a toa causa de because ofa punto de about to beabandonar to abandon abiertas open abolida abolished abordar to boardabrazar to embrace, hugabrazo a hugabril Aprilabrir to openabruptamente abruptly absurdo absurd abuelo grandfatherabuso abuse acabar, acabar de to finish, to have just finishedacceso accessacción action acento accent aceptados accepted aceptar to acceptacercarse to approach acompañar to accompany actitud attitudeactividad activity

activistas activists acto act actuar to actacuerdo agreement adaptarse to adaptadecuado adequate adelante forward además in additionadiós goodbye admiración admiration adónde to whereadversidad adversity aeropuerto airport afectar to affect afrocubana Afro-Cuban afuera outsideagarrar to get, grabagente agent agotado exhausted agradecido thankful agricultores farmers agua waterahora now aire air aisladas isolated al to the

Glosario

G-1

al lado de besidealegre joy alfabetización literacy algo something alguien someonealgún, alguna, algunos someallí therealmas souls alrededor around alta tall, highalturas heights amanecer sunrise, morningamar to loveambicioso ambitious amenazante threatening amigos friendsamistoso friendly amo master amor love (noun)analfabetismo illiteracy año yearanoche last nightantes before antipático mean apartamento apartment aplaudir to applaud apoyar to support aprehensión apprehension aprender to learn

aproximadamente approximately apurarse to hurry upaquel entonces those daysarmadura armorarmas weapons arquitectura architecture arreglar to fixarrestar to arrest arriba up, abovearroz rice artista artist ascensos promotions asegurar to assureansiedades worries, anxieties asesinos killers, murders así like thisasistente assistant asistir to attend artístico artisticatacar attackataque attack atención attention aterrizar to land a planeatender to attend to aun evenaunque even though autobús bus autor author

G-2

autoritaria authoritarian avanzar to advance avión airplane ayudar to help azúcar sugarbahía baybailar to dancebajar to go down, take downbajo underbanda band bandera flagbaño bathroombarcos shipsbatalla battle batey sugar cane cutter peasant communitybateyes indigenous townsbebé babybeber to drink bebida a drink béisbol baseball Belén Bethlehembella beautiful beso a kissbien wellbienvenida welcome biología biology blancas whitebloqueo blockade bohíos small country dwellings

boletín bulletin bomba bomb bonita pretty borrar to erase brazo arm breve briefbrillante shiny, brilliant brillar to shinebrisa breezebruscamente brusquely brutales brutalbuen, buena, bueno goodburlarse to make fun ofbuscar to look forcaballo horsecabeza head cacique indigenous chiefcada each, everycaer, caerse to fall café coffeecalidad quality caliente hotcalle street calma calm calor heat cama bedcambiar to changecamión truck camisa shirt campamento camp

G-3

campaña campaign campesinos peasants campos fieldscaña cane cancelar to cancel canción songcañita little canecansado tired cantante singer cantar to sing cantidades quantities caos chaos capturado captured capturar capturecara face carácter character (personal qualities)cárcel jail Caribe the Caribbean Seacaribeño Caribbeancarne meat carreras races, course of study in collegecarreta ox cart carros carscarta letter cartón cardboard casa housecasabe cassava casarse to get married

cascos helmetscasi almostcasita little housecasos cases católica catholic causar to causecelebrar to celebrate cena dinner cenar to have dinner censura censorship censurar to censure centro center, down towncerámica ceramicscerca close carisma charisma chico boy chiste joke chófer driver choque crash ciegas blind cielo heaven, skyciencias science ciento hundred cierto true cinco fivecincuenta fifty círculos circles circunstancias circumstances Ciruela plum cita date

G-4

ciudad city ciudadano citizen clandestinamente secretly clase classclínica cliniccochino pigcocina kitchencodicia greedcola line, pony tail, tail colaboración collaboration colapso collapse colegio high school colonia colonycolonizadores colonizers colonos colonistscolumna column (of troops) comandante commander combate combat combatir to combat comedor dinning room comentar to comment comentario a comment comer to eat comercial relating to business cometer to commit comida foodcomo like, ascómoda comfortablecompañera (o) friend, comrade, partner

compañías companies compartir to share comprar to buycomprender to understand comprensible understandable comsumía consumed comunicar to communicate comunidad community comunismo communism comunista communist con withconcentrarse to concentrate concierto concert condenar to condemn condiciones conditions conexiones connections confesado confessed confianza trust, confidence confirmar to confirm conflicto conflictconfundida confused conmigo with meconocer to know, meet a personconsciente conscious conseguido gotten conseguir to get, obtainconservar preserveconsiderar to consider consolidar to consolidate contacto contact

