, the investors, and thesecurities exchange on which the bondis listed are spread over a number ofcountries.Eurocurrency: This is national moneyin the hands of persons and institutionsdomiciled outside the currencysterritorial home: hence eurodollar,eurozloty, etc.Euroequity: a share issue that isoffered simultaneously in differentstock markets, usually across several

time zones; also called global equity.European Atomic EnergyCommunity (EURATOM): Thiscame into being on 1 January 1958 asan organization of the EuropeanCommunity. EURATOM has since hadthe task of co-ordinating nuclearenergy development within theCommunity (now European Union)and implementing a regionalsafeguards system.European Audit Office: Bases in

Luxembourg, the EUs audit office isresponsible for auditing the revenuesand the expenditure under the EUbudget.European Central Bank: Based inFrankfurt, the central bank isresponsible for setting the interest ratesand controlling the money supply ofthe single European currency, theEuro.European Commission: Based inBrussels and Luxembourg the

Commission has responsibility forinitiating, administrating andoverseeing the implementation of EUpolicies and legislation.European Council: Based in a city ofthe member state holding the

Presidency, the European Council hasresponsibility for regular summits ofHeads of State, setting the EUs broadagenda and a forum of last resort tofind agreement on divisive issues. TheEuropean Council is not the same asthe Council of Europe.European Court of Justice: Based inLuxembourg, the ECJ is the EUshighest court, ruling in disputes onmatters of EU law between memberstates, EU institutions and, on appealfrom national courts, private persons.The ECJ is not the same as theEuropean Court of Human Rights.European Parliament: Based inStrasbourg (plenary sessions), Brussels(MEP offices and meeting committees)and Luxembourg (administration), theParliament members are the directlyelected representatives of EU citizens.Parliament has responsibility forscrutinising the operation of the other

institutions and, in certain areas,sharing with the Council the power todetermine EU legislationEuropean Union (EU): Formerly theEC and established in 1965 this arosefrom the merger of ECSC, EEC andEuratom. It has responsibility fordeveloping a common legal order andcommon policies in most aspects ofeconomic and social life, providing forcooperation and joint action in homeand justice affairs, foreign policy and

defenceExplanatory theories: These areusually also foundational theoriesExponential growth: In the analysisof regimes this isa situation where therate of growth is not constant or linearbut increases over time.Extraterritoriality: This arises whenone government attempts to exerciseits legal authority in the territory ofanother state. It mainly arises when theUS federal government deliberately


6/19

tries to use domestic law to control theglobal activity of TNCs.

FFailed states: States that havecollapsed into civil war and disorder,

and where the government of the statehas ceased to exist inside the territorialborders of the state. Citizens findthemselves in a quasi-state of nature.Forcible humanitarian intervention:Military intervention which breachesthe principle of state sovereignty wherethe primary purpose is to alleviate thehuman suffering of some or all withina states borders.Framework convention: This is aninternational convention establishingprinciples, norms, goals, organizations,and procedures for consultation,decision-making and review, withprovision for flexible subsequentrevision or development of rules orcommitments.from the late 1960s to the late 1970s,and was characterised by negotiationsand nuclear arms control agreements.Funds and Programmes: These areinstitutions which are subject to the

supervision of the General Assemblyand which depend upon voluntaryfunding by states and other donors.

GGame theory: This is a branch ofmathematics which explores strategicinteraction.Glasnost : policy of greater opennesspursued by Soviet President MikhailGorbachev from 1985, involvinggreater toleration of internal dissent

and criticism.Global commons: These are resourcesopen for use by the internationalcommunity, and not under thejurisdiction of any state, such as:oceans, atmosphere, deep sea-bed,Antarctica.Global covenant: the rules, values,and norms which govern the globalsociety of states.Global governance: the looseframework of global regulation, both

institutional and normative, thatconstrains conduct. It has manyelements: international organizationsand law; transnational organizationsand frameworks; elements of globalcivil society; and shared normative

principles.Global Network: Digital networksthat span the globe allowing instantvoice and data communicationworldwide - the global informationhighwayGlobalist International Security:Writers from the global societyschool of thought argue that at the endof the twentieth century the process ofglobalization (which has beendeveloping for centuries) hasaccelerated to the point where theclear outlines of a global society arenow evident. The emergence of aglobal economic system, globalcommunications, and the elements of aglobal culture have helped to provide awide network of social relationshipswhich transcend state frontiers andencompass people all over the world.Globalized state: the notion of aparticular kind of state that helps

sustain globalization, as well asresponding to its pressures. Thedistinctive feature of this concept isthat the state is not in retreat butsimply behaving differently.

