glossary introductionbbresources.s3.amazonaws.com/sites/3/buildup1_wb_appendgal_12217.pdfschoolwork...

�Build up 1 Galician © B Burlington Books

pencil case /'UCmgo YMg/ estoxopink /UBnY/ rosa (cor)purple /'UKUo/ morado/ared /pCX/ vermello/arubber /'pJVL/ goma (de borrar)ruler /'pIoL/ regraSaturday /'gDWLXM/ sábadoschoolbag /'gYIoVDZ/ mochilasecond /'gCYLmX/ segundo/aSeptember /gCU'WClVL/ setembroseven /'gCdm/ seteseventeen /gCdm'WAm/ dezaseteseventh /'gCdme/ sétimo/aseventy /'gCdmWi/ setentasix /gBYg/ seissixteen /gBYg'WAm/ dezaseissixth /gBYge/ sexto/asixty /'gBYgWi/ sesentaSunday /'gJmXM/ domingoten /WCm/ deztenth /WCme/ décimo/athird /eKX/ terceiro/athirteen /eK'WAm/ trecethirty /'eKWi/ trintathree /epA/ tresThursday /'eKhXM/ xoves, quinta feiraTuesday /'WqIhXM/ martes, terceira feiratwelve /WrCod/ docetwenty /'WrCmWi/ vintetwo /WI/ dous, dúasWednesday /'rCmhXM/ mércores, cuarta feirawhite /rOW/ branco/ayellow /'qCoN/ amarelo/a

Unit �Algeria /Do'bBLpiL/ AlxeriaBelgium /'VCoXjLl/ Bélxicabrother /'VpJfL/ irmánCambodia /Yæl'VNXiL/ Camboxacapital city /'YæUBWo gBWi/ capital (dun país)children /'WiBoXpLm/ nenos; fillosChina /'WiOmL/ ChinaChinese /WiO'mAh/ chinés/adaughter /'XGWL/ fillaEcuador /'CYrLXG/ Ecuado

introdUction

April /'CBUpLo/ abrilAugust /'GZLgW/ agostobirthday /'VKeXM/ aniversarioblack /VoDY/ negro/ablue /VoI/ azulbook /VHY/ librobrown /VpPm/ marrónDecember /XB'gClVL/ decembroeight /CBW/ oitoeighteen /CB'WAm/ dezaoitoeighth /CBWe/ oitavo/aeighty /'CBWi/ oitentaeleven /B'oCdm/ onceFebruary /'cCVpILpi/ febreirofifteen /cBc'WAm/ quincefifth /cBce/ quinto/afifty /'cBcWi/ cincuentafirst /'cKgW/ primeiro/afive /cOd/ cincoforty /'cGWi/ corentafour /cG/ catrofourteen /cG'WAm/ catorcefourth /cGe/ cuarto/aFriday /'cpOXM/ venres, sexta feiragreen /ZpAm/ verdegrey /ZpCB/ grisJanuary /'bDmqHLpi/ xaneiroJuly /bI'oO/ xulloJune /XjIm/ xuñoMarch /lEa/ marzoMay /lM/ maioMonday /'lJmXM/ luns, segunda feiranine /mOm/ novenineteen /mOm'WAm/ dezanoveninety /'mOmWi/ noventaninth /mOme/ noveno/anotebook /'mNWVHY/ cadernoNovember /mLH'dClVL/ novembroOctober /FY'WNVL/ outubroone /rJm/ unone hundred /rJm 'kJmXpLX/ cen, centoorange /'FpBmb/ laranxapen /UCm/ bolígrafopencil /'UCmgo/ lapis

GLoSSArY

�

glossary

Build up 1 Galician © B Burlington Books

Ecuadorian /CYrL'XGpiLm/ ecuatorianoEngland /'BnZoLmX/ InglaterraEnglish /'BnZoBi/ inglés/aEthiopia /Aei'NUiL/ Etiopíafather /'cEfL/ paiflag /coæZ/ bandeiraFrance /cpEmg/ FranciaFrench /cpCma/ francés/aGermany /'bKlLmi/ Alemañagrandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/ avógrandmother /'ZpDmlJfL/ avoagrandparents /'ZpDmUSpLmWg/ avósGreece /ZpAg/ GreciaHolland /'kFoLmX/ HolandaHungary /'kJmZpi/ HungríaIreland /'OLoLmX/ IrlandaItaly /'BWLoi/ ItaliaMoroccan /lL'pFYLm/ marroquíMorocco /lL'pFYLH/ MarrocosMoscow /'lFgYN/ Moscovamother /'lJfL/ naiNorway /'mGrCB/ Noruegaparents /'UCLpLmWg/ paisPoland /'UNoLmX/ PoloniaRomania /pH'lMmiL/ RomaníaRomanian /pH'lMmiLm/ romanés/aroyal family /'pQLo cDlLoi/ familia realRussia /'pJiL/ RusiaRussian /'pJim/ ruso/aScotland /'gYFWoLmX/ Escociasister /'gBgWL/ irmáson /gJm/ filloSpain /gUCBm/ EspañaSpanish /'gUDmBi/ Español/aSweden /'grAXm/ Suecia Switzerland /'grBWgoLmX/ Suíza Wales /rMoh/ (país de) Galeswhiteboard /'rOWVGX/ encerado dixital

Unit �ancient /'MmiLmW/ antigo/aastrolabe /'DgWpLoMV/ astrolabio buy things /'VO eBnh/ mercar cousascandle /'YæmXo/ candea (de cera)century /'gCmaLpi/ séculochat with friends /'aDW rBf cpCmXh/ parolar con amigos/as

clean my room /'YoAm lO pIl/ limpar o meu cuarto

clock /YoFY/ reloxodo homework /XI 'kNlrKY/ facer os deberesearly /'Koi/ axiñaeasy /'Ahi/ doado, fácileverybody /'CdpiVFXi/ todos/asfun /cJm/ divertido/aget dressed /ZCW 'XpCgX/ vestirseget up /ZCW 'JU/ erguerse (da cama)go home /ZN 'kNl/ ir á casago shopping /ZN 'iFUBn/ ir de comprasgo swimming /ZN 'grBlBn/ ir nadargo to bed /ZN WL 'VCX/ ir á cama, deitarsego to school / ZN WL 'gYIo/ ir ao colexiogreat /ZpCBW/ xenialguess /ZCg/ adiviñarhave a shower /kDd L 'iPL/ darse unha duchahave breakfast /kDd 'VpCYcLgW/ almorzarhave dinner /kDd 'XBmL/ cearhave lunch /kDd 'oJmWi/ xantar, comerholiday /'kFoLXM/ vacaciónshourglass /'PLZoEg/ reloxo de areaJapan /bL'UDm/ XapónJapanese /XjDULm'Ah/ xaponés/ajoin /bQm/ unir(se)late /oCBW/ tardelisten to music /oBgm WL 'lqIhBY/ escoitar músicameasure /'lCjL/ medir, calcularmeet friends /lAW 'cpCmXh/ quedar con amigos/asmobile phone /lNVOo 'cNm/ teléfono móbilplay football /UoM 'cHWVGo/ xogar ao fútbolplay games /UoM 'ZMlh/ xogar a xogosplay the guitar /UoM fL ZB'WE/ tocar a guitarraread a book /pAX L 'VHY/ ler un libroride a bike /pOX L 'VOY/ montar en bicicletaschoolwork /'gYIorKY/ traballo escolar/de clasesend text messages /gCmX 'WCsW lCgBbBh/ mandar mensaxes de texto

shadow /'iDXLH/ sombrashoe /iI/ zapatostar /gWE/ estrelastudy /'gWJXi/ estudarsundial /'gJmXOLo/ reloxo de solteenager /'WAmMbL/ adolescentewatch /rFa/ reloxo (de pulso)watch TV /rFa WA'dA/ ver a televisiónwork /rKY/ funcionar

�

glossary


Unit 4all over the world /Go NdL fL 'rKoX/ arredor do mundo

bathroom /'VEepIl/ cuarto de bañobed /VCX/ cama, leitobedroom /'VCXpIl/ dormitorioblock /VoFY/ bloquecarpet /'YEUBW/ alfombrachair /aS/ cadeiracharacter /'YæpLYWL/ personaxecompany /'YJlULmi/ compañía, empresacook dinner /YHY 'XBmL/ facer a ceacupboard /'YJVLX/ armariodesk /XCgY/ escritorio, pupitredining room /'XOmBn pIl/ comedordo the laundry /XI fL 'oGmXpi/ facer a coladaelectricity /BoCY'WpBgLWi/ electricidadefeed the dog /cAX fL 'XFZ/ dar de comer ao cangarage /'ZDpEj/ garaxegarden /'ZEXm/ xardínkitchen /'YBWiBm/ cociñalamp /oDlU/ lámpadaliving room /'oBdBn pIl/ sala de estar, salónlook for /'oHY cG/ procurar, buscarmake the bed /lMY fL 'VCX/ facer a camaPope /UNU/ Papa (da igrexa)portable /'UGWLVo/ portátilPresident /'UpChBXLmW/ Presidente/aPrime Minister /UpOl 'lBmBgWL/ Primeiro/a Ministro/a (Presidente do Goberno)

reading corner /'pAXBn YGmL/ recanto da lecturareally /'pBLoi/ realmente, verdadeiramentesheep /iAU/ ovella(s)shelves /iCodh/ andeissofa /'gLHcL/ sofástart /gWEW/ comezo, principiostrange /gWpMmb/ estraño/astreet /gWpAW/ rúastreetlamp /'gWpAWoDlU/ farolasuddenly /'gJXLmoi/ de súpeto, de repentesweep the floor /grAU fL 'coG/ varrer o chantable /'WMVo/ mesatake out the rubbish /WMY PW fL 'pJVBi/ sacar o lixotiny /'WOmi/ diminuto/a, minúsculo/atogether /WL'ZCfL/ xuntos/astunnel /'WJmo/ túnelunder the ground /JmXL fL 'ZpPmX/ debaixo da terra

unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/ inusual

Unit �amphibian /Dl'cBViLm/ anfibioarm /El/ brazoat the top /DW fL 'WFU/ no cume/cumiobird /VKX/ paxaro, avebutterfly /'VJWLcoO/ bolboretacanary /YL'mSpi/ canariocarnivore /'YEmBdG/ carnívoro/aconsumer /YLm'gqIlL/ consumidor/aeagle /'AZo/ aguiaear /R/ orella, oído, ouvidoelephant /'CoBcLmW/ elefante/aeye /O/ ollofoot /cHW/ pé, patafrog /cpFZ/ ragiraffe /bL'pEc/ xirafagorilla /ZL'pBoL/ gorilahair /kCL/ pelo, cabelohamster /'kDlgWL/ hámsterhand /kæmX/ manhead /kCX/ cabezaherbivore /'kKVBdG/ herbívoro/ahorse /kGg/ cabaloinsect /'BmgCYW/ insectoleg /oCZ/ perna, pata, anca (de ra)lion /'oOLm/ leónlook like /'oHY oOY/ semellar(se)meat /lAW/ carnemountain /'lPmWLm/ montañamouth /lPe/ bocanose /mNh/ narizown /Nm/ propio/apanda /'UDmXL/ oso pandapet /UCW/ animal de compañía, mascotaproducer /UpL'XqIgL/ produtorreptile /'pCUWOo/ réptilshark /iEY/ tabeirón, quenllasize /gOh/ tamañosnake /gmMY/ serpeteeth /WAe/ dentestiger /'WOZL/ tigreweight /rMW/ pesowhale /rMo/ baleazebra /'hCVpL/ cebra

4

glossary


wash the dishes /rFi fL 'XBiBh/ fregar os pratoswater /'rGWL/ augawater the plants /rGWL fL 'UoEmWg/ regar as plantas

Unit 5angry /'DnZpi/ enfadado/abad /VDX/ malo/a, mao/mábean /VAm/ feixón, xudíaBelgian /'VCoXjLm/ belgabored /VGX/ aborrecido/abread /VpCX/ panBulgarian /VJo'ZSpiLm/ búlgaro/acake /YMY/ torta, pastelcheese /aAh/ queixochicken /'aBYBm/ polochips /aBUg/ patacas fritidaschocolate /'aFYoLW/ chocolatecola /'YNoL/ refresco de colacup /YJU/ taza diet /'XOLW/ dietaegg /CZ/ ovoexcited /BY'gOWBX/ afervoado/a, entusiasmado/afat /cæW/ graxafish /cBi/ peixefrightened /'cpOWmX/ asustado/a, amedoñado/afruit /cpIW/ froitagrain /ZpMm/ cerealgram /ZpDl/ gramohappy /'kæUi/ feliz, contento/a, ledo/ahave a look /kDd L 'oHY/ botar unha olladahealthy /'kCoei/ san/a, saudábelhungry /'kJnZpi/ famento/a, esfameado/aice cream /Og 'YpAl/ xeadomayonnaise /lML'mMh/ maionesameat /lAW/ carnemeatball /'lAWVGo/ albóndegamilk /lBoY/ leitenut /mJW/ nozolive /'FoBd/ olivaonion /'JmqLm/ cebolaorange juice /'FpBmb bIg/ zume de laranxapotato /UL'WMWN/ patacapyramid /'UBpLlBX/ pirámiderecipe /'pCgLUi/ receitarice /pOg/ arrozsad /gDX/ triste, tristeiro/asalad /'gDoLX/ ensalada

sandwich /'gDmrBa/ bocadillospaghetti /gUL'ZCWi/ espaguetesugar /'iHZL/ azucresurprised /gL'UpOhX/ sorprendido/athirsty /'eKgWi/ sedento/atired /'WOLX/ canso/atomato /WL'lEWN/ tomate

Unit 6Ash Wednesday /Di 'rCmhXM/ mércores de cinzabasketball /'VEgYBWVGo/ baloncestobounce /VPmg/ botarboxing /'VFsBn/ boxeocarry /'YDpi/ levarcatch /YDa/ collerchampion /'aDlUiLm/ campión/oachariot racing /'WiDpiLW pMgBn/ carreira de carros / cuádrigas

cook /YHY/ cociñeiro/adance /XEmg/ bailardiscus throwing /'XBgYLg epNBn/ lanzamento de disco

drive /XpOd/ conducirgoal /ZNo/ porteríaGood luck! /ZHX 'oJY/ Boa sorte!gymnastics /bBl'mægWBYg/ ximnasiahit /kBW/ golpear, baterhorse riding /'kGg pOXBn/ hípica, carreiras de cabalos

ice skating /'Og gYMWBn/ patinaxe sobre xeoIt’s great fun /BWg ZpCBW 'cJm/ é moi divertidojavelin /'bDdoBm/ xavalinaJoin the fun! /bQm fL 'cJm/ Únete á festa! judo /'bIXN/ iudojump /bJlU/ saltar, brincarjumping /'bJlUBn/ salto, brincokick /YBY/ golpear, dar unha patadaLent /oCmW/ Coresmalose /oIh/ perderprize /UpOh/ premio race /pMg/ carreirarollerblading /'pNoLVoMXBn/ patinaxe (con patíns en liña)

rule /pIo/ regra, normarun /pJm/ correrShrove Tuesday /ipNd 'WqIhXM/ martes de entroido

skateboard /'gYMWVGX/ monopatín, patineteskateboarding /'gYMWVGXBn/ ir en monopatín

5

glossary


on /Fm/ sobre, enriba deopposite /'FULhBW/ enfronte depalace /'UDoLg/ palacio, pazoParliament /'UEoLlLmW/ Parlamentorestaurant /'pCgWpFmW/ restauranteroad /pNX/ estradaRoman /'pNlLm/ romano/ashoe shop /'iI iFU/ zapataríashopping centre /'iFUBn gCmWL/ centro comercialsports centre /'gUGWg gCmWL/ polideportivosupermarket /'gIULlEYBW/ supermercadounder /'JmXL/ debaixo dewestern /'rCgWLm/ occidentalwild west /rOoX 'rCgW/ salvaxe oeste

Unit 8adventure /LX'dCmWiL/ aventuraarmy /'Eli/ exércitobeautiful /'VqIWBco/ guapo/a, fermoso/acape /YMU/ capaclay /YoCB/ arxila, lama, barrodark /XEY/ escuro/adie /XO/ morrerdiscover /XB'gYJdL/ descubrirdisguise /XBg'ZOh/ disfracedress /XpCg/ vestidoearplugs /'RUoJZh/ tapóns para os ouvidosexhibit /BZ'hBVBW/ obxectos expostosexhibition /CYgB'VBim/ exposiciónfat /cæW/ gordo/afilm /cBol/ películafunny /'cJmi/ raro/a; divertido/aGreek /ZpAY/ grego/ahat /kDW/ sombreiro, chapeujacket /'bDYBW/ chaqueta, americana, cazadorajeans /bAmh/ pantalóns vaqueirosjob /bFV/ traballo, empregolight /oOW/ claro/along /oFn/ longo/ananny /'mDmi/ ama de críanew /mqI/ novo/aold /NoX/ vello/apirate /'UOpLW/ pirataplaster /'UoEgWL/ xesoready /'pCXi/ preparado/asandals /'gDmXoh/ sandalias scarf /gYEc/ bufanda, pano

skiing /'gYABn/ esquí surfboard /'gKcVGX/ táboa de surfsurfing /'gKcBn/ surf swim /grBl/ nadarteam /WAl/ equipotennis /'WCmBg/ tenisthe Olympics /fA L'oBlUBYg/ as Olimpíadasthird /eKX/ terceiro/athrow /epN/ guindar, lanzartown /WPm/ cidadetradition /WpL'XBim/ tradiciónvolleyball /'dFoiVGo/ voleibol, balonvoleaweightlifting /'rMWoBcWBn/ levantamento de pesowelcome /'rCoYLl/ benvidos/aswin /rBm/ gañar, vencerwinner /'rBmL/ gañador/awrestling /'pCgoBn/ loita

Unit 7above /L'VJd/ enriba de, sobreAnglo-Saxon /DnZoN'gDYgm/ anglosaxón/oabakery /'VMYLpi/ panadaríabehind /VB'kOmX/ detrás debell /VCo/ campábetween /VB'WrAm/ entre (dúas cousas)bookshop /'VHYiFU/ libraríabuilding /'VBoXBn/ edificiobutcher’s /'VHaLh/ carnizaríacafé /'YæcM/ caféchurch /WiKa/ igrexacinema /'gBmLlL/ cinecow /YP/ vacaeither /'OfL/ tampoucofire /'cOL/ incendio, lumegeneral store /'bCmpLo gWG/ tenda (de comestíbeis), almacén

ghost /ZNgW/ fantasma, pantasmagold /ZLHoX/ ourohospital /'kFgUBWo/ hospitalin /Bm/ en, dentro dein front of /Bm 'cpJmW Ld/ diante delesson /'oCgLm/ clase, lecciónlibrary /'oOVpLpi/ bibliotecamuseum /lqI'hALl/ museomusic shop /'lqIhBY iFU/ tenda de músicaneed /mAX/ necesitar, precisarnext to /'mCYgW WI/ a carón de, ao lado denoise /mQh/ ruído

