global winds michael j. garay jet propulsion laboratory, california institute of technology...
TRANSCRIPT
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Global Winds
Michael J. GarayJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
TechnologyPasadena, California, USA
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http://geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/Booth/California/2_atmosphere/Hadley_cells.jpg
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How to teach this?
http://geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/Booth/California/2_atmosphere/Hadley_cells.jpg
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National Science Education Standards
• Earth Science– Energy in the Earth system
• Heating of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere by the sun drives convection within the atmosphere and ocean, producing winds and ocean currents (9-12)
• Global winds are part of a pattern of air circulation across the Earth and include the trade winds, westerlies and the polar easterlies
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http://www.universetoday.com/74036/what-are-the-steps-of-the-scientific-method/
The “Scientific Method”
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Three Approaches
• Factual– These are “facts” that students should
know
• Historical– Science (i.e., learning about the world)
is done by people (and not always “scientists”)
• Synthesis– Science provides a unifying idea (theory)
that explains many different things
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Global Wind Systems
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Historical
Aristotle
Isaac Newton
Christopher Columbus
Edmond Halley
George Hadley
William Ferrel
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World Map Showing the “Four Winds”
http://usm.maine.edu/maps/exhibition/8/3/sub-/where-the-winds-blow
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“T-O” Map Showing the “Eight Winds”
http://www.taringa.net/posts/offtopic/6355668/El-mar_-terror-y-fascinacion.html
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World Map Showing the “Twelve Winds” of Aristotle
http://usm.maine.edu/maps/exhibition/8/3/sub-/where-the-winds-blow
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http://www.chroniclesofamerica.com/maps_of_america.htm
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Edmond Halley’s Map of the Major Global Wind Systems (1686)
http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/research/projects/DeptII_Daston_Collective
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http://www.universetoday.com/74036/what-are-the-steps-of-the-scientific-method/
The “Scientific Method”
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George Hadley
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter10/single_cell.html
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The Ferrel Cell
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The Ferrel Cell
http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/IGCSE+and+GCSE+Weather,+Climate+and+Ecosystems
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http://geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/Booth/California/2_atmosphere/Hadley_cells.jpg
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Synthesis
http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Gov-Inc/Hypothesis-Testing.html
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http://www.universetoday.com/74036/what-are-the-steps-of-the-scientific-method/
The “Scientific Method”
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http://xkcd.com/242/
Thinking Like aScientist
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“Earthrise” from Apollo 8 December 24, 1968
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthrise
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Apollo 17 View of the Earth“Blue Marble”
December 7, 1972
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Marble
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“Blue Marble” from MODIS(Available as an iPhone background)
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/printall.php
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MODIS Land, Ocean, Ice, Cloud
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/printall.php
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MODIS Land Only
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/printall.php
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The Hadley Circulation
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MISR Directional Hemispheric Reflectance (DHR)
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/PRODOCS/misr/level3/product.html
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One Month of Precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM)
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1017
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MODIS Land, Ocean, Ice, Cloud
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/printall.php
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MODIS Cloud Only
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/printall.php
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http://geography.sierra.cc.ca.us/Booth/California/2_atmosphere/Hadley_cells.jpg
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Jupiter Composite from the Cassini Spacecraft
http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-92989/Bands-of-pastel-colored-clouds-encircle-the-giant-planet-Jupiter
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Seeing the Wind
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing
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Ocean Surface Winds from the QuikSCAT Instrument on the SeaWinds Satellite
http://www.scp.byu.edu/gallery.html
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QuikSCAT Mean Ocean Winds Annual Climatology
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NCEP Reanalysis Mean Ocean Surface Winds Annual Climatology
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NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 0 - 1 km Climatology
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NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 1 - 2 km Climatology
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NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 2 - 3.5 km Climatology
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NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 3.5 - 5 km Climatology
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NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 5 - 7 km Climatology
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NCEP Reanalysis Mean Winds Annual 7 - 10 km Climatology
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NCEP-2/MISR Zonal Mean Wind PlotsDecember 2001 – August 2007
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Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)
Nine view angles at Earth surface:70.5º forward to 70.5º backward
Nine 14-bit pushbroom cameras
275 m - 1.1 km sampling
Four spectral bands at each angle:446, 558, 672, 866 nm
400-km swath: 9-day coverageat equator, 2-day at poles
7 minutes to observe each sceneat all nine angles
http://misr.jpl.nasa.gov/
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MISR Low Cloud Wind Vectors for January 2011
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MISR Low Cloud Wind Vectors for July 2011
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Where Does the Wind Blow?
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Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph)
Low High
Height ≤ 1 km AGL
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Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph)
Low High
Height ≤ 2 km AGL
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Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph)
Low High
Height ≤ 3 km AGL
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Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph)
Low High
Height ≤ 4 km AGL
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Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph)
Low High
Height ≤ 5 km AGL
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22
3
2
3
22
4
2 22
3 55 4
219158
5842
1315
73
986
22
10°N
20°N
30°N
15°N
25°N
35°N
10°W 0°E 10°E 20°E 30°E5°W 5°E 15°E 25°E 35°E
Bodélé Depression
Ténéré DesertWestern
Sahara Desert
Algeria
Mauritania
Mali
Niger Chad
Libya
Sudan
Nigeria
Qattara Depression
Selima Sand Sheet
Egypt
Mediterranean Sea
Sahara Desert
Frequency of Wind Speeds Greater than 20 m/s (45 mph) over Africa (DJF)
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The Bodélé Depression
Credit: Giles (2005), Nature, “The Dustiest Place on Earth”
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Credits: Giles (2005), Nature, [Lower left, upper right]Bristow et al. (2009), Geomorphology [Upper left, lower right]
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Africa
South America
United StatesAug 29 Aug 26 Aug 25 Aug 24 Aug 23 Aug 22 Aug 21 Aug 20 Aug 19
Dust from the Sahara Desert Reaches Houston, Texas
Observations from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)Instrument on NASA’s Terra Satellite
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Some Resources• MISR
– misr.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/worldmap.html• JPL (Solar System)
– photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/Help/ImageGallery.html
• NASA (Animations)– svs.gsfc.nasa.gov
• Google Image Search
Current MISR Wind Product New MISR Wind Product
New and Improved!