globalisation and propensity to co-operate: results from multi-country field experiments
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Globalisation and Propensity To Co-operate: Results From Multi-country Field Experiments. Gianluca Grimalda CSGR – Warwick University Joint with Nancy Buchan (South Carolina), Marilynn Brewer (Ohio), Enrique Fatas (Valencia), Margaret Foddy (Carleton), Rick Wilson (Rice). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Globalisation and Propensity To Co-operate:
Results From Multi-country Field
Experiments
Gianluca GrimaldaCSGR – Warwick University
Joint with Nancy Buchan (South Carolina), Marilynn Brewer (Ohio), Enrique Fatas (Valencia), Margaret
Foddy (Carleton), Rick Wilson (Rice)
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Motivation: Globalisation as a New Form of Connectivity
Previous research shows the importance of the structure and scale of individual connectivity on individual behaviour:
Henrich et al. (2004) show that the level of a society’s market integration in small-scale societies is positively related with pro-social experimental behaviour.
The social capital literature emphasises the importance of individual engagement in associations for the development of propensity to co-operate and civic-minded attitudes (Putnam, 1993).
This research looks at individual globalisation as a new form of connectivity, and at its influence on co-operative behaviour.
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What do we Mean by Globalisation?
Globalisation may be conceptualised as the ‘de-territorialisation of human relations’ (Scholte, 2005; Robertson, 1992; Giddens, 1991). It leads to the creation of a network of relations among people on a global scale.
In accordance to the literature, such relations encompass the economic, social, cultural, and political sphere.
Individual globalisation is measured in this research as the extent to which an individual has access to this network and participates in it, that is, the extent of her ‘connectedness’ with other people on a (potentially) global scale.
Country-level globalisation is measured by the CSGR index.
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Research strategy
6 countries spanning the globalisation spectrum: United States (Columbus, Ohio), Italy (Milan), Russia (Tatarastan), Argentina (Buenos Aires), South Africa (Johannesburg), Iran (Tehran)
Standard methodological controls for comparative research have been adopted (Roth, et al., 1991; Buchan, and Croson, 2006)
Sample of around 200 people in each country stratified according to age, gender, and socio-economic status, equivalent across countries
Strategy: (a) To Measure the Individual Propensity to Co-operate at the local, national, and international level through 3 experimental decisions; (b) To measure the individual degree of globalisation through responses to a questionnaire
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Experimental Protocol Decision 1: Public Goods Game (PGG) at the LOCAL
level Decision 2: Nested PGG at the LOCAL/NATIONAL level Decision 3: Nested PGG at the LOCAL/GLOBAL level All decisions were independent and payoffs were not
communicated until the end of the three decisions People were randomly matched with people from
their own local area, other areas in their country, and other countries
An individual index of globalisation has been derived from the scores to around 70 items included in a questionnaire that people completed at the end of the experimental decisions. Items measure the frequency and the scale of connectedness of an individual across the social, cultural, economic, and political dimensions.
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An Example from the Questionnaire
1. How often do you normally use the following products or services? Check one
option.
I own/have access to this product or service, and I use it:
I do not own/have access to this product or
service. Every
day Every week
Less often
Never
a. Landline phone 1 2 3 4 5
b. Mobile phone 1 2 3 4 5
c. Internet 1 2 3 4 5
d. Email 1 2 3 4 5
e. Credit card 1 2 3 4 5
f. Postal mail 1 2 3 4 5
g. A TV not connected to a satellite/digital/cable network
1 2 3 4 5
h. A TV connected to a satellite/digital/cable network
1 2 3 4 5
i. Radio 1 2 3 4 5
j. Fax machine 1 2 3 4 5
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Overview of the Results: Mean Co-operation Rates per Decision
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
US Italy Russia Argentina South Africa Iran
Co
-op
erat
ion
rat
es
Local 1
C2
C3
Significant differences across countries
More globalised countries seem to experience a higher level of mean co-operation
Cooperation in Decision 3 is significantly lower than in Decision 2. This is the case (a) pooling all observations together (p-value= 0.0082 ); In Argentina (p-value=0.0144), the US (p-value= 0.0657), and South Africa (p-value=0.0220).