G-5

contar to tell content happy contestar to answer contigo with youcontinente continent continuar to continue contra againstcontrarevolución counter revolution contribuir to contribute controlar to controlconstruir to build conversación conversation convertible convertible convertida converted convertir to convert conviene is convenient copa cup corazón heart correr to run corona crowncorridor hallway cortando cuttingcortar to cutcortes cutscosa thingcosecha harvestcosechar to harvestcrear to create crecer to grow

crecimiento growthcreer to believe crimen crime cristianos Christians Cristóbal Colón Christopher Columbuscriticar to criticize crueles cruelcruzar to crosscuadras squares cualquier any cuando whencuánto how much cuarto roomcuatro fourcubrir to cover cuenta account cuento story cuerpo body cuesta costs cuidado careful cuidar take care ofcultivar to grow cultivo cultivation cultura culture cumplida accomplished cumplir to accomplish, complete curables curable curiosidad curiosity curioso curious

G-6

damas ladies dar to give de ofde hecho in factde repente suddenly debajo under debate debate deber should décadas decades decidir to decide decir to say declarar to declare dedicar to dedicate defender to defenddefendían they defendeddefinitivo definitive deshielo thawing dejar to leave behind del of thedelegación delegation deliciosa delicious demás others democracia democracy densa dense deplorables deplorable deportista athlete derecho right, straight ahead derrotar defeatdesafortunadamente unfortunately

desaparecer to disappear desarrollar to develop desayuno breakfastdescalza barefootdescansar to rest descubrir to discover desde from desesperadamente desperately desgarradoras heartbreaking desigualidad inequality despertar to wake updespertado awakedespertar to wake up después after destrozada defeated destruir to defeat detalles details determinación determinationdetrás behind devastación devastation devastada devastated día day dibujado drawndicho said dictador dictator diecisiete seventeendiferente different difícil difficult dificultad difficult digna dignified

G-7

dinero money Dios Goddiplomático diplomatic dirección address dirigir to direct, run (a business)discurso speech disgusto disgust disparar to shoot distancia distance dividida divided dividir to divide doble double doctor doctor dólar dollar doler to hurt, have pain dolor paindoméstica domestic domingo Sunday Don a term of respect like Mr. but used before the first name.donde wheredormir to sleep dormitorio bedroomdramáticamente dramatically drásticamente drastically drogas drugs dudas doubts duele hurts dueño owner

dulce sweet durante duringdurar to last duras harde andechar to tosseconomía economy económicamente economically económicos economic educación education educada educated ejecuciones executions ejemplo example ejército armyél heel theeléctrica electric elementos elements eliminar to eliminate élites elite ella sheemigrar to emigrate emoción emotion emocionada excited empacar to pack empezar to beginempleadas employees empleadas domésticas domestic servantsempujado pushed

G-8

empujar to push en in en cambio on the other handen vez de instead ofenamorarse to fall in love encabezar to head, lead encantar to really likeencima above encontrar to find enemigo enemy energía energy enero Januaryenferma sickenfermedades illnesses enfermera nurse enojada angry enojo anger enseñándole teaching himenseñar to teachentender to understand entera entire entonces then, soentrar to enter entre between entrenar to train entusiasmo enthusiasm época time period equipo team escalera stairs escapar to escape

esclavitud slaveryesclavos slavesescribir to write escuadrón squad escuchar to listen escudos shieldsescuela schoolese, eso, esa that esfuerzos efforts espacio space espalda backespañol Spanishespecial special esperar to waitsesperanza hope esperar to wait, hopeespía spy espionaje espionage espíritu spiritesposa wifeestablecer to establish estación station, season estado state Estados Unidos The United States of Americaestar to be estómago stomachestrellas stars estrés stress estudiante student