6

glossary


shirt /iKW/ camisashoes /iIh/ zapatosshort /iGW/ curto/ashorts /iGWg/ pantalóns curtosskirt /gYKW/ saiasocks /gFYg/ calcetínsstill /gWBo/ aíndasweater /'grCWL/ xerseiswim hat /'grBl kDW/ gorro de bañoswimsuit /'grBlgIW/ bañadorteen /WAm/ xuvenilthin /eBm/ delgado/a, fraco/atrainers /'WpMmLh/ zapatillas de deporteTrojan horse /WpNbLm 'kGg/ cabalo de Troiatrousers /'WpPhLh/ pantalónstruth /WpIe/ verdadeT-shirt /'WAiKW/ camisetaugly /'JZoi/ feo/awaistcoat /'rMgYNW/ chaleco

Unit 9aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/ avión, aeroplanobeach /VAWi/ praia, arealbicycle /'VOgBYo/ bicicletaboat /VNW/ barco/abus /VJg/ autobúscanyon /'YæmqLm/ canóncar /YE / coche, automóbilconquer /'YFnYL/ conquistar, acadarcontest /'YFmWCgW/ concursodesert /'XChLW/ desertodrive /XpOd/ conducirfly /coO/ voar, pilotarforest /'cFpBgW/ bosquehelicopter /'kCoBYFUWL/ helicópteroisland /'OoLmX/ illajeep /bAU/ vehículo todoterreojungle /'bJnZo/ selvalake /oMY/ lagolorry /'oFpi/ camiónmotorbike /'lNWLVOY/ motomountain /'lPmWLm/ montañaocean /'Nim/ océanoreef /pAc/ arrecife, conride /pOX/ montar (a cabalo, en bicicleta, en moto)

river /'pBdL/ ríosail /gMo/ navegar

scooter /'gYIWL/ scootership /iBU/ barcosteam /gWAl/ vaporSwiss /grBg/ suízo/aSwitzerland /'grBWgoLmX/ Suíza take /WMY/ coller (un medio de transporte)taxi /'WæYgi/ taxitrain /WpMm/ trentram /WpDl/ tranvíaunderground /'JmXLZpPmX/ metro (transporte)van /dDm/ furgonetawonder /'rJmXL/ marabilla

7Build up 1 Galician © B Burlington Books

introdUction Unit

Greetings and introductions

Hello, I’m (Daniel). /kLoLH Ol ('XDmqLo)/ Ola, son (Daniel).

I’m (Lucy) and this is my friend (David). /Ol ('oIgi) DmX fBg Bh lO cpCmX ('XMdBX)/ Son (Lucy) e este é o meu amigo (David).

Nice to meet you. /mOg WL 'lAW qI/ Encantado de coñecerte.

Classroom language

When is (the English lesson)? /rCm Bh (fA 'BnZoBi oCgLm)/ Cando é (a clase de inglés)?

Who knows the answer to question (1)? /kI mNh fA 'EmgL WL YrCgWiLm (rJm)/ Quen sabe a resposta á pregunta (1)?

Where is (your pencil)? /rCL Bh (qG 'UCmgo)/ U-lo / Onde está o (teu lapis)?

What is the homework? /rFW Bh fL 'kNlrKY/ Cales son os teus deberes?

Do you understand the question? /XI qI JmXLgWDmX fL 'YrCgWiLm/ Entendes a pregunta?

Can you spell this word? /YLm qI 'gUCo fBg rKX/ Sabes soletrear esta palabra?

Please be quiet. /UoAh VA 'YrOLW/ Calade, por favor.

Please read the (text). /UoAh pAX fL ('WCsW)/ Por favor, lede o (texto).

Open your books to page (15). /NULm qG 'VHYg WL UMb (cBcWAm)/ Abride os libros pola páxina (15).

Please sit down. /UoAh gBW 'XPm/ Sentade, por favor.

What’s your name? /rFWg qG 'mMl/ Como te chamas?

How do you say this in English? / kP XI qI gM fBg Bm 'BnZoBi/ Como se di isto en inglés?

Answer the questions. /EmgL fL 'YrCgWiLmh/ Contestade as preguntas.

Copy and complete the chart. /YFUi DmX YLlUoAW fL 'aEW/ Copiade e completade o cadro.

Can you help me, please? /YLm qI 'kCoU lA UoAh/ Podes axudarme, por favor?

Match the words to the pictures. /lDWi fL 'rKXh WL fL UBYWiLh/ Relaciona as palabras coas fotografías / cos debuxos.

Choose the correct answer. /aIh fL YLpCYW 'EmgL/ Elixe a resposta axeitada.

Write the words in the correct order. /pOW fL 'rKXh Bm fL YLpCYW GXL/ Escribe as palabras na orde correcta.

Unit �

Introductions

Where are you from? /rCL L qG 'cpFl/ De onde es?

I’m from (England). /Ol cpLl ('BnZoLmX)/ Son de (Inglaterra).

What’s your (name / nationality)? /rFWg qG ('mMl / mæiL'mDoLWi)/ Como te (chamas)? / Cal é a túa (nacionalidade)?

My name is (David). /lO mMl Bh ('XMdBX)/ Chámome (David).

Exchanging personal information

I’m (English / thirteen years old). /Ol ('BnZoBi / eK'WAm qRh NoX)/ Son (inglés). / Teño (trece anos).

I’ve got (a brother). /Od ZFW (L 'VpJfL)/ Teño (un irmán).

SPEAKinG GUidE


Unit �

Talking about routines

I often get up at (seven o’clock). /O 'Fcm ZCW JU LW (gCdm LYoFY)/ A miúdo me ergo (ás sete en punto).

You always ... /qI 'GorCBh/ Ti sempre...

She sometimes ... /iA 'gJlWOlh/ Ela algunhas veces...

They never ... /fM 'mCdL/ Eles nunca...

We go to school at (eight o’clock). /rA ZN WL 'gYIo LW (CBW LYoFY)/ Imos ao colexio (ás oito en punto).

They have breakfast at (half past seven). /fM kDd 'VpCYcLgW LW (kEc UEgW gCdm)/ Almorzan (ás sete e media).

Talking about activities

(Darren) plays (computer games). /('XDpm) UoMh (YLlUqIWL ZMlh)/ (Darren) xoga (co ordenador).

I play (computer games), too. /'O UoM (YLlUqIWL ZMlh WI)/ Eu tamén xogo (co ordenador).

Unit �

Exchanging information

What colour is it? /rFW 'YJoL Bh BW/ De que cor é?

What does it do? /rFW XJh BW 'XI/ Que fai?

When does it (sleep)? /rCm XJh BW ('goAU)/ Cando (dorme)?

Describing animals

It’s got (big ears). /BWg ZFW ('VBZ Rh)/ Ten (as orellas grandes).

It’s a (snake). /BWg L ('gmMY)/ É unha (serpe).

Unit 4

Talking about current actions

What are you doing? /rFW L qG 'XIBn/ Que estás a facer?

Where is (your sister)? /rCL Bh (qG 'gBgWL)/ U-la / Onde está a (túa irmá)?

Do you usually (eat in the kitchen)? /XL qI qIhILoi (AW Bm fL 'YBWiBm)/ Polo xeral (comes na cociña)?

Describing a picture

He’s in (the garden). /kAh Bm (fL 'ZEXm)/ Está (no xardín).

They’re (watching TV). /fS (rFaBn WA'dA)/ Están (a ver a televisión).

Unit 5

Expressing likes and dislikes

I love / like (chocolate). /O 'oJd/'oOY (aFYoLW)/ Encántame / Gústame (o chocolate).

I don’t mind (fish). /O XNmW 'lOmX (cBi)/ Non me desagrada (o peixe).

I hate / dislike (onions). /O 'kMW/XBg'oOY (JmqLmh)/ Odio / Non me gustan (as cebolas).

Ordering food

Do you want to order? /XL qI rFmW WL 'GXL/ Queres pedir?

Yes, I want (fish) and (chips), please. /qCg O rFmW ('cBi) DmX ('aBUg) UoAh/ Si, quero (peixe) e (patacas fritidas), por favor.

OK, that’s (€20). /NYM fDWg (WrCmWi 'qHLpLHh)/ De acordo, son (20€).

speaking guide


Unit 6

Talking about abilities

Can you (swim) well? /YLm qI ('grBl) rCo/ Sabes (nadar) ben?

I can’t (play volleyball) well. /O YEmW (UoM 'dFoiVGo) rCo/ Non sei (xogar) ben (ao voleibol).

I can (play basketball) well. /O YLm (UoM 'VEgYBWVGo) rCo/ Sei (xogar) ben (ao baloncesto).

Making rules

You must (kick the ball). /qI 'lJgW (YBY fL VGo)/ Debes / Cómpre (golpear a pelota).

You mustn’t (catch the ball with your hands). /qI 'lJgmW (YDa fL VGo rBf qG kDmXh)/ Non debes (coller a pelota coas mans).

Unit 7

Talking about past events

Where were you on (Sunday)? /rCL rK qI Fm ('gJmXM)/ Onde estabas / estiveches (o domingo)?

Were you at the (cinema)? /rK qI LW fL ('gBmLlL)/ Estabas / Estiveches (no cine)?

I was at the (sports centre). /O rFh LW fL ('gUGWg gCmWL)/ Estaba / Estiven (no polideportivo).

Comparing past and present

There are (shops on Town Street). /fS L ('iFUg Fm WPm gWpAW)/ Hai (tendas en Town Street).

