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Greening Virginia Universities and Colleges Conference Thursday, October 22, 2009 Global Warming’s Six Americas: A Climate Communication Tool for Virginia’s Colleges and Universities Karen Akerlof, M.S. Doctoral student, Communication Department George Mason University, Fairfax, VA Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia

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Page 1: Global Warming’s Six Americas: A Climate Communication for and … · 2009-11-18 · Global Warming’s Six Americas: A Climate Communication Tool for Virginia’s Colleges and

Greening Virginia Universities and Colleges ConferenceThursday, October 22, 2009

Global Warming’s Six Americas: A Climate CommunicationTool for Virginia’s Colleges and Universities

Karen Akerlof, M.S.Doctoral student, Communication Department

George Mason University, Fairfax, VA

Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, Virginia

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“Leading society to reverse human‐induced global warming is a task that fits squarely into the educational, research, and public service missions of higher education. There is no other institution in society that has the influence, the critical mass and the diversity of skills needed to successfully make this transformation.”

A Call for Climate Leadership, March 2007American College & University 

Presidents Climate Commitment

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Minor in Sustainability Studies

Minor in Renewable Energy

B.S., Global and Environmental Change

Graduate Certificate in Sustainability and the Environment

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April 2009

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Overview

1.What do the “Six Americas” tell us about climate change audiences that can be used on campuses in Virginia?

2.What a “People and Places” approach tells us about maximizing behavioral change by addressing individual, social andenvironmental factors

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To understand human behavior, we must understand people.

But people are not all alike.

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Alice                            Claudia               Carl                 Diane David               Dan

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Alarmed Alice Alice is completely sure global warming is happening, she believes it is human caused, and she feels personally threatened by it.  She also believes that people around the world are already being harmed by it, or will soon be.

Alice is only modestly more likely than average to be taking steps to reduce her energy use, but she is far more likely than average to use her purchasing power ‐ and her voice as a citizen ‐ to advocate for change.

Alice supports a wide range of policy responses to address global warming.

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Concerned ClaudiaClaudia is very sure global warming is happening, and she believes it is human causes, but she feels less personally threatened by it than Alice. She believes that global warming will begin to harm people around the world 10+ years from now. 

Claudia is average in terms of taking measures to reduce her energy consumption, but well above average in terms of using her purchasing power to advocate for change.

Claudia supports aggressive government policies, but is unlikely to contact her elected officials to say so.

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Cautious Carl Carl is only somewhat sure that global warming is happening, and he is equally likely to see it as human caused or not.  He sees global warming as a more distant threat – primarily a threat to other people – that won’t begin to hurt people around the world for another 25 ‐ 50 years. 

Carl is taking average steps to reduce his energy consumption, but isn’t involved in addressing global warming in other ways.

He is, however, modestly supportive of a range of proposed policies.

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Disengaged DianeDiane thinks global warming may be happening, but she’s not at all sure. She’s given it very little thought, doesn’t consider it personally important, and doesn’t feel she knows anything about it.

Diane has done relatively little to reduce her use of energy at home, but because she has lower than average income she is more likely than average not to rely on her own car.

Despite her low level of personal concern, Diane is more supportive than Carl of mounting a national response to global warming. 

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Doubtful David

David says he doesn’t know if real or not, but if it is, he’s pretty sure it isn’t human‐caused. David certainly isn’t worried about it; he sees global warming as a very distant threat that won’t harm people for at least another 100 years.

David isn’t in favor of a national response to global warming per se, but he is modestly in favor of a range of energy‐saving policy measures, and is active in improving energy‐efficiency in his home. 

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Dismissive Dan

Dan simply does not believe that global warming is happening – or that it’s in God’s hands ‐ and he believes that many scientists share his views.  Needless to say, Dan doesn’t support any form of government action against global warming.  

Although vigorously opposed to government action on global warming, he himself is quite active in making energy‐efficient improvements to his home. 

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1. Reality of climate change:  It’s real.2. Certainty:  I’m certain it’s real.3. Evaluation:  It will be bad for people.4. Belief in human causation:  Humans caused it.5. Response efficacy:  Humans can fix it.

