globalissuesecolmangmntcompact4a
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
1/27
Planet Earth has always been in a State of Change;
the rate of change has never been constant
Global Issues in Nematode Ecology and Management
Commonalities and Differences in Nematode Issues across the Globe
Howard Ferris
Department of Nematology
University of California Davis
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
2/27
Big Issues in World Agriculture,Economy and Ecology
1. Global climate change and mitigation measures
2. Fossil fuel depletion and costs
3. Global trade agreements
4. Land ownership and land tenure
Context: the need to provide food, fiber,water, and shelter for 6.7 billion people
and their interlinkages
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
3/27
Adaptation:Shifts in land-use patternsand management practices
Climate Change
Land TenureTrade Agreements
Energy Costs
Big Issues in World Agriculture,Economy and Ecology
Mitigation-slowing the process
Adaptation-minimizing the effecton services
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
4/27
How are different nematode functional groups affected by climateand land-use change?
Provide Services Provide Disservices
Mitigation tradeoffs?
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
5/27
A simplistic analysis of climatechange effects on soil
nematodes
But.the same factors affect growth and tolerance of hosts, prey and naturalenemies of the nematodes..And management decisions of the environmental steward.
So, the net outcome is unpredictable, at least by me.
Temperature
Higher Lower
Higher +++ -+
Rainfall
Lower +- ---
Nematode winners and losers?
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
6/27
Thermal amplitude of bacterivores
Ferris et al., 1995We have some of the necessary information
Physiological Ecology
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
7/27Foley et al., Science 309, 570 -574 (2005)
A conceptual framework for comparing trade-offs on ecosystem services
But we need to think at a larger scale
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
8/27
Professor Shenglei Fu, Chinese Academy of Sciences:
Mitigation - reforestation altering climateAdaptation - vegetation mixes to maximize functions and services
Services:
pulp production
wildlife habitat
pollination
refugia
erosion control
groundwater quality
carbon sequestration
decomposition
nutrient cycling
nutrient retention
mineralization
soil quality
esthetics
public education
Total area 50 ha.Each plot 1 ha.Treatments 14Replications 3
China, 2007
Landscape Ecology
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
9/27
Mitigation/Adaptation: Coffee under tree shadeCosta Rica, 2008
Temperature effects
Rhizosphere interactions
Host effects
Farmscape Ecology
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
10/27
Winter cover crop bell beansCalifornia, 2006
No-till soybeans, Brazil, 2006
Soil fertilityOrganic matterFood web activitySoil structure
Fossil fuel reductionHabitat conservationFood web activitySoil structure
Adaptations
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
11/27
Adapted from:Meine van NoordwijkWorld Agroforestry Centre
Bogor, Indonesia
Current crops/animals
Newcrops/animals
Newcropping system
Newfarming system
Non-farminglivelihoods
Is life still possibleon this planet?
Sustainagility:Change
crops/animals
Sustainagility:Change
cropping system
Sustainagility:Changefarming system
Sustainagility:Shift to non-farming
livelihood
Sustainagility:Migration to another
region of planet
Sustainability of . . .
Soil Fauna
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
12/27
Consistent N-yieldover 75 yearswithout inputN-yield similar tothat of high inputwheat
StructureIndex
BasalIndex
From Glover et al., subm.
Land-use change in Kansas:Soil food web effects
Community Ecology
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
13/27
Soil Food Web: Functions and Servicesin relation to punctuated and continuous resource supply
O Pr
B
F
P
Mineralization
Reverting to prairie?