G-9

estudiantil of students estudiar to study estufa stove estúpido stupid eternidad eternity euforia euphoria evidente evident exactamente exactly exasperada exasperated excelente excellent excepción exception exceso excess exclamar to exclaim existir to exist exitoso successful experiencia experience explicar to explain explosión explosion explotar to explode, exploit expulsar to expel exportaciones exports exportadores exporters expresar to express expresión expression exterminar to exterminate extranjeras foreign extraño strange fábrica factory fácil easy falta lack

fama fame familia family famosamente famously famoso famousfavorecía favored favorito favorite felicidad happiness felices happy felicitar to congratulate feliz happy femenino feminine feroces fierce ferocidad ferocity ferozmente ferociously festival festival fiesta party fin end financiar to finance firmemente firmly flaca thin forma form formal formal forzado forcedforzar to forcefoto photo frase sentence, phrase frente front frijoles beans frío cold frustrada frustrated

G-10

fruta fruit fue s/he wentfuego fire fuera outside fueron they were, they wentfuerte strongfuertes strongfuerza strength fuerzas forces Fulgencio Batista Cuban dictator until 1959fundamentos fundamentals furiosamente furiously futuro future gallo roosterganado wonganar to win ganas desiregasolina gasoline general general generalmente generallygeneroso generously genocidio genocidegente peoplegeografía geography gobernar to govern gobierno government golpear to hit gozar to enjoygracias thank you

grado grade graduado graduated graduar to graduate gran great, largegrande big gratuita free grave serious, grave gritar to yell grupo group guardia guard guerra war guerreros warriors guerrilla guerilla warfareguerrilleros guerilla fighters guiado guided guitarra guitar gustaba likedgustar to likegusto, (mucho gusto) nice to meet youHabana Havana, the capital of Cubahabía dibujado had drawnhabían despertado had woken habitación bedroomhabitantes inhabitants hablar to speak, talkhacer to make, to dohachas hatchetshacia toward

G-11

hamacas hammocks hambre hunger hasta untilHatuey an indigenous leader who fought the Spanish colonists in the 1500shecha de made ofherido injury hermanita little sisterhermano brotherhermanos siblingshéroe hero hija daughterhijos children, sonshistoria historyhogar home hoguera firehoja leaf, sheet of paper hombre manhonestidad honesty honrado honored hora hour hospital hospital hospitalidad hospitality hotel hotel hoy today hoy en día these days huésped guest huir to fleehumanos humans

humilde humble humor humor idioma language idiota idiot ignoranica ignorance iguales the sameiluminar to illuminate imaginar to imagine impactada impacted impacto impact imperialismo imperialism imperio empireimplementar to implement importancia importance importante important importar to importimpresionado impressed impresionante impressive improvisar to improvise inicial initial incierto unsure incómodamente uncomfortable increíbles incredible independencia independence independiente independentindicar to indicate indígena indigenous individuo individual industria industryinfierno hell

G-12

infiltrado infiltrated influyentes influentialinformación information informar to inform infraestructura infrastructure inglés English ingresos income injusticia injustice injusto unjust inmediatamente immediately inmediato immediately inmigrantes immigrants insectos insects inspirar to inspire instantáneamente instantaneously instante instant instrucciones instructions instrumentos instruments inteligencia intelligenceinteligente intelligent intensidad intensity intenso intense interceptar to intercept interés interest interesados interested interesante interesting intereses interestsinternacional international interrogar to interrogate

interrumpir to interrupt intervención intervention invasión invasion investigar to investigate invisible invisible invitar to invite inyección injection isla islandjamón ham jefe bossJesucristo Jesus ChristJesuita Jesuit joven young personjugar to play julio Julyjuntando coming togetherjuntarse to come together junto, juntos, juntas togetherjusto fair, just labor laborlado side lágrima tear lanzas spears lápices pencils largo long las the lavar to wash le to him/her lecciones lessons leche milk

G-13

lectura reading leer to read legislación legislation lejos far away lentamente slowly les to them letras letters letreros signs levantar to lift or raise levantarse to get upliberación liberation liberar to liberate libertad freedom libre free libremente freely libro book licencia license líder leader limpia cleanlimpiar to cleanlinda pretty líneas lineslista (o) ready, smartliteralmente literally llamar to call llamas flames llegada arrival llegar to arrive llenar to fill llevar to take, carry, wear

llorar to cry lluvias rainslo him, it lo poco the littleloco crazy, crazy personlogrado achieved lograr to achieve luchado foughtluchar to fight luego thenlugar placelujosa luxurious luna moon luz lightmacanas clubsmachete long knife used to cut sugarcane madera woodmadre mothermadurar to mature maestra teacher maestría masters degree maíz corn mal bad mañana morning, tomorrowmandado sent mandar to send manejar to drivemanera way manifestantes protesters

