global forum on food security and web viewsome forests prvide wetlands were organic rice and fish...

HLPE e-consultation to set the track of the study on:

Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and NutritionFrom 26 January 2015 to 06 March 2015

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/Sustainable-Forestry-Scope

− Collection of contributions received −

These proceedings are compiled by the Global Forum on Food Security and Nutrition (FSN Forum)for the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE)

www.fao.org/fsnforum

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum




Proceedings / 2

Table of contents

Topic......................................................................................................................4Contributions received...........................................................................................6

1. Themba Phiri, South Africa............................................................................62. Meine van Noordwijk, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Indonesia............63. Michael Roberto Kenyi Legge Executive Vision, South Sudan.......................74. Moises David Rojas Peña, Dominican Republic.............................................75. John Cunnington, Nepal.................................................................................86. Byomkesh Talukder, Ashar Alo NGO, Bangladesh.........................................87. Anil Kumar, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, India............................88. Chencho Norbu, Department of Forests and Park Services, Bhutan..............89. Lal Manvado, University of Oslo, Norway......................................................910. Klara Dzhakypbekova, Kyrgyzstan...........................................................1111. Emile Houngbo, University of Agriculture of Ketou, Benin.......................1212. Tollander Wabwire, USTADI, Kenya.........................................................1313. Ephraim Mwepya Shitima, Zambia..........................................................1314. Fernande Abanda, Canada.......................................................................1315. Dennis Bennett, AfriGrains, United States of America.............................1416. Bhubaneswor Dhakal, Nepal....................................................................1517. Sven Günter, Thünen Institute of International Forestry and Forest Economics, Germany.........................................................................................1618. Rokhaya Daba Fall, Governing African Development, Senegal................1719. Justine Mwanje, Uganda Forestry Association, Uganda............................1820. Santosh Kumar Mishra, Population Education Resource Centre (PERC) Department of Continuing and Adult Education and Extension Work, S. N. D. T. Women's University, India.................................................................................2221. Dirk Verdonk, World Animal Protection, Netherlands...............................2722. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Thailand............................2723. Angela Küster, Spain................................................................................2824. Shigeo Shiki, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil........................2825. Nkwelle Nkede Flabert Centre for Communication and Sustainable Development for all, Cameroon.........................................................................3026. UNSCN Secretariat, Switzerland..............................................................3027. Clara Whyte, Canada...............................................................................32

www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe

http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe

Proceedings / 3

28. Bjorn Marten, Sweden..............................................................................3429. Stella Joy, Active Remedy, United Kingdom.............................................4130. Manuel Castrillo, Proyecto Camino Verde, Costa Rica.............................4231. Fatima ELtahir, Food Security Technical Secreariat, Sudan.....................4332. FAO Forestry Department, Italy...............................................................4433. Cantonal Forestry Administration Una Sana Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina......................................................................................................4734. Khaled Al-talafih, Jordan..........................................................................5035. Robert Fungo, Uganda.............................................................................5136. Ifeoma Stella, Madueme Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.................................................................................................5137. Florence Egal, Italy..................................................................................5238. Luis Neves Silva, New Generation Plantations platform...........................5339. Elizabeth de Carvalhaes Brazilian Tree Industry, Brazil...........................5440. V. Prakash, International Union of Nutritional Sciences, India.................63



Proceedings / 4

TopicAt its 41st session in October 2014, the CFS has requested the HLPE to prepare a study on Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition, to feed into CFS debates at the CFS Plenary session of October 2017.

As part of its report elaboration process, the HLPE is launching an e-consultation to seek views and comments on the following scope and building blocks of the report, outlined below, as proposed by the HLPE Steering Committee.

To participate, please visit the dedicated HLPE e-consultation website:


Please note that in parallel to this scoping consultation, the HLPE is calling for interested experts to candidate to the Project Team for this report. The Project Team will be selected by end of March 2015 and will work from April 2015 to December 2016. The call for candidature is open until 26 February 2015; visit the HLPE website www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe for more details.