HHegemonic Stability Theory: Arealist based explanation forcooperation that argues that a dominantstate is required to ensure a liberal,free-trade international political

economy.Hegemony: Power and controlexercised by a leading state over otherstates. The influence a great power isable to establish on other states in thesystem; extent of influence rangesfrom leadership to dominance. Political(and/or economic) domination of aregion, usually by superpower.High Politics: The distinction betweenhigh politics and low politics is madeby Realists but not by Pluralists or


7/19

Liberals. However, the policyquestions associated with HighPolitics concern matters of peace andsecurity with the situation having highpriority or even being a crisis. Thedecision-makers are heads of

government and senior ministers withminimal involvement of non-stateactors.Historical sociology: This has a longhistory, having been a subject of studyfor several centuries. Its central focusis with how societies develop theforms that they do. Contemporaryhistorical sociology is concerned aboveall with how the state has developedsince the Middle Ages. It is basically astudy of the interactions betweenstates, classes, capitalism and war.Historical sociology claims to undercutneo-realism because it shows that thestate is not one functionally similarorganization, but instead has alteredover time. But, like neo-realism, it toois interested in war and therefore thetwo approaches have quite a bit incommon.Human Development Index (HDI):This is based on three measures: life

expectancy at birth, educationalattainment, and standard of living. TheGender Development Index (GDI)measures these too, but adjusts for thedisparity between women and men ineach case. The Gender EmpowermentIndex (GEM) measures relativeempowerment between men andwomen in political and economicspheres, and in terms of politicalrepresentation.

IIdealism: Holds that ideas haveimportant causal effect on events ininternational politics, and that ideascan change. Referred to by realists asutopianism since it underestimates thelogic of power politics and theconstraints this imposes upon politicalaction. Idealists seek to apply liberalthinking in domestic politics tointernational relations, in other words,institutionalize the rule of law. This

reasoning is known as the domesticanalogy. According to idealists in theearly twentieth century, there were twoprincipal requirements for a new worldorder. First: state leaders, intellectuals,and public opinion had to believe that

progress was possible. Second: aninternational organization had to becreated to facilitate peaceful change,disarmament, arbitration, and (wherenecessary) enforcement. The League ofNations was founded in 1920 but itscollective security system failed toprevent the descent into world war inthe 1930s.Immunity: the essence of this is thatothers are disbarred from makingclaims under certain circumstances,for example, to be legally insane, orunder age, is to be immune fromcriminal prosecution.Implementation: This is the carryingout adopted decisions or policies.Integration: A process of ever closerunion between states, in a regional orinternational context. The processoften begins by co-operation to solvetechnical problems, referred to byMitrany as ramification.

Intellectual Property Rights: Rulesthat protect the owners of contentthrough copyright, patent, trademarkand trade secretsInterdependence: A condition wherestates (or peoples) are affected bydecisions taken by others; for example,a decision to raise interest rates inGermany automatically exerts upwardpressure on interest rates in otherEuropean states. Interdependence canbe symmetric, i.e. both sets of actors

are affected equally, or it can beasymmetric, where the impact variesbetween actors.Inter-dependence: A condition wherethe actions of one state impact uponother states (can be strategicinterdependence or economic). Realistsequate interdependence withvulnerability.International institutions: These aresets of internationally agreedprinciples, norms, rules, common


8/19

understandings, organizations, andconsultation and decision-makingprocedures that govern or shapeactivities in a particular area.International law: the formal rules ofconduct that states acknowledge or

contract between themselves.International order: a shared valueand condition of stability andpredictability in the relations of states.It is the normative and the institutionalpattern in the relationship betweenstates. The elements of this might bethought to include such things assovereignty, the forms of diplomacy,international law, the role of the greatpowers, and the codes circumscribingthe use of force.International regime: a conceptdeveloped by Neo-Realists to analysethe paradox for them thatinternational co-operation occurs insome issue areas, despite the strugglefor power between states. They assumeregimes are created and maintained bya dominant state and/or participation ina regime is the result of a rational cost-benefit calculation by each state. Incontrast, Pluralists would also stress

the independent impact of institutions,the importance of leadership, theinvolvement of transnational NGOsand companies, and processes ofcognitive change, such as growingconcern about human rights or theenvironment. For most, but not allwriters, regimes are embodied inintergovernmental organisations.International system: A set ofinterrelated parts connected to form awhole. Systems have defining

principles such as hierarchy (indomestic politics and anarchy (ininternational politics).Internationalization: this term is usedto denote high levels of internationalinteraction and interdependence, mostcommonly with regard to the worldeconomy. In this context it refers to thevolume of international trade andinvestment and to the organization ofproduction. The term is often used todistinguish this condition from

globalization as the latter implies thatthere are no longer distinct nationaleconomies in a position to interact.Inter-paradigm debate: Theoreticaldebates in IR between Realists,Liberals and Marxists were based on a

set of positivist assumptions, namelythat a denial of the idea that socialscience theories can use the samemethodologies as theories of thenatural sciences, that facts and valuescan be distinguished, that neutral factscan act as arbiters between rival truthclaims, and that the social world hasregularities which theories candiscover.Intervention: This is when there isdirect involvement within a state by anoutside actor to achieve an outcomepreferred by the intervening agencywithout the consent of the host state. Inthis chapter the word intervention isplaced in inverted commas when it isunclear whether consent has beengiven. Otherwise the wordinvolvement is used.Intra-firm trade: international tradefrom one branch of a TNC to anaffiliate of the same company in a

different country.

