Accuracy The degree to which results of an investigation agree with the accepted value (first-hand investigation)/ scientific findings (secondary-source investigation)Active acquired immunity The body undergoes the immune response and memory cells are producedActive site That part of an enzyme molecule to which the substrate binds; the active site has a particular shape,giving the enzyme its substrate-specificityActive transport Movement of any molecules through a membrane against the concentration gradient; energy is reuiredfor this processAdaptation !n alteration in structure, function or behaviour, that is hereditary, by which a species or an individual improves its condition in relation to its environmentAdaptive radiation "volutionary diversification (development of a variety of forms) in organisms that evolved from a single ancestral species, as a result of migration into new environmentsAdhesive forces#orces of attraction that act to hold two separate bodies together or to stic$ one body to anotherAdvanced symptoms %ymptoms that occur when a disease has been present in the body for an e&tended period of time without any successful treatmentAgar plate techniquea method of using nutrient agar in order to grow colonies of micro-organismsAlexander flemingThe scientist responsible for discovering the first antibiotic, penicillinAlleles !lternative forms of a gene' (n most individuals there are two alleles of any one gene (one from each parent), which occupy the same relative position on homologous chromosomes' )ne allele is often dominant to the other (recessive) allele'Amino-acid sequencing*etermination of the seuence of amino acids in a polypeptideAmmonia ! to&ic form of nitrogenous waste, e&creted in a diluteform together with large volumes of waterAnabolic (reactions) +eactions that build up comple& molecules from simpler ones, reuiring an energy inputAnalogous *escribes structures of different evolutionary origins (in distantly related species) that have evolved to become similar because they perform a similar function in the common type of environment in which the organisms liveAnalytical studies"pidemiological studies that collect data that can be statistically analysed to try to determine the cause of a diseaseAnthrax ! disease that is caused by the anthra& bacillus, the spores of which are soil-borne; often fatal to both humans and animalsAnthrax bacillusThe bacterium that causes the disease, anthra& Antibiotic resistance)ccurs when bacteria are not affected by antibioticsAntibodies ,rotein molecules produced by plasma cells that are specific to a particular antigen and will bind with that antigenAntibody-mediated (humoral) immunity (mmune response that involves the action of b cells todefend the body against invading antigensAnticodon ! seuence of three bases on trna which is complementary to the codon on mrnaAntigen !ny molecule that triggers the immune responseAntigenantibody complex #ormed when a specific antibody attaches to its matching antigen; deactivates the antigenArterial blood gas (agb) analysis ! blood test to determine the concentrations of carbon dio&ide, o&ygen and bicarbonate, as well as the ph of the blood, that is performed specifically on arterial bloodArteries -lood vessels with thic$ walls that carry blood under pressure, away from the heart towards other organs of the bodyArtificial insemination ! techniue involving human intervention, whereby sperm are transferred from a male to the vagina of a female without copulation to introduce desirable characteristics of one male into many femalesAutosomes.hromosomes that are not se& chromosomesB cells/ymphocytes that are involved in the immune response; produced and mature in the bone marrowBacteria ! single-celled procaryotic organism that has acell wallBiochemistryThe study of chemicals found in cellsBiogeographyThe study of the geographical distribution of species, both present day and e&tinctBiological factors#eatures arising from the activities of other living organismsBiotechnology !ny techniue that uses living organisms to ma$e products' The term includes simple applications such as artificial selection through to comple& genetic engineering technology'Blood The fluid transport medium of animalsBlood pressure #orce e&erted by blood on the walls of arteriesBowmans capsule ! double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus of a nephronBroad-spectrum antibiotics !ntibiotics that act on a wide range of bacteria and are used when the identity of the bacteria causing theinfection is not $nownBrown fat#at present in many hibernating mammals; its primarypurpose is to generate body heatBt cotton ! cotton crop that has been genetically modified, using bacterial genes, so that it contains its own pesticidealyces.hannels within the $idney which carry urine from thecollecting tubules to the renal pelvisandidiasis ! disease resulting from an imbalance of microflora and caused by the fungal pathogen, candida!lbicansapillariesThe smallest