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GLOBAL TRENDS IN FAMILY
MIGRATION IN THE OECD
Adapting to Changes in Family Migration: the Experience of OECD Countries 18 November 2013 Washington, DC
Jonathan Chaloff International Migration Division
Outline
• What is family migration?
• How many family migrants are there?
• What do we know about the characteristics of family migrants
There are many forms of family
migration…
People who migrate due to family ties
• reunification with earlier migrated family members
• family accompanying principal migrant
• marriage between a migrant and a national
• marriage between a migrant and a foreigner living abroad
• international adoptions
Family migration is the single largest component
of total migration flows in OECD countries
200 000
400 000
600 000
800 000
1 000 000
1 200 000
1 400 000
1 600 000
Family Free movements Work Humanitarian Accompanyingfamily of workers
Other
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Permanent immigration in OECD countries by category of entry or of status change, standardised statistics, 2007-2011
• More than 1/3 of migration is “family-related” • Family migration fell during the economic crisis • Represent ¾ of all permanent flows in the US,
2/5 in Europe
Permanent immigration into selected OECD countries, share by category of entry or of status change, 2011
The relative weight of family migration varies
from one OECD country to another
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Accompanying family of workers Family Humanitarian Other Free movement Work
Permanent immigration for family reasons into selected OECD countries, share by category of entry or of status change, 2011, Percentage of the total population
In settlement countries family migration is a
significant contribution to population growth
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Accompanying family of workers Family
Family migration flows vary over time
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Australia Canada France United Kingdom United States
Family-based migration flows in selected OECD countries, 1966-2011 Index=100 in the first available year
…also relative to labour migration
Share of family-based migration flows among total labour and family flows in selected OECD countries
Notes: The data for Canada exclude the dependents of self-employed/entrepreneurs and the assisted relatives. The data for family migration in France exclude: the family members of French nationals before 1987, the European family members who beneficiate of the free movement, and the non-wage workers. Sources: Australia: Department of Immigration and Citizenship Historical Migration Statistics Database; Canada: Statistics Reports 1966-1996; Citizenship and Immigration Canada (1997-); France: French Office for Immigration and Integration and OFPRA; United Kingdom: International Passenger Survey; United States: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics.
Every country counts family migrants
differently
Accompanying spouses of workers
5% Accompanying children of workers
3%
Unmarried children of U.S. citizens and their children
3%
Spouses of alien residents 3%
Children, and unmarried children of alien residents
10%
Married children of U.S. citizens and their spouses
and children 3%
Siblings of U.S. citizens (=> age 21) and their spouses and children
9%
Spouses of U.S. Citizens - New arrivals
10%
Spouses of U.S. Citizens -Adjustments
21%
Children of U.S. citizens 10%
Parents of U.S. citizens 14%
Accompanying children of humanitarian
7%
Accompanying spouses of humanitarian
2%
Composition of family migration, United States, 2011
… but the main groups are usually
spouses of nationals
Spouse / cohabitant of
refugees 9%
Spouse / cohabitant of Danish/Nordi
c nationals 51%
Spouse / cohabitant of
other immigrants
6%
Family reunification according to the EU rules
9%
Minor children of refugees in Denmark
10%
Other minor children
15%
Denmark, 2011
Fam. Reun. Regularised
Spouses 1%
Fam. Reun. Regularised
Children 1%
Fam. Reun. Arrivals Spouses
9%
Fam. Reun. Arrivals Children
6%
Spouses of French
nationals 49%
Other family of French nationals
14%
Personal and family links
18%
Acc. fam. of refugees / stateless
2%
France, 2012
Family: Spouses and partners
28%
Family: Sons and daughters
2%
Family: Parents and grandparents
11%
Family: Other 1%
S/D Skilled workers 38%
S/D Entrepreneurs
1%
S/D Self-employed 0%
S/D Investors 5%
S/D Provincial nominees
9%
S/D Live-in caregivers
3%
Refugee dependants 3%
Canada, 2011
Most family migrants are women (and
most sponsors are men)
• Women make up two-thirds of all family migration, on average
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Norway(spouses
and parentsonly)
Germany(spouses
only)
UnitedKingdom
(2010)(spouses
only)
Korea Italy (2009) NewZealand
(2012-13)
Switzerland Sweden(excl. familyof workers)
Canada France
Distribution of “family” migrants by gender, 2011 or latest year available
Characteristics: women predominate in
family migration flows
• More women in all types of family migrants
• Sponsors are usually men especially when foreign-born
• The flip side to a predominantly male labour and humanitarian flow
• also reflects family formation by non-immigrant nationals
Characteristics of sponsors
Share of women by family migration type and host region
Source 0
25
50
75
100
accompanyingfamily migrant
reunified familymigrant
all family migrants family formationmigrant
NB sponsor FB sponsor
Southern Europe Other Europe USA
Female sponsors and migrants are
typically younger than men
• The age gap between sponsor and family migrant is negative for women
– positive/zero for men
• The gap is largest for family formation
– smallest for accompanying family
-8
-4
0
4
w m w m w m
reunified familymigrant
accompanyingfamily migrant
family formationmigrant
Southern Europe Other Europe USA
Age gap between spouses, Europe and USA
Family reunification has the largest
share of low-educated migrants
• Family formation by immigrants brings higher educated immigrants than family formation by natives
Share of family migrant spouses by type and education level, Europe and USA, 2000s
0
25
50
75
100
FB sponsor familyformationmigrant
NB sponsor all familymigrants
reunifiedfamily
migrant
accompanyingfamily
migrant
high medium low
Family migrants tend to have the same
education level as their sponsors
• Family migration multiplies education composition effect of other types of migration
0
25
50
75
100
familyformationmigrant
NB sponsor accompanyingfamily migrant
FB sponsor reunified familymigrant
higher same lower
Share of family migrant spouses by type and whether education level was the same as the sponsor, Europe and USA
Children are relatively young at arrival
• 36% of child migrants were below the age of 4 at arrival
• Age at arrival was higher in Southern Europe
• Related to type and time lag between initial migration of parent and eventual migration of child
Age at arrival of children, by country
0
25
50
75
100
0-4 years 5-9 years 10-14 years
When not accompanying the first parent, it is more
likely that children arrive more than 3 years later
Age at arrival of children, by country
Summarising…
• Family migration is the single largest category…
• … but contains many realities
• Since family migrants are usually similar to their sponsors…
• … it mirrors the characteristics of other migration flows.
To cover more countries, we use labour
force surveys
Methods
Accompanying family Family
reunification
Family formation
newly arrived FB married to newly arrived FB, not in
school AND
newly arrived
FB married to
FB arrived more
than1 year prior
to the survey,
married and not
in school
newly arrived FB married
to NB, not in school
Thus excludes FB/FB
marriage migration which
is considered family
reunification
•only the other member of the couple is employed, or
•only the other member of the couple is in the LFS, or
•the other member of the couple has an income which
is higher or
•the other member of the couple has a higher
educational attainment level.
Identification of adult family migrants
Accompanying family Family reunification
newly arrived FB child (0-14) arriving in the same
year as the first parent or in the same year as both
parents
newly arrived foreign-born child (0-14)
arriving in a year which is after the year of
entry of the first entered parent
Identification of migrant minors
We test a new approach using existing annual data (Eurostat LFS, USA ACS)