Global Migration

Key Concept 5.4

Reasons for Migration•Push Factorso Negative conditions at home

Real conditions Perceived conditions

o Impel the decision to migrate •Pull Factorso Positive attributes in destination

Real opportunities Perceived opportunities

o Pull the immigrant to move

Push Factors• Not enough jobs • Few opportunities • "Primitive" conditions • Political fear • Not being able to practice

religion • Poor medical care • Loss of wealth • Natural disasters • Death threats • Slavery • Pollution • Poor housing • Landlords • Poor chances of finding

courtship• War conditions in area

Pull Factors• Job opportunities • Better living conditions • Political and/or religious

freedom • Enjoyment • Education • Better medical care • Security • Family links • Better chances of finding

courtship• Get rich easily

Out of Africa: Earliest Human Migration

Human Migration: Polynesian Migrations

Spread of Agriculture

Human Migration: Indo-Europeans

Aryans

Bantu Migrations (c.500 BCE-1000 CE)

What knowledge spread with the

Bantus?

Language “Migration”

Jewish Diaspora

Post-Classical Migration

Vikings

Bantu-Speaking People of Africa

Mongols

Turkic Groups

People of Oceania

Arabs

Germanic Tribes

Chinese

Vikings

Bantu-Speaking People of Africa

Mongols

Turkic Groups

People of Oceania

Arabs

Germanic Tribes

Chinese

The Spread of Islam (630-1700)

Forced Migration

Global Migration1750-1914

Key Concept 5.4

European

African (slaves)

Indian

Chinese

Japanese

Majority of population descended from immigrants

World Migration Routes Since 1700

• Changes in food production, improved medical conditions contributed to significant global rise in population

• New modes of transportation, increasingly relocated to citieso Contributed to global urbanization of 19th century

Changes in Demography

In search of work• Manual laborers

• Specialized professionals

Coerced and semi-coerced migration• Slavery

• Chinese and Indian indentured servitude

• Convict labor

Temporary and seasonal migrants

• Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific

• Lebanese merchants in the Americas

• Italians in Argentina

Reasons for Migration

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During this time period, human population was

increasing faster than ever before!

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World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

Demography 1750-1914: Global

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1750 1850 1900

Millions

Demography 1750-1914: Europe

• Improvements in food supply

• Application of science & technologyo Improved seeds,

fertilizer, & livestockoRefrigerationo Industrial

transportation eliminates famine Steamboat

Year Population in Millions

% of World Population

1750 141 19.3

1850 292 25.0

1900 482 30.0World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined.

Demography 1750-1914: Europe

• Demographic transitiono High to low mortalityo High to low fertility

• Rapid urbanizationo Suburbanization

• Decline in urban mortalityo Urban sanitationo Germ theory of disease

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Not only was the human population growing, it

was moving.

European Migration from 1750

• 40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, South Africa, and other areas

African Slave Trade after 1750

• Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

Demography 1750-1914: Asia

• Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850o Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote

imperialism

• Asia’s population nearly doubledo China’s population went from 220 million to 435

milliono India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

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Labor migration from Asiamainly after 1750

Asian labor migration after 1750

India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured

servants to South Africa & Caribbean

China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million)

and the Americas

Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and

Pacific

Indentured Labour• The most extensively organized system of

immigrant labour was the trade of indentured labourers from India and China

• A contract to work for a specified period of time, usually fiver years.

• Most of men that would work to send money back home to their families.

• Though it was technically a voluntary contract labour system, it was considered by many to be a new system of slavery.

• Laborers endure bad conditions.o There were inadequate food, no health care with extremely demanding

physical work.

• Laborers were at the mercy of their employers and were provide few legal protections.

• These laborers would have to earn money to buy their return passage

• Consequently, indenture though intended to be temporary, often became a permanent migration into a new home.

• Many of the indentured laborers would compete with others for employment on the plantations.

• Chinese immigrants more commonly worked in mining and construction than on plantations.

• Fifteen thousand were recruited from Hong Kong to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Image of three Chinese immigrants working on the construction of the railroad. Unknown numbers died during construction.

Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.

New Gender Roles

Helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks.

•Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America

•Indians in East and southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia

Migrant Ethnic Enclaves

Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.

•The Chinese Exclusion Acts

•The White Australia Policy

Regulation of Immigrants

Understanding the Migrant experience

• Examine one of the following migrationso Chinese Indentured Servants in the Americas & New

Zealando Japanese in Brazilo Italians in Argentina

• Answer the questions