JJustice: Fair or morally defensibletreatment for individuals, in the light ofstandards of human rights or economicor social well-being. In this chapter theterm is interpreted broadly to includesatisfactory standards with regard tohuman rights and economic conditions,such as adequate food, housing, andhealth care.

LLiberal feminism: This looks at theroles women play in world politics andasks why they are marginalised. Itwants the same opportunities affordedto women as are afforded to men.Liberal feminists: These are equalityfeminists, seeking an end to womensexclusion from or under representationin office, power and employment.They seek womens equal rights in the


9/19

military, including in combat, for theysee womens protection as a way ofkeeping them from power, and theirdependence on men as compromisingtheir claims to full citizenship, which isusually understood to include fighting

for ones country.Liberal Institutionalism: In the1940s, liberals turned to internationalinstitutions to carry out a number offunctions the state could not perform.This was the catalyst for integrationtheory in Europe and pluralism in theUnited States. By the early 1970s,pluralism had mounted a significantchallenge to realism. It focused on newactors (transnational corporations, non-governmental organizations) and newpatterns of interaction(interdependence, integration).Liberal Internationalism: The strandin liberal thinking which holds that thenatural order has been corrupted byundemocratic state leaders andoutdated policies such as the balanceof power. Prescriptively, liberalinternationalists believe that contactbetween the peoples of the world,through commerce or travel, will

facilitate a more pacific form ofinternational relations. Central is theidea of a harmony of interests. Thestrategy adopted by leading westernstates and institutions particularly theUS to use instruments of foreign andeconomic policy to spread liberalvalues. Advocates make an explicitlinkage between the mutuallyreinforcing effects of democratisationand open markets.Liberal rights: the agenda of human

rights that is driven largely from aWestern perspective and derived fromclassical liberal positions.Liberalism: An ideology whosecentral concern is the liberty of theindividual. For most liberals, theestablishment of the state is necessaryto preserve individual liberty frombeing destroyed or harmed by otherindividuals or by other states. But thestate must always be the servant of the

collective will and not (as in the caseof Realism) the master.Liberty-rights: these occur when Ihave the right to do something in thesense that I have no obligation not todo it - for example, to dress as I please.

Here there is no correlative duty,except perhaps the duty to let me do asI choose. Sometimes a right involvesthe exercise of a power.For example,to have the right to vote means to beempoweredto vote, to be enfranchised.Low Politics: The distinction betweenhigh politics and low politics is madeby Realists but not by Pluralists orLiberals. However, the policyquestions associated with LowPolitics concern economics, socialquestions, human rights, environmentwith the situation having low priorityor involving routine activities. Thedecision-makers are usually juniorministers or officials with extensiveinvolvement of non-state actors.

MMarket failure: This results from theinability of the market to producegoods which require collaborative

strategies.Marxist/socialist feminists: Thesefocus on the international capitalistsystem. Marxist feminists see theoppression of women as a bi-productof capitalism, whereas socialistfeminists see both capitalism andpatriarchy as the structures to beovercome if women are to have anyhope of equality.Mature Anarchy: This concept isused to explain why it is possible to

ameliorate the security dilemmathrough greater co-operation betweenstates. Barry Buzan has argued for thegradual emergence of a matureanarchy since the 1980s and 1990s.States have recognized the intensedangers of continuing to competeaggressively in a nuclear world. Whileaccepting the tendency of states tofocus on their own narrow parochialsecurity interests, Buzan argues thatthere is a growing recognition amongst


10/19

the more mature states in theinternational system that there are good(security) reasons for taking intoaccount the interests of theirneighbours when making their ownpolicies.

Means (or Forces) of Production:For Marxists, these are the elementsthat combine in the production process.They include labour as well as thetools and technology available duringany given historical period.Merchant bank: This is also called aninvestment bank or securities house; abank specializing in securitiesbusiness, as opposed to a commercialbank engaged primarily in deposit andlending business. (That said, manymajor investment banks have in recentyears become arms of globalcommercial banks: for example,Deutsche Morgan Grenfell and UBSWarburg.)Microeconomics: The branch ofeconomics studying the behaviour ofthe firm in a market settingMinimum order: a view ofinternational order that is concernedwith peace and stability, rather than

with the attainment of other values,such as justice.Multilateralism: the tendency forfunctional aspects of internationalrelations (such as security, trade, orenvironmental management) to beorganized around large numbers ofstates, or universally, rather than byunilateral state action.Multipolarity: a distribution of poweramong a number (at least three) ofmajor powers or poles.

