Global Responses to the Rise of the West

AP World History

History of Imperialism

World in 1900

British Empire in 1900The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire

Dutch Empire

German Empire in 1914

India The Jewel in the Crown1661 1st British trade center at Bombay1690 British establish center at Calcutta1707 Start of Mughal decline1756-1763 Seven Years WarBritish East India Co. uses sepoys1857 Sepoy Rebellion1858 Beginning of the British Raj

Indian Resistance to British RuleReformsRam Mohan RoyCooperationIndian National Congress (1885)NationalismRadical movement centered on HinduismCalled for independence and revoltsPaved path for Gandhi, etc.Ram Mohan Roy

Impact of British rule in IndiaPositive:Western educationSocial reformsKeep the caste systemTechnologyRailroadsTelegraph linesBrought into the global market economyNegative:Move towards cash crops lead to faminesDrain India of resourcesTaxes used to pay for army and generous salaries for administratorsIncrease in chronic poverty

British Railways in IndiaLeft: the Darjeeling Express Above: Queen Victoria station

Famine in India 1877

French EmpireLight Blue: 1st French colonial empire; Dark Blue: 2nd French colonial empire

French in Vietnam1600s Jesuit priests arrive in Vietnam; French trade with Vietnam follows1802 French help Gia Long unite Vietnam1820-1841 Minh Mang replaces Gia Long and begins to persecute ChristiansPersecutions plus pressures in Europe provided justification for French conquestBy 1890s France controlled Vietnam (later would add Cambodia and Laos)

Vietnamese ResistanceGuerrilla warfare Save the King MovementVietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)Fail to create mass movementReplaced by Communist Party of Vietnam (Viet Minh)Dominated by Ho Chi Minh

Bastille Day in Vietnam

Imperialism in AfricaLeft: Africa in 1878Right: Africa in 1914

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

British Imperialism in South Africa1652 1st Dutch settlement at Cape Town1815 British annex Cape Town1830 Boers begin Great Trek1867 Diamonds discovered in Orange Free State1885 Gold discovered in Transvaal1899-1902 Boer Wars

Images of Britain in Africa

British in Imperialism in Egypt1798 Invasion of Egypt by Napoleon1805 Muhammad Ali and his successors modernize EgyptBorrow heavily from England and FranceBuild Suez Canal1882 Nationalist uprisings threaten Egyptian governmentEgypt becomes a protectorate of Great Britain

Suez Canal

Egyptian ResponsesReformsMuhammad AliNationalismArabs see British control of Egypt as double colonizationIslamic FundamentalismMahdi

Legacy of the MahdiMahdi army of Muqtada al-Sadr in Iraq

Ottoman Empire in the 19th c.Called the Sick Man of EuropeWhy? Just a few examplesPower struggles between government, religious experts, Janissaries, and other elitesAyan (landlords) skimmed tax revenueImport of European manufactures caused a decline in the artisan classEmpire became economically dependent on EuropeExternal threats from Egypt, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Balkan nationalismGreece gained its independence in 1830

Ottoman Territorial Losses

Ottoman ReformsEarly reforms of Selim III (1789-1807) resisted by JanissariesJanissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826Tanzimat ReformsModernize military and bureaucracyUniversity education focusing on math & scienceWestern technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.)Constitution of 1876Few changes for lower class & women

Resistance to Reforms & RevoltReligious conservativesUlamaIndividual sultansAbdul Hamid (1878-1908)Overthrown in 1908Ottoman Society for Union ProgressYoung TurksNationalismEstablish a parliamentary systemLed Ottoman Empire into WWI

The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)Founded by a Manchu warlordTraditional Chinese dynastyQing Golden AgeKangxi (1662-1722)Yongzheng (1722-1735)Qianlong (1735-1796)Dynasty in declines after the death of QianlongWhite Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)

China: Decline of a CivilizationInternal BreakdownOpium WarTaiping RebellionSelf-Strengthening MovementFailure of ForceSino-Japanese WarBoxer RebellionChinese Revolution of 1912

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1939, Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to destroy all of the opium.

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

Legacy of the Opium WarUnequal TreatiesOpens 5 ports to trade with BritainBritish gain control of Hong KongBritish gain extraterritorialityDoes NOT address sale of opiumChinese hero, Lin Zexu

Causes of the Taiping RebellionAnti-Manchu sentimentStrongest among southern laborers who were mostly Han ChineseCaused by a myriad of problemsNatural disasters, economic collapse, government corruption and the defeat in the Opium WarLeadership of Hong XiuquanBrother of Jesus? Statue of Taiping leader Hong Xiuquan

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) Hong Xiuquans army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including the Southern capital of Nanjing (picture above).