G-14

mano hand mansión mansionmantener to maintain mantequilla buttermar sea maravilloso marvelous marcar to mark marchar to march marzo March más moremasacres massacres matar to kill matemáticas mathematics materiales materials mayor older me me media halfmedianoche midnight médica related to medicine medicina medicine médico doctormedio half mejor better mejorar to improvemejores the bestmelodía melody memoria memory mencionar to mentionmenos less mensaje message

menudo frequently mercado market mesa table mesero waiter meses months meta goalmetal metal mi mymía mine miedo fear miel honey miembros members mientras (tanto) meanwhilemiles thousands militar of the military, soldier millas miles millón million mina mine ministerio ministry minuto minute mirar to watch mis my misa Catholic mass misiles missiles misión mission mismo samemochila backpack moderno modernmolinos mills momento moment

G-15

montado mountedmontañas mountains montar to mountmorfina morphine morir to die motocicleta motorcyclemover to movemovilización mobilization movimientos movements muerte deathmuerto dead mujeres women multa fine, ticket, feemundial world wide mundo worldmuñeca doll municiones ammunition música music muy verynacional national nacionalizar to nationalize nada nothingnadie nobodynavidad Christmas necesario necessary necesidad necessity necesitar to need negativos negative negocio businessnegras black

nerviosa nervous ni not one, norni siquiera didn’t even, not evennicaragüenses Nicaraguan nietos grandchildren niña girl ninguna not any, not one niños children nivel level noche night normal normal norte north norteamericanos term used in Latin America meaning American from the United States of America.nos usnosotros wenotar to notenoticias news noventa ninety novia (o) girlfriend, boyfriend nuestra our nueva (o) newnunca nevero or ocho eight octubre Octoberocupación occupation

G-16

ocupadas busyocurrir to happen, occur oeste westoficial official ofrecer to offer ojalá I wish, hope, God willing ojos eyesolor smell olvidar to forget opción option oportunidad opportunity opresivo oppressive oprimido oppressed opulencia opulence oración sentence ordenar to order organización organization organizarse to organize orgullo prideorgulloso proud oriente eastoro gold oscuridad darkness otro otheroye hears paciencia patience pacíficas peaceful padre fatherpadres parentspagar to pay

página page país country paja strawpalabras words palpitar to beat pan breadpánico panic papá dad papel paper para for, in order toparanoico paranoid parar to stopparecer to seempared wallparque park parte part participar to participate pasar to happen, spend timepascua Easter pasillo hallway pasión passion pasos steps patria fatherland, homeland patrón bosspausa pause paz peace pediatra pediatrics pedir to ask forpegar to hitpelículas movies

G-17

peligroso dangerous pelo hair pensar to think pensativo pensive peor worse pequeñas smallperder to lose perdiendo wasting perezoso lazy personperiódico newspaper período period permiso permission permitir to permit pero butpersonalmente personally perros rastreadores hunting dogsperseguían pursued persona person personal personal personalidad personality perspectiva perspective pertenecer to belong to pertenecían they belonged peso denomination of money petróleo petroleum piedra stonepila pile, bunchpiloto pilot pintar to paint

pintura painting pistola pistol pizarra board placer pleasure plan plan plátanos bananas, plantains platos plates playas beaches plaza courtyard población population poblada populatedpobres poorpobreza poverty poco little poder to be able topoéticas poetic policía police política political poner to put por for, because ofpor eso that’s whypor fin finallypor medio de by way of por supuesto of course porción portionporque becauseporteros doormen posesiones possessions posible possible posición position

G-18

posicionar to position positiva positivepracticar to practice precio price precisión precision pre-colombinos pre-Columbian pre coloniales pre colonialpreferible preferable preferir to prefer preguntar to ask preocupación worry preocuparse to worry preparando preparingpreparar to prepare prepararse to prepare oneselfpresentación presentation presentar to present presidente president presión pressure prestigioso prestigious prevenir to prevent primaria primary primer(a) first primo cousin principal main, principalprincipio beginning prioridad priority prisión prison prisioneros prisoners

privada (o) privateprivilegio privilegeproblemas problemsprocesada processed productos products profesional professional profesores professors profunda profound programa program promesa promise promover to promote pronto soon propios ownpróspera prosperous prosperar to prosper prosperó prospered prostituta prostitute proteger to protect protestar to protest proveer to provideprovincia province provocar to provoke próximos nextpúblico public pueblos small townspuerta door pues well puesto stall, counter punto point pupitre desk