of blood vessels with very thin walls, which carry blood between arteries and veinsapillarityThe rising of liuid up thin tubes, due to adhesive andcohesive forcesarbon dioxide 0as released as a waste product of cellular respiration and which is used by plants as a carbon source for photosynthesisardiovascular system! transport system made up of a series of vessels and a pump (the heart) to ensure the flow of blood around the body of an organismase-control studies "pidemiological studies that compare people with the disease to people without the disease and loo$ for differences in e&posure to the possible cause of the diseaseatabolic (reactions) -rea$ing down comple& molecules into simpler ones, with a release of energyatalysts %ubstances that speed up reversible chemical reactionsause-and-effect relationship The relationship in which an action that is ta$en will then initiate or influence a second action to occurell-mediated immunityThe immune response that involves the action of t cells to defend the body against invading antigensellular respiration .hemical process whereby o&ygen is combined with glucose to ma$e energy, and water and carbon dio&ide are released as by-productsentral nervous system (cns) ,arts of the nervous system that include the brain and spinal cordhemical barriers.hemicals produced by the body to prevent the entry of pathogenshemical change !ny process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substanceshemoreceptors%ensory cells in an organism that detect chemical stimulihromosome Thread-li$e structures made of dna, visible in dividing cells as a result of the shortening and thic$ening of chromatin material at the start of cell division; a coloured (stainable) body, observed in cells that are dividing; it is made up of chromatin material and contains a linear seuence of geneshromosome mutations !lteration in the arrangement of a whole chromosomeor a large section of a chromosome (multiple genes)hromosome theory of inheritance The theory that says genes, the units of heredity, are carried on chromosomeshylomicronsThe transport form of lipids in lymph; small droplets oflipoproteinilia Tiny, hair-li$e structures lining the respiratory tract that beat in an upwards directionladodesModified stems that have the appearance and function of leavesloaca The one common opening for passage of urine, faeces and reproductive gametes in fish, amphibians,reptiles, birds and non-placental mammalslonal selection theory - cells and t cells for all possible antigens are alreadypresent in very small amounts in the immune system' 1hen an antigen is present in the body, the b cell or t cell specific to that antigen is activated, then cloned, and the antigen is destroyed'loning! process of ase&ually reproducing genetically identical genes, cells or organisms, from a single parento-dominance !n inheritance pattern where both alleles present are e&pressed in the heterozygoteodon! seuence of three bases on dna or mrna that codesfor a single amino acido-en!yme!n organic, non-protein molecule (e'g' ! vitamin) reuired by an enzyme for its activity (see cofactor)ofactor ! general term for any non-protein molecule (organic co-enzyme or inorganic prosthetic group) reuired by an enzyme for its activityohesive forcesThe forces of attraction between li$e or unli$e atoms, ions or molecules of a single bodyohort studies "pidemiological studies that study two groups of people who are free of the disease over an e&tended period of time' )ne group is e&posed to the potential cause of the disease and the other is not'ollecting tubule /ast part of a nephron where water reabsorption fromurine occurs, resulting in more concentrated urine leaving the $idneyompetition(ndividuals striving for the same resource that is in limited supplyomplement proteinsThe proteins that ma$e up the complement systemomplement system! group of 23 proteins that activate the non-specific defence adaptations such as phagocytosisonnective tissue%upportive tissue widely distributed in the body, usually to hold cells, tissues or organs in placeontrol +egulating the incidence of the disease in the population and stopping any further spread of the diseaseontrol centre ,rocess controller that detects incoming information and relays outgoing information to regulate functioningonvergent evolution The process of evolving (changing structure) to become the same as another, distantly related organismortex Tissue internal in position to the outermost boundary, but not centralreut!feldt"a#ob disease (c"d) ! disease caused by a prion; affects the brain and is always fatalross-breeding-reeding two genetically different individuals to produce offspringrossing over The e&change of dna as a result of brea$ing and re4oining between homologous chromosomes during meiosisystic fibrosis ! non-infectious disease that is caused by a mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) geneyto#ines.hemicals secreted by cells of the immune system to control the actions of other