Murderous states: In humanitarianintervention theory when the sovereigngovernment is massively abusing thehuman rights of its citizens, engagingin acts of mass murder and/orgenocide.Mutually Assured Destruction(MAD): condition in which bothsuperpowers possessed the capacity todestroy their adversary even afterbeing attacked first with nuclearweapons.

NNation: a group of people whorecognize each other as sharing acommon identity, with a focus on ahomeland. This identity does not have

to be acknowledged by other politicalgroups for it to exist.National Interest: Invoked by realistsand state leaders to signify that whichis most important to the state survivalbeing at the top of the list.National Missile Defense (NMD):The US Congress passed the NMD Actin 1999. This Act proposed that theUnited States should develop thetechnical means to counter a possiblesmall-scale ballistic missile attack onthe US mainland from states hostile toit.National security: a fundamentalvalue in the foreign policy of states.Nation-state: would exist if nearly allthe members of a single nation wereorganized in a single state, without anyother national communities beingpresent. Although the term is widelyused, no such entities exist.Natural law: The origin of Natural

law thinking can be traced to theclassical Greeks and early Christians,but in its modern form it is based onMedieval Catholic Theology. Thecentral idea is that human beings havean essential nature which dictates thatcertain kinds of human goods arealways and everywhere desired;because of this there are commonmoral standards that govern all humanrelations and these common standardscan be discerned by the application of

reason to human affairs.Neo-neo synthesis: This approachdominates the professional literature inthe discipline of InternationalRelations. This theoretical debatebetween neo-realism and neo-liberalism focuses on the kinds ofinternational political relations thatconcern many Western governments,particularly the debate about the futuresecurity structure of the internationalsystem. It is also very strong at looking


11/19

at economic foreign policy, as thediscussions on the relativegains/absolute gains issue suggests.Neo-Realism: This approach, mostclosely associated with Kenneth Waltz,views the international state system as

anarchic. States claiming sovereigntywill inevitably develop offensivemilitary capabilities to defendthemselves and extend their power.Uncertainty is inherent in theinternational system as states can neverbe sure of the intentions of other states.States will want to maintain theirindependence and sovereignty, and, asa result, survival will be the most basicdriving force influencing theirbehaviour.Network: any structure ofcommunication for individuals and/orNGOs to exchange information, shareexperiences or discuss political goalsand tactics. There is no clear boundarybetween a network and an NGO. Anetwork is less likely than an NGO tobecome permanent, to have formalmembership, to have identifiableleaders or to engage in collectiveaction. The simplest type of network

may be no more than an e-maildatabase, an Internet discussion groupor a website. At the other end of thespectrum, a group calling itself anetwork may become institutionalizedand gain recognition at the UN as anNGO.Non-discrimination: a doctrine ofequal treatment between states.Non-forcible/ non-violentintervention: Pacific interventionwhich can be either consensual (Red

Cross) or non-consensual (MdecinsSans Frontires) and which is practisedby states, international organizationsand INGOs (international non-governmental organ-izations). It can beshort-term (delivery of humanitarianaid) or long-term (conflict-resolutionand reconstruction of political lifewithin failed states).Non-governmental organization(NGO): any group of people relatingto each other regularly in some formal

manner and engaging in collectiveaction, provided that the activities arenon-commercial, non-violent and arenot on behalf of a government. NGOsbased in a local community are rarelyengaged in global politics. National

NGOs, based in a single country, mayengage in transnational activities, butusually only the largest and richestones do so. International NGOs(INGOs) are a major influence upon allglobal diplomacy. At the UN, groupsthat challenge the legitimacy ofspecific governments or focus onhuman rights in one country will not beaccepted as NGOs. People are oftenbaffled by the dry, bland term, non-governmental organization.Nevertheless, some of the internationalNGOs are better known than some ofthe smaller countries. They includeAmnesty International,Greenpeace, Red Cross, and Save theChildren. Many other internationalNGOs are not so well known, but areof major importance, such as economicbodies, e.g. International Chamber ofShipping; technical bodies e.g.International Organization for

Standardization; or professionalbodies, e.g. World MedicalAssociation.Non-state actor: a term widely used tomean any actor that is not agovernment. Often it is not clearwhether the term is being used to coverbodies such as the United Nations.Ambiguity is best avoided by referringseparately to two categories,transnational actors and internationalorganizations.