Krosnick, Holbrook, Lowe & Visser, 2006

Five Key Beliefs differentiate those who support strong climate change policies from those who don’t in the United States

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1. Reality of climate change: It’s real.2. Certainty: I’m certain it’s real.

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Do you think that global warming is happening? How sure are you?

Extremely sure global warming 

is happening

Don’t know

Extremely sureglobal warming 

is not happening

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3. Evaluation: It will be bad for people. 

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When do you think global warming willstart to harm people in the United States?

Never

100 yrs

50 yrs

25 yrs

10 yrs

Now

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4. Belief in human causation: Humans caused it.

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If global warming is happening, do you think it is …

Caused mostly by human activities

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5. Response efficacy: Humans can fix it.

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Which of the following statements comes closest to your view?

Humans can reduce global warming, and we will

Humans could reduce global warming, but unclear if we will

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More commonalities in actions than beliefs

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Number of energy efficient improvements made to home

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Number of habitual conservation actions

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Summary

1.U.S. public opinion is divided, but the majority are concerned about climate change and support action

2.The groups most strongly against policy change are small – 7% and 11% 

3.Energy efficiency and conservation bypass the politicization and appeal across all segments  

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Attributes of people

Population behavior is strongly influenced by:

Attributes of place

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The People and Places Framework

Individuals

Behaviors of the people in the population

Societal outcomes 

Social Networks

Population orCommunity

Attributes of peopleSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

The attributes of placeSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

Local‐Level Distal‐Level

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Individuals

Cognitions: knowledge, beliefs, self‐efficacyAffectSkillsMotivation IntentionsBiological predispositionsDemographics

Behaviors of the people in the population

Societal outcomes

The attributes of people

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Behaviors of the people in the population

Societal outcomes

The attributes of people

Social Networks

Size and connectedness of personal networkSocial support and modeling by:‐family‐peers‐mentors

Opinion leaders

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Behaviors of the people in the population

Societal outcomes

The attributes of people

Population or Community

Social normsCultureSocial cohesionCollective  efficacySocial capitalIncome disparitiesRacism

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Individuals

Social  Networks

Population or Community

Behaviors of the people in the population

Societal outcomes

Attributes of peopleSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

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The People and Places Framework

Behaviors of the people in the population

Societal outcomes 

The attributes of placeSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

Local‐Level Distal‐Level

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Availability and cost of products and services

The attributes of placeSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

Local‐Level & Distal‐Level

Highly available and very inexpensive

Less available and much more expensive

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Availability and cost of products and services

The attributes of placeSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

Local‐Level & Distal‐Level

Aggressively marketedAvailable but not promoted

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Physical structures

The attributes of placeSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

Local‐Level & Distal‐Level

or

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Social structures: laws and policies; enforcement

The attributes of placeSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

Local‐Level & Distal‐Level

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Cultural and media messages

The attributes of placeSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

Local‐Level & Distal‐Level

vs.

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The People and Places Framework

Behaviors of the people in the population

Societal outcomes 

The attributes of placeSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

Local‐Level Distal‐Level

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The People and Places Framework

Individuals

Behaviors of the people in the population

Societal outcomes 

Social Networks

Population orCommunity

Attributes of peopleSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

The attributes of placeSmallest ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Largest

Level of Aggregation

Local‐Level Distal‐Level

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Summary

Targeting aspects of both people and place is most effective in shifting the behavior of populations

Universities and colleges are uniquely capable of implementing both people‐ and place‐based change

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“By creating and implementing coordinated plans to reduce their global warming impact down to zero within a generation, our campuses can drive the scientific innovation and public education necessary to catalyze rapid change.”

A Call for Climate Leadership, March 2007American College & University 

Presidents Climate Commitment

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Reports available at both:climatechange.gmu.edu

research.yale.edu/environment/climate

Thank you to our funders:

The Yale Center for Environmental Law and PolicyThe Betsy and Jesse Fink FoundationThe 11th Hour ProjectThe Pacific FoundationInvestigator Award, Health Policy Research, 

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation