[global hr forum 2011] social changes and future directions in korean higher education

Social Changes and Future Directions in Korean Higher Education

Keun Namkoong, PresidentSeoul National University of Science and Technology

Smart Education : Reinventing the Future Global HR Forum 2011

November 3, 2011

Korean Higher Education

Table of Content

Megatrends: Future Societal Developments 1

Issues from Growth of Korean Higher Education2 Issues from Growth of Korean Higher Education2

Future Directions in Korean Higher Education3

Megatrends: Future Societal Developments

1-1 Changes in Population Structure

1-2 Globalization

1. Megatrends: Future Societal Developments

Global HR Forum 20114

1-2 Globalization

1-3 Technological Innovation

1-4 Innovation-Driven Industries

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0Super-aged societyAged society

� Korea faces both a falling birth rate and a rapidly ageing soc iety.� By 2018, total population will be decreasing.

1-1. Changes in Population Structure

Low birth rate and aging populationLow birth rate and aging population

� ~14 , 16.8% � ~14 , 12.7% � ~14 , 11.7%

� ~14 , 8.9%� 15~64, 53.0%� 65~ , 38.2%


Global HR Forum 2011Global HR Forum 20115

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

2023

2025

2027

2029

2031

2033

2035

2037

2039

2041

2043

2045

2047

2049

14세세세세 이하이하이하이하 15~64세세세세 65세세세세 이상이상이상이상

� ~14 , 16.8%� 15~64, 72.6%� 65~ , 10.7%

~14 , 12.7%� 15~64, 72.9%� 65~ , 14.3%

~14 , 11.7%� 15~64, 67.5%� 65~ , 20.8%

Under the age of 14 the age of 15-64 People aged 65 and over

– The number of high-school graduates is foreseen to decrease beginning in 2012.

– 2016 will be the first year when the higher education admission capacity will outnumber the number of high school graduates.

<Change in the School-Age Population and University Admission Capacity

1-1. Changes in Population Structure

Requiring University Structural AdjustmentsRequiring University Structural Adjustments



<Change in the School-Age Population and University Admission Capacity

* Source : Korea National Statistical Office Census of November 2006

6

Globalization in Higher EducationGlobalization in Higher Education

� Cross-border higher education opportunities are bec oming prevalent.

� An increasing share of university students is comin g from foreigncountries.

� Student mobility contributes to personal developmen t, enhancing

1-2. Globalization



� Student mobility contributes to personal developmen t, enhancing language competency, and increasing intercultural u nderstanding and employability in the international labor market.

Year 2000 Year 2002 Year 2004 Year 2006 Year 2008

Number of students (thousands) 1,804 2,143 2,529 2,924 3 ,342

source: OECD, Education at Glance, 2010

The number of Foreign students enrolled in HEIs (‘ 00 - ‘08)

1-3. Technological Innovation

Technological InnovationTechnological Innovation

� Thanks to the rapid development of Information Tech nology,it is possible to study anywhere, anytime.

� Students can learn in cyberspaces as well as in tra ditional classrooms.

� Universities should offer online classes and educational content in



� Universities should offer online classes and educational content in mobile formats.

� Technological Convergences among Nano, Bio, Informa tionTechnologies, etc. create new values, which lead ec onomic,social, and culture changes.

� Demanding ‘fusion studies’ in Higher Education Inst itutions (HEIs).

� From disciplinary study to the consilience of discip lines.

Innovation -Driven IndustriesInnovation -Driven Industries

� The ability to produce innovative goods and service is thesource of Korean international competitiveness. Thu s, there isa focus on innovation-driven industries.

1-4. Innovation-Driven Industries



� It is expected that high value-added businesses suc h as “green”industries and software industries will be the grow th engines ofthe national economy.

� These industrial trends urge HEIs to reform, includ ingcurriculum reengineering.

Table of Content




National Development Phase

Economic Development Education Development

Phase 1(1945-1960)

• Agricultural Society

• Postwar Reconstruction Period

• Export-Alternative Industrialization

• Establishment of a Basic Education

System

• Universal Elementary Education

2. Issues from Growth of HE

Economic Development &Higher Education in Historical Context

Economic Development &Higher Education in Historical Context


Phase 2

1960s• Labor-Intensive Industrialization centered

on Light Industry • Expansion of Secondary Education

• Training and Expansion of

Vocational Technology Education1970s• Heavy and Chemical Industrialization

• Fostering Large Companies

Phase 3(mid-1980-1990s)

• Technology, Knowledge

• Information-Intensive Industrialization• Expansion of Higher Education

Phase 4(mid-1990s-present)

• Globalization

• Knowledge-Based Economy

• Creative Economy

• Universalization of Higher Education

• Lifelong Learning

411 institutions – Junior colleges: 149– Universities: 222– Graduate schools: 40

3,644,158 students

2010 Higher Education Facts2010 Higher Education Facts



3,644,158 students– Junior college students: 772,509– Undergraduate students: 2,555,016– Graduate students: 316,633

77,697 Professors– Junior colleges: 12,573– Universities: 59,381– Graduate schools: 5,743

– By Rank, Location, and Type of Institution

Hierarchically Structured HEIsHierarchically Structured HEIs



– 95.9% of Junior College students and 74.7% of University students enroll in private institutions.

13

High Proportion of Private InstitutionsHigh Proportion of Private Institutions

3-1. Growth of Korea’s Higher Education

40

60

80

100

120

Elementary School → Middle School

<Advancement Rate by Educational Level>

Universal Access - Advancement Rate -Universal Access - Advancement Rate -



Classification 1980 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Elementary School → Middle School 95.8 99.8 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9

Middle School → High School 84.5 95.7 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.6 99.7 99.6 99.7

High School → Higher Education

Total 27.2 33.2 68.0 82.1 82.1 82.8 83.8 81.9 79.0

General 39.2 47.2 83.9 88.3 87.5 87.1 87.9 84.9 81.5

Vocational 11.4 8.3 42.0 67.6 68.6 71.5 72.9 73.5 71.1

0

20

1980 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Middle School → High School

High School → Higher Education

6058%

55%


*Source : OECD, Education at a Glance(2010)

– 25-34 year old population with tertiary education of OECD country was about 35% on average, but this percentage was 58% in Korea.

<Population with Tertiary Education>

Universal Access- Population with Tertiary Education -

Universal Access- Population with Tertiary Education -



0

10

20

30

40

50

OECD average

Korea United States

Japan France Germany

28%

37%41% 43%

27% 25%

35%

42%41%

24% Age 25-64

Age 25-34

15


SingaporeHong

US Switzerland Australia Sweden Canada Taiwan Norway MalaysiaSouth

<IMD Rankings of National and Higher Education Competitiveness>

– IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook (2010), Korea ranked relatively low: 46th among 58 countries in terms of a universities’ satisfaction rate of meeting socioeconomic demands. WEF Global Competitiveness Report (2009-2010), Korea ranked relatively low: 47th in terms of the quality of the higher education system.

CompetitivenessCompetitiveness



SingaporeHong Kong

US Switzerland Australia Sweden Canada Taiwan Norway MalaysiaSouth Korea

Overall 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 23

HE 10 23 10 3 7 3 5 20 21 11 46

*Source: IMD 2010 World Competitiveness Yearbook

Switzerland US Singapore Sweden Denmark Finland Germany Japan Canada NetherlandsSouth Korea

Overall 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 19

HE 2 22 1 12 5 3 27 31 5 15 47

* Source: WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010.

<WEF Rankings of National Competitiveness and Higher Education System Quality>

Low level of Higher Education Expenditures per capita

Low level of Higher Education Expenditures per capita

2-2. Problems of Korea’s Higher Education

� In Korea, higher education expenditures were $8,920 per capita,only 69.1% of the average OECD country in 2007.

<per capita higher education expenditures (‘07)>Unit: PPP $,%

� US($27,010), UK($15,463), Japan ($14,201$)



OECDaverage

Korea US UK Japan Germany France

Per capita annual education

expenditures12,907 8,920 27,010 15,463 14,201 13,823 12,773

Per capita education expenditures as of per capita GPD(%)

40 34 58 44 42 40 39

sources: OECD, Education at Glance, 2010(statistics of 2007)

Unit: PPP $,%

Insufficient Government Funding Insufficient Government Funding

3-2. Problem of Korea’s Higher Education

� Total expenditures on higher education as a percent age of GDP inKorea is 2.4%, higher than OECD average, 1.5%.

� However, public expenditures as a percentage of GDP is only0.6%, below OECD average 1.0%. The low percentage p aid by thepublic sector reflects the excessive amount paid by the private



public sector reflects the excessive amount paid by the privatesector.

OECD average

Korea US UK Japan Germany France Belgium Finland

Public 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.6

Private 0.5 1.9 2.1 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Total 1.5 2.4 3.1 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.7

<Public and Private Expenditures on Higher Educatio n as % of GDP in OECD Countries(07)>

Source: OECD, Education at Glance, 2010 (Unit: %)

Unresponsive University CurriculumUnresponsive University Curriculum

2-2. Problem of Korea’s Higher Education

� Inability of universities to educate the workforce needed for thebusiness community. (needs/skills mismatch)

� Lack of differentiation between 4 year universities and junior



colleges.

� Imbalance between workforce demand and supply.

� curriculum does not reflect socio-economic needs. � offers programs according to faculty’s convenience.� fails to reform programs to anticipate future deman ds.

Table of Content




3-1. Restructuring the Higher Education Sector

3-2. Improving Quality and Increasing Competitiveness

3. Future Directions in Korean Higher Education


3-3. More Financial Investment

3-4. Fostering Globalization

3-5. The Role of a Higher Education Institution

– Korea’s higher education enrollment rate reached 83.8 percent as of 2008. The quantitative growth has not been sufficiently met by qualitative improvements, resulting in a gap of what is taught at higher education institutions and what is actually needed in their careers and social life.

3. Future Directions in Korean Higher Education3-1. Restructuring the Higher Education Sector

� Background


– As the university-aged population is foreseen to decrease, the lack of students will likely become a major challenge for universities.

– Financial difficulties rising from this situation are apt to bring about a deterioration of educational quality, again leading to an insufficient fulfillment of students’ basic rights to quality education.

22

3. Future Directions in Korean Higher Education3-1. Restructuring the Higher Education Sector

� Restructuring Strategies

– Practical M & A of national universities

– Inducing Corporatization (or agencification) of national universities


– Management consulting for private universities which have marginal difficulties

– Inducing a phase-out of underperforming universities through information disclosure system


� World class research universities- play a vital role in faculty research, yielding core research output.

� Comprehensive education universities- perform tasks including teaching and developing graduates for aglobalized world, design of fusion curriculum congruent with socialneeds, etc.

3-1. Restructuring the Higher Education Sector

Differentiation of Roles among HEIsDifferentiation of Roles among HEIs


needs, etc.

� Regional Universities & Colleges- execute missions including industry-university collaboration withregional strategic industrial sectors, support graduates’ employmentwith regional Industries.

� 2 Year-Colleges- are responsible for providing a customized workforce for regionalindustries, operating courses linked with vocational high schools,facilitating adult life-long education programs.


< HEIs’ Quality Assurance Construct >

External quality assurance Internal quality assuran ce


Improving Quality and IncreasingCompetitiveness of Higher Education

Improving Quality and IncreasingCompetitiveness of Higher Education


• Improvement and accountability• Audit• Accreditation• Equity• National qualifications frameworks• Etc.

• Learning and teaching quality• Employability• Student feedback on their

experience • Research• Etc.


- The Korean Government initiated a higher education evaluation andaccreditation system on January 1, 2009.

- The system is a way for institutions to first conduct self-review and


Quality Assurance StrategiesQuality Assurance Strategies

� Establishment of accreditation system


- The system is a way for institutions to first conduct self-review andself-evaluation, results of which are assessed and accredited by outsideaccreditation agencies.

- The self-evaluation process will enable institutions to monitor their educationand research performance in detail and formulate strategies for institutionaldevelopment and performance management according to evaluation outcomes.

- This system provides students, parents and industries with a means of makingbetter informed choices.

QA Type Name of Agency Evaluation Field

Programmatic

Accreditation

◦ Accreditation Board for Engineering education of Korea (ABEEK)

◦ Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing(KABN)

◦ Korean Association of Business Education Accreditation(KABEA)

◦ Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation(KIMEE)

◦ Engineering programs

◦ Nurse training program

◦ Business administration program

◦ Medical education

<Higher Education Quality Assurance Type and Agencies>

3. Future Directions in Korean Higher Education3-2. Improving Quality and Increasing Competitiveness


Accreditation

Agency (9)◦ Korea Architectural Accrediting Board(KAAB)

◦ Korean Institute of Dental Education and Evaluation(KIDEE)

◦ Accreditation Board for Trade Education of Korea(ABTEK)

◦ Korea Oriental Medicine Education and Evaluation Institute(KOMEE)

◦ Korean Educational Development Institute(KEDI)

◦ Architecture program

◦ Dental education

◦ Trade education

◦ Oriental Medicine Education

◦ Teacher training program

Institutional

Accreditation

Agency (2)

◦ Korean Council for University Education(KCUE)

◦ Korean Council for College Education(KCCE)

◦ 4-year University

◦ 2-year College

27

Increase Increase

• Overseen by KCUE• Publicize 13 Assessment Criteria Annually• Objective is to distribute HE Data, Promote

freedom of Information• Data used in formation of HE policy,

students’ institutional choices, etc.• Promote self-evaluation by universities

• Overseen by KCUE and 9programmatic QA agencies

• QA organizations approved by Ministry of Education

• Institutional & Programmatic Accreditation

• Objectives are publication of information, outside expert certification of self-review results

• Results used information of HE policy, increase international compatibility

3. Future Directions in Korean Higher Education3-2. Improving Quality and Increasing Competitiveness


Increase Increase

University University

CompetitivenessCompetitiveness

• Overseen by institutions• Required biennially, results made

available in Public Information System

• Standards chosen autonomously by institution

• Objective is self-QA by institution, confirmation of accountability

• Information used as measure of institutional capacity and data for development planning

compatibility

28

– The ratio of Korea’s public higher education expend itures as of GDP is 0.6 percent, only 60% of the OECD average of 1.0 percent.

– The government is working to increase the allocatio n of national financial resources for higher education.

– Examples of higher education public investment area s: recruiting full -time faculty for educational quality assurance;

3. Future Directions in Korean Higher Education3-3. More Financial Investment


– Examples of higher education public investment area s: recruiting full -time faculty for educational quality assurance; subsidizing higher education institutions;reducing student tuition burden; revising curricula so as to better reflect socio-ec onomic needs; facilitating the internationalization of higher edu cation.

29


� More Financial Investment to Higher Education� Aggressively capturing future opportunities in a global context.� Strengthen the global competitiveness of Korean higher education

3-3. More Financial Investment

Principles of Financial InvestmentPrinciples of Financial Investment


� Improving efficiency of financial investment� through differentiating & prioritizing� cutting funds to under performing institutions

� Funding based on performance of students employment rate, etc.

� Intensive search for new revenue streams

� expanding private R&D fund-raising through close industry-

university collaboration

� funding through the transfer of high quality research results of

3. Future Directions in Korean Higher Education3-3. More Financial Investment

Diversified funding & incentives to UniversitiesDiversified funding & incentives to Universities


� funding through the transfer of high quality research results of

universities to private corporations

� expanding tax incentives for close industry-university

collaboration

� search for diverse donations sources.

� Nurturing World Class Research-oriented Universitie s(WCU Project)

– Under the national World Class University project, launched in 2008, the Government provides concentrated financial support for universities to recruit top-notch researchers from abroad, who will collaborate with Korean scholars to activate research in key growth-generating fields and contribute to enhancing the competence of Korean universities.

3. Future Directions in Korean Higher Education3-4. Fostering Globalization


– By recruiting and retaining international scholars who possess advanced research capacity, the Government intends to bring innovation to the education and research environment of Korean universities, thus transforming them into research-oriented institutions with globally competitive standards.

– A total subsidy of 825 billion Korean won has been allocated for the project during the years 2008 to 2012. In its second-round call for project participation in 2009, the Government intends to recruit approximately 280 prominent scholars from foreign countries.

32

� Global Korea Scholarship(GKS)

� Korean Government Scholarship Program

− Long-term Degree-pursuing Program− Providing international students with the opportunity to conduct advanced

studiesin undergraduate & graduate programs

3. Future Directions in Korean Higher Education3-4. Fostering Globalization


� Korean Government Support Program for Foreign Excha ngeStudents

− Short-term Study Program− Introducing the influx of potential foreign students by subsidizing selected

foreign− exchange students who are currently studying in Korea based on MOUs

33

� Establishing Self-Evaluations and Self Consulting

� Managing academic affairs in accordance withglobal standards

3. Future Directions in Korean Higher Education3-5. The Role of a Higher Education Institution

The active participation of HEI is crucial!!The active participation of HEI is crucial!!


global standards

� Active International Collaboration

� Competency-based Curriculum Development

34

Thank you for Listening

Keun Namkoong, President


Keun Namkoong, PresidentSeoul National University of Science and Technology

[global hr forum 2011] social changes and future directions in korean higher education

Education

future societal developments1

technologysmart education

undergraduate students

number of foreign students

number of students thousands

developments2 issues

schoolage population

population structure1