There wasn’t (a bakery near the cinema five years ago). /fS rFhmW (L 'VMYLpi mR fL gBmLlL cOd qRg LZN)/ Non había (unha panadaría preto do cine hai cinco anos).

Unit 8

Going shopping

Can you help me, please? /YLm qI 'kCoU lA UoAh/ Podes axudarme, por favor?

What size are you? /rFW 'gOh L qI/ Que talla tes / usas?

What colour do you want? /rFW 'YJoL XL qI rFmW/ Que cor queres?

Do you like this one? /XL qI oOY 'fBg rJm/ Gústache este/a?

Talking about the past

I went to (a party at the weekend). /O rCmW WI (L 'UEWi LW fL rAYCmX)/ Fun (a unha festa a fin de semana).

I wore (my blue jeans). /O 'rG (lO VoI bAmh)/ Levei (os meus vaqueiros azuis).

Unit 9

Buying a ticket

How much is a (museum) ticket? /kP 'lJa Bh L (lqIhALl WBYBW)/ Canto custa unha entrada (ao museo)?

It’s (£10) for adults and (£5) for children. /BWg (WCm UPmXh) cL 'DXJoWg DmX (cOd UPmXh) cL 'WiBoXpLm/ Son (10 £) por adulto e (5 £) por neno.

When is the (museum) open? /rCm Bh fL (lqIhALl) 'NULm/ Cando está aberto (o museo)?

It’s open from (9.00) to (4.00). /BWg 'NULm cpLl (mOm) WL (cG)/ Está aberto desde as (9) até as (4).

Making plans

Let’s go to (the museum). /oCWg 'ZN WL (fL lqIhALl)/ Imos / Vaiamos ao (museo).

Why don’t we (take the tram)? /rO XNmW rA (WMY fL 'WpDl)/ Por que non (collemos o tranvía)?

We’re going to (sail to the island). /rR ZNBn WL (gMo WL fL 'OoLmX)/ Imos (navegar até a illa).

That’s a good / bad idea. /fDWg L 'ZHX / 'VDX OXR/ Esa é unha boa / mala idea.

speaking guide

10 Build up 1 Galician © B Burlington Books

Grammar appendix

to be

introduction

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb to be.

1. Theteacher intheclassroom.

2. Mynotebook (not)inmyschoolbag.

3. youatschool?

4. I astudent.

5. CarolandMark myfriends.

6. David12yearsold?

7. They (not)mypens.

8. Iinthisclass?

Check Yourself!

Answers, see page 30

1Circle the correct answers.

1. MissBrownam/is/areateacher.

2. Theboysam/is/are14yearsold.

3. Iam/is/areintheclassroom.

4. Mypencilcaseam/is/arewhite.

5. Therubbersam/is/are£2.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb to be.

1. Thegirls atschool.

2. I (not)12yearsold.

3. Tina myfriend.

4. Mynotebooks (not)red.

5. Thepen blue.

6. Mybirthday (not)inNovember.

3 Write questions with the words below and the correct form of the verb to be.

1. theteacher/atschool

2. thestudents/intheclassroom

3. Mike/13yearsold

4. thepencils/twopounds

5. theschoolbag/green

Empregámolo para describir cousas, expresar feitos xerais e indicar a idade. Lembra que na conversa am, is e are adoitan contraer co pronome suxeito.I’m thirteen years old. (Teño trece anos.)

En negativa engádelle a partícula not, que con is e are contrae en isn’t e aren’t.I’m not in the park. (Non estou no parque.)The teacher isn’t in the classroom. (O profesor non está na clase.)My books aren’t on my desk. (Os meus libros non están sobre o meu pupitre.)

Para preguntar invértese a orde do suxeito e o verbo. As respostas curtas levan só os pronomes suxeito e o verbo to be sen contraer en afirmativa, ou contraído en negativa.Is your birthday in May? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. (O teu aniversario é en maio? É. Si. / Non.)

Is the teacher at school?

4 Answer the questions so they are true for you. Use short answers.

1. Isyourschoolbagpink?

2. Isyourpencilyellow?

3. Areyourpensblue?

4. Areyoutwelveyearsold?

5. IsyourbirthdayinMarch?

6. IstodayTuesday?

are

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GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Complete the questions with Who, What, Where, When or Why.

1. colouristhatpen?It’sblack.

2. istheEnglishlesson?It’sonThursday.

3. isEmma?She’sintheclassroom.

4. isthat?That’sDavy.

5. isJillathome?Becauseit’sSaturday.

6. arethey?They’remypencils.

7. istheteacher?She’sathome.

8. isyourbirthday?It’sinAugust.

Check Yourself!


5Match the questions and the answers.

Questions Answers

1. Whoisthat? a. She’satschool.

2. WhereisJane? b. Becauseit’stheEnglishclassroom.

3. Whatdayisit? c. It’sMonday.

4. Whenisyourbirthday? d. That’sPete.

5. Whyareyouinthisclassroom? e. It’sinJanuary.

6 Read the answers to the questions. Then choose the correct question word.

1. What/Whereismyruler?It’sinyourpencilcase.

2. When/Whereisyourbirthday?It’sinSeptember.

3. Who/Whyistheteacher?MissSmith.

4. What/WhereisBenny?Atschool.

5. Why/WhenisHelenatschool?Becauseit’sTuesday.

6. Who/Whatisthat?It’smyEnglishbook.

7Answer the questions so they are true for you.

1. Whatisyourname?

2. WhoisyourEnglishteacher?

3. Whereareyou?

4. Whenisyourbirthday?

As partículas interrogativas aparecen só en preguntas que non poden se contestar cun “si” ou cun “non”.Who is she? She’s the teacher. (Quen é? É a profesora.)What is that? It’s a notebook. (Que é iso? É un caderno.)Where are your friends? They’re in the school. (Onde están os teus amigos? Están no colexio.)When is the English test? It’s on Monday. (Cando é o exame de inglés? É luns.)Why are you at home? Because I’m ill. (Por que estás na casa? Porque estou enfermo.)

1

As partículas interrogativas

12

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


unit 1

have got

Emprégase have got con I, you, we e they, mais has got con he, she e it.We have got two schoolbags. (Temos dúas carteiras.) Ecuador has got a yellow, blue and green flag. (Ecuador ten unha bandeira amarela, azul e verde.)

En negativa engadimos not a have e has, pero úsanse máis as formas contraídas. John hasn’t got Russian postcards. (John non ten postais rusas.)

En interrogativa poñemos have ou has + o suxeito + got. Nas respostas curtas empregamos só os pronomes suxeito e have / haven’t ou has / hasn’t, sen got.Have you got a postcard collection? Yes, I have. (Tes unha colección de postais? Teño. / Si.)Has Paul got a sister? No, he hasn’t. (Paul ten unha irmá? Non.)

1Complete the sentences with have got or has got.

1. John apen.

2. They anewcomputer.

3. I adog.

4. Myfriend asister.

5. We friendsfromRomania.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct affirmative or negative form of have got.

1. Thestudents (not)anEnglishlessontoday.

2. Ourschool (not)acomputerroom.

3. Tony afootballcollection.

4. AlfonsoandMaría (not)ason.

5. I abrother.

3 Write questions with Have got or Has got and the words below.

1. Peter/apencil/inhisschoolbag

2. theteacher/anautographcollection

3. RachelandMandy/Frenchparents

4. you/asister

5. I/yourbook

has got

Has Peter got a pencil in his schoolbag?

haven’t got

Complete the sentences with the correct affirmative, negative or interrogative form of have got or has got.

1. I abrother.HisnameisSteve.

2. We redschoolbags.They’reblue.

3. you

mypencil?

4. No,Harry asister.

5. China

ayellowflag?

6. Ryan adog.ItsnameisBlackie.

7. January 32days.

8. yourclass

20students?

Check Yourself!


13

GRAMMAR APPENDIX



1. I’mfromLondon.My/YournationalityisEnglish.

2. Cathyismyfriend.Her/Ourbrotherismyfriend,too.

3. Thestudentshaven’tgotalesson.His/Theirteacherisn’tatschool.

4. Lookatthatdog.Your/ItsnameisRex.

5. We’vegotanewhouse.Our/Theirhouseisbig.

6. You’vegotmypen.Thisishis/yourpen.

7. SarahandIhavegotanewdesk.My/Ourdeskisblue.

8. Markisinmyclass.His/Itsbrotherisinmyclass,too.

Complete the sentences with the correct possessive adjectives.

1. Youaren’tEnglish. nationalityisFrench.

2. Ihavegotanewschoolbag. schoolbagispurple.

3. BillandAndyarebrothers. familynameisSmith.

4. Janehasgottwosisters. sistersaregreat.

5. Dannyhasgotasportcollection. collectionisbig.

6. Thecatiswhite. nameisFluffy.

7. WeareinYear8. classis8A.

8. YouandSimonhavegotanewteacher. teacherisMrsDawson.

Check Yourself!

my o meu, a miña, os meus, as miñas

your o teu, a túa, os teus, as túas; o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (de vostede)

his o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (del)

her o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (dela)

its o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (dunha cousa ou animal)

our o noso, a nosa, os nosos, as nosas

your o voso, a vosa, os vosos, as vosas; o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (de vostedes)

their o seu, a súa, os seus, as súas (deles/delas)

Sempre van diante da cousa posuída sen importar o xénero nin o número que esta teña, pois a súa forma sinala quen é o posuidor: our car (o noso coche) – our bikes (as nosas bicis). Na 3ª persoa diferénciase moi claramente se o posuidor é de xénero masculino (his), feminino (her) ou neutro (its). His grandmother is eighty years old. (A súa avoa [del] ten oitenta anos.)Her nationality is Moroccan. (A súa nacionalidade [dela] é a marroquí.)