Normative theory: Chris Brownidentifies three main areas of debate incontemporary normative theory: theautonomy of the state, the ethics of theuse of force, and international justice.The key distinction in normativetheory is between cosmopolitanismandNormative: The belief that theoriesshould be concerned with what oughtto be, rather than merely diagnosingwhat is. Norm creation refers to the


12/19

setting of standards in internationalrelations which governments (andother actors) ought to meet.North Atlantic Treaty Organisation(NATO): organisation established bytreaty in April 1949 comprising 12

(later 16) countries from WesternEurope and North America. The mostimportant aspect of the NATO alliancewas the American commitment to thedefence of Western Europe.Nuclear diplomacy: This refers to theinteractions between states that possessnuclear weapons where one or morestates threatens to use them either todissuade an opponent fromundertaking an action or to persuadethem to call a halt to some action thathas begun. The former is also knownas deterrence and the latter ascompellence or coercive diplomacy.Nuclear taboo: Barry Buzan and EricHerring suggest it is a strategiccultural prohibition against the use ofnuclear weaponsan assumption thatnuclear weapons should not be usedrather than a conscious cost-benefitcalculation (1998: 165).Nuclear weapons: Although only five

states (China, France, Russia(formerly, Soviet Union), UnitedKingdom and United States) areacknowledged by the Treaty on theNon-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons(NPT) as possessing nuclear weapons,India and Pakistan have also testednuclear weapons.Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone(NWFZ): In Latin America, SoutheastAsia, Africa and Central Asia, thetrend has been to establish and

consolidate the region as a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone.

OOffshore finance centre: This is a sitefor financial business offeringinducements such as tax reductions,regulation waivers, subsidies andrebates, secrecy guarantees, and so on;most are located in island and othermini-states, though offshore provisionsalso cover arrangements like

International Banking Facilities inNew York (since 1981), the Tokyo-based Japan Offshore Market (since1986) and the Bangkok InternationalBanking Facility (since 1993).Order: This is when relationships

between actors, such as states, arestable, predictable, controlled, and notcharacterized by violence, turbulence,or chaos irrespective of justice. Itmay denote any regular or discerniblepattern of relationships that are stableover time, or may additionally refer toa condition that allows certain goals tobe achieved.Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD): Formerly the OEEC andfounded in 1948, this body hasresponsibility for co-operation ineconomic policy, economic forecastingand the development of rules forcorporate governance.Ostpolitik: The West Germangovernments Eastern Policy of themid to late 1960s, designed to developrelations between West Germany andmembers of the Warsaw Pact.Over-exploitation: This is the

unsustainable exploitation of aresource.

PPartial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT): In1963, the Soviet Union, UnitedKingdom, and United States agreed thePTBT. This prohibited nuclear testingin the atmosphere, in outer space andunderwater. It meant, in effect, thatfuture testing by states party to thePTBT had to be conducted

underground.Peaceful nuclear explosion(PNE): In 1974, India conducted anunderground test of what itsgovernment termed was a PNE. Theidea of using controlled nuclearexplosions for civil, rather thanmilitary, purposes had gained credenceduring the early years of nucleardevelopment. But it is preciselybecause the technologies involved inPNEs are indistinguishable from those


13/19

used in military applications, as theIndia test made apparent, that it raisesproblems of determining nuclearweapon possession.Perestroika: policy of restructuring,pursued by Gorbachev in tandem withGlasnost, and intended to modernisethe Soviet political and economicsystem.Petrodollars: These are earnings fromoil exports deposited outside the USA;they provided the largest single spur togrowth in the euromarkets in the1970s.Pluralism: An umbrella term,borrowed from American politicalscience, used to signify InternationalRelations theorists who rejected therealist view of the primacy of the stateand the coherence of the state-as-actor.The theoretical approach that analysesall organized groups as being potentialpolitical actors (where Realism focuseson states) and analyses the processesby which actors mobilize support toachieve policy goals. Pluralism canencompass non-governmentalorganizations, companies, andinternational organizations.

Pluralist international societytheory: States are conscious of sharingcommon interests and common values,but these are limited to norms ofsovereignty and non-intervention.Humanitarian intervention isillegitimate in the society of states.Positivism: Usually meant as theapproach to knowledge thatendeavours to use the same methods inthe social sciences as that of theempirical natural sciences. In

International Relations, Realism andLiberalism are thought to be the mostpositivist.Post-modernism: This is defined byLyotard as incredulity towardsmetanarratives, meaning that it deniesthe possibility of foundations forestablishing the truth of statementsexisting outside of a discourse. Post-modern approaches are attacked by themainstream for being too theoreticaland not enough concerned with the

real world; but post-modernists replythat in the social world there is no suchthing as the real world in the sense ofa reality that is not interpreted by us.Jaques Derrida argues that the world islike a text in that it cannot simply be

grasped, but has to be interpreted. Helooks at how texts are constructed, andproposes two main tools to enable us tosee how arbitrary are the seeminglynatural oppositions of language.Post-modernist feminists: These areconcerned with gender as opposed tothe position of women as such. Theyenquire into the ways in whichmasculinity and femininity getconstructed, and are especiallyinterested in how world politicsconstructs certain types of men andwomen.Power: For Realists, the ability tocontrol outcomes e.g. state A is able toget state B to act in a way whichmaximises the interests of A.Power-knowledge relationship:Foucault argued that power andknowledge were mutually constituted.It implies that there can be no truthoutside of regimes of truth. How can

history have a truth if truth has ahistory? He proposed a genealogicalapproach, common to post-modern,approaches to look at history, and thisapproach uncovers how certainregimes of truth have dominatedothers.Primordialism: the belief that certainhuman or social characteristics, such asethnicity, are deeply embedded inhistorical conditions.Prisoners dilemma: This is a

scenario in game theory illustrating theneed for a collaboration strategy.Problem of Cheating: Realists likeWaltz and Mearsheimer argue thatthough some cooperation may existstates remain fearful that others willcheat on any agreements reached andattempt to gain advantages over them.It is argues that this is one of the majorproblems facing moves towards armscontrol.


14/19

Problem of Relative-Gains: Co-operation is inhibited, according tomany neo-realists, because states tendto be concerned with relative-gains,rather than absolute gains. Instead ofbeing interested in co-operation

because it will benefit both partners,states always have to be aware of howmuch they are gaining compared withthe state they are co-operating with.Because all states will be attempting tomaximize their gains in a competitive,mistrustful, and uncertain internationalenvironment, co-operation will alwaysbe very difficult to achieve and hard tomaintain.Public bads: These are the negativeconsequences which can arise whenactors fail to collaborate.Public goods: These are goods whichcan only be produced by a collectivedecision, and cannot, therefore, beproduced in the market place.

RRadical feminists: These see womenssubordination as universal, thoughtaking different forms at differenttimes. Some argue women are a sex-

class, systematically and everywheresubject to mens sex-right, or theirclaims for access to their bodies,children, and labour. Violence againstwomen is seen as key to keepingwomen resourceless and in theirplace. They also draw attention tosexuality as politics.Rapprochement: re-establishment ofmore friendlier relations between thePeoples Republic of China and theUnited States in the early 1970s.

Rationalist theories: theories that areessentially the latest versions of therealist and liberal theories.Rationality: This is reflected in theability of individuals to rank ordertheir preferences and choose the bestavailable preferencereason of state: the practicalapplication of the doctrine of realismand virtually synonymous with it.

Reciprocity: In the analysis of regimesthis is reflects a tit for tat strategy,only cooperating if others do likewise.Recognition: This is the act, at presentcarried out by governmentsindividually and separately, of

acknowledging the status of anotherentity as a legal person, thus granting ita license to act in international society,and to enter into contracts with itsmembers. At present recognition issymbolized by establishing diplomaticrelations, exchanging ambassadors,and accepting the others membershipin the United Nations.Regimes: These aresets of implicit orexplicit principles, norms, rules, anddecision making procedures aroundwhich actors expectations converge ina given area of international relations.Relations of Production: Relations ofproduction link and organise the meansof production in the productionprocess, according to Marxists. Theyinvolve both the technical andinstitutional relationships necessary toallow the production process toproceed, as well as the broaderstructures that govern the control of the

means of production, and control of theend-product(s) of that process. Privateproperty and wage labour are two ofthe key features of the relations ofproduction in capitalist society.Restrictionists: International lawyerswho argue that humanitarianintervention violates Article 2(4) of theUN Charter and is illegal under bothUN Charter law and Customaryinternational law.Right of self-defence: a states right to

wage war in its own defence.Rule-consequentialism: Internationalorder and hence general well-being isbetter served by a general prohibitionagainst humanitarian intervention thanby sanctioning humanitarianintervention in the absence ofagreement on what principles shouldgovern a right of unilateralhumanitarian intervention.

S


15/19

Security Dilemma: The view that waris a constant historical feature ofinternational politics and is unlikely todisappear is based on the notion thatstates face what has been described asa security dilemma from which it is

largely impossible to escape. The ideaof a security dilemma is based on thenotion that actions to make one statemore secure (such as the developmentof more weapons) often have the effectof making other states feel less secure.Security: This usually impliesindividual and group freedom fromthreats to core values. However, thereis a major disagreement about whetherthe main focus of enquiry should be onindividual, national, orinternational security. The main areaof interest for both academics andstatesmen tended to be on the militarycapabilities that their own states shoulddevelop to deal with the threats thatfaced them. More recently, a numberof writers have expanded the conceptof security to include political,economic, societal, environmental aswell as military security.security: a contract with a claim to

future payments in which (in contrastto bank credits) there is a direct andformally identified relationshipbetween the investor and the borrower;also unlike bank loans, securities aretraded in markets.Selectivity: An agreed moral principleis at stake in more than one situation,but national interest dictates adivergence of response.Self-determination: the right of apolitical community or state to become

a sovereign state.Self-help: In an anarchicalenvironment, states cannot assumeother states will come to their defenceeven if they are allies.Shadow of the future: In the analysisof regimes this is a metaphorindicating that decision makers areconscious of the future when makingdecision.Sinatra Doctrine: statement by theSoviet foreign ministry in October

1989 that countries of Eastern Europewere doing it their way (a referenceto Frank Sinatras song I did it myway) and which marked the end of theBrezhnev doctrine and Soviethegemony in Eastern Europe.