Aftermath of the Taiping RebellionSelf-Strengthening MovementModernize the armyImprove infrastructureRelied on foreign investmentResisted by Neo-Confucian scholars and Dowager Empress Cixi (1861-1908)Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)Dowager Empress Cixi, the Dragon Lady

Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895

Western Spheres of Influence

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Fall of the Qing DynastyDeath of Dowager CixiSun Yat-sens 3 Principles of the PeopleNationalism, Democracy, and Peoples WelfareQing falls in 1912End of the imperial systemReplaced by the Republic of ChinaSun Yat-sen named 1st presidentSun Yat-sen

Decline of Tokugawa ShogunateBy early 19th century, Japanese society was in turmoilDeclining agricultural productivityHarsh taxes on peasantsPeriodic crop failures, famine, and starvationSamurai and daimyo are in debt to merchantsSome PositivesHighest literacy rate outside of the West

Challenge of the WestArrival of Matthew Perry (1853)Unequal TreatiesSimilar to the treaties signed by the Qing dynastyPerrys Black Ships steam into Tokyo BayForce the Japanese to establish trade and diplomatic relations with the U.S.Japanese depiction of Admiral Matthew Perry

Internal ConflictShogunates deals with West viewed as dishonorablePopular slogan: Revere the emperor, expel the barbariansDemands for reform include lowering rice prices & expulsion of foreign barbariansRevolution?Two minor wars between supporters of emperor and supporters of the shogunJanuary 3, 1868, the last shogun abdicated and the shogunate was destroyed

Modernization: Meiji RestorationAbolish feudal orderDaimyo removed from powerSamurai class is abolishedConstitutional governmentConstitution of 1889 establishes constitutional monarchy with legislatureEmperor commanded armed forces, named prime minister, and appoint the cabinetSuffrage limitedonly 5% could vote in 1890

New Meiji GovernmentLeft: Structure of Meiji Governement; Above: Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor

Modernization: Meiji RestorationJapanese industrializationModernize the military, transportation, communication, education, etc.Creation of zaibatsuCombination of state initiative and private investmentConsolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful familiesMany companies started by men of samurai origins

Japans Economic Growth

Social DevelopmentsNo reforms to ease burdens on rural populationMassive population growthStrained resources and kept labor costs lowRole of womenMaintain inferiority of women in the homeHigh-school education for women (1899)Silk industry relied upon women working in factories

Japanese ImperialismSino-Japanese WarJapan gains influence over Korea & ManchuriaRusso-Japanese WarJapans navy leads to victory over RussiaJapan annexes Korea in 1910

Latin American IndependenceFactorsCreole leadershipSimon BolivarThe EnlightenmentNapoleons conquest of SpainMask of FerdinandNative unrestFather Miguel de HidalgoDistance

Problems After IndependencePolitical rivalriesCentralists vs. federalistsLiberals vs. conservativesCaudillosAntonio Lopez de Santa AnnaVictorious at the Alamo!Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)Role of the Catholic churchCreoles vs. nativesWestern interferenceSanta Anna

Economic ProblemsMonroe Doctrine (1823)Economic Imperialism?Britain replaced Spain as the dominant economic force in Latin AmericaEconomy continued to depend upon exportsBritain dominated until 1860Modernization theory vs. Dependency theory

U.S. Intervention in Latin AmericaMexican-American War (1846-1848)Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoSpanish-American WarU.S. gains Puerto Rico, the Philippines, GuamIndependence for CubaRoosevelt Corollary (1904)Panama CanalCompleted August 1914

U.S. Imperialism

U.S. Imperialism

Big Stick foreign policy

Mexico (1821-1876)1821-1850s marked by political instabilityDefeat in Mexican-American war began a nationalist movementBenito Juarez (1858-1872)La ReformaAttempted massive land reformReforms challenged the Catholic churchBenito Juarez

Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910)Industrialized MexicoBuilt railroadsImproved banking systemFocused on oil & miningDepended on foreign investmentIncreasingly autocraticOppressed political oppositionArrested Francisco Madero in 1910Porfirio Diaz

ArgentinaAfter independence dominated by caudillosPolitically stabilized after 1862Economic growth based on exportsPrimary export is beefIndustrialization dependent on foreign capitalLarge numbers of immigrants from Europe3.5 million from Italy, Germany, Russia, etc.Golondrinas

Latin American SocietyFew changes for women in Latin AmericaRemained under the control of their fathers and husbandsMachismoLower class had more economic freedomsGained more access to educationRacial castes were formally abolishedRacial and ethnic tensions continuedFew major/ethnic reforms

*Selim III killed by Janissaries in 1807*Lin Zexu destroyed