G-19

puro pure que that quebrada ravine quedar, quedarse to stay, remain quemar to burn querer to want queso cheese quién who química chemical, chemistryquince fifteen quiquiriquí cock-a-doodle-doquitar to removequizás maybe radical radical rango rankrápidamente fast raro rare, strangerazón reason reaccionar to react realidad reality realizar to complete rebelde rebel rebelión rebellion rechazar to reject recibir to receive recoger to collect reconocer to recognize recordar to remember restablecer reestablish

reflexión reflection refrigerador refrigerator régimen regime regresar to return reírse to laugh relación relationship relajada relaxed religión religion rendirse to give uprepresentar to represent represión repression residencia residence resignarse to resign oneself resistencia resistance resolver to resolve respeto respect respirar to breath responder to respondresponsabilidad responsibility resto rest resultado result resultar to result resurrección resurrection retirar to move away fromreunión meeting reunir to meet revelar to reveal revisar to review revolución revolution revolucionaria revolutionary

G-20

reyes kings rezar to pray rico rich ridículo ridiculous riesgo risk rifles rifles río river riqueza riches ritmo rhythm robar to steal roja redropa clothing rueda wheel ruinas ruins rumba Afro-Cuban dance rurales rural rústica rustic ruta route sábado Saturdaysaber to knowsacar to take outsacerdote priest sacrificio sacrifice sala living room salarios salary salir to leave salsa Latin dance music salud health salvar to save sangrar to bleed

sangre blood sangrienta bloody santo saint sargento sergeant sección section secreto secret sed thirst seguir to follow, continue según according tosegundo second seguras safe seguridad security seguro safeseis sixsemana week semestre semester señor mister sentarse to sit down sentir to feel sentirse to feel separarse to separate ser to be seriamente seriously serio serious servicio service servidumbre servitude servir to serve sexto sixth si if siempre always

G-21

sierra mountain range siete seven siglo century sigue follows, continues siguiente followingsilencio silence simpático nice sin without sin embargo however sincera sincere sino rather sistema system situación situation sobre about sobrevivir to survive social social socialismo socialism sociedad society sofocar to suffocate sol sun sol a sol all day and night solamente only solas alone soldado soldier soltero single solo alone sólo only soñar to dream sonido sound sonreír to smile

sonrisa a smile sorprende surprises sorprendido surprised sorpresa surprise su his/her suave smooth suavemente smoothly subir to go up, get in a vehicle submarino submarine sucio filthy sudar to sweat suelo floor sueño dream suerte luck suficiente sufficient sufrir to suffer sumamente extremely supervisora supervisor sureño southern suspendidas suspended sustancia subsistence tabacalera related to tobacco tácticas tactics taína Taino, indigenous population of the Caribbean tal such talento talent también also tan so (much) tanto so much

G-22

tarde late tarea task, homeworktaxi taxicab te you techo roof telecomunicaciones telecommunications teléfono telephone televisión television temblar to tremble temprano early tener to have teniente lieutenanttenso tense tercer third terminar to finish terrible terrible terrorismo terrorism testigo witness tía aunt tiempo timetienda store tiene suerte is lucky tierra land tinta ink típica typical tipo type tirano tyrant tirar to shoot título title

tiza chalk tocar to touch, play an instrumenttodavía still todo all tomar to take tono tone tonterías foolishness toque touch total total totalmente totally trabajar to work traer to bring traidor traitor tranquilo calm, tranquil transformar to transform transportar to transform trapiches sugar mills tratamiento treatment tratar to try trenes trains tres three trescientos three hundred tribus tribes triste sad tristeza sadness triunfante triumphant triunfar to triumph tropas troops tu you

G-23

tumba tomb turismo tourism turista tourist último last un, uno an, a único only unidos united uniforme uniform unión union unir to unite universidad university urgente urgent usar to use usted you (formal)vacaciones vacations vacilar to vacillate valiente brave valor courage varios various veces times vecinos neighbors vegetación vegetation vegetarianos vegetarians velas candles velocidad speed venda bandage vender to sell venir to come

ventana window ver to see verdad truth verdadero true vereda path, lanevestirse to get dressed veterano veteran vez time viajar to travel viaje trip victoria victory vida life viejo old vigilar to watch violencia violence visitar to visit visto seenvolar to fly volver to return voz voice vuelo flight vuelta flip, trip, turn y and ya already zafra sugarcane harvest zapatos shoes zona zone

G-24