Social constructivism: Thistheoretical approach offers theprospect of bridging the gap betweenrationalist and reflectivist theories. Itsuggests that international relations arenot only affected by power politics butalso by ideas. According to this view,the fundamental structures ofinternational politics are social ratherthan strictly material.Social movement: people with adiffuse sense of collective identity,solidarity and common purpose thatusually leads to collective politicalbehaviour. The concept covers all thedifferent NGOs and networks, plus alltheir members and all the otherindividuals who share the commonvalue(s). Thus, the womensmovement and the environmentalmovement are much more than thespecific NGOs who provide leadershipand focus the desire for social change.

Socialist feminists: These put togetherclass and gender, finding that a classanalysis alone leaves out much thatwomen experience. It cannot explainwhy women are those responsible forreproductive and family labour, whywomen are so over-represented amongthe poor, or why gender inequities,often reinforced by violence againstwomen, continue even where womenare integrated into the workforce.society of states: an association of

sovereign states based on theircommon interests, values, and norms.Solidarist international societytheory: International society is agreedor capable of agreeing on universalstandards of justice and morality whichwould legitimize practices ofhumanitarian intervention.Sovereignty: a condition necessary forstates in that they are not subject to anyhigher authority. The government of asovereign state is ultimately


16/19

responsible for its citizens. In practicesovereignty has often been conditional.Internally governments have beensubject to conventional standards, andexternally conditions may mean thatgovernments are more or less free to

act independently. A sovereigngovernment is free to choose withinthe framework of these conventionsand standards.Special Drawing Right: Thesupraterritorial denomination issuedsince 1969 through the InternationalMonetary Fund and used as its unit ofaccount. As of March 2000, 21.4billion SDRs were in circulation at avalue of 1 SDR = US $1.34. A furtherallocation to double the amount ofSDRs is pending.Specialized Agencies: Theinternational institutions have a specialrelationship with the central system ofthe United Nations but which areconstitutionally independent, havingtheir own assessed budgets, executiveheads and committees, and assembliesof the representatives of all statemembers.Standards War: Conflict between

countries or firms over whichstandards to adopt.Standpoint feminists: These writerssuch as J Ann Tickner want to correctthe male dominance of our knowledgeof the world. Tickner does this be re-describing the six objectiveprinciples of international politicsdeveloped by Hans Morgenthauaccording to a female version of theworld.State of war: The conditions (often

described by classical realists) wherethere is no actual conflict, but apermanent cold war that could becomea hot war at any time.State sovereignty: a statescharacteristic being politicallyindependent of all other states.State system: the regular patterns ofinteraction between states, but withoutimplying any shared values betweenthem. This is distinguished from theview of a society of states.

State: A legal territorial entitycomposed of a stable population and agovernment; it possesses a monopolyover the legitimate use of force; itssovereignty is recognized by otherstates in the international system. It is

used to refer to three distinct concepts:1. In international law, a state is anentity that is recognized to exist whena government is in control of acommunity of people within a definedterritory. It is comparable to the idea indomestic law of a company being alegal person. 2. In the study ofinternational politics, each state is acountry. It is a community of peoplewho interact in the same politicalsystem and who have some commonvalues. 3. In philosophy and sociology,the state consists of the apparatus ofgovernment, in its broadest sense,covering the executive, the legislature,the administration, the judiciary, thearmed forces, and the police.Statism: The ideology which supportsthe organization of humankind intoparticular communities; the values andbeliefs of that community are protectedand sustained by the state. It is the

moral claim that states only haveduties to their own citizens, and thatthey should not risk their soldierslives on humanitarian crusades.Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI): In1983, the United States embarked on asystem of ballistic missile defenceintended to protect US territory from apotential Soviet attack. SDI involvedresearch and development of a multi-tiered or astrodome defence systemdesigned for the purpose of

intercepting large numbers of ballisticmissiles during various stages of theirflight path.Strategic interaction: In the analysisof regimes this occurs when anoutcome is the product of decisionsarrived at independently.Structure: In the philosophy of thesocial sciences a structure is somethingwhich exists independently of the actor(e.g. social class) but is an importantdeterminant in the nature of the action


17/19

(e.g. revolution). For contemporarystructural realists, the number of greatpowers in the international systemconstitutes the structure.Summit diplomacy: This refers to adirect meeting between heads of

government (of the superpowers inparticular) to resolve major problems.The summit became a regular modeof contact during the cold war.Superpower: term used to describethe United States and the Soviet Unionafter 1945, denoting their globalpolitical involvements and militarycapabilities, including in particulartheir nuclear arsenalsSurvival: The first priority for stateleaders, emphasized by historicalrealists such as Machiavelli, Meinecke,and Weber.Sustainable development: This is theeconomic and social development thatmeets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs;programmes which maintain anappropriate balance between economicdevelopment, social development, andenvironmental protection. In practice,

this is a contested concept, in thatgroups with differing political,economic, social, and environmentalperspectives disagree about its exactmeaning.Suzerain state: a state whichdominates and subordinatesneighbouring states, without takingthem over.Syndicated eurocredit: This a loanprovided in the euromarkets by an adhoc association of a number of

commercial banks.

