globalization in world history
TRANSCRIPT
Globalization in World History
Risha JamalHifza Junaid
Introduction
Globalization in its literal sense is
the process of transformation of
local phenomenon into global ones.
A process by which the people of
the world are unified into a single
society and function together.
The Term
The term globalization
is quite new, widely
introduced and
commonly used only
in the late 1980s/early
1990s.
Aspects Of Globalization
International Monetary Fund
(IMF) identified four basic
aspects of globalization:
trade and transactions,
capital and investment
movements, migration and
movement of people and the
dissemination of knowledge.
Eras of Globalization
Globalization 1
1492 - 1800
Globalization 2
1800 - 2000
Globalization 3
2000 - present
• One division of its history is done by Thomas
L. Friedman, who divides globalization’s
history in three parts.
Eras Of Globalization However, a more popular division is done by A.G.Hopkins,
who has divided the history into three parts, as well.Archaic
Globalization
Earliest forms – 1600s
Proto-globalizati
on1600 - 1800
Modern Globalizatio
n1800s - present
Archaic Globalization
States began to interact and trade with others
within close proximity as a way to acquire coveted
goods that were considered a luxury.
Merchants became connected and aware of others.
The spread of goods, commodities and cultures to
other regions.
Earliest forms – 1600s
Archaic Globalization
There were three main prerequisites for
globalization to occur.
Prerequisites
• West adapts ideas and principles from the East.
Eastern Origins
• Difficult to wander too far away.
• Interaction in Asia, Middle East, North Africa, Europe.
Distance
• States became dependent on each other.
Inter-dependen
cy
Archaic Globalization
The result of increased interaction.
Universalizing of kingship –
Traveling men found prized possessions
from far away lands.
Pilgrimages – Increased exchange
of cultures, especially.
Trading & desire for better health –
Spices, precious stones, medicinal
drugs were exchanged.
Archaic Globalization
Three major trade routes: Silk road, Syria to
Baghdad route and the route through Egypt.
There were two major empires; the Roman and
the Chinese empires that were specifically
influential in trade.
Trade Routes and Empires
Silk Route
Archaic Globalization
Mapping came of age by
around, with increasingly
accurate representations of
Asia, Europe and much of
Africa.
Long distance travel
resulted in caravans for
protection of goods and a
common rate of exchange
for trading, eventually
leading to banking.
As a Result
Archaic Globalization
Printing press by Johannes
Gutenberg made books cheaper
and easily accessible. Secular
books were printed.
More information dissemination
lead to Renaissance and
developments in all fields of life.
Christopher Columbus discovers
the “New World.”
As a Result
Johannes Gutenberg
Proto-Globalization
Phase of increasing trade
links and cultural
exchange that
characterized the period
immediately preceding
the advent of so-called
'modern globalization' in
the 19th century.
Proto-Globalization This period is marked by trade arrangements
(East India Company), the shift of domination to
Western Europe, the rise of larger-scale conflicts
between powerful nations and rise of new
commodities.
Proto-Globalization
Switch from inter-nation trading of rarities to the
trading of commodities.
Shift of expansionism by large nations to Western
Europe, nations began competing in an effort to
achieve world domination.
Changes in Trade and Wars
Anglo-Dutch Wars
• Between England and Holland
• 1652 - 1654
French and Indian Wars
• Between Britain and France
• Ended in 1763
American Revolutionary
War• Between
England and thirteen colonies of N.America
• 1775 - 1783
Proto-Globalization
One of the main reasons for the rise of commodities
was the rise in the slave trade, specifically the
Atlantic slave trade.
Due to increase in production, labor shortage rose
and so did the use of slaves.
The Atlantic slave traders, ordered by trade volume,
were: the Portuguese, the British, the French, the
Spanish, the Dutch, and the Americans.
Current estimates are that about 12 million were
slaves shipped across the Atlantic.
Atlantic Slave Trade
Proto-Globalization
Rise in commodity trade lead to a rise in
plantation economy.
Colonies were formed and that resulted in
exchange of culture especially in the Americas.
Global Disease increased.
Exchange of food items.
As a Result
Proto-Globalization
New technologies were invented as the need arose.
Guns, and particularly the naval cannon, played a
major role.
Increasing the size and versatility of ocean-
going ships was a key gain.
Calculation of direction and speed of wind and
ship.
Better and more efficient printing presses.
As a Result
Modern Globalization
Also known as contemporary
globalization.
Industrial Revolution gave it a jump
start.
Shaped by 19th century Imperialism.
Transport Revolution.
1800 - present
Modern Globalization
After WWII, Bretton Woods Conference took place
where the framework of international monetary
policy, commerce and finance was laid.
This lead to the founding of several international
institutions intended to facilitate economic
growth and lowered trade barriers.
Lead to the formation of GATT and later, WTO.
Modern Globalization
Created after failure of League of
Nations in 1945.
Platform for all countries in the
world to discuss all aspects of
government.
UNO
• Health, politics, economics.
• International Labor
Organization.
• Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.
Modern Globalization
Internet facilitated the expansion of
the movement toward a global village.
Creation of cheaper, faster and easier
means of communication, the
provision of a vast pool of information.
E-commerce.
Created a “global audience.”
Social media - Focus now on individual
contact.
Internet and its effects
Modern Globalization
Exports nearly doubled from 8.5% from total
Gross World Product in 1970 to 16.2% in 2001.
Aviation became affordable to middle classes
in developed countries in the ‘70s.
1990 – the growth of low – cost
communication networks accelerated the rate
of communication between countries.
As a Result
Modern Globalization
In late 19th and early 20th century
the connectivity of the world’s
economies and cultures grew.
Exchange of various commodities
and ideas that were unique to one
culture, became accessible to
others.
Rise of the East.
Diseases – the SARS virus spread
between three continents at an
alarming speed.
As a Result
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