Need to understand invasion biology ofomnivores and predators
RegulationEasierto
go
in
this
direction
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
14/27
Some Global Issues in Nematode Management
Nematicide tradeoffs production enhancement vs. economics, environmentalhazards and food web simplification (pesticide treadmill)
Zimbabwe, 1961
California, 1999
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
15/27
Ten Years After Cu Application
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 200 400 600 800
Cu Concentration (Kg/ha)
PredatorNe
matodes
Korthals et al., 1998
Impact on Higher Trophic Levels
California, 1973
An ideal:
Biodiversity-friendly nematicides that protect roots without killing non-target soil organisms:
immunogenic nematicides
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
16/27
Global Issues in Nematode Management
Management practices in industrializedagriculture result in food websimplification cp1 and cp2
bacterivores and fungivorespredominate
Reduction in cp3, 4, 5 higher trophiclevels
Costa Rica, 2008
Farmscape Ecology
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
17/27
Global Issues in Nematode Management
Nematode biomass in soil food web
Conventional
Organic
Bacterivore Biomass
Bacterivore Biomass
Herbivore Biomass
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ln Biomass Prey
LnBioma
ssPredators
y=-3.18+1.34x; r2=0.59, p
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
18/27
What is the rhizosphereeffect of Theobromaon Musa?
molecular signals
border cells
nematodesHawes et al., 1998
Farrar et al., 2003 Hirsch et al., 2003
Molecular Ecology
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
19/27
Other Nematode Services enhancing soil fertility
bacteria and bacterivore nematodes
with twenty nematodes
0 nematodes with five nematodes
Fu et al. 2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 20 40 80 160
Nematode Abundance
Bac
terialCells
Positive feedback Overgrazing
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 20 40 80 160
Nematode Abundance
Bac
terialCells
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 20 40 80 160
Nematode Abundance
Bac
terialCells
Positive feedback Overgrazing
An example of positive and negative feedback
Behavioral Ecology
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
20/27
The Service - N mineralization
- Functional Complementarity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1-
Apr
8-
Apr
15-
Apr
22-
Apr
29-
Apr
6-M
ay
13-M
ay
20-M
ay
27-M
ay
3-
Jun
10-
Jun
17-
Jun
24-
Jun
1
-Jul
8
-Jul
15
-Jul
22
-Jul
29
-Jul
Mesorhabditis
Cruznema
Rhabditis
Total N
The Importanceof Biodiversity
The Service - N mineralization
- Functional Continuity
0
100
200
300
400
500600
700
800
900
1-Apr
8-Apr
15-Apr
22-Apr
29-Apr
6-May
13-May
20-May
27-May
3-Jun
10-Ju
n
17-Ju
n
24-Ju
n1-Jul
8-Jul
15-Ju
l
22-Ju
l
29-Ju
l
Mesorhabditis
Acrobeloides bod
Total N
California, 1996
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
21/27
Depleted Soils of AfricaCereal Yields
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
Mt/Ha
Developed
Countries
Asia
Developing
Latin America
& Carribean
Sub-Saharan
Africa
FAO - redrawn
Corn, cassava, beans - Congo
A
B
C
D
E
F
Crossover RotationsOostenbrink, 1959
A B C D E F
Netherlands, 1965
California, 1982
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
22/27
Land-use Change: TheGlobal Spread of Nematodes
Examples:Citrus Tylenchulus semipenetrans worldwideGrapevines and their nematode complexesSoybeans and Heterodera glycinesCereals and grass seeds Anguina spp.Potatoes Globodera and Meloidogyne spp.Bananas and Radopholus, Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne ,Pratylenchus.
Most major nematode pest problems in California are caused by non-native species.
Effects of global exploration, human migration, modern transportation:Despite regulatory efforts, major crops throughout the world support the same
nematode complexes.
Some nematodeshave attributes ofinvaders:
ArrivalEstablishmentIntegration
SpreadDetection Escape
Invasion Biology
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
23/27
sugarbeet cyst nematode
Sugarbeet Cyst Nematode - Heterodera schachtii
sugarbeet production
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
24/27
Sources of resistanceand other control/mitigation measures should apply in newareas of production.
Caveat: consider the local acceptability of new varieties and the availability ofappropriate infrastructure/technology.