Os adxectivos posesivos

14

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


unit 2

O Present Simple en afirmativa

e os adverbios de frecuencia

Lembra que o Present Simple se emprega para expresar:

rutinas e horarios I have breakfast at eight o’clock every morning. (Almorzo ás oito todas as mañás.)

gustos e opinións I like the Harry Potter books very much. (Gusto moito dos libros de Harry Potter.)

feitos xerais Many children go to bed early. (Moitos nenos déitanse cedo.)

En afirmativa é o mesmo que o infinitivo sen to, agás na 3ª persoa que remata en s. Nalgúns casos, dependendo das terminacións dos verbos, engádese es:

• os rematados en ss, sh, ch e x miss ➝ misses finish ➝ finishes watch ➝ watches fix ➝ fixes

• os que rematan en o do ➝ does go ➝ goes

• os que rematan en consoante + y study ➝ studies

Neste caso, cambia o y por un i antes de lle engadir a terminación es.

Os adverbios de frecuencia son palabras moi usadas co Present Simple. Expresan a frecuencia con que facemos algo.

always (sempre) often (a miúdo) never (nunca)usually (normalmente, xeralmente) sometimes (ás veces, algunhas veces)

Sempre van diante do verbo mais, de se tratar do verbo to be, colócanse detrás.School always starts at half past eight. (O colexio sempre comeza ás oito e media.)People’s routines are often very different. (As rutinas da xente son a miúdo moi diferentes.)

1Write sentences with the words below. Use the Present Simple affirmative.

1. mymother/read/books/atnight

2. I/clean/myroom/everyday

3. thechildren/play/football/onMondays

4. Tom/go/tobed/ateighto’clock

5. LeeandBen/getup/atseveno’clock

6. theteacher/look/atournotebooks/everyweek

My mother reads books at night.

2Add the adverbs of frequency to the sentences below.

1. Ieatpizza.(never)

2. Theboysgetupatseveno’clock.(always) 3. AnnawatchesTVafterschool.(often) 4. Myfriendsbuymepresentsonmy

birthday.(usually) 5. TommeetsfriendsonSaturdays.

(sometimes)

I never eat pizza.

15

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O xenitivo saxón

Para sinalar de quen é algo engadimos un apóstrofo (’ ) e un s ao posuidor, no caso de ser un substantivo singular ou un nome propio.Peter’s shoes (os zapatos de Peter)

Se o nome propio remata en s, podémoslle engadir só o apóstrofo (’ ) ou ambas as dúas cousas.Charles’ car / Charles’s car (o coche de Charles)

Se o substantivo é plural e remata en s, só se pon o apóstrofo, mais se é un plural irregular, engadimos as dúas cousas.the teachers’ books (os libros dos profesores)the men’s cars (os coches dos homes)

3Complete the sentences with the words in brackets and the Saxon Genitive.

1. The (girls)schoolbagsarered.

2. My (friend)shoesarepink.

3. The (dog)ballisblue.

4. My (sisters)friendsarefromMorocco.

5. (John)grandmotherisFrench.

girls’

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple affirmative.

1. Paulusually (start)schoolat9o’clock.

2. I (walk)toschoolinthemorning.

3. Wesometimes (go)tobedat10o’clock.

4. Sally (clean)herroomeveryday.

5. Theteacheroften (write)questionsontheboard.

6. Jakenever (do)homeworkatschool.

7. MyfatherandI (watch)TVeveryevening.

8. Mybrotheralways (study)atnight.

Check Yourself!


Complete the sentences with the words in brackets and the Saxon Genitive.

1. The (students/work)isgood.

2. My (brother/notebook)isblue.

3. The (boys/names)areBenandJake.

4. (Alice/house)isnew.

5. The (girl/dog)isintheclassroom.

6. My (parents/birthdays)areinJune.

7. The (teacher/sister)isateacher,too.

8. My (friends/schoolbags)areintheclassroom.

Check Yourself!


16

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Present Simple en negativa e interrogativa

En negativa engadimos do not (don’t) diante do verbo. Para a 3ª persoa do singular empregamos does not (doesn’t).I don’t play the guitar. (Non toco a guitarra.)Helen doesn’t watch TV. (Helen non ve a televisión.)

En interrogativa engadimos do ao comezo da oración. Para a 3ª persoa do singular empregamos does. Como does (na negativa en interrogativa) xa expresa que é 3ª persoa do singular, non se engade s ao verbo principal. Nas respostas curtas usa os pronomes suxeito e do / does se son afirmativas ou don’t / doesn’t se son negativas.Does María water the plants? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. (Rega María as plantas? Rega. Si. / Non.)

I don’t go to school at nine o’clock.

unit 3

1Write the words in the correct order to make sentences.

1. work/doesn’t/mymother/athome

2. eat/don’t/butterflies/otheranimals

3. TV/watch/mydog/doesn’t

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple negative.

1. I (wear)atracksuitforschool.

2. Giraffes (live)inhouses.

3. Tom (listen)tomusiceveryday.

4. MarioandMaría (play)footballatschool.

5. I (like)snakes.

6. Mycanary (sing)songs.

3Change the words in bold to make negative sentences. Use the words in brackets.

1. Igotoschoolateighto’clock.(nineo’clock)

2. Bennycleanshisroomonceaweek.(everyday)

3. Weusuallyhavelunchatschool.(always)

4.Tinaridesherbikeeverymorning.(everyevening)

5.Pandasliveupto20years.(40years)

don’t wear

My mother doesn’t work at home.4. don’t/Englishbooks/read/PeteandAlice/

usually

5. doesn’t/atschool/homework/Harry/do

17

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


4 Complete the questions with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple interrogative.

1. you (like)hamsters?

2. yoursnake (eat)frogs?

3. giraffes (come)fromEurope?

4. Lisa (work)withhorses?

5. you (study)biologyatschool?

5Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Simple.

1. yourparents/getup/at7o’clock

2. yourfamily/havedinner/at8o’clock

3. you/love/animals

4. acat/sleep/inyourroom

5. pandas/live/inyourcountry

6Answer the questions in Exercise 5.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Do like

Do your parents get up at 7 o’clock?


Circle the correct answers.

1. Iusuallymeet/meetsmyfriendsafterschool.

2. Do/Doesyouwanttoadoptananimal?

3. Caitlindon’tlike/doesn’tlikeinsects.

4. AndyandIdon’tgo/doesn’tgotothezooeveryweek.

5. Do/Doesawhaleweighupto200tons?

6. Linsometimeshelp/helpsatthepetshop.

7. Mydogneversleep/sleepsinmyroom.

8. Zorsesdon’thave/doesn’thavebabies.

Check Yourself!

18

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


unit 4

O Present Continuous

Lembra que o Present Continuous expresa o que estamos a facer ou o que está a pasar no intre en que se está falando. Adoita ir acompañado das expresións at the moment (neste intre), now (agora), right now (agora mesmo, arestora) e today (hoxe).

A afirmativa fórmase co presente do verbo to be (am, is, are) + o verbo principal rematado en ing.Josh is reading now. (Josh está a ler agora.)

En negativa empregamos o presente do verbo to be en negativa + o verbo principal rematado en ing.People aren’t walking in the street. (A xente non está a andar pola rúa.)

En interrogativa o suxeito vai entre o verbo to be e o verbo rematado en ing. Nas respostas curtas afirmativas úsanse os pronomes suxeito e am, is ou are sen contraer, mais nas negativas si contraen. Is Belinda listening to music at the moment? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. (Belinda está a escoitar música arestora? Está. Si. / Non.)

Ao lle engadir a terminación ing a un verbo cómpre seguir as seguintes regras ortográficas:

• Se remata en e mudo, perde o e. write ➝ writing drive ➝ driving come ➝ coming• Se é monosílabo e remata en vogal + consoante, dobra a consoante. stop ➝ stopping run ➝ running sit ➝ sitting

1Complete the sentences. Use the Present Continuous affirmative.

1. Myfriends (play)footballatthemoment.

2. Brad (do)homeworkrightnow.

3. Gabriella (read)agoodbooknow.

4. We (listen)tomusicatthemoment.

5. HelenandPaul (watch)TVnow.

2Complete the sentences with the words below. Use the Present Continuous negative.

1. Kenny tennisrightnow.

2. Thegirls theplantsnow.

3. Mark thedishesat themoment.

4. I thedogatthemoment.

5. JeanandI dinnernow.


1. Am/Is/Arewegoingtothepartynow?

2. Am/Is/AreJennyswimmingatthemoment?

3. Am/Is/AreJoandMikeworkingin thegardenrightnow?

4. Am/Is/AretheteacherswatchingTVat themoment?

5. Am/Is/Areyourfathercookingdinnerrightnow?

are playing

isn’t playing Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the Present Continuous.

1. you (go)tobednow?

2. Dan (notplay)footballatthemoment.

3. We (have)dinnernow.

4. I (listen)tomusicrightnow.

5. Donna (get)dressedatthemoment?

6. I (notstudy)rightnow.

7. I (talk)toDavid?

8. They (noteat)rightnow.

Check Yourself!


play • have • wash • feed • water

19

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Contraste Present Continuous / Present Simple

O Present Simple fala de feitos habituais, mentres que o Present Continuous di o que está a ocorrer no momento en que falamos.I make the bed every day. (Fago a cama todos os días.)I am making the bed now. (Estou a facer a cama agora.)

Repara en que as expresións temporais axudan a diferenciar un tempo do outro.

4Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or Present Continuous.

1. I (watch)TVatthemoment.

I (watch)iteveryevening.