Proposed draft Scope of the HLPE Reportby the HLPE Steering Committee

This HLPE report will aim at an evidence-based, comprehensive analysis of the links between forestry and food security and nutrition (FSN), at different scales, and how sustainable forestry can contribute, including social viability and environmental services, to improved food security and better nutrition. It will consider the various roles of forests, including plantations, on food security and nutrition, at local and global level. The analysis will focus on people that depend on forests for their livelihoods, ways of life, etc. In doing so, the report will consider the pressure on local food systems (including availability of water) induced by increased domestic and foreign demand for timber and other wood products.

1) The role of forests for FSN.

The report will:

a. consider forests from a FSN perspective: starting from the four dimensions of FSN (availability, access, utilization and stability), and the contributions of forests (including describing the ways by which these contributions are made);

b. address the central issue of biodiversity and ecosystem functions in its linkages to FSN;





Proceedings / 5

c. consider different scales, local to global, including with mapping flows of timber and forest products around the world, for different purposes;

d. address the question of “FSN of whom”? People living in forests and forests' margins; people having economic activities in forests; poor and marginalized people, depending of forestry workers; people outside forests whose livelihood could depend on forest ecosystemic services (biodiversity, water cycle, biogeochemical cycles); It will address the tensions between these categories of direct and indirect uses and users;

The analysis will consider the current state of the world forests, using available quantitative data, as well as dynamics (among other land-use issues between forests and agriculture), threats (among others climate change), and opportunities relevant to forestry’ roles for food security and nutrition. In doing so it will consider the specificities of the timescales of forestry-related activities.

2) Sustainable forests and forestry for FSN, in the environmental, economic, and social dimensions

The report will discuss the challenges, threats and opportunities and ways to address them in each dimension of sustainability and the specificities of forests, with actions needing to take into account the multiple functions/objectives of forests, traditional knowledge, cultural functions, land-use, adapted management etc.

a. Environment - timescales, ecosystems, land-use at different scales, CO2

b. Economics - state of the industry, trade, etc.

c. Social - including gender, indigenous peoples, and marginalized groups.

3) Governance

The report will consider institutions, actors, instruments (law, contracts, international treaties, customary systems, traditional practices, ...), at different levels, and what should be done to improve governance of forests and of related domains for FSN.



Proceedings / 6

Contributions received

1. Themba Phiri, South AfricaGenerally forests have played a pivotal role in food and nutrition security, in that the poor and the very poor have benefitted immensely from the collection of wild fruits and vegetables and also have taped into apiculture as well as a source of livehood, however forests have a multifaceted benefit if you look at from a food and security angle. Globally the collection of fruit, vegetable, game hunting, apiculture, has kept the poor afloat with regards to their nutrition well being, whilst at the same time maintaining the environment. A good example is of farmers maintaining the trees that bees use as hives and anthills which give them a high plain of nutrition. Forests on the other hand are linked to livestock production, proper land use plans are a result of correct stocking rates and carrying capacity which results in high livestock off-take rates. The more the animals means an improvement in the plain of nutrition for the household. Some forests prvide wetlands were organic rice and fish farming can be carried out whilist restoring biodiversity.

On the other hand climate change has had some serious threats to forestry and biodiversity, in that some plant vegetable matter has gone into extinction due to unpredictable droughts and floods. This has compelled most climate change specialists to design climate smart agriculture and go into climate smart landscaping so as to presrve the forests, which will in turn savour the poor from going hungry.

A good point is that most traditional leaders have now been involved in the management of forests, through goon land use planning practices, however this still has to be addressed through the farmer first approach so that farmers and poor commuties should also have a say in deciding the role of forests. The ITK indigenous technical methods of farmers should be tapped through having focused group discussions, key informant interviews, so that we extrapolate data, about how forests benefit the larger populace. Women play a pivotal role in the management of forests and food and nutrition agendas, because there are the ones who know areas where edible forests plant matter can be found, so it is about respecting womens roles, that we can expand the forests benefits in securing food and nutrition security and better livelihoods.

Also there is a need for scientists/experts to start respecting the indigenous values of our communities so that there is technological exchange of information between indigenous communities and scientists, lets avoid is senario of experts talking to communties but lets speak with them because they ahve a lot of knowledge.

Also people living in forest areas should be taught on forest conservation measures, through mapping of potential IGAS, biodiveristy mapping and also looking at climate smart technologies and sharing this with them. Data should be collected through various basket of tools on how these communities survive and the need for these people to continue living the way they are now, this will all about restoring livelihoods.

2. Meine van Noordwijk, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Indonesia

In a recent paper



Proceedings / 7

van Noordwijk M, Bizard V, Wangkapattanawong P, Tata HL, Villamor GB, Leimona B, 2014. Tree cover transitions and food security in Southeast Asia. Global Food Security 3, 200-208,http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912414000455 (open access)

we analyzed the wide range of situations in Southeast Asia and identified four distinct 'landscape configurations' that have major, qualitative consequences for the way the quantitative relationship between forests (or tree cover) relate to food security and nutrition. We hope this typology and the information summarized can be used for the current HLPR study.

abstract:

Trees are sources of food, especially fruits, critical for healthy diets. Trees also modify microclimate, water and nutrient flows for crops and livestock, and are a source of income, allowing forest-edge communities to be food-sufficient through trade without cutting down forests. Opportunities for ecological intensification, utilizing trees in agricultural landscapes, vary along stages of a tree cover transition of forest alteration and deforestation followed by agroforestation. The nonlinear forest transition curve can provide both a theory of change (similarity of processes) and a theory of place (configuration of state variables). We reviewed local perspectives on food security for four configurations of the forest and landscape transition in Southeast Asia, with local human population densities ranging from less than 10 to 900 km2 to explore how current generic ‘theories of change’ on how to achieve global food security need more explicit ‘theories of place’ that take such differences into account

3. Michael Roberto Kenyi Legge Executive Vision, South SudanI thought the attached report (“Taking the Towns To The People Through Agro-Forestry”,Ed.) would be of interest to you and consideration for inclusion in the consultation efforts.

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/TTTPTAF.pdf

Regards

Michael Roberto Kenyi Legge,M.Sc(Food Security)

Executive Vision Member

Central Equatoria State Vision 2040 Secretariat

Republic of South Sudan

Juba

4. Moises David Rojas Peña, Dominican RepublicSres. CFS. HILPE

Reciban un sincero saludo de mi parte, a la vez permitanme participacion en presentarle el informe Actividad Forestal Sostenible para la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional, en lo adelante iniciare el estudio para la presentacion. Porfavor reciban de antemano este breve informe sobre los posible efecto del Niño a la agricultura nacional Republica Dominicana (http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-



http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Informe%20impacto%20El%20Ni%C3%B1o%20Agricultura%20RD.docx

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/TTTPTAF.pdf

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912414000455

Proceedings / 8

hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Informe%20impacto%20El%20Ni%C3%B1o%20Agricultura%20RD.docx) .

5. John Cunnington, NepalThe proposed study seems to give little recognition to the critical role of people - especially indigenous peoples - and the critical role played by them in sustaining eco systems.

Neither does it recognise the importance of those people - often state officials - who undermine and destroy otherwise sustainable systems of food production and bio-diversity.

6. Byomkesh Talukder, Ashar Alo NGO, BangladeshI think “Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition” are very closely related as the ecosystem services like crop production, forest production, preserving habitats and biodiversity, water quality regulation, carbon sequestration and regional climate and air quality regulation largely depends on surrounding land use and land cover change and forest health.

