GLOBALISATION AND MARITIMISATION

Are regional and national maritime policiesup to the challenge?

The case of Europe and East AsiaLunch-seminar 14 March 2014 – Maison Franco-Japonaise

Yves Henocque, IFREMER – JAMSTEC Guest Researcher and OPRF Visiting Fellow

Indian ocean

Southern ocean

Pacific ocean

Atlanticocean

Arctic ocean

84,000 kms of seamless mountains

INCREASING RED ZONES LEADING TO CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

Source: The Stockholm Resilience Centre www.stockholmresilience.org

• Land-based pollutions • Overfishing• Invasive species• Seawater warming • Seawater rising• Oceans acidification• Climate extreme events• Ice melting• Waste disposal• Seabed mining ?

Adapting to a fast-changing global context

?Financial and economic crisis

Resilient people

Environmentalcrisis

Resilient planet

Climate crisisand

Sustainable developmentThe twin tracks of human development and environmental protection

Community-based / Integrated coastal management, ecosystem-based approach, Public-private partnership, Green growth, Blue growth, Blue society ……

A much needed convergencebetween

The problem of the coast and the ocean is a problem of human behaviour

It must be tackled at a multi-scale level, both ways:

from global to local and vice versa

It is a problem of governance, i.e. the way decisions are made while generating a sense of ownership for each category

of stakeholders

Restoring the ecosystem resilience through multi-scale governance processes

The UN Convention on the Law of the SeaCommon Heritage of Mankind (the Area)

The surface and water column

Regional Sea Strategies (Transboundary)

National Maritime Policies (EEZ)

Local implementation

Still a very fragmented approach to jurisdictiondespite the irrefutable unity of oceans as ecological systems

Deep sea minerals: UNCLOS - ISAFishing: RFMO – FAOBiodiversity and habitats (MPAs): CBD Shipping and pollution: IMOLand-based pollution and debris: (UNEP)Waste disposal: London Dumping ConventionScientific research: Voluntary code of conductCable & pipelines: unregulatedBioprospecting: unregulated.........

MOREOVER…..Universality far from being achieved,UNCLOS: 166 countries (big absent: USA…)UN Fish Stocks Agreement: 81 only…

Non compliance by ratifying countries themselvesTerritorial waters boundaryNon respect of deep/fragile ecosystems (deep trawling)Illegal Unreported Unregulated (IUU) fishing

To be adapted to new problems and issuesConservation of high seas living resources (fisheries subsidies)Bioprospecting (no existing rules in the high seas)Climate change and ocean acidificationDrug smuggling, piracy, etc.

MARINE GOVERNANCE, SCOPE AND HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

NATIONAL

EUROPEAN UNIONRegional

INTERNATIONALGlobal - Regional

UNCHE1972

UNCLOS1982

UNCED1992

WSSD2002

HELCOM1974BARCELONA

1975BLACK SEA

1992

OSPAR1992

FSA1995

CCRF1995 KYOTO

1997UNFCC

2009

ICZM2002

ENV. STRATEGY2004

MSFD2008

Green Paper2006

Maritime Policy/Action Plan2007

NZ1991

BR1994

CA1996

DE1997

US2000

CN2001

AU1998

UK2001

RU2001

BE2003

NL2004

US2004

NO2002

NO2006

UK2007

PT2006

FR2009

JP2007COL2007

SCT2008

GPA1995

US2010

Rio+202012

UNFCC2015

REG. SEAS STRATEGYBaltic, East Atlantic, Med…

CBD2010

European Marine Ecoregions

A- Groenland /Iceland SeaB- Barents SeaC- Feroe islandsD- Norvegian SeaE- Celtic SeasF- North SeaF1- Baltic SeaG- South AtlanticH- Western MediterraneanI- Adriatic/Aegean SeaJ- Aegean-Levantine SeaJ1- Black SeaK- North-East Atlantic Ocean

F1

J1

4 regional conventions

The European frameworkIntegrated Maritime Policy (2006)

Environmental pillar: Framework DirectiveGood environmental status of European marine waters by 2020

Six main should-be articulated areas of work:

-Integrated maritime governance at European, national and regionallevel (broader view in decision making)-European regional seas (in relation to the various sectoral policies)-Maritime spatial planning and integrated coastal management-Marine knowledge infrastructure (provide marine data to users) -Information sharing environment (surveillance / monitoring system)

-Sustainable economic growth, innovation and employment (Europe2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth)

In the East Asian Seas?

No regional convention

COBSEACoordinating body on the seas of East Asia

Depending on the goodwill of countries

PEMSEAPartnerships inEnvironmental managementFor the seas of East Asia

THE RULE OF SOVEREIGN COUNTRIES

NATIONALCONSIDERATIONS

Comparatively… from a landscape perspective

JAPAN FRANCE

Land area364,485 km²

Land coverForest (70%)

Coastline34,812 Km

Coastline artificialisation15,597 Km

Land area674,843 km²

Land coverRural (55%), Forest (27%)

Coastline4,853 km

Construction ratex 2.5 than average

Comparatively… from a seascape perspective

JAPAN FRANCE

EEZ (A)6,479,358 Km²

Land Area + EEZ (B)6,857,193 Km²

Maritime Index (A/B)0,92

EEZ (A)11,035,000 Km²

Land Area + EEZ (B)11,709,843 Km²

Maritime Index (A/B)0,94

Japan EEZ: a seascape view

Secrétariat général de la mer

France EEZ and continental shelf extension boundaries

Polic

ies

/ Str

ateg

ies

Gov

erna

nce

mec

hani

sms

Inter-sectoral application

Cross-cutting application

Sharedinstruments

Knowledge

Monitoring

Evaluation

Funding

Multi-scale application

Nested approachAdministrative boundariesSense of place

Environment (risks, biodiversity, pollution…), international activities, research and innovation, security and defense, etc.