cellsytotoxic t cells T cells, with specific antigen receptors, that move to infected cells and release chemicals that destroy the infected cell$enatureThe change of shape of a protein, due to heat or changed ph, causing it to lose its ability to function$escriptive study! type of epidemiological study that describes many different aspects associated with the disease$estroying5illing$iffusion,assive movement of any molecules along a concentration gradient, until euilibrium is reached$igestive tract The system of organs within multicellular animals thatta$es in food, digests it to e&tract energy and nutrients, and e&pels the remaining waste$iploid 6aving two sets of chromosomes$isease !ny condition that adversely affects the normal functioning of any part of a living thing$istal (second) convoluted tubule ,art of the nephron situated near the end of the e&cretory unit$istinguish To show the difference between$ivergent evolution "volving (changing in structure) to become different from another organism or a common ancestor$na (deoxyribose nucleic acid) ! nucleic acid that is the hereditary material of an organism$nadna hybridisation ! method of determining the similarity of dna from different sources' %ingle strands of dna from two sources are brought together and the e&tent to which double hybrid strands are formed is estimated'$na polymerase en!yme ! protein molecule that catalyses the synthesis of dnafrom nucleotides$na repair genes0enes that code for proteins that are responsible for the repair of damaged dna$na replicationThe process whereby dna ma$es an identical copy of itself in preparation for cell division$na sequencingThe mapping of the nucleotide seuence of dna$ominant allele The form of a gene which is e&pressed in the heterozygous (hybrid) condition, mas$ing the other (recessive) form of the same gene%ctoparasite! parasite that lives on the surface of its host%ctothermic (organism) !n animal that depends on an e&ternal source, i'e' The environment, for heat energy, resulting in a greater fluctuation in body temperature%ffector *escribes the organ, gland or muscle which carries out a response when activated by nerve endings as aresult of a stimulus%lastic fibres6ighly e&pandible connective tissue in the walls of large arteries%mbryoThe developing young of an animal or plant%nantiostasis The maintenance of metabolic and physiological functions (as distinct from states), in response to variations in the environment%ndoparasite ! parasite that lives internally in the host%ndothermic (organism) !n animal whose heat is generated through its own metabolic activities, resulting in a fairly stable body temperature maintained within a narrow range%nergy The ability or capacity to do wor$ or to produce change; includes different forms such as heat, light, sound, electricity and chemical energy%nvironment-oth living and non-living surroundings of an organism%n!ymes -iological protein catalysts produced by cells and responsible for all chemical reactions in living organisms%pidemiological study! study carried out to try to determine the cause of a disease and the most effective strategy to control or prevent the disease%pidemiology %cientific study of the patterns of occurrence of disease in human populations and the factors that affect these patterns%xcretionThe elimination of wastes produced during metabolism (e'g' 7itrogenous wastes and carbon dio&ide)%xcretory system The system of organs within multicellular animals thatremoves metabolic waste products from the body%xternal gaseous exchange The e&change of respiratory gases between an organism8s e&ternal and internal environments (e'g' /ungs and air, or gills and water)&ermentation ! change brought about by micro-organisms such as yeast, which convert grape sugar into ethyl alcohol&ertilisationThe fusion of male and female gametes during reproduction (this restores the chromosome number)&iltered *escribes the result when large particles are separated from smaller particles by a semi-permeablebarrier&iltration The physical process for the separation of small, soluble molecules (such as glucose and amino acids)from larger particles (such as proteins or blood cells)&irst line of defence .omprises the barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body&oreign particles!ny particles in the body that are identified as not belonging to the body&reshwater fish#ish that live in a habitat such as rivers or la$es, where the salinity is less than 3'39:&ungi "ucaryotic organisms that possess a cell wall but no chloroplasts'amete formationThe process by which diploid cells divide (usually meiosis) and differentiate to become se& cells (sperm and eggs) with half the chromosome number (haploidcells)'ametic mutations.hanges in the nucleotide seuence of genetic material which can be passed on to offspring; mutations occurring in se&ual reproductive cells whichgive rise to gametes (also $nown as germ-line mutations)'ene The smallest physical unit of heredity; each gene is a nucleotide seuence on dna that codes for one molecular end-product (polypeptide)'ene cloning The process of producing identical copies of a gene by isolating a portion of dna and creating multiple copies of the fragment containing the gene'ene expression The effect of a gene which can be seen or measured; the result of decoding information in the dna seuence of a gene to produce a protein'ene mutation The alteration in the dna seuence of genetic material, resulting in a change in a single gene'ene splicing The alteration of a chromosome by removing and/or adding genes (genetic engineering)'ene therapy ! new form of technology, still in the research phase, whereby the techniues of genetic engineering are used in the treatment of a genetic disorder or chronic disease'enetic engineering 0enetic modification of living organisms by a series ofprocedures including cutting a desired gene out of donor dna using enzymes, cloning it in a micro-organism and then transferring it to an organism'enetic recombination The process by which a strand of genetic material (dna or rna) is bro$en and then re4oined to a different dna molecule, either naturally (e'g' .rossing over in meiosis) or artificially (e'g' 0enetic engineering)'enetic variation *ifferences in various traits or features that are genetically determined amongst members of a population'enetically modify +emove or add a desired gene from the dna of an organism, using enzymes (see genetic engineering) the study of heredity and variation in biological systems'enetics The study of heredity and variation in biological systems'enome The total genetic material within a cell or an individual'enotype !ll the genes, which cannot be seen, present in the cells of an organism'erm theory of disease The theory states that germs (microbes) cause disease and that all micro-organisms come from pre-e&isting micro-organisms'ills )rgan of gaseous e&change in auatic organisms'lomerular filtrate 1atery solution that drains into the bowman8s capsuleof the $idney as a result of the filtering of blood from the glomerulus'lomerulus %mall bundle of capillaries surrounded by the bowman8s capsule in mammalian $idneys(aemoglobin The o&ygen-carrying respiratory pigment made of protein and iron, which gives blood its red colour(aemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (hboc) ! type of artificial blood or blood substitute that transports o&ygen, using haemoglobin that is not enclosed in a cell membrane(alophytes ,lants that grow naturally in habitats(aploid The condition in a cell of having only one set of chromosomes which are unpaired; half the usual number of chromosomes (e'g' 0ametes are haploid)(ealth %tate of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease(eat-gain centre The part of the hypothalamus in the brain that triggersresponses in the body to generate heat(eat-loss centre ,art of the hypothalamus in the brain that triggers responses in the body to cool it down(elicase !n enzyme which functions in dna replication to brea$the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands of the dna molecule together(elper t cells ! t cell that is involved in the recognition of antigens and the activation of cytoto&ic t cells and b cells(eredity %imilarity between parents and offspring, as a result of the inheritance of genes, carried on dna molecules,by offspring from their parents(eritable !ble to be passed on to the ne&t generation and future generations due to its genetic basis(etero!ygous6aving two different alleles of a particular gene in a diploid cell for any particular hereditary characteristic (e'g' Tt)(omeostasis ,rocesses, usually involving negative feedbac$, which maintain a stable internal environment in an organism, despite fluctuations in the e&ternal environment(omologous6aving the same or similar relation or structure; corresponding in origin but not necessarily in function(omo!ygous 6aving identical alleles of a particular gene in a diploid cell, for any particular hereditary characteristic (e'g' Tt or tt)(ormone replacement therapy The administration of chemical control substances (artificially engineered hormones or hormones e&tracted from other organisms) as a therapy to replace a hormone imbalance in the body(ybrid The offspring from the cross-breeding of two distinct races, breeds, varieties, species or genera(ybrid vigour %uperior ualities such as health, strength, yield and fertility, arising from the cross-breeding of genetically different plants or animals(ydrogen carbonate ions The form in which carbon dio&ide is most commonly carried in the plasma of blood; an intermediate to carbonic acid to prevent a change in blood ph(ypothalamus ,art of the brain involved in homeostatic mechanismssuch as temperature regulation and water balance in the mammalian body)mmunisation The immune response caused by vaccination; produces memory cells for the antigen contained in the vaccine)ndependent assortment +andom separation of pairs of chromosomes (or genes) during