7. Anil Kumar, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, IndiaThe sort of “uncultivated” and semi cultivated foods are large in numbers in India, and offer much to the calorific, protein and micro-nutrient needs of human health. Several of these species are either Crop Wild Relatives or economically valuable resource like NWFPs. Many families, especially the women amongst the poor vulnerable communities access this ‘diversity in the lands of commons’ by adopting several management strategies and methods. They also maintain small land holds domesticated or cultivated with diverse kinds of food plants that are not much known to the outside world. The research in this subject area should focus on the need of importance and urgency in reviving the traditional food basket of the world by carrying out integrated research on the nutritional values of the traditional foods and their potential impacts. We should try to find answers for some of the challenging questions like ‘how to create awareness to practice a healthy nutrition system? What are the practical methods to revitalize the traditional food habits of our grandparents, including the use of under-utilized crops? How to promote horticultural and agricultural remedies for nutritional maladies such as Vitamin- A, iron, iodine and zinc deficiencies for improving food and nutritional security of the growing population in developing countries?

Small farmers in a mountainous country directly or indirectly depend on forest biodiversity for their livelihood. Forest provides fuel wood (energy), leaf liter ( to enrich soil) and non-wood forest products ( direct food). The non-wood forest products include medicinal plants, mushroom, and other wild vegetables that contribute significantly to the small farmers’ food and nutrition security. This is particularly true for those farmers living in remote areas or those farmers with small land holdings. These non-wood forest products are either consumed or sold in the local market to earn additional cash income. For example during summer months, many small farmers do make a good money from the sale of mushrooms and medicinal plants, cordyceps in particular. The risk of over harvest and its impact (negative) on the local environment is also likely to increase with time.





Proceedings / 9

8. Chencho Norbu, Department of Forests and Park Services, BhutanMany agriculture and horticulture crops require assured irrigation to produce good yield consistently. The assured irrigation is only possible if the source of water is conserved and protected. In a mountainous country, water for irrigation and drinking/sanitation mostly arises from the local watershed. The good management of watershed is critical and it is possible with community participation although the current fashion is to focus more on glacial retreat. It appears ( from field observations) that the volume of water originating from glacial melt is minimal compared to volume of water coming from local watersheds. Indeed healthy watershed provides good quantity and quality water for drinking and irrigation. There is hardly any water treatment (chemical) for rural drinking/sanitation supplies in a mountainous country. This is because of healthy ecosystems and cultural/religious beliefs (many water sources are regarded as a holy sites). Availability of clean water for irrigation and drinking/sanitation has a direct bearing on food and nutrition security of a household.

9. Lal Manvado, University of Oslo, Norway

The Role of Forestry in Sustainable Agriculture

The purpose of this note is to outline the scope of the proposed study with a view to using its results as an integral part of a holistic attempt towards sustainable agriculture. It does not attempt to accomodate the threats to forestry posed by natural and man-made disasters, over population, etc.

In this discussion, I would like to expand the meaning of the term agriculture not only to include the cultivation of traditional food crops and fodder, and animal husbandry but also fostering animal and plant life as a source of useful products. Fostering as used here, may include active measures undertaken for their enhancement, but also refraining from actions that may threaten their qualitative and quantitative bio-diversity in situ.

Moreover, I shall use the term forest to mean a collection of flora and fauna occupying a given area possessing a set of distinct attributes. Thus, it may include marshlands and mangroves, scrub bush country, as well as rain forest. My reason for this extended definition is that every habitat contributes in some way to make possible the existence of the equilibrium between the living and the mineral resources they need to live.

I think it would be reasonable to begin by distinguishing between the two logically distinct ways in which forests are involved in agriculture. We may call the first its contribution to sustainability , and the second, its participatory contribution to agriculture in the sense given above.

Forests contribute not only to the sustainability of agriculture, but also to the very possibility of our engaging in it. The follwing is a non-exhaustive list of their contributions:

1. Participation in the Nitrogen cycle

2. Participation in the Carbon cycle

3. Prevention of top-soil erosion



Proceedings / 10

4. Ensuring the accessibