FY2014 Annual Report [Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array] Page 3 of 22

Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array Michael J. McPhaden1

Rick Lumpkin2

1Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle WA 2Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL

Table of Contents 1. Project Summary ......................................................................................................................... 3 2. Scientific and Observing System Accomplishments .................................................................. 4

2.1. PIRATA .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. RAMA ........................................................................................................................... 8 2.3. TAO/TRITON .............................................................................................................. 11 2.4. Crosscutting Issues for the Global Array ..................................................................... 12 2.4.1 Flux Reference Stations ....................................................................................... 12 2.4.2 Web Pages and Data Services ............................................................................. 13 2.4.3 Data Management Plan ....................................................................................... 13 2.4.4 Fishing Vandalism ............................................................................................... 14 2.4.5 Engineering Development ................................................................................... 15 2.4.6 Compliance with NOAA Statutes and Acts ........................................................ 15

3. Outreach and Education ............................................................................................................ 15 4. Publications and Reports........................................................................................................... 16

4.1. Publications by Principal Investigators ........................................................................... 16 4.2. Other Relevant Publications ........................................................................................... 18

5. Slides ......................................................................................................................................... 21

1. Project Summary The Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array program (GTMBA) provides high quality moored time series and related data throughout the global tropics for improved description, understanding and prediction of seasonal to decadal time scale climate variability. The tropics are a key region of the Earth’s climate system affecting the entire globe. Solar irradiance is maximum in the tropics, from which heat is exported poleward to moderate climate at higher latitudes. Sea surface temperatures are the highest in the world ocean in the tropics, engendering vigorous ocean-atmosphere interactions that give rise to phenomena such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the seasonal monsoons, the Indian Ocean Dipole, and tropical Atlantic climate variability. These phenomena affect patterns of weather variability most immediately in nations within the tropical belt, but their impacts are also felt worldwide through oceanic and atmospheric teleconnections to higher latitudes. Heat waves, droughts, heavy rains, tropical storms and other extreme weather events that result from tropical ocean-atmosphere interactions have significant socio-economic impacts, as well as major impacts on terrestrial and marine ecosystems and fisheries. These impacts warrant sustained ocean observations as the foundation for development and improvement of climate analysis and forecasting tools that can be used for

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advance warnings of impending climate hazards. The GTMBA supports NOAA’s strategic plan goal of "an informed society anticipating and responding to climate and its impacts." It also provides key observational underpinning for the international Climate Variability, Predictability, and Change (CLIVAR) program’s research efforts on climate variability and change. Management of the tropical moored buoy array program is consistent with the "Ten Climate Monitoring Principles". Program oversight at the international level is through CLIVAR basin panels and the Tropical Moored Buoy Implementation Panel (TIP), which is sponsored by CLIVAR and the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM). A web site containing comprehensive information on the program can be found at http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/global/global.html . The Climate Observations Division (COD) provides support for three major elements of the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array program. These are the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), the Research moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and prediction (RAMA), and Flux Reference Stations. The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array in the Pacific, also part of the GTMBA program, is managed by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) of NOAA’s National Weather Service (NWS). The Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) operates the Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) of buoys in the western Pacific, which is an integral component of the combined TAO/TRITON array. GMTBA data are available in near-real-time to operational centers worldwide on the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) and publically available on PMEL’s Display and Delivery pages, http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/disdel/disdel.html . Data are also archived and available for distribution at the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). The program is a NOAA contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), and the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS). International support for the GTMBA is formalized through several Memoranda of Understanding and Implementing Arrangements, either presently active or under development, between NOAA and government agencies in Japan, France, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Australia, Africa and the United Nations.

Figure 1. Present status of the GTMBA. Open symbols indicate sites that are planned but not yet

operating. Blue and green symbols indicate sites enhanced for surface flux and/or CO2 measurement.

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The GTMBA is presently 91% complete (Fig. 1, Tab. 1). Some sites are occupied by both a surface and subsurface mooring. NOAA provides the majority of moorings. Non-U.S. mooring contributions are from Japan (TAO/TRITON and RAMA), France and Brazil (PIRATA), India and China (RAMA). JAMSTEC discontinued support of 2 TRITON moorings in the Pacific in 2014, decreasing the number of planned TAO/TRITON sites to 65. Percent completion in the table below is based on the number of moorings. Ship time was provided in FY 2014 by the US, Japan, France, Brazil, India, and China, with more than half from non-U.S. partners. PIRATA field work was accomplished using 106 days of ship time, 78 of which were provided by France and Brazil. RAMA field work was accomplished using 142 days of ship time provided by India, Japan, and China. The total value of non US ship time contributions to RAMA and PIRATA is estimated to be $9,920,000 based on a per day cost for a NOAA ship to operate in these ocean areas of $40,000. Mooring contributions by foreign partners exceed $2M in equivalent NOAA systems. Table 1. The number of sites and moorings planned and implemented within the GTMBA.

TAO/TRITON PIRATA RAMA GTMBA Sites Planned 65 18 42 125 Sites Implemented 65 18 31 114 Moorings Planned 70 19 46 135 NOAA Moorings Implemented 59 18 25 102 Foreign Moorings Implemented 11 1 9 21 Total Moorings Implemented 70 19 34 123 Percent Complete 100% 100% 74% 91%

2. Scientific and Observing System Accomplishments 2.1 PIRATA The PIRATA Array consists of 18 ATLAS moorings and one subsurface ADCP (Fig. 1). One additional mooring, a T-Flex mooring (Section 2.4.5), was also deployed within 5nm of an ATLAS mooring in FY14 for intercomparison purposes. The array includes a 10 ATLAS mooring PIRATA backbone array configuration (as agreed upon for the 2001-2006 consolidation phase of the program), 3 “Southwest (SW) Extension” moorings, 4 “Northeast (NE) Extension” moorings and 1 “Southeast (SE) Extension” mooring. The latter, originally sponsored by the University of Capetown, South Africa, was first deployed in 2006 and recovered in 2007. The site was not reoccupied until 2013, using equipment provided from the 2006 deployment. Funding for a second mooring system deployed in 2014 was provided by France. Refurbishment costs required to maintain the site continuously will be provided by NOAA. Six sites in PIRATA are designated as Flux Reference Sites in support of the OceanSITES program: three in the PIRATA core, one in the NE Extension, one in the SW Extension and the reoccupied SE Extension site (Fig. 2).

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Figure 2. Map of the PIRATA Array.

NOAA funding of $600K for the 10 PIRATA backbone sites was mistakenly transferred to NWS with TAO funds when TAO was transitioned to NDBC. Since that time NWS has passed this funding to PMEL, although not without delays, decreases, and attempts to keep the funding at NWS. FY 2014 funds were transferred in the first quarter, but reduced to $570K. PMEL is charged with providing equipment and technical support for ATLAS moorings and instrumentation, and support for data processing, dissemination, and display. France and Brazil each provide ship time, shipment of equipment, and at-sea technician support for the backbone array. Brazil also provides these resources for the SW Extension sites and France does so for the SE Extension. NOAA provides ship support for the NE Extension and has also on occasion serviced a backbone mooring. France and Germany provide ship time, equipment and processing for the subsurface ADCP site. There were 3 PIRATA cruises in FY 2014 for a total of 106 sea days (Table 1). Table 2. FY2014 PIRATA Cruise Statistics.

Cruise ID Dates Work Area Ship Country Sea days PMEL/AOML

Staff Moorings Deployed

PI3-13-RB 11/11/2013 12/8/2013 0° - 21°N 38°W - 23°W

Ron Brown United States 28 1/4 4 ATLAS

1 T-Flex

PI1-14-SU 4/10/2014 5/20/2014 10°S - 0°N 23°W - 8°E

Suroit France 40 0 6 ATLAS

PI2-14-AN 7/33/2014 9/4/2014 19°S - 15°N 38°W - 32°E

Antares Brazil 38 0 8 ATLAS

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The PIRATA Northeast Extension (PNE) and Aerosols and Ocean Science Expedition (AEROSE) Cruise was conducted from 11 November to 8 December 2013 from Bridgetown, Barbados to Recife, Brazil, and lead by Chief Scientist Greg Foltz (AOML). Scientific staffing consisted of a hydrographic team (4 AOML personnel), 1 PMEL mooring technician, a meteorological team of 9 personnel (NESDIS/STAR, Howard Univ., Hampton Univ., Univ. Texas El Paso, and Univ. West Indies), and one Surface Radiation/Temperature scientist from Univ. Miami. The cruise was designed to: (1) collect a suite of oceanographic and meteorological observations in the northeast Tropical Atlantic; (2) recover and redeploy four moorings that comprise the Northeast Extension of the PIRATA array; and (3) recover and redeploy a T-Flex mooring near an ATLAS mooring at 20ºN, 38ºW. The T-Flex mooring (Section 2.4.5 below) was the third in a series of prototypes deployed near this ATLAS mooring for field testing and intercomparison purposes. The oceanographic component of (1) included measurements of conductivity, temperature, pressure, oxygen concentration, and horizontal velocity from CTD casts and ADCP and measurements of temperature and depth from XBT deployments. The majority of the measurements were acquired along the 23°W meridian, which sampled the southeastern corner of the subtropical North Atlantic, a region of subduction that is important for the subtropical cell circulation; the Guinea Dome and oxygen minimum zone, where the subtropical and tropical gyres meet; and the tropical current system and equatorial waveguide. The meteorological component of (1) focused on measurements of atmospheric aerosols, temperature, water vapor, ozone, trace gases, winds, and other properties. All scientific goals were achieved. The selection of Brazil for the demobilization of the PNE cruise increased return shipment costs significantly. High costs of stevedores, customs brokerage, local transportation, etc., resulted in costs more than double that for a similar shipment from India. Five eastern Atlantic PIRATA backbone ATLAS sites and the SE Extension ATLAS site were maintained in April-May 2014 from the French R/V Suroit. The 0º, 23ºW ADCP mooring was replaced in May 2014 by GEOMAR. Five western Atlantic PIRATA backbone sites and 3 SW Extension sites were maintained in July-September 2014 from RV Antares. PMEL staff did not participate in either the French or Brazilian cruises. All PIRATA moorings measure wind speed and direction (WIND), air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), short wave radiation (SWR), precipitation (RAIN), sea surface temperature (SST), ocean temperatures at 10 depths down to 500 m (TZ), and salinity at the surface and at 3 depths down to 120 m (SAL). The PIRATA flux reference sites (Sec. 2.4.1) are enhanced for current (CUR), longwave radiation (LWR) and barometric pressure (BP). The NE Extension moorings also measure currents and subsurface salinity at one additional depth. AOML provided 2 additional current meters at one NE Extension mooring. Several non-NOAA research projects make use of PIRATA moorings for their own observations. Newly established collaborations are: Oregon State University thermal microstructure instruments (ChiPods) deployed at 30 m on the 0°, 23°W and 0°, 10°W moorings; and Dalhousie University Ocean Tracking Network acoustic monitors on all but 1 PIRATA surface mooring. PMEL also added water pressure measurements to a few PIRATA moorings at the request of LOCEAN for an investigation of sensor depth variability possibly impacting temperature differences between mooring and float observations. Ongoing ancillary observations established in previous years were: GEOMAR oxygen sensors at 300m and 500m at 12°N, 23°W and 8°N,