But.. Every year, we lose between 17,000 and 100,000 speciesas the result of humanactivities (The Sixth Extinction. Leakey and Lewin, 1995) That represents an enormous loss of functions, services and genes.
The problem is compounded by proprietary ownership of resistance genes andcommercialization of seed sources, reducing local selection of desirable traits.
Adaptation to Nematode Globalization and Land-use Change
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
25/27
Dr. Vandana Shivas movement concerned with saving
seeds, trading seeds, farming without corporate-derivedseed.
Ghandi: You cannot monopolize this which we need for life.
Genetic diversity is a common legacy it should be conserved, not owned
Svalbard Global Seed Vault willstore three million different cropvarieties in case of a worldwide
catastrophe.
Global Issues in Nematode Ecology and Management:
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
26/27
Land-use ChangeImpacts Research Activities
Changes in croppingand farming systems
Changes in nematodeassemblages andinteractions
Host status and resistance Crop rotation systems Soil food web management Biodiversity conservation Evaluation of sustainability
Optimizing Ecosystem Services
Information Gaps Research Activities Spatial and temporal diversity Scale: from molecular to
landscape
Alpha taxonomy andfunctional guilds
Functional complementarityand continuity
Intercropping,multicropping
GIS Multidisciplinary
teams Multivariate analysis Modeling
Nematode and System ManagementGoals Research Activities
Exclusion and avoidance
Host status, resistance
Cropping system design
Biological regulation
Conservation of soil
biodiversity
Molecular diagnostics Rotation experiments Food web management Sources of genes Ecological amplitudes Immunogenic
nematicides
Global Issues in Nematode Ecology and Management:Summary and Research Directions
Organismal level:Adapt knowledge frombiological models and microcosmexperiments
Farmscape and Landscape levels:Adapt management to scale ofsystem
Develop a biodiversity-friendlylandscape
Land-use ChangeImpacts Research Activities
Changes in croppingand farming systems
Changes in nematodeassemblages andinteractions
Host status and resistance Crop rotation systems Soil food web management Biodiversity conservation Evaluation of sustainability
Optimizing Ecosystem ServicesInformation Gaps Research Activities
Spatial and temporal diversity Scale: from molecular to
landscape
Alpha taxonomy andfunctional guilds
Functional complementarityand continuity
Intercropping,multicropping
GIS Multidisciplinary
teams Multivariate analysis ModelingNematode and System Management
Goals Research Activities
Exclusion and avoidance
Host status, resistance
Cropping system design
Biological regulation
Conservation of soil
biodiversity
Molecular diagnostics Rotation experiments Food web management Sources of genes Ecological amplitudes
Immunogenicnematicides
Global Issues in Nematode Ecology and Management:
-
8/2/2019 GlobalIssuesEcolMangmntcompact4a
27/27
Land-use ChangeImpacts Research Activities
Changes in croppingand farming systems
Changes in nematodeassemblages andinteractions
Host status and resistance Crop rotation systems Soil food web management Biodiversity conservation Evaluation of sustainability
Optimizing Ecosystem Services
Information Gaps Research Activities Spatial and temporal diversity Scale: from molecular to
landscape
Alpha taxonomy andfunctional guilds
Functional complementarityand continuity
Intercropping,multicropping
GIS Multidisciplinary
teams Multivariate analysis Modeling
Nematode and System ManagementGoals Research Activities
Exclusion and avoidance
Host status, resistance
Cropping system design
Biological regulation
Conservation of soil
biodiversity
Molecular diagnostics Rotation experiments Food web management Sources of genes Ecological amplitudes Immunogenic
nematicides
Global Issues in Nematode Ecology and Management:Summary and Research Directions
Organismal level:Adapt knowledge frombiological models and microcosmexperiments
Farmscape and Landscape levels:Adapt management to scale ofsystemDevelop a biodiversity-friendly
landscape
Thank you