Tterritory: a portion of the earthssurface appropriated by a politicalcommunity, or state.Theatre Missile Defence (TMD):These systems are designed to protecta given territory or specificcombinations of military forces in aregional context.theocracy: a state based on religion.

Tilly, Charles: This thinker looks athow the three main kinds of stateforms that existed at the end of theMiddle Ages eventually converged onone form, namely the national state. Heargues that the decisive reason was the

ability of the national state to fightwars.Tragedy of the commons: This is theover-exploitation of open-accessresources by users rationallypursuing their individual interests.Transnational Actor: Any non-governmental actor from one countrythat has relations with any actor fromanother country or with aninternational organization.Transnational company: in the mostgeneral sense any company based onone country that has dealings with thesociety or government in a differentcountry. However, the termtransnational company (TNC) isnormally reserved for a company thathas affiliates in another country. Theaffiliates may be branches of the parentcompany, separately incorporatedsubsidiaries or associates, with largeminority shareholdings.

Transnational WomensMovements: There are now differenttransnational womens movements, forexample, for womens health andreproductive rights. Internationalconferences, especially womensconferences, have been very importantin building transnational womensnetworks, and in putting womensissues on the global agenda.Transnational: The cutting acrossnational boundaries; linking the

international and domestic sphere.Thus, for example, transnationalprocesses are non-state processes thatcut across national boundaries.triads: the three economic groupings(North America, Europe and EastAsia)Truman doctrine: statement made byPresident Harry Truman in March1947 that it must be the policy of theUnited States to support free peoplewho are resisting attempted


18/19

subjugation by armed minorities or byoutside pressures. Intended topersuade Congress to support limitedaid to Turkey and Greece the doctrinecame to underpin the policy ofcontainment and American economic

and political support for its allies.UUnipolarity: a distribution of powerinternationally in which there is clearlyonly one dominant power or pole.Some analysts argue that theinternational system became unipolarin the 1990s since there was no longerany rival to American power.United Nations (UN): The UN wasestablished at the end of the SecondWorld War as a result of initiativestaken by the governments of the stateswhich had led the war againstGermany and Japan, namely Britain,the United States, and the SovietUnion. They were determined to buildupon the experience of the League ofNations from the interwar period, butto correct the problems that had beenfound with the earlier organization. Itsmain purpose was to maintaininternational peace and security, in the

sense of dissuading states fromattacking each other, and to organizecounter-measures if this happened. SeeWeapons of Mass Destruction: TheUnited Nations Commission forConventional Armaments in 1948introduced a new category of weaponsof mass destruction (WMD) todistinguish nuclear weapons fromconventional forms. As theCommission outlined the category,WMD included atomic explosive

weapons, radioactive materialweapons, lethal chemical andbiological weapons, and any weaponsdeveloped in the future which havecharacteristics comparable indestructive effect to those of theatomic bomb or other weaponsmentioned above.

WWendt, Alexander: His key claim isthat international anarchy is not fixed,

and does not automatically involve theself-interested state behaviour thatrationalists see as built into the system.Instead he thinks that anarchy couldtake on several different forms becausethe selfish identities and interests

assumed by rationalists are in fact theproducts of interaction and are notprior it.West European Union: Established in1954 the WEU has responsibility formutual defence guarantees among itsmembers, limited co-operation inpeace-making activities.Wind of Change: A reference byBritish Prime Minister HaroldMacmillan in a speech in South Africain 1960 to the political changes takingplace across Africa heralding the endof European imperialismWireless Internet: Communicationdata and voice traffic throughmicrowave and satellite connectionsWomen and Nationalism:Nationalism is usually called up ingendered language. Women get caughtup in nationalist politics in theirconstruction as mothers of the nationand as markers of difference. Women

also participate in or oppose nationalistpolitics. Womens symbolicsignificance in nationalism makesthem vulnerable to violence, includingwar rape.Women in Development(WID): There are very differentapproaches to WID, including betweenliberal feminists who seek to integratewomen more equally intodevelopment, and other feminists whosee development, currently defined, as

damaging to women. They seek theempowerment of women, includingthrough participation in developmentdecisions that affect their own livesand choices.World Government: Associated inparticular with those idealists whobelieve that peace can never beachieved in a world divided intoseparate sovereign states. Just as thestate of nature in civil society wasabolished by governments, the state of


19/19

war in international society must beended by the establishment of a worldgovernment.World order: this is a wider categoryof order than the international. Ittakes as its units of order, not states,

but individual human beings and

assesses the degree of order on thebasis of the delivery of certain kinds ofgoods (be it security, human rights,basic needs or justice) for humanity asa whole.World society: the society produced

by globalization.

Note: this glossary is adapted from the key concepts defined in the chapters of TheGlobalization of World Politics 2nd Edn

glossary+for+international+politics

Documents