meiosis, giving different traits an eual opportunity of passing into a gamete)nduced mutations !n alteration in the nucleotide arrangement in dna as a result of e&posure to an environmental agent such as a chemical or radiation (as opposed to a spontaneous mutation))nduced-fit model The model of enzyme functioning based on the idea that an enzyme is not rigid, but alters shape slightly when it binds with a substrate)nfectious disease! disease that is caused by an organism or infective agent (pathogen))nheritance The genetic characteristics passed from parent to offspring)nhibiting %topping the action)nitial symptomsThe early symptoms of a disease)nterferons !ntiviral chemicals released by infected cells to help uninfected cells to resist infection by a particular virus)nterleu#ins! cyto$ine chemical that acts between lymphocytes)nternal gaseous exchange "&change of respiratory gases (o&ygen and carbon dio&ide) between the blood and the internal cells of the body (for e&ample, muscle cells or nerve cells))nteroreceptors %pecialised sensory nerve receptors that receive and respond to stimuli originating from within the body)nterstitial fluid(also $nown as tissue fluid) a fluid that lies in the spaces between cells, bathing them)ntervention studies %tudies used to test the effectiveness of a treatment or public health program in preventing the incidence of a disease in the population)solation1hen one population becomes geographically separated from another so that they can no longer interbreed*aryotype The number and structure of the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell (this is identical in all diploid cells of an organism)*idneys Main organ of e&cretion of nitrogenous wastes and maintenance of body fluid composition*ochs postulates The steps that must be followed to determine if a particular micro-organism is responsible for causing adisease*uru! disease caused by prions; found in tribes in new guinea+iver /arge gland associated with the digestive system, responsible for food metabolism and the de-aminationof amino acids to form urea, uric acid and other e&cretory products+oc#-and-#ey model Model of enzyme functioning based on the idea that an enzyme is rigid and reciprocally shaped to fit a substrate li$e a $ey fits a loc$+ocus The position that a gene occupies on a chromosome+ongitudinal sectionThe representation of an ob4ect as if it were cut along its longest a&is+oop of henle The hairpin-shaped portion of the nephron in the $idney, where water and salts are reabsorbed+ungs The sac-li$e respiratory organs of air-breathing vertebrates+ymph The clear fluid in the vessels of the lymphatic system,derived from interstitial fluid+ymph system The system for the transporting of substances such as the tissue fluid; it plays a very important role in the immune system+ymphatic vessels -lind-ending, small narrow tubules in the deep tissues of the body into which the interstitial tissue fluid drains,acro-evolution"volution involving large genetic change, above the species level,acro-parasites Multicellular eucaryotic organisms that are visible to the na$ed eye and that can either live inside the body(endoparasites) or outside the body (ectoparasites),acrophage The phagocyte responsible for destroying the pathogens causing chronic infections; also involved inthe recognition of antigens by the helper t cells,arine fish#ish that live in saltwater habitats such as oceans or seas, where the salinity is greater than 3'39: ,edulla The central part of an organ,eiosis ! process of cell division that is considered to be a reduction division because it halves the number of chromosomes in the resulting gametes (egg and sperm cells) that it produces,emory t cell,roduced at the same time as the cytoto&ic t cells; specific to a particular antigen and remain in the bodyto initiate an immune response if the same antigen enters the body in the future,endels lawsThe set of principles derived by gregor mendel, relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children, forming the basis of much of genetics,esothelioma ! rare form of malignant cancer that occurs in the mesothelium (the protective lining covering most of the internal organs); most commonly occurs in the pleural membrane of people who have been e&posed to asbestos,etabolismThe sum of the chemical processes occurring within aliving cell or organism ,icrocapsulesMicroscopic, spherical particles,icro-evolution "volution involving a succession of relatively small genetic variations that often cause the formation of new subspecies, varieties or races,icroflora The population of naturally occurring micro-organismsthat live on and in the body and inhibit the growth of pathogens,icro-organismsThose organisms that cannot be seen unaided,itosis The process of cell division whereby somatic (body) cells undergo a single nuclear division, giving rise to two genetically identical daughter cells,olecule %mallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms,onohybrid ! hybrid or heterozygote produced by crossing a homozygous dominant parent with a homozygous recessive parent; the offspring of individuals that are pure-breeding for different alleles of a particular gene,onohybrid cross! cross between two organisms that are heterozygous (hybrid) for a single particular trait or gene,rna (messenger rna) ! single-stranded molecule of rna that is made in the nucleus from a dna template and then moves to the cytoplasm, where its genetic code determines the amino acid seuence in protein synthesis,ucous membranesMembranes that produce a thic$ layer of mucus to trap pathogens ,utagens+adiation or substances which cause a mutation,utation ! structural change in genetic material that usually arises during dna replication and that may give rise tonew heritable characteristics-arrow-spectrum antibiotics !ntibiotics that act on only one or two types of bacteria-atural selection The process by which certain members of a population that are more suited to prevailing environmental conditions survive and reproduce (theirchances of survival are influenced by how successfully their genetic ma$e up enables them to withstand changes in the environment)-egative feedbac#! self-regulatory biological system where a response counteracts the stimulus, reducing its effect so that a balance is maintained-ephrons #unctional (filtering and e&cretory) unit of a vertebrate$idney, consisting of a glomerulus and associated tubules-erves -undles of sensory or motor fibres of neurons which act as messengers, transmitting impulses-eutrophil The phagocyte responsible for destroying the pathogens causing acute infections-ew species The result of the evolutionary process of speciation-itrogenous wastes "nd products of nitrogen metabolism (including urea, uric acid and ammonia)-on-coding strandThe dna strand that is complementary to mrna and acts as a template during transcription-on-infectious disease ! disease that is not caused by a pathogen-on-specific responses +esponses by the immune system that are not directed to a particular antigen; will occur no matter what antigen is invading the body-ucleotide ! monomer or subunit of nucleic acids that has a distinct structure made up of sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base .rganism! thing that is or once was alive and can carry out most of the functions that characterise being alive' ,lants, animals, microbes and fungi are all organisms'.smoconformers)rganisms that maintain the concentration of their internal body fluids to match (fluctuate with) the e&ternal environment.smoregulationThe process by which organisms maintain an optimal,constant water and electrolyte (salt) balance and osmotic pressure.smoregulators)rganisms that maintain a stable concentration in their internal body fluids, despite fluctuations in the osmotic concentration of the e&ternal environment.smosis The movement of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.smotic pressure ! measure of the solute concentration in a solution, that in turn results in water moving into a solution by the process of osmosis, increasing its pressure; as the concentration of the solute rises, the osmotic pressure rises.ther body secretions %ubstances such as urine, tears and saliva produced by the body that inhibit the entry of pathogens into thebody.xygen 0as present in air and water, used by plants and animals for cellular respiration and released as a by-product of photosynthesis.xyhaemoglobin The main transport form of o&ygen in the blood; a bright red compound that is a combination of haemoglobin and o&ygen/alaeontology The scientific study of fossils and all aspects of e&tinct life/assive acquired immunity )ccurs when antibodies are in4ected into the body to prevent a specific disease from developing; the body does not undergo the immune response to produce memory cells/asteurisation ! method of preserving food by heating it to a certain temperature for a length of time to $ill off any pathogens/athogen!ny organism or infective agent that lives in or on another living organism, and causes a disease/edigree%ee pedigree chart/edigree analysis The study of a pedigree chart in a group of related individuals to determine the pattern and characteristics of inheritance of a genetic trait/edigree chart! universally accepted scientific format to represent the inheritance of a particular genetic trait over a number of generations/enicillin ! chemical compound produced by the mould penicillium; an antibiotic used to reduce bacterial infections/erfluorocarbons.hemical compounds used in artificial blood as an o&ygen-carrying blood substitutechemicals that are used to $ill the pests of plants and animals, pathogens and vectors that transmit/esticides ,athogens from one organism to another/h! measure of the acidity or al$alinity of a solution/hagocytosis .ell eating; a type of endocytosis whereby solid particles are engulfed by a cell by invagination of the cell membrane, forming a vacuole/henotype