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Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 1 |

Global Monitoring of Household Energy, Air Pollution and Health Impacts

Heather Adair-Rohani


Presentation Overview

• Household Energy Use & Health • Global Snapshot of Energy Access, 2014

• Defining Clean to Maximize Health & Other Benefits

• Keeping Track: Enhancing Global Monitoring of

Energy Access & Nexus Benefits


Household Air Pollution & Impacts on Health

PM CO

PAH NOx SOx

NMVOCS

• Heart Disease • Stroke • Chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease • Childhood

pneumonia • Lung cancer

• Cataract • Adverse Pregnancy

Outcomes • Cognitive

development • Tuberculosis • Diabetes


Global primary “polluting” fuel use for cooking, 2014

In 2014, over 3 billion people primarily used polluting fuels for cooking


Deaths due to “polluting” fuel use for cooking, 2014

4 million deaths a year from household air pollution—the largest environmental risk factor for disease

Accounts for over half of childhood pneumonia deaths (the largest cause of death in children under 5 years)

2nd largest environmental risk of noncommunicable disease in women of developing countries


What is “clean” for health?

Normative guidance found in the WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion provide: • Provides emission rate targets for

PM2.5, and CO that determine whether fuel and technology combinations are “clean” for health

• Recommendations against kerosene and unprocessed coal use

• Emphasizes importance of addressing all main household energy end uses for health benefits


Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all

Target 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

Indicator 7.1.2

Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies at the household level*

Burning Opportunity: A Shift from “Non-solid Fuels” to “Clean” Fuels & Technologies


Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all

Indicator 7.1.2

Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies at the household level*

Advantages of Measuring “CLEAN” Household Energy Fuels & Technologies

• Excludes kerosene (a nonsolid fuel)

• Emission rates drive innovation in renewable technologies Currently there are no widely-available biomass stoves that can be considered ‘clean’, however with further innovation in new affordable and efficient home technologies (e.g. low-emission cookstoves), the articulation of this indicator allows for such innovations to be positively counted toward this target and others (e.g. Target 3.9)

Clean HHE


What does the transition to “clean” mean for countries progress towards achieving SDG 7 and reporting?

With the inclusion of kerosene for cooking…. 2.9 3.1 billion people using polluting fuels for cooking only


What does the transition to “clean” mean for countries progress towards achieving SDG 7 and reporting?

Some countries will need to re-examine their household energy access situation


What does the transition to “clean” mean for monitoring country progress towards achieving SDG 7 and reporting?

We need to vamp up our efforts to monitor systematically household energy use and ‘nexus’ issues by better measuring: • Stove stacking • Heating & lighting • Time usage* • Health impacts • Gender dynamics

Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health | 6 October 2015 12 |

Enhancing the Monitoring of Household Energy

WHO IAQG

ISO/IWA Standards

SE4All Multi-tier tracking

framework

Clean Cooking

Catalogue

MEASURING PROGRESS OF SDG 7

Multi-Stakeholder Survey Harmoni-zation

WHO Global Health

Observatory


Ongoing Multi-Stakeholder Survey Harmonization Process

• WHO is leading a multi-stakeholder survey harmonization process with reps from country statistical offices, surveying agencies (e.g. MICS, DHS), researchers and other stakeholders (e.g. Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, WB)

• The main objective is to enhance and

harmonize household surveys, particularly at a national-level, to account for all the fuels and technologies used in the home and their impacts on health, gender, environment, etc.

• Currently piloting survey instruments in different countries


WHO Mandate & SDG Reporting

WHA Resolution 68.8 Air Pollution and Health – strong mandate for monitoring air pollution and its sources, including tracking human exposure and disease burden associated with inefficient household energy use

In May 2016, WHO released its first SDG report which include estimates for primary reliance on clean cooking fuels in 2014

In subsequent years WHO will be reporting: – Primary reliance on clean cooking fuels and technologies – Primary reliance on clean lighting fuels and technologies – Primary reliance on clean heating fuels and technologies – Composite indicator: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies

• (clean cooking AND clean lighting AND clean heating)


WHO Household Energy Database (as of March 2016)

• WHO has been monitoring household energy use and its health impacts for over a decade for MDG reporting, World Health Statistics, etc.

• The WHO HHE database currently houses data on the main energy source for:

• Cooking: 824 surveys, 161 countries, 1970-2014 • Lighting: 174 surveys, 75 countries, 1963-2014 • Heating: 42 surveys, 23 countries, 1980-2012

• This data is then used in a statistical model to provide global, regional and country level estimates

• Modelled estimates can be disaggregated by urban and rural residence


A Closer Look at the “NEW” Survey Instruments – a complement to the MTF

• Designed to be efficient and integrated into national level HH surveys and censuses

• Captures multiple fuels and

technologies for cooking • Main and multiple fuels and

technologies for heating and lighting

• Cooking location

• Time use (e.g. fuel collection) • Self-reported health impacts

• Decision-making

• More exhaustive and detailed

list of fuels and technology options

• Short & long versions available in two formats (list and matrix)

*Q.1. What cookstove does this household mainly use for cooking? [0] No food cooked in household -> skip to Q.6 [1] Electric stove, Brand:___________________________ -> skip to Q.4 [2] Solar cooker, Brand:___________________________ -> skip to Q.4 [3] LPG/cooking gas stove -> skip to Q.4 [4] Piped natural gas stove -> skip to Q.4 [5] Biogas stove -> skip to Q.4 [6] Liquid fuel stove, Brand:___________________________ Manufactured solid fuel stove: [7] no fan, no chimney, Brand:___________________________ [8] fan, no chimney, Brand:___________________________ [9] fan and chimney, Brand:___________________________ Traditional solid fuel stove: [10] no fan, no chimney [11] fan, no chimney [12] fan and chimney [13] Three stone or open fire [96] Other specify:__________________________________

More extensive & harmonized fuel and technology options


Global clean fuel use in LMIC for cooking, 2014

Global population relying on clean and polluting fuels from 1980 to 2014

Global access to electricity and clean fuels from 2010 to 2012

Electricity Clean Cooking Fuels

Rural, 21%

Rural, 3%

Urban, 79% Urban,

97%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Top 25 LMICs by population relying on kerosene as main lighting fuel


THANK YOU AND ANY QUESTIONS? [email protected]

http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/burning-opportunities/en/

http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.home

http://www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc/en/

http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/burning-opportunities/en/

http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.home

http://www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc/en/

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