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Regressions on Total Co-operation Rates in Decision 3
Strong Predictive Power of Country-Level and Individual Level Globalisation on Total Co-operation in Decision 3
Positive Relation
Dependent variable: Co-operation in Decision 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Income 0.0414 0.0690*** 0.0148 0.0357 [0.031] [0.020] [0.034] [0.024] Education 0.105** 0.0361 0.0353 -0.026 [0.044] [0.033] [0.044] [0.038] Gender 0.0164 0.054 0.0253 0.0563 [0.094] [0.11] [0.097] [0.11] Year of Birth -0.00243 -0.00224 -0.00451 -0.00478 [0.0083] [0.0087] [0.0078] [0.0080] Country-level Globalisation Index 2.148*** 1.896*** [0.43] [0.37] Individual Globalisation Index 2.303*** 2.555*** [0.51] [0.52]
Observations 1029 1029 1029 1029 Pseudo R2 0.0216 0.018 0.0242 0.0216
Ordered logit model with robust standard errors clustered for country Country Dummies included in regressions (1) and (3) Robust standard errors in brackets *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
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Regressions on Total Co-operation Rates in Decisions 2 and 1
Again, strong positive relation between globalisation (macro and micro) on co-operation rates
Dependent variable: Dependent variable: Co-operation in Decision 2 Co-operation in Decision 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) Income 0.0774*** -0.00088 0.0420** 0.0506*** -0.00472 0.0226 [0.019] [0.027] [0.019] [0.019] [0.032] [0.021] Education 0.0126 0.0742** -0.0499 0.0288 0.0486 -0.0264 [0.033] [0.030] [0.039] [0.067] [0.051] [0.071] Gender 0.0867 0.0289 0.0792 -0.133 -0.169 -0.134 [0.11] [0.12] [0.11] [0.12] [0.11] [0.12] Year of Birth -0.00084 -0.0029 -0.00363 -0.00019 -0.00218 -0.00253 [0.0070] [0.0058] [0.0059] [0.0062] [0.0056] [0.0057] Country-level Globalisation Index 2.355*** 2.137*** 1.921*** 1.711*** [0.64] [0.55] [0.54] [0.48] Individual Globalisation Index 1.947*** 2.562*** 1.931*** 2.199*** [0.45] [0.47] [0.23] [0.10]
Observations 1030 1030 1030 1030 1030 1030 Pseudo R2 0.0215 0.0327 0.0252 0.0142 0.0223 0.0169
Ordered logit model with robust standard errors clustered for country Country Dummies included in regressions (2) and (5) Robust standard errors in brackets: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
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Conclusions and Further Analysis
Significant Macro and Micro effects of globalisation, going hand-in-hand
Mediating effect of social identity? What are the relations with social capital and
generalised trust?
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Appendix: The nested PGG
Local Group 2 from Country B
Local group 1 from Country A
I
Local group 3 from Country C
World Group .
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Appendix: Relation Between Globalisation Index and Mean Propensity to Co-operate
US
Italy
RussiaArgentina
South Africa
Iran
56
78
Con
trib
utio
n to
Loc
al 1
.2 .4 .6 .8 1CSGR globalisation scale
Polynomial fitted line
Decision 1Relation between CSGR scale and mean co-operation rates
US
ItalyRussiaArgentina
South Africa
Iran
56
78
Sum
of
Con
trib
utio
n to
Loc
al 2
and
Nat
iona
l 2
.2 .4 .6 .8 1CSGR globalisation scale
Polynomial fitted line
Decision 2 - Total Co-operationRelation between CSGR scale and Mean Co-operation rates
US
ItalyRussia
Argentina
South Africa
Iran5.5
66.
57
7.5
8
Sum
of
Con
trib
utio
n to
Loc
al 3
and
Wor
ld 3
.2 .4 .6 .8 1CSGR globalisation scale
Polynomial fitted line
Decision 3 - Total Co-operationRelation between CSGR scale and Mean Co-operation rates
US
Italy
RussiaArgentina
South Africa
Iran
56
78
10000 20000 30000 40000GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)
Polynomial Fitted Line
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Appendix: Co-Operation Rates with the Higher-Order Group per Decision
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
US Italy Russia Argentina South Africa Iran
N2-L2
W3-L3
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Appendix: Relation Between Globalisation Index and Propensity to Co-operate with the Higher-Level Group
US
Italy
Russia
ArgentinaSouth Africa
Iran
01
23
4
.2 .4 .6 .8 1Glob Index
Polynomial Fitted Line
US
Italy
Russia
Argentina
South Africa
Iran
01
23
4
.2 .4 .6 .8 1Glob Index
Polynomial Fitted Line