2. Don (notplay)tennisonWednesdays.

Today,he (notplay)becauseit’sWednesday.

3. you (do)homeworknow?

youalways (do)homeworkafterschool?

4. Mygrandfatherusually (work)inthegarden.

He (notwork)inthegardennowbecauseheishavinglunch.

am watchingwatch


Choose the correct answers.

1. Theteacher…atthemoment.

a. istalking b. talks

2. Emilyusually…intheafternoon.

a. isreading b. reads

3. Theboys…ontheInternetnow.

a. don’tchat b. aren’tchatting

4. …Jane…toschooleveryday?

a. Does…walk b. Is…walking

5. Mark…TVeverynight.

a. isn’twatching b. doesn’twatch

6. …Pete…theguitarrightnow?

a. Is…playing b. Does…play

7. I…toyourightnow.

a. amnotlistening b. don’tlisten

8. We…Englisheveryday.

a. arestudying b. study

Check Yourself!

20

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Countable NounsUncountable Nouns

Singular Plural

a tomato some tomatoes

There is / There are; a, an, some, any

Afirmativa

There is (ou a contracción there’s) vai diante de substantivos en singular. Cos substantivos contábeis empregamos a (ou an cando o substantivo comeza con vogal) e cos non contábeis empregamos some.There is a tomato. (Hai un tomate.)There is an onion. (Hai unha cebola.)There is some meat. (Hai algo / un pouco de carne.)

Empregamos there are só diante de nomes contábeis en plural.There are some chips. (Hai [algunhas] patacas fritidas.)

Negativa

Engadimos not ou n’t detrás de is/are. No canto de a/an ou some empregamos any, que significa ningún/ningunha ou nada de, aínda que polo xeral non se traduce.There isn’t any vinegar. (Non hai vinagre.)There aren’t any nuts. (Non hai noz ningunha.)

Interrogativa

Para preguntar poñemos is ou are diante de there. Nas respostas curtas volvemos á orde normal. De seren negativas, empregamos as formas contraídas. O mesmo que nas negativas, nas oracións interrogativas empregamos any no canto de a/an ou some.Is there any milk? Yes, there is. (Hai [algo de] leite? Hai. Si.)Are there any potatoes in the shop? No, there aren’t. (Hai patacas / algunha pataca na tenda? Non.)

2Complete the sentences with a, an, some or any.

1. Thereare chipsonthetable.

2. Haveyougot sugar?

3. Iwant ricewithmychicken,please.

4. Therearen’t meninthekitchen.

5. Thereis sandwichforyouinthediningroom.

6. Doyouwant orange?

1Complete the chart with the words below. Add a, an or some.

some

3 Complete the sentences with There is, There isn’t, There are or There aren’t.

1. somesandwichesinmyschoolbag.

2. anycheeseforlunch.

3. afishintheaquarium.It’sblueandyellow.

4. somesauceontherice.

5. anywomenatthecafé.

6. ameatballonmyspaghetti.Pleasegivemeone.

There are

unit 5

tomato • sheep • bread • rice • fish cheese • sugar • meat • pencil • ear

21

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


4 Write questions with Is there or Are there and the words below.

1. any/olives/onthepizza

2. any/orangejuice/inthehouse

3. a/goodcafé/inyourtown

4. any/eggs/onthetable

5. any/food/inyourbedroom

6. any/programmes/aboutfood/onTV

7. an/onion/inyourhand


1. I’mthirsty.Iwantsome/amilk,please.

2. Thereis/Therearesomesandwichesforlunch.

3. Isthere/Arethereanypotatoesinthekitchen?

4. Therearethreemen/manattherestaurant.

5. Tomdoesn’twantsome/anylunch.

6. Thereisn’t/Therearen’tanyriceinthehouse.

7. Pleasedon’tputa/anegginmysalad.

8. Thereis/Thereareanewcaféhere.

Check Yourself!


Are there any olives on the pizza?

extra!

How much / How many

Empregamos how much e how many para preguntar sobre cantidades.

Empregamos how many con substantivos contábeis.How many meals are there? (Cantas comidas hai?)

Empregamos how much con substantivos non contábeis.How much food is there? (Canta comida hai?)

Tamén empregamos how much ppara preguntar sobre o prezo das cousas.How much is it? (Canto custa?)

Complete the sentences with How much or How many.

1. studentsarethereinyourschool?

2. chocolatedoyoueateveryday?

3. timehavewegotforlunch?

4. penshaveyougot?

5. coladoyoudrinkeveryday?

6. brothersandsistershasHelengot?

How many

22

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


unit 6

Can / Can’t, Must / Mustn’t

can / can’t

Can expresa a habilidade (saber), a posibilidade (poder) ou o permiso para facer algo (poder).He can dance very well. (Sabe bailar moi ben.)We can run today. (Podemos correr hoxe.)

En negativa úsase cannot, sen separación, ou a forma contraída can’t.I can’t drive. (Non sei conducir.)They can’t carry me. (Non me poden levar.)

En interrogativa invértese a orde e colócase o suxeito detrás de can. Nas respostas curtas emprégase o pronome acaído e can ou can’t.Can you play tennis? Yes, I can. (Sabes xogar ao tenis? Sei. Si.)Can I do judo? No, you can’t. (Podo facer iudo? Non.)

must / mustn’t

Must expresa a necesidade, conveniencia ou obriga de facer algo (significa “deber”).You must listen to the teacher. (Debes escoitar á profesora.)

En troques, mustn’t, que é a contracción de must e de not, indica que a acción expresada polo outro verbo non é conveniente ou está prohibida.We mustn’t speak in class. (Non debemos falar na clase. [non está ben])You mustn’t swim in the river. (Non debedes bañarvos no río. [está prohibido])


1. Ababycan/can’tcookfood.

2. Afishcan/can’tswim.

3. Afrogcan/can’tjump.

4. Adogcan/can’tread.

5. Anelephantcan/can’trideabike.

2Complete the sentences with must or mustn’t.

1. Theteacheristalking.You talk.

2. You listentoyourparents.

3. Students sitontheirdesks.

4. You stopataredlight.

5. You feedtheanimalsatthezoo.

6. You drinkwateronahotday.

mustn’t

Choose the correct answers.

1. You…listentoyourteachers. a. mustn’t b. must

2. I…dothehomework.It’shard! a. can’t b. mustn’t

3. Jenny…runveryfast.Shealwaysgetsfirstprize.

a. can b. must

4. You…useyourmobilephoneinthelesson. a. can’t b. mustn’t

5. Anelephant…sweepthefloor. a. mustn’t b. can’t

6. Theclassroom…becleanattheendofalesson.

a. must b. mustn’t

7. I…speakFrench,butmyGermanisverygood.

a. can b. can’t

8. You…kicktheballinfootball. a. must b. mustn’t

Check Yourself!


23

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Os adverbios de modo describen a forma en que se realiza a acción. Con eles respóndese ás preguntas que comezan por How ...? (Como...?). Os máis deles son regulares e fórmanse engadindo a terminación ly ao adxectivo correspondente, aínda que algúns non seguen esta regra e cómpre sabelos de memoria (good – well, fast – fast, hard – hard).I can’t run quickly. (Non podo correr á présa.)

3Complete the sentences with the adverb form of the adjectives in brackets.

1. Dancanwintherace.Heruns (quick).

2. Brianworks (hard).Heworkstenhourseveryday.

3. Wendylovestennis.Shealwaysplays (happy).

4. Pete’sgeographymarkis20%.Hedidn’tdo (good).

5. I’mnotagooddancer.Idance (bad).

6. Donnasings (beautiful).

Os adverbios de modo

Check Yourself!


quickly

Complete the sentences with the adverb form of the adjectives below.

sad • happy • good • hard • bad • slow • beautiful • hungry

1. Shecomestothelessons becauseshelovesthem.

2. Davereads .Heonlyreadsonebookayear.

3. Keithisgoodonthepiano.Heplaysit .

4. Mandyalwaysworks .She’sagoodstudent.

5. Shakirasings .Ilistentohereveryday.

6. “Iwanttoeat,”theboysays .

7. Lauraisn’thappy.Shetalks .

8. Idon’tplayfootballwell.Iplayit .

24

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


unit 7

O verbo to be en pasado

En afirmativa, emprégase was cando o suxeito sexa I, he, she ou it, e were se o suxeito é we, you ou they. Repara na expresión temporal que adoita haber na oración (yesterday, last month, the other day, etc.).John was next to the cinema yesterday. (John estaba a carón do cine onte.)Peter and Carla were a good couple. (Peter e Carla eran unha boa parella.)

En negativa engadimos not, que con was e were contraen en wasn’t e weren’t.He wasn’t at the church. (Non estaba na igrexa.)

En interrogativa poñemos was e were ao comezo e nas respostas curtas empregamos os pronomes suxeito e was / wasn’t ou were / weren’t.Were the students at the museum? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t. (Estiveron os alumnos no museo? Estiveron. Si. / Non.)

1Complete the sentences with was, wasn’t, were or weren’t. Make the sentences true for you.

1. I athomelastnight.

2. Ourteacher lateyesterday.

3. Myfriends atthecinemayesterday.

4. MyfamilyandI atafootballgamelastThursday.

5. I atthelibraryyesterday.

6. MyfriendandI atapartyattheweekend.

2Write the words in the correct order to make questions.

1. thebank/open/was/yesterday

2. you/were/lastweek/atschool

3. angry/theteacher/was/yesterday

4. LinandLee/lastnight/attheparty/were

5. Tony/was/athome/lastweekend

Complete the sentences with the correct past form of the verb to be.