Uses of mineral, energy, biological resources ; maritime transport, tourism…

The making of an integrated maritime policy

National strategyVisionPrinciples, goals,Overall objectives

Coastal and Ocean National Board

Maritime Partnership

Maritime Partnership ….

Overall organisation for the maritime strategy implementation

Interregional Strategy(Regional Strategies)

Marine EcoregionStrategy and Action Plan ObjectivesIndicators

CO

PIL

pro

jets

loca

ux

SMVM

CO

PIL

pro

jets

loca

ux

SMVM

Inter-municipalities Executive committees

Inter-municipalities Executive committees

Local initiativesLocal Action Plan (SMVM, PGEM, PNM…)Management plans

(Regions)

Legal and institutional aspects

Integratedcoastal

management

Integrated water resources management

Integrated regional seasand ocean management

An issue about cultural values

The forest is the lover of the sea – satoyama / satoumi

Thinking boundaries from the land to the sea

Biogeographic regions+

socio-political and

cultural criteria‘Ligue Roc’ NGO

Japan regions and Prefectures

Legal and institutional aspects

Three driving forces structuring the coast and

sea management

WaterMarine Protected Areas

Wind farming

The Water Agency and its River Basin Committees

Managingwatersfromlandto

beyondthe

shoreline

MPA types and numbers in JapanBottom-up / Top down

YaeyamaIslands,Okinawa

- Total: 1,161 MPAs

Including more than 1,000 implemented in conjunction with fishery Regulations (legal or self-imposed no-take zones)

Maritime activities sensitivity and potential conflicts with wind farmsMaritime Spatial planning on the making

Artificial reefs

Management plan in preparationManagement plan in operationSpecific river/bay contractWater use action plan

PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT IN THE COASTAL ZONE

Dealing with existing initiatives at local level

High diversity of local coastal management projects

• 12 water use management projects• 9 specific lagoon/bay projects• 1 Sea Enhancement Scheme• 1 Observatory• 7 No-take zones (fisheries)• 2 National Parks• 1 Marine Park• 5 coastal use management plans• 9 « ICZM » projects (out of 25 in France)

Mainly terrestrial planning tools

Water use and quality managemente.g. SDAGE/SAGE

Regional Land Planning e.g. SCOT

Habitats/Species protection e.g. Natura 2000 (land and sea)

Maritime uses managementSea Enhancement Scheme

MAPPING LOCAL PROJECTSIN JAPAN ?

Strong willingness to establish networksBetween projects / between stakeholder groups /between areas

Acquiring a common language

Indicators:-Multi-use approach-Nested approach (scales/institutions)-Knowledge integration-Land-sea interface-Participation dynamic-Monitoring, evaluation and sustainability

Spread the word

Make the peopleexchange between

each other

A nested governance approach

Between municipalities

Within a Region (department/province)

In a regional sea context with transboundary considerations

and under aNATIONAL MARITIME POLICY

An articulation which requires robust governance mechanisms

JAPAN

Basic Ocean Act (2007)Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (2008)

12 measures:Development and use of marine resourcesPreservation of marine environmentDevelopment of EEZ and continental shelfSecuring maritime transportSecuring safety and security at seaMarine surveysR&D in marine science and technologyInternational competitiveness of industryIntegrated management of coastal zonesPreservation of islandsInternational coordination and cooperationCitizen’s awareness and education

FRANCE

Grenelle Environment Act 1-2Blue book: National Maritime Strategy (2009)

Recommendations:Sustainable management of marine resourcesDevelopment / regulation of maritime industriesReduction of maritime pollutionsReduction of land-based pollutionsContribution to European / international governanceStrengthening of surveillance and controlGovernance and integrated management of the coast and the seaPromotion of education and trainingStrengthening of maritime jobs attractivenessR&D in marine science and technology

Ecoregions strategic plans

MARITIME POLICIES

Ecoregions strategic plans ?

Scaling up through an iterative approach

Stocktaking: what is there already ?Ask the people (social surveys)

Make it known to the people (feedback)Instore a regional dialogue (forum?)

(e.g. France: water basin committeesJapan: Sea-area Fishery Adjustment Commissions (Seto Inland Sea, Genkai Sea, Ariakekai Sea)

Draft policy brief on appropriate issuesDon’t re-invent the wheel

Build on existing frameworks(e.g. France: Regional Consultative Body for the Sea: ICZM in PACA)

Regional Economic, Social and Environmental councilsJapan: Association for the Environmental Conservation of the Seto Inland Sea

Build up constituencies !

It’s not because things are difficult that we darenot venture. It’s because we dare not venture thatthey are difficult. Seneca (1 BC-AD 65)