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23°W; and LOCEAN CO2 systems at 8°N, 38°W and 6°S, 10°W. All PIRATA sites were maintained in FY 2014. Sites maintained by the US and France were replaced 10-11 months after the previous year’s deployment - less than the 12-month design lifetime for ATLAS moorings. Sites maintained by Brazil were replaced 13-18 months after the previous year’s deployment. Real-time, primary sensor (wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, SST and 10 subsurface temperatures) data return was 79% overall for FY 2014 – 2% less than for FY 2013. When all sensors are considered, real time data return was 76% (also 2% lower than FY 2013). Five sites had data return between 91% and 94% (15°N, 38°W; 12°N, 23°W; 6°S, 10°W; 0°, 0°; and 6°S, 8°E). The 2 equatorial sites in the Gulf of Guinea had FY 2014 data return 13% and 21% higher than 7-year average values for those sites, due to less vandalism. Sites with the lowest data return were: 8°N, 38°W, at which the mooring went adrift in October 2013 and was not replaced until August 2014 (15% data return at this site in FY 2014); and 14°S, 32°W, at which a failed battery resulted in no data from February to August 2014 (33% data return at this site in FY 2014). Real-time PIRATA data return by variable for FY 2014 (and for comparison, FY 2013) is shown below. FY 2014 data return for 8 of 11 sensors was within ±3% of FY 2103 values. ATLAS barometers continued to have the best performance of all sensor types. Current meters and rain gauges remained amongst the poorest performing sensors. New mooring systems under development employ a different current meter with improvements to battery life and telemetry (Sec. 2.4.5). AIRT SST TZ WIND RH Rain SWR LWR SAL BP CUR ALL FY 2014 88 69 79 70 87 53 87 96 69 100 57 76 FY 2013 87 69 82 75 84 54 85 74 69 100 68 78

The GTMBA Project continues to update the content and functionality of its web site (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/). This site provides easy access to TAO/TRITON, PIRATA and RAMA data sets, as well as updated technical information on buoy systems, sensor accuracies, sampling characteristics, and graphical displays. For FY 2014, a total of 35,418 separate user requests delivered 90,070 PIRATA data files. An additional 264,531 data files were delivered via ftp transfer in FY 2014. In addition to the TAO web pages, PMEL hosts a PIRATA web site (www.pmel.noaa.gov/pirata/) with links to the delivery pages mentioned above. AOML also hosts a PNE-focused PIRATA web site (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/pne) with scientific background, technical information, PNE cruise reports, access to PNE data and a bibliography of refereed PIRATA publications. Collection, processing, and dissemination of shipboard CTD and ADCP data are the responsibility of France and Brazil for their cruises, respectively, with AOML taking responsibility for these data collected during the Northeast Extension cruises. Calibrated CTD values of temperature, salinity and oxygen from PNE cruises are available at the PNE web site http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/pne/index.php.Uncalibrated CTD and XBT data are distributed during the PNE cruise in near-real time on the GTS. INPE in Brazil is designing a web page to host CTD data from all PIRATA cruises.

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2.2 Research moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and prediction (RAMA) The CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel (IOP) developed an implementation plan for a multi-component ocean observing system in 2004, named the Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS). A key element of IndOOS is a 46 element moored buoy array, the Research moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and prediction (RAMA). Elements of the array were established prior to IndOOS by Japan in 2000-2001 and by India in 2000-2002. PMEL and India’s National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) deployed the first ATLAS moorings in 2004. Nations supporting RAMA include the United States, Japan, India, Indonesia, China, Australia, and the Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems (ASCLME) Project, a consortium of 9 African nations: Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa and Tanzania. The number of PMEL moorings in RAMA increased by 2 in FY 2014, from 23 to 25, with the addition of one new ATLAS mooring and one new ADCP mooring deployed near 0º, 67ºE. Of the 25 PMEL supported moorings, 23 are ATLAS and 2 are ADCP moorings. International partners maintain a total of 9 RAMA moorings, providing equipment, ship time, and at-sea personnel: 4 by Japan, 3 by India and 2 by China. As of November 2014 the total number of RAMA sites implemented stands at 34 or 74% complete (Fig. 4). PMEL is also conducting a mass flux/upwelling experiment comprised of additional ADCP moorings in an array surrounding the 0°, 80°5E RAMA ADCP mooring.

Figure 4. RAMA moorings.

All ATLAS moorings deployed in the Indian Ocean have the PIRATA suite of instrumentation, plus one additional subsurface temperature sensor, 2 additional salinity subsurface sensors and one near surface current meter. Presently, five of the ATLAS sites are enhanced for flux

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reference measurements with addition salinity, LWR and BP sensors (Sec. 2.4.1). PMEL staff participated on 3 RAMA cruises in FY 2014 (80 sea days, 222 person days) on which 14 ATLAS and 6 ADCP moorings were deployed (Table 3). All 3 PMEL cruises were on Indian ships funded by MoES. Foreign partners conducted 2 additional cruises: 1 by FIO/BPPT (27 sea days) and 1 by JAMSTEC (35 sea days). NIO did not conduct a RAMA cruise in FY 2014. Table 3. FY2014 RAMA cruise statistics.

Cruise ID Dates Work Area Ship Country Sea days PMEL

Staff Moorings Deployed

IO7-13-SN 11/15/2013 12/2/2013 12°N - 15°N 90°E

Sagar Nidhi India 18 2 2 ATLAS

IO6-13-SK 11/27/2013 12/27/2013 16°S - 1.5°N 80.5°E

Sagar Kanya India 31 3 5 ATLAS

3 ADCP

MR14-01 1/10/2014 2/13/2014 8°S - 0° 90°E - 95°E

Mirai Japan 35 0 3 m-TRITON

1 ADCP

4/11/2014 4/20/2014 8°S 100°E - 108°E

Baruna Jaya Indonesia 10 0 1 Bai-Long

1 ADCP

IO2-14-SK 7/28/2014 8/27/2014 4°S - 1.5°N 67°E - 83°E

Sagar Kanya India 31 3 7 ATLAS

3 ADCP

ATLAS surface moorings have a design lifetime of 12 months. Of the 23 ATLAS mooring sites maintained by PMEL, 12 were not replaced in FY2014. Although MoES provided 80 sea days in FY 2014, the length and timing of individual cruises did not permit replacement of 3 ATLAS moorings supported on previous year’s MoES cruises. Cruise timing also resulted in 3 ATLAS sites being replaced twice in FY 2014. Delayed maintenance of ATLAS moorings at other sites was due to a lack of ship time. Indonesia, South Africa and Australia, all of which provided ship time in previous years, did not do so in FY 2014. Indonesia, which has maintained 5 RAMA sites in the past, was not able to provide support before a 5-year Implementing Agreement expired in May 2014. A new Implementing Arrangement between NOAA and Indonesia’s Meteorological, Climate, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) is being developed, with hopes of a RAMA cruise in spring 2015. The ASCLME Project, which has maintained 3 sites, was completed in March 2014. SAPPHIRE, a second 5-year program in the region is not expected to include comparable sea days for RAMA maintenance. PMEL is investigating the possibility of charting a private vessel in the Seychelles to maintain or implement new mooring sites in the western basin. A RAMA mooring site near 25°S, 100°E was maintained from Australia’s RV Southern Surveyor cruises in 2012 and 2013. Shortly before the 2013 cruise, Australia identified a cruise in 2014 on their new RV Investigator from which the RAMA mooring could be serviced as an ancillary project. Given the apparent certainty of 2014 ship time, an ATLAS mooring was deployed at the site in 2013. Subsequent to that decision the new ship’s launch was delayed and the 2014 cruise on which we were intending to work was canceled. A proposal for three years of support (2015-17) in collaboration with Australian scientists at the University of Tasmania,

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CSIRO, and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology was not funded. No long term ship support has yet been identified for this site. The threat of piracy in the northwest Indian Ocean has made difficult the maintenance of some existing RAMA sites and delayed implementation of new moorings within a piracy Exclusion Zone (EZ) defined by Lloyds of London. Acts of piracy in the Arabian Sea are now on the decline, with recent incidents being limited to coastal waters near the horn of Africa. Given the reduction in threat, the August 2014 PMEL/MoES RAMA cruise entered the EZ, during which time best anti-piracy practices were performed, but without security personnel on board. The cruise was fully successful, implementing 2 new moorings near 0°, 67°E, and completed without incident. Table 4. Indian Ocean piracy statistics by calendar year. Source: U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence Piracy Analysis and Warning Weekly, November 6, 2014. Statistics for 2014 are year to date.

Piracy Event 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Vessels Hijacked 51 27 7 0 0

Boarding 16 17 1 0 0

Vessels Fired Upon/ Attempted Boarding

119 122 24 9 2

Total 186 166 32 9 2

RAMA real-time primary sensor data return was 59% overall in FY 2014 for ATLAS sites, lower than historical TAO or PIRATA values, and lower than RAMA values in FY 2013 (69%). Lower RAMA ATLAS data return in FY 2014 was due primarily to lack of mooring maintenance. By the end of FY 2014, 8 of 23 ATLAS sites had not been maintained for more than 16 months, with 5 having been last visited 29-31 months earlier. Average real-time primary data return for the 15 sites which had been maintained within 15 months was 83%. Primary data return for all RAMA surface moorings (ATLAS, m-TRITON and Bai-Long) was 57%, which was 4% lower than in FY2013.

A RAMA web site (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/rama/) provides scientific background, technical information, access to RAMA data and displays, status of the array, a bibliography of refereed publications, history of cruises, and additional information. RAMA data are available from the web at www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/disdel/disdel.html. For FY 2014, a total of 6,243 user requests delivered 44,204 RAMA data files. Although the number of user requests was essentially unchanged relative to FY 2013, the number of files delivered increased by 17%. An additional 353,510 RAMA data files were delivered via public and password protected ftp sites, which represents an increase from FY 2013 of 5%. PMEL has been actively engaged in developing and maintaining partnerships to secure ship time necessary for implementing and maintaining RAMA. These include a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between NOAA and with the Ministry of Earth Science (MoES) in India under which an Implementing Arrangement (IA) was established for development of RAMA. As

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part of the IA, India pledged a minimum of 60 days of ship time per year for 5 years. The agreement with MoES was renewed for an additional 5 years in FY 2013. As mentioned above, cooperative agreements between NOAA and the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) and the Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) expired in May 2014. A new Implementing Arrangement between NOAA and Indonesia’s Meteorological, Climate, and Geophysical Agency is being developed. An agreement between NOAA and the Aguhlas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystem (ASCLME), which was motivated by RAMA, promoted interdisciplinary research in the Indian Ocean (http://www.asclme.org/asclme_and_noaa_announce_partnership.html). This partnership provided a framework for scientific collaboration, field work, and resource sharing between the two organizations. A RAMA-specific NOAA-UDP Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) under this agreement formalized support for ship time. The ASCLME Project was completed in March 2014. NOAA and CSIRO signed an Implementing Arrangement for tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean studies related to ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in 2012. This IA also specified as a theme “Coordination and collaboration in the design and implementation of ocean observing systems for climate and marine forecasting” with specific mention of RAMA. To coordinate resource commitment among the many nations contributing to IndOOS and RAMA, an IndOOS Resource Forum (IRF) was constituted under auspices of Indian Ocean GOOS (IOGOOS). The Forum is populated with resource managers in major institutions and its Secretariat is hosted by the IOGOOS Office in Perth, Australia. The IRF met most recently in October 2014 in Phuket, Thailand. A major new research initiative under development is the second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2), which is scheduled for 2015-2020. Several planning meetings have been held at various locations in the Indian Ocean region in the past 1-2 years and the IOC Executive Council endorsed the concept at its 47th session in July 2014. The overarching goal of IIOE-2 is to advance our understanding of interactions between the ocean and atmosphere that give rise to the complex physical dynamics of the Indian Ocean region, and to determine how those dynamics affect climate, marine biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems and fisheries. Mike McPhaden has been involved in the planning and organization of IIOE-2 since inception (see Hood, McPhaden, and Urban, 2014 in Section 4.1). 2.3 TAO/TRITON Management of the TAO array, which is the U.S. contribution to TAO/TRITON, is the responsibility of the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) in Stennis, Mississippi. Though not an activity funded directly by COD, TAO/TRITON is mentioned here since it is a major component of the GTMBA and is linked with TIP activities. Also, while no longer responsible for operation of the TAO Array, PMEL monitors and archives TAO/TRITON data, serves on the NOAA TAO Working Group, and participated in the TPOS2020 conference in La Jolla in January 2014, and contributed to planning for future tropical Pacific Ocean observing system goals.