The detectable physical, chemical or behavioural characteristics or traits of an organism (the outcome of the genotype)/hloem The vascular tissue in plants that transports organic nutrients (food) from where they are manufactured, up and down the plant/hyllodes-road, flat leaf stal$s (petioles) that have the appearance and ta$e over the function of leaves/hylogeny The evolutionary history of a group of organisms depicted as a family tree/hysical change !ny process involving a substance8s change from onestate to another without alteration of the chemical composition; physical changes are observable or measurable and reversible/hysiological adaptations !n alteration in function, that is hereditary, by which a species or an individual improves its condition in relation to the environment/olypeptide ! molecule consisting of a single chain of amino acids4oined together by peptide bonds' ,roteins are made of one or more polypeptide chains'/olypeptide chain%ee polypeptide/ositive feedbac#! system where a response enhances the effect of a stimulus (non-regulatory)/recision The ability to minimise errors (for e&ample, of measurement) by using euipment with smaller (moreprecise) calibration and reducing human error/revention %topping the occurrence of a disease in an individual/rimary response The immune system response on initial e&posure to the antigen/rinciple of immunity ! method by which an organism can be protected against a disease/rion ! protein that is capable of causing disease/roducts of donated blood .omponents which have been separated from whole blood, including cells and non-cellular products/rotein synthesisThe process by which amino acids are arranged in seuence to form proteins, coded for by the dna and involving mrna, transfer rna and various enzymes/roteins! comple& macromolecule consisting of polypeptide chains of amino acids, containing the element nitrogen as well as other elements commonly found inorganic molecules/roto-oncogenes 0enes that code for proteins that stimulate cell growth and mitosis; when mutated, may lead to tumour growth/roto!oan ! single-celled eucaryotic organism that does not possess a cell wall /roximal %ituated near the point of origin/roximal (first) convoluted tubule %ee pro&imal tubule/roximal tubule The part of the nephron situated near the bowman8s capsule end of the e&cretory unit/ublic health programs,rograms in place to try to control disease in a population/ulse The regular throbbing of an artery caused by the successive contractions of the heart/ulse oximeter ! device with a sensor (usually attached to the finger)that measures the o&ygen saturation of the blood/ure-breeding6omozygous0uantitative (results)+esults that are measured and recorded as numbers (uantities)0uarantine (solation of a diseased organism1abies ! viral disease of mammals that is usually transmittedby the bite of a rabid (affected by rabies) animal; affects the central nervous system and can result in death within a few days of onset of the symptoms1eabsorption%ee tubular reabsorption1eactant! substance or compound used up during a chemical reaction1eceptors%pecialised cells or groups of nerve endings that detect sensory stimuli1ecessive allele The form of a gene which is only e&pressed in the homozygous condition and is mas$ed in the heterozygous condition by another (dominant) form ofthe same gene1eliability The reproducibility of a measurement or of research; the consistency of information from repeat trials or a variety of sources; information is reliable when it is from a variety of sources which agree and are current1enal arteryThe blood vessel that carries blood (containing nitrogenous wastes) to the $idney1enal capsuleThe tough connective tissue sheath surrounding a $idney1enal dialysis! technology used to provide an artificial replacementfor lost $idney function1enal pelvisThe white, funnel-shaped part of the $idney, transporting urine from the calyces to the ureter1enal pyramids .one-shaped tissues in the medulla of the $idney, which have a striped appearance as a result of the presence of parallel nephron tubules1enal veinThe blood vessel that carries blood (purified of nitrogenous wastes) from the $idney1eplicationThe process by means of which dna ma$es an identical copy of itself1eproductive cloning .reating a genetically identical, fully developed wholeorganism, using the nucleus of a cell from another mature organism1eproductive technology Technology (such as artificial pollination, artificial fertilisation and cloning) which brings about reproduction or increases the breeding success of theindividuals1esponse!ny behaviour of a living organism that results from, and is lin$ed to, a stimulus1estriction en!yme! catalyst that cuts dna at a specific base seuence1ibosomes )rganelles in the cytoplasm of cells that are responsible for protein synthesis (the translation of mrna into a polypeptide chain)1na polymerase! protein molecule that catalyses the synthesis of rna from nucleotides1oot pressure