1. Myfriends (not)athomeyesterday.

2. Chloehappyattheparty?

3. I lateforschoolyesterday.

4. youathomeonSaturdaymorning?

5. I (not)atschoolonTuesday.

6. thechildrenwithyouatthesupermarket?

7. We atthemuseumlastweek.

8. Sarah (not)inmyclasslastyear.

Check Yourself!


Was the bank open yesterday?

25

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


There was indica que había unha cousa, sexa un substantivo contábel en singular ou un non contábel. There was a restaurant under the house. (Había un restaurante debaixo da casa.)There was good meat at the butcher’s. (Había boa carne na carnizaría.)

There were indica que había dúas ou máis cousas, e por iso se emprega con substantivos contábeis en plural.There were hundreds of people in the shops. (Había centos de persoas nas tendas.)

En negativa engadimos not, que con was e were contraen en wasn’t y weren’t.There weren’t any children at the sports centre. (Non había nenos no polideportivo.)

As preguntas comezan con was ou were, e nas respostas curtas volvemos á orde normal. De seren negativas, empregamos as formas contraídas.Were there many people at the library? Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t. (Había moita xente na biblioteca? Había. Si. / Non.)

3Complete the sentences with There was, There were, There wasn’t or There weren’t.

1. amathstestyesterdayanditwashard.

2. anycheeseinthesandwich.

3. asnakeintheclassroomandthestudentswerefrightened.

4. anycomputers200yearsago.

5. somepencilsinmypencilcasefiveminutesago.

4Write the words in the correct order to make questions.

1. there/were/teachers/any/intheroom

2. there/atthesportscentre/was/abasketballgame

3. were/any/people/there/atthemuseum

4. there/was/any/inthetea/sugar

5. a/goodfilm/there/was/atthecinema

There was / There were

Complete the sentences with There was, There were, There wasn’t, There weren’t, Was there or Were there.

1. anybooksonthedesk.

2. anypeopleatthebookshop?

3. acatintheroombutthereisonenow.

4. somelionsandtigersatthezoo.

5. agiraffenearthezebra.Whereisitnow?

6. anyfoodattheparty?

7. somefoodonthetable.

8. anymilkinthekitchen?

Check Yourself!


There was

Were there any teachers in the room?

26

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


unit 8

O Past Simple en afirmativa

O Past Simple emprégase para expresar accións ocorridas nun momento concreto do pasado e para contar historias en pasado.I saw a great jacket last week. (Vin unha chaqueta estupenda a semana pasada.)

Empréganse as mesmas expresións temporais que co verbo to be pois sinalan o momento en que ocorreu a acción.

Antes de lle engadir ed a un verbo regular para poñelo en pasado, cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas:

• Se remata en e mudo, só engadimos d. arrive ➝ arrived

• Se é monosílabo e remata en vogal + consoante, dobra esa consoante. stop ➝ stopped

• Se remata en consoante + y, cambia o y por un i antes de lle engadir ed. study ➝ studied

Os verbos irregulares non engaden ed e polo tanto cómpre que os saibas de memoria. Podes atopar a listaxe nas páxinas 31-32.

Complete the sentences with the Past Simple form of the verbs below.

buy • start • take • wear • study • see chat • visit

1. We ourgrandparentsinLondonlastweekend.

2. Lisa outtherubbishanhourago.

3. Don forthehistorytestlastnight.

4. I onthephonewithmyfriendafterschool.

5. They anewcomputerlastweek.

6. MandyandPete agoodfilmonTVyesterday.

7. Thefilm at8o’clock.

8. Mary newtrainersatschoolyesterday.

Check Yourself!


-ed -d -ieddanced dance • play • try • change • carry

walk • bounce • wait • study

2Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs below. Use the Past Simple.

1. Theteacher tomymotheryesterday.

2. We thenewteacher.Shewasverynice.

3. Judy toschoolyesterday.

4. Adam TVforfivehourslastnight.

5. I hardforthetest.

3Complete the sentences with the Past Simple form of the verbs in brackets.

1. Carol (write)ane-mailtoherfriendyesterday.

2. I (buy)anewsweatertwodaysago.

3. We (go)tothesportscentrelastnight.

4. Mario (draw)abeautifulpictureatschoolyesterday.

5. Thestudents (have)twotestslastweek.

6. I (see)thatfilmlastnight.

talked

wrote

1Complete the chart.

dance • play • try • change • carry walk • bounce • wait • study

watch • like • walk • talk • study

27

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


This – este / esta / istoThat – ese / esa / iso ou aquel / aquela / aquiloThese – estes / estasThose – eses / esas ou aqueles / aquelas

Lembra que concordan co substantivo ao que se refiren só en número (singular/plural), mentres que en galego tamén concordan en xénero (masculino / feminino).That is his scarf. (Aquela é a súa bufanda.)These are your trousers. (Estes son os vosos pantalóns.)

Funcionan como adxectivos cando van diante dun substantivo.This car is clean. (Este coche está limpo.)Those men are Chinese. (Eses homes son chineses.)

4Complete the sentences with This, That, These or Those.

Check Yourself!


1

5

2

“ isagreatcomputergame.”

4

“ aremyparents.”

“ dogsarebeautiful.”

“ booksareDanny’s.”

This

6

3

“ isyourpen.”

“ isanewschool.”


1. This/Theseismynewscarf.

2. Arethis/theseyourshoes?

3. That/Thoseboyisinmyclass.

4. That/Thisismynewhat.It’sonmyhead.

5. These/Thosetrousersintheshopwindowareverynice.

6. Isthese/thismypencil?

7. Lookatthatcar.Arethose/theseyoursistersinthecar?

8. These/Thischocolatesarefantastic!

Os demostrativos

28

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


unit 9

be going to

En afirmativa fórmase co presente de to be + going to e un verbo na forma base, e significa “ir” + infinitivo. Como expresa os nosos plans e intencións, adoita levar algunha expresión de futuro que indique cando faremos a acción (tomorrow, later, soon, etc.).I’m going to ride a horse tomorrow. (Vou montar a cabalo mañá.)

En negativa engadimos not ou n’t ao verbo to be.She isn’t going to sail this summer. (Ela non vai navegar este verán.)

As preguntas comezan con am, is ou are, e nas respostas curtas só repetimos estas formas de to be, sen contraer en afirmativa e contraídas en negativa.Are your friends going to go to the beach on Wednesday? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. (Os teus amigos van ir á praia mércores? Van. Si. / Non.)

1Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use be going to.

1.Jack (travel)toschoolbytrain.

2. We (noteat)hamburgersforlunch.

3. I (study)forthetestlater.

4. Mymother (notwork)atthehospitaltoday.

5. DonnaandFaye (buy)newclothesafterschool.

2Write questions with the words below. Use be going to.

1. theboys/play/basketball/tomorrow

2. Ben/start/theproject/today

3. you/meet/yourfriends/attheshoppingcentre/later

4. JackandLaura/have/dinner/ateighto’clock

5. Sue/do/herhomework/tonight

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use be going to.

1. Myfriends (make)meapartyformybirthday.

2. Jodi (notread)thatbook.

3. thegirls (finish)theprojecttomorrow?

4. I (meet)Markatthecafélater.

5. We (notplay)computergamestonight.

6. Carla (buy)aniPodsoon?

7. Sally (drive)toFranceinthesummer.

8. I (be)inyourclassnextyear?

Check Yourself!


is going to travel

Are the boys going to play basketball tomorrow?

29

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Anuncia un acontecemento que ocorrerá no futuro vindeiro porque así se fixou de antemán. Para que esa idea de futuro estea clara cómpre dicir cando ocorrerá a acción.We are flying at three o’clock tomorrow. (Voamos / Voaremos mañá ás tres.)

Lembra, se é unha intención emprega be going to. Se é algo seguro, emprega o Present Continuous (tamén en galego empregamos o presente para anunciar o que faremos con toda seguridade).I am staying at home tonight. (Quedo / Quedarei na casa esta noite.)

Na unidade 4 vimos como se forman a negativa, a interrogativa e as respostas curtas do Present Continuous. Repásaas alí de o precisares.My brother is not coming later. (Meu irmán non vén / non virá despois.)Are you having lunch in an hour? Yes, we are. / No, we aren’t. (Comedes / Comeredes nunha hora? Comerei. Si. / Non.)

3Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs below. Use the Present Continuous.

1. Thebus at1o’clock.

2. SueandPam tennisonMonday.

3. Dave tothebakerysoon?

4. Mydad athometomorrow.

5. BradandAndy

apartyafterschool?

6. I Tomthisevening.

O Present Continuous con valor de futuro

is leaving

Substitúen a un substantivo pois xa se mencionou antes e, como fan a función de complemento, van logo do verbo ou dunha preposición.I’ve got two cats. Do you want to see them? (Teño dous gatos. Queres velos?)This motorbike is for you. (Esta moto é para ti.)

Os pronombres persoais obxecto

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the Present Continuous.

1. Lynn (fly)toAmericatonight?

2. Myfriends (go)tothesportscentreafterschool.

3. I (notride)mybicycletoschoolthismorning.

4. We (nothave)atesttomorrow.

5. you (take)yourbrothertotheshopssoon?

6. Tania (notplay)tennislater.

7. Thetrain (come)at6o’clock.

8. I (leave)infiveminutes.

Check Yourself!

Answers, see page 30extra!

me me (a min) it o, a (unha cousa ou un animal)

you te, che (a ti); o, a, lle, se (a vostede) us nos (a nós)

him o, lle, se (a el) you vos (a vós); lles, as, os (a vostedes)

her a, lle, se (a ela) them os, as, lles, se (a eles/as)

Complete the sentences with the correct object pronouns.

1. ThisisJane’ssweater.Pleasegiveitto .

2. Wearegoingtoarestaurant.Doyouwanttocomewith ?

3. Ournewbicyclesarered.Doyouwanttosee ?

4. IhavegotGreg’spen.Imustgiveitto .

5. That’smysandwich.Mummadeitfor .

her

go • leave • play • have • not meet not work


Introduction, page 10, to be

1. is 3. Are 5. are 7. aren’t2. isn’t 4. am 6. Is 8. Am

Introduction, page 11, As partículas interrogativas

1. What 3. Where 5. Why 7. Where2. When 4. Who 6. What 8. When

Unit 1, page 12, have got

1. havegot 5. Has…got2. haven’tgot 6. hasgot3. Have…got 7. hasn’tgot4. hasn’tgot 8. Has…got

Unit 1, page 13, Os adxectivos posesivos

1. Your 3. Their 5. His 7. Our2. My 4. Her 6. Its 8. Your

Unit 2, page 15, O Present Simple en afirmativa e os adverbios de frecuencia

1. starts 3. go 5. writes 7. watch2. walk 4. cleans 6. does 8. studies

Unit 2, page 15, O xenitivo saxón

1. students’work 5. girl’sdog2. brother’snotebook 6. parents’birthdays3. boys’names 7. teacher’ssister4. Alice’shouse 8. friends’schoolbags

Unit 3, page 17, O Present Simple en negativa e interrogativa

1. meet 3. doesn’tlike 5. Does 7. sleeps2. Do 4. don’tgo 6. helps 8. don’thave

Unit 4, page 18, O Present Continuous

1. Are…going 5. Is…getting2. isn’tplaying 6. amnotstudying3. arehaving 7. Am…talking4. amlistening 8. aren’teating

Unit 4, page 19, Contraste Present Continuous / Present Simple

1. a 3. b 5. b 7. a2. b 4. a 6. a 8. b

Unit 5, page 21, There is / There are; a, an, some, any

1. some 5. any2. Thereare 6. Thereisn’t3. Arethere 7. an4. men 8. Thereis

Unit 6, page 22, Can / Can’t, Must / Mustn’t

1. b 3. a 5. b 7. b2. a 4. b 6. a 8. a

Unit 6, page 23, Os adverbios de modo

1. happily 5. beautifully2. slowly 6. hungrily3. well 7. sadly4. hard 8. badly

Unit 7, page 24, O verbo to be en pasado

1. weren’t 28.was 5. wasn’t 7. were2. Was 4. Were 6. Were 8. wasn’t

Unit 7, page 25, There was / There were

1. Thereweren’t 5. Therewas2. Werethere 6. Wasthere3. Therewasn’t 7. Therewas4. Therewere 8. Wasthere

Unit 8, page 26, O Past Simple en afirmativa

1. visited 5. bought2. took 6. saw3. studied 7. started4. chatted 8. wore

Unit 8, page 27, Os demostrativos

1. This 3. That 5. Those 7. those2. these 4. This 6. this 8. These

Unit 9, page 28, be going to

1. aregoingtomake 5. aren’tgoingtoplay2. isn’tgoingtoread 6. Is…goingtobuy3. Are…goingtofinish 7. isgoingtodrive4. amgoingtomeet 8. Am…goingtobe

Unit 9, page 29, O Present Continuous con valor de futuro

1. Is…flying 5. Are…taking2. aregoing 6. isn’tplaying3. amnotriding 7. iscoming4. aren’thaving 8. amleaving

cHecK YourSeLF! anSWer KeY


IRREGULAR VERB LIST

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, baterbecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a serbegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, racharbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construírburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxardream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caerfeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar find /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atoparfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecerforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir; chegargive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer, cultivarhang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ pendurarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kLX/ terhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ acocharhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, termar dehurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancarkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manterknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecerlay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór, estenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir

32

IRREGULAR VERB LIST


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprenderleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, saírlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarselie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicir meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coñecer a; reunirse, xuntarse conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pórread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ lerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar, telefonarrise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerserun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarshake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pecharsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundirsit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentarsleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmirsmell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ falarspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pésteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ pegarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrerswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller, levarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contarthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /rMY'JU/ woke up /rLHY'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm'JU/ espertarwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, vestirwin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir

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WRITING GUIDE

Escríbense con maiúscula:• os nomes propios: Tom Ashton• os nomes de lugares como cidades, países, continentes, edificios famosos, museos, etc.:

London, France, Europe, Madame Tussauds, the British Museum• as nacionalidades: English, Moroccan• os días: Saturday, Tuesday, Thursday• os meses: July, August, November• a primeira palabra dunha oración: We are at school.• o pronome persoal I: I am Russian.• os idiomas: English, French, German

AS MAIÚSCULAS (Capital letters)

Empréganse distintas preposicións diante das horas e os períodos de festa, os días e as datas, os meses, os anos e as partes do día. É moi importante que saibas empregar a axeitada preposición en cada caso. Préstalle atención a estes exemplos:at horas: at four o'clock festividades: at New Yearon días da semana: on Tuesday datas: on 26th November on Christmas Day in meses: in January anos: in 2015 partes do día: in the morning Agás: at the weekend at night

AS PREPOSICIÓNS DE TEMPO (Prepositions of time)

• O punto (.) vai ao final das oracións afirmativas e negativas. Whales live in the ocean. Giraffes don’t eat animals.• O sinal de interrogación (?) ponse ao final das preguntas. Have you got a hamster? Do you like snakes?• O da exclamación (!) tamén se pon ao final da frase para expresar unha emoción ou un sentimento e

para facer fincapé en algo. Wow! This is great!• A coma (,) úsase para separar palabras ou ideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and. I’ve got a dog, a cat and a snake.

A PUNTUACIÓN (Punctuation)

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writing guide

O suxeito da oración ponse diante do verbo. Mark speaks English. They are in the garden. s v s vMais nas preguntas, o verbo vai diante do suxeito. Is Helen tall? Are you at home? v s v s

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: SUXEITO-VERBO (Word order: Subject – Verb)

Polo xeral van diante dos substantivos. big sandwich great food adx sb adx sbE tamén detrás do verbo to be. The sandwich is big. The food is great. sb adx sb adx

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADXECTIVOS (Word order: Adjectives)

Son palabras que unen dúas ou máis ideas.• and (e) une dúas oracións ou ideas semellantes. I can swim and I can dance.• but (pero, mais) une dúas ideas contraditorias entre si. I like basketball but I can’t play it.• because (porque) dá a razón ou causa de algo. I must run because I’m late.

AS CONXUNCIÓNS (Linking words)

Cando contamos unha serie de feitos empregamos estas palabras para amosar a orde en que ocorreron: • first (primeiro, en primeiro lugar) • then (logo, entón, daquela) • next (a continuación) • after that (despois, logo) • finally (finalmente, para rematar)First indica o primeiro que pasou e finally o último. Yesterday I was in town. First, I went shopping. Then, I had lunch with my friends.

After that, I went to a museum. Finally, I went home.

OS CONECTORES DE SECUENCIA (Connectors of sequence)


SER ou ESTAR Presente

TO BE Present Simple

SER ou ESTAR Pasado

TO BE Past Simple

eu son / estou

ti es / estás

el, ela é / está

nós somos / estamos

vós sodes / estades

eles, elas son / están

I am

you are

he, she, it is

we are

you are

they are

eu era, fun / estaba, estiven

ti eras, fuches / estabas, estiveches

el, ela era, foi / estaba, estivo

nós eramos, fomos / estabamos, estivemos

vós erades, fostes / estabades, estivestes

eles, elas eran, foron / estaban, estiveron

I was

you were

he, she, it was

we were

you were

they were

Notas

1.- O verbo to be é un verbo auxiliar, polo que para facer a súa negativa abonda con engadirlle not. Para a interrogativa, poñeremos o verbo diante do suxeito.

2.- Traducirémolo por “ser” ou “estar” segundo o contexto. Ademais empregaremos este verbo para dicir a idade dunha persoa: I am twelve years old. (Teño doce anos.)

TER Presente

TO HAVE GOT Present Simple

eu teño

ti tes

el, ela ten

nós temos

vós tedes / tendes

eles, elas teñen

I have got

you have got

he, she, it has got

we have got

you have got

they have got

Notas

1.- O verbo have é un verbo auxiliar, polo que para facer a súa negativa abonda con engadirlle not. Para a interrogativa, poñeremos o verbo have / has / had diante do suxeito, seguido de got.

2.- Nunca se pode utilizar o verbo have got para referírmonos á idade dunha persoa. Para iso, empregaremos o verbo to be.

Cadros resumo das equivalenCias dos tempos verbais entre o inglés e o galego


CADROS RESUMO

TEmPOS VERBAiS TENSES OuTRAS EquiVAlENciASPRESENTE PRESENT SimPlE

eu xogoti xogas

el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades

eles, elas xogan

I playyou play

he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play

PERÍFRASE PRESENT cONTiNuOuS FuTuRO: PERÍFRASEeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando

el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando

eles, elas están a xogar / xogando

I am playingyou are playing

he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing

eu vou xogarti vas xogar

el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar

eles, elas van xogar

FuTuRE: BE GOING TOI am going to play

you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play

we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play

PRETÉRiTO imPERFEcTO PAST SimPlE PRETÉRiTO PERFEcTOeu xogabati xogabas

el, ela xogabanós xogabamosvós xogabades

eles, elas xogaban

I playedyou played

he, she, it playedwe playedyou playedthey played

eu xogueiti xogaches

el, ela xogounós xogamosvós xogastes

eles, elas xogaron

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