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Annual TAO real time primary data return for FY2014 was 41%, down from the FY 2013 value of 47% which was a previous all-time low. The primary reason for the decline in data return was lack of maintenance. Historically NOAA provided enough ship time to visit each TAO site twice per year – typically between 240 and 260 days. In June 2012 the TAO mooring vessel, NOAA Ship Ka’Imimoana, was idled due to lack of funding for necessary repairs. The ship has since been decommissioned. TAO maintenance resumed in March 2013 using charter and NOAA vessels, but with half or less the number of annual sea days. By March 2014, TAO daily data return fell to its lowest point of 28%, with less than 30 of 55 moorings reporting data. A number of cruises in spring through fall 2014 have brought daily data return to about 80%. NDBC has developed an ATLAS Refresh instrument system comprised of more commercially available components. ATLAS and ATLAS Refresh systems share the same surface meteorological sensor suite and current meters. Instrumental differences are primarily in the subsurface. The PMEL-designed temperature and temperature/conductivity modules used in ATLAS are replaced in ATLAS Refresh by SeaBird Electronics SBE39 and SBE37 instruments, which are also integral to TRITON, Bai-Long and T-Flex (Sec. 2.4.5) systems. ATLAS conductivity measurements are based on the same Seabird sensor technology as the SBE37. Consistent with the "Ten Climate Monitoring Principles", ATLAS Refresh systems have been tested alongside the ATLAS system for several years. At the end of FY2014, ATLAS moorings had been replaced nearly all TAO sites with ATLAS Refresh moorings. 2.4 Crosscutting Issues for the Global Array PMEL’s GTMBA activities include Flux Reference Stations (Sec. 2.4.1) in PIRATA and RAMA. Data delivery is detailed in Section 2.4.2 and data management in Section 2.4.3. Other issues and activities which are common to more than one of the basin-scale arrays include fishing vandalism (Sec. 2.4.4), development of new mooring systems (Sec. 2.4.5) and compliance with NOAA regulations (2.4.6). 2.4.1 Flux Reference Stations The OCEAN Sustained Interdisciplinary Timeseries Environment observation System (OceanSITES) is built around a worldwide network of long-term, deepwater reference stations measuring many oceanographic and meteorological variables of relevance to climate and biogeochemical cycles and is a contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System and international research programs. PMEL is a major contributor to OceanSITES in the context of PIRATA (6 moorings) and RAMA(5 moorings). The IOP RAMA plan calls for 8 flux sites when completed. Five (5) equatorial Pacific moorings within the TAO/TRITON Array (4 ATLAS Refresh and 1 TRITON) are maintained by NDBC and JAMSTEC, respectively. Enhancements to the primary measurements in each array provide the functionality for all flux reference moorings to measure shortwave and longwave radiation, precipitation, sea level pressure, water temperature with higher vertical resolution, surface and subsurface salinity at 8 depths, and velocity at one or more depths. PMEL’s contributions to OceanSITES are highlighted on the PMEL web site http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/oceansites/. Heat, moisture, buoyancy and momentum flux are available from a data display and delivery

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(http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/disdel/flux/main.html).

2.4.2 Web Pages and Data Services

The PMEL’s TAO web pages (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/) continue to provide data, products and information about the arrays in all 3 tropical basins to a wide range of users. These users include: the oceanic, atmospheric and climate research communities; operational weather, climate, and ocean forecasting centers; the satellite community for sensor validation; educators developing classroom and curriculum materials; students in elementary, high school, undergraduate, and graduate education programs; and the general public. In FY2014 the GTMBA added more than 360,000 daily mean observations to PMEL’s data base of tropical atmospheric and oceanographic time series, which began more than 30 years ago. In FY 2014 PMEL’s GTMBA web pages received 14,471,669 hits, an increase of 13% from FY 2013. Data from all 3 basins are available from PMEL’s GTMBA data and delivery web page, http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/disdel/disdel.html, as well as from other PMEL sites and from sites maintained by other organizations. In FY 2014 PMEL’s data delivery pages served 65,712 user requests for 461,934 data files - increases of 4% and 5%, respectively from FY 2013. PMEL also tracks the volume of FTP access and finds files delivered to be steadily increasing, exceeding web usage since FY 2010 (Table 5). The total in FY 2014 was a 4% increase over FY 2013. Large increases in FTP usage in previous years were primarily due to agencies such as JAMSTEC, NASA and the US Navy using password protected sites. RAMA data are also served daily to Indonesian government agencies. Table 5. Number of GTMBA data files delivered via the Web and FTP for Fiscal Years 2007 to 2014.

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Web 431,829 218,582 215,120 194,233 287,743 311,518 439,847 461,934 FTP 143,084 158,441 170,448 202,045 501,871 1,226,838 1,585,698 1,651,558 Since 2011 PMEL has provided all available daily TAO/TRITON, PIRATA, and RAMA data, and 5-day, monthly, and quarterly averages, to the Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) in La Jolla, California, at their request. These downloads constitute such a large percentage of our overall activity that we have excluded them from the statistics above. SWFSC provides all of these data through their ERDDAP system, which also includes many other data sets. TAO/TRITON, PIRATA, and RAMA, are available from SWFC at http://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/search/index.html?searchFor=tao%2Ftriton+rama+pirata 2.4.3 Data Management GTMBA data are freely available to all. Real time data are placed on PMEL’s Display and Delivery pages, http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/disdel/disdel.html on the day of reception. Delayed-mode data are made available after a mooring is recovered, generally within six months. In addition to distribution from PMEL’s web pages, data are distributed via the GTS to centers such as NCEP, ECMWF, and Meteo-France where they are used for operational weather, climate, and ocean forecasting and analyses. Data placed on the GTS include hourly values of wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, and sea surface temperature. Daily ftp transfers are made from PMEL to the CORIOLIS operational oceanography program in

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France. The MERCATOR program in France makes use of the CORIOLIS data base to generate operational ocean model based data assimilation products. GTMBA data are also available on the GODAE server in Monterrey, California. GTMBA data are archived at NODC and have been confirmed by PMEL to be available via their web site. PIRATA and RAMA data are also available from OceanSITES data archives. Details on data telemetry, processing and quality control are available on web sites at http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/tel.html http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/sampling.html http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/qc.html http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/gts.html Data management documentation based on the NOAA Environmental Data Management Committee Data Management Planning Procedural Directive is under development. 2.4.4 Fishing Vandalism Intentional and unintentional damage to moorings is a major source of data and equipment loss as has been noted by several international bodies. PMEL’s GTMBA project has contributed to the formulation of several international resolutions intended to mitigate the effects of this vandalism. In particular, Mike McPhaden, Paul Freitag and Linda Stratton serve on and provide technical advice and documentary evidence to the DBCP’s working group on vandalism and NOAA’s joint (General Council/International Affairs/OAR/NWS) working group on vandalism. In 2011 the DBCP released TD 41, Ocean Data Buoy Vandalism – Incidence, Impact and Response, (http://www.jcommops.org/doc/DBCP/DBCP41-Buoy-Vandalism-v1.20.pdf). NOAA’s General Council web pages (http://www.gc.noaa.gov/gcil_buoys.html) provide information on recent international resolutions by the WMO, IOC, Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), and presentations made to the UN General Assembly. These resolutions are valuable in that they raise awareness and visibility of the problem in international organizations. However, the efficacy of these resolutions is as of yet unknown. Therefore, PMEL continues to pursue engineering solutions. For example, RAMA moorings are equipped with hardware that inhibits the removal of sensors and the buoy towers, but theft of sensors remains a problem. T-Flex moorings under development (Sec. 2.4.5) feature added protection to the system CPU, batteries, and satellite antenna by placing these lower on or within the buoy, where they are less accessible and less susceptible to damage. NDBC has installed cameras on TAO ATLAS Refresh moorings in regions of high vandalism occurrence. Several ships have been photographed tying up to moorings and were reported to authorities. In one case the captain of a vessel lost permission to command a fishing vessel for 3 months and was instructed to avoid fishing near moorings. 2.4.5 Engineering Development The majority of PIRATA and RAMA moorings use PMEL’s ATLAS mooring electronics, which were developed in the mid-1990’s before ocean instrumentation capable of subsurface telemetry

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was widely commercially available. As the ATLAS system ages, several key components have gone out of production and replacements have been difficult to locate. At the same time, new and improved sensors have become commercially available. PMEL is developing a new instrument system, dubbed Tropical Flex, or T-Flex, for use with ATLAS mooring hardware. T-Flex integrates new or updated sensors, replaces some PMEL produced sensors with those commercially available, and uses Iridium for telemetry of higher temporal resolution data. The current meter chosen for use in the T-Flex system features an integrated inductive modem, which should prove superior for real time data telemetry to that used in ATLAS systems. Evidence of this was given by a T-Flex mooring deployed in July 2013 returned hourly data in real-time for > 15 months before exhausting its battery. Seven T-Flex systems have been deployed next to ATLAS moorings in RAMA and PIRATA, 4 of which have been recovered while 3 are presently deployed. The T-Flex system is robust with a design lifetime of at least one year. Analysis of the T-Flex data indicates that the system is performing as per our design requirements, with high levels of hourly data throughput. Intercomparison of sensors with nearby ATLAS moorings confirms that data differences are sufficiently small so that the data streams can be considered interchangeable. The ATLAS mooring in one test pair deployed in FY2013 went adrift and the T-Flex data are now considered the primary source for this site. We plan to begin replacement of ATLAS with T-Flex systems in FY 2015. 2.4.6 Compliance with NOAA Statutes and Acts NOAA is in the process of developing a categorical exclusion for the field activities employed by this project to ensure NEPA compliance. Our field activities are fully compliant with requirements of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), Endangered Species Act (ESA), Essential Fish Habitat (EFH), and the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA).

3. Outreach and Education McPhaden, the TAO Principal Investigator, is chairman of the Tropical Moored Buoy Implementation Panel (TIP) and serves on the PIRATA Scientific Steering Committee (SSC), the OceanSITES Science Team, the CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel, the CLIVAR Pacific Panel, the CLIVAR Global Synthesis and Observations (GSOP) Panel, and the JCOMM Observations Coordination Group. He is a member of the UK RAPID-WATCH Program Advisory Group and an editor for the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. McPhaden was President of the AGU, an organization of over 60,000 members from 148 countries, until December 2012 and then became immediate Past-President for two years beginning in January 2013. He supervised two graduate students, one from the University of Washington and one from the Ocean University of China. He also supported 3 postdocs in the past year. Lumpkin, Co-Principal Investigator at AOML, serves on the PIRATA Science Steering Group with McPhaden, maintains the AOML PNE web page, and will be chief scientist of the FY2015

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PNE cruise. In FY2014, Lumpkin also contributed to the Tropical Pacific Observing System white paper. Dr. Gregory Foltz (AOML) served as chief scientist of the FY2014 PNE cruise. Paul Freitag (PMEL TAO Project Manager) represents the Tropical Moored Buoy Implementation Panel at the JCOMM Data Buoy Cooperation Panel (DBCP), the International Buoy Programme for the Indian Ocean (IBPIO), serves on the OceanSITES Data Team and leads a TIP technical coordination group. The purpose of the latter group is to ensure consistent measurement standards for TAO/TRITON, PIRATA, and RAMA as different operators introduce more ATLAS-like and TRITON-like moored buoy systems. Paul coordinated the visit of Chunlin Ning, an engineer from China’s FIO, for a 6-month period in which he studied GTMBA sensor and hardware design and preparation, and participated in a lab-based comparison of PMEL and FIO meteorological observations and system performance. He also hosted a 1-day visit to PMEL of 4 Brazilian engineers for discussions on mooring design and data analysis. LCDR Erich Bohaboy (GTMBA Logistics Manager, PMEL) was involved in the recruitment of wage mariners hired to serve as crew members aboard ships in the NOAA fleet. Specifically, he has had the honor of administering the oath of office to a number of wage mariners newly recruited from the Seattle area. Although PMEL does not have a formal dive team, LCDR Bohaboy, along with several other Seattle area NOAA Corps Officer’s maintain their NOAA working diver qualifications, and are available to perform diving operations for PMEL projects if needed. From June through September this year, LCDR Bohaboy and a number of other Seattle area NOAA Corps officers worked with the PMEL Engineering Development Division and the PMEL Ocean Carbon Program to assume rotating 24 hour navigational watches for a trial Wave Glider project in the Prince William Sound area. The Gliders were equipped with CO2 flux measuring instruments, and successfully gathered a substantial amount of high quality data.. Mike Strick (PMEL) organized and participated in training sessions for Chunlin Ning from FIO. His outreach activities also included a Central Washington University tour, Kentwood High School Careers in Ocean Sciences Tour, Whittier Elementary School Science Night, NOAA Open House at WASC, Puget Sound Skills Center Tour, Shelton View Elementary School Science Night, and PMEL Lab Review Tour.

4. Publications and Reports 4.1. Publications by Principal Investigators

• Published

Cai, W., S. Borlace, M. Lengaigne, P. van Rensch, M. Collins, G. Vecchi, A. Timmermann, A. Santoso, M. J. McPhaden, L. Wu, M. England, E. Guilyardi, and F.-F. Jin, 2014: Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse warming. Nature Climate Change, 4, 111–116. doi:10.1038/nclimate2100.

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England, M. H., S. McGregor, P. Spence, G. A. Meehl, A. Timmermann, W. Cai, A. Sen Gupta, M. J. McPhaden, A. Purich, and A. Santoso, 2014: Recently intensified Pacific Ocean wind-‐driven circulation and the ongoing warming hiatus, Nature Climate Change, 4, 222–227. doi:10.1038/nclimate2106. Hood, R. R., M. J. McPhaden, and E. Urban, 2014: New Indian Ocean program builds on scientific legacy. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 95, 349-60. Lübbecke, J. F. and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Assessing the 21st century shift in ENSO variability in terms of the Bjerknes stability index. J. Climate,27, 2577-2587. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00438.1. McPhaden, M. J. and M. Nagura, 2014: Indian Ocean Dipole interpreted in terms of Recharge Oscillator theory. Clim. Dyn., 42, 1569-1586. doi 10.1007/s00382-013-1765-1. Nagura, M. and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Zonal Momentum Budget Along the Equator in the Indian Ocean from a High Resolution Ocean General Circulation Model. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 4444-4461, doi:10.1002/2014JC009895. Praveen Kumar, B., J. Vialard, M. Lengaigne, V.S.N. Murty, G.R. Foltz, M.J. McPhaden, S. Pous, and C. de Boyer Montégut, 2014: Processes of interannual mixed layer temperature variability in the thermocline ridge of the Indian Ocean. Clim. Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2059-y.

Rodrigues, R. R. and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Why did the 2011-12 La Niña cause a severe drought in the Brazilian Northeast? Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1012–1018. DOI: 10.1002/2013GL058703.

Servain, J., G. Caniaux, Y. K. Kouadio, M. J. McPhaden, and M. Araujo, 2014: Recent Climatic Trends in the Tropical Atlantic. Clim. Dyn. doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2168-7.

Sutton, A. J. R. A. Feely, C. L. Sabine, M. J. McPhaden, T. Takahashi, F. P. Chavez, G. E. Friederich, and J. T. Mathis, 2014: Natural variability and anthropogenic change in equatorial Pacific surface ocean pCO2 and pH. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 28, 131–145. doi:10.1002/2013GB004679. Wen, C., A. Kumar, Y. Xue, and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Understanding Causes for Change in ENSO Characteristics after 1999: An oceanic perspective. J. Climate, 27, 7230-7249. Wenegrat, J. O., M. J. McPhaden, and R.-C. Lien, 2014: Wind stress and near-surface shear in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1226–1231, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013GL059149.

• In press

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Han, W., J. Vialard, M.J. McPhaden, T. Lee, Y. Masomoto, M. Feng, and W. de Ruijter, 2014: Indian Ocean decadal variability: a review. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., in press. McPhaden, M. J., A. Timmermann, M. J. Widlansky, M. A. Balmaseda and T. N. Stockdale, 2014: The Curious Case of the El Niño that Never Happened: A Perspective from 40 Years of Progress in Climate Research and Forecasting. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., in press. Nyadjro, E. and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Variability of zonal currents in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean on seasonal to interannual time scales. J. Geophys. Res., in press. Strutton, P. G., V. J. Coles, R. R. Hood, R. J. Matear, M. J. McPhaden and H. E. Phillips, 2014: Biogeochemical variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean during the monsoon transition. Biogeochem., submitted. Wenegrat, J. O. and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Dynamics of the surface layer diurnal cycle in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean (0°, 23°W). J. Geophys. Res., in press. Zhang, D., M. J. McPhaden, and T. Lee, 2014: Observed Interannual Variability of Zonal Currents in the Equatorial Indian Ocean Thermocline and Their Relation to Indian Ocean Dipole. Geophys. Res. Lett., in press.

• Proceedings from conferences (if peer-reviewed)

• Technical reports

Foltz, G., 2014: PIRATA Northeast Extension 2013b and AEROSE IX cruise report. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/pne/pdf/PNE2013b_report.pdf

• Data reports

4.2. Other Relevant Publications Berger, H., A. M. Treguier, N. Perenne, and C. Talandier, 2014: Dynamical contribution to sea surface salinity variations in the eastern Gulf of Guinea based on numerical modelling. Clim. Dyn., 43 (11), 3105—3122, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2195-4. Brandt, P., A. Funk, A. Tantet, W. E. Johns and J. Fischer, 2014: The Equatorial Undercurrent in the central Atlantic and its relation to tropical Atlantic variability. Clim. Dyn., 43 (11), 2985—2997, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2061-4. Brown, P. J. and C. D. Kummerow, 2014: An Assessment of Atmospheric Water Budget Components over Tropical Oceans. J. Climate, 27, 2054–2071, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00385.1. Chakraborty, A., R. Sharma, R. Kumar, and S. Basu, 2014: An OGCM assessment of blended

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OSCAT winds. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 173–186, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009406.

Da-Allada, C. Y., G. Alory, Y. du Penhoat, J. Jouanno, N. Hounkonnou, and E. Kestenare, 2014: Causes for the recent increase for sea surface salinity in the northeast Gulf of Guinea. African J. of Mar. Science, 36 (2): 197–205, http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2014.927398.

Djakouré, S., P. Penven, B. Bourlès, J .Veitch, and V. Koné, 2014: Coastally trapped eddies in the north of the Gulf of Guinea. J. Geophys. Res.,119, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010243.

Drenkard, E. and K. B. Karnuaskas, 2014: Strengthening of the Pacific equatorial undercurrent in the SODA Reanalysis: Mechanisms, ocean dynamics, and implications. J. Climate, 47, 2405-2416.

Drushka, K., S. T. Gille, and J. Sprintall, 2014: The diurnal salinity cycle in the tropics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, in press, doi:10.1002/2014JC009924.

Giordani, H., and G. Caniaux, 2014: Frontogenesis in the equatorial front formation in 2006. Clim. Dyn., 43 (11), 3147—3162, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2293-3. Grodsky, S. A., J. A. Carton, and F. O. Bryan, 2014: A curious local surface salinity maximum in the northwestern tropical Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 484–495, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009450.

Hahn, J., P. Brandt, R. J. Greatbatch, G. Krahmann and A. Körtzinger, 2014: Oxygen variance and meridional oxygen supply in the Tropical North East Atlantic oxygen minimum zone. Clim. Dyn., 43 (11), 2999—3024, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2065-0.

Hounsou-gbo, G. A., M. Araujo, B. Bourlès, D. Veleda, and J. Servain, 2014: Tropical Atlantic contributions to strong rainfall variability along the Northeast Brazilian coast, Advances in Meteorology, in press.

Hummels, R., M. Dengler, P. Brandt, and M. Schlundt, 2014: Diapycnal heat flux and mixed layer heat budget within the Atlantic Cold Tongue. Clim. Dyn., 43 (11), 3179—3199, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2339-6.

Johns, W. E., P. Brandt, B. Bourlès, A. Tantet, A. Papapostolou and A. Houk, 2014: Zonal Structure and Seasonal Variability of the Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent. Clim. Dyn., 43 (11), 3047-3069, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2136-2.

Johns, W. E., P. Brandt and P. Chang, 2014: Tropical Atlantic variability and coupled model climate biases: results from the Tropical Atlantic Climate Experiment (TACE). Clim. Dyn., 43 (11), 2887, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2392-1.

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Josey, S. A., L. Yu, S. Gulev, X. Jin, N. Tilinina, B. Barnier, and L. Brodeau, 2014: Unexpected impacts of the Tropical Pacific array on reanalysis surface meteorology and heat fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, doi:10.1002/2014GL061302.

Jury, M.R. 2013, Variability in the tropical southwest Indian Ocean and influence on southern Africa climate, Intl. J. Mar. Science, 3, 46-64. Kolodziejczyk, N., F.Marin, B.Bourlès, Y.Gouriou, and H. Berger, 2014: Seasonal variability of the Equatorial Undercurrent termination and associated salinity maximum in the Gulf of Guinea. Clim. Dyn., 43 (11), 3025—2046, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2107-7. Lefèvre, N., D. F. Urbano, F. Gallois, and D. Diverrès, 2014: Impact of physical processes on the seasonal distribution of the fugacity of CO2 in the western tropical Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 646–663, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009248.

Leslie, W. R. and K. B. Karnauskas, 2014: The Equatorial Undercurrent and TAO Sampling Bias from a Decade at SEA. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 2015-25. DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00262.1.

Maes, C. and T. J. O'Kane, 2014: Seasonal variations of the upper ocean salinity stratification in the tropics. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 1706-1722, doi:10.1002/2013JC009366, 2014.

Menkes, C. E., M. Lengaigne, J. Vialard, M.Puy, P. Marchesiello, S. Cravatte, and G. Cambon, 2014: About the role of westerly wind events in the possible development of an El Niño in 2014. Geophys. Res. Lett., in press. doi: 10.1002/2014GL061186.

Menezes, V. V., M. L. Vianna, and H. E. Phillips, 2014: Aquarius sea surface salinity in the South Indian Ocean: Revealing annual-period planetary waves, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, doi:10.1002/2014JC009935.

Meyers, P. C., L. K. Shay and J. K. Brewster, 2014: Development and Analysis of the Systematically Merged Atlantic Regional Temperature and Salinity Climatology for Oceanic Heat Content Estimates. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 31, 131–149, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00100.1.

Nagura, M., Y. Masumoto, and T. Horii, 2014: Meridional heat advection due to mixed Rossby gravity waves in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 343-358. doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0141.1

Peng, G., Bidlot, J-R., Freitag, P.H., and C.J. Schreck, III, 2014: Directional Bias of TAO Daily Buoy Wind Vectors in the Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean from November 2008 to January 2010. Data Science Journal, in press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.14-019.

Perez, R. , V. Hormann, R. Lumpkin, P. Brandt, W. E. Johns, F. Hernandez, C. Schmid and B. Bourlès, 2013: Mean meridional currents in the central and eastern equatorial Atlantic. Climate Dynamics, 43 (11), 2943-2962, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1968-5.

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Pinker, R. T., A. Bentamy, K. B. Katsaros, Y. Ma, and C. Li, 2014: Estimates of net heat fluxes over the Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 410–42, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009386. Voldoire, A., M. Claudon, G. Caniaux, H. Giordani, and R. Roehrig, 2014: Are atmospheric biases responsible for the tropical Atlantic SST biases in the CNRM-CM5 coupled model? Clim. Dyn., 43 (11), 2963—2984, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-2036-x. Xu, Z., M. Li, C. M. Patricola and P. Chang, 2014: Oceanic origin of southeast tropical Atlantic biases. Clim. Dyn., 43 (11), 2915-2930, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1901-y. 5. Slides Please attach up to three slides highlighting your project’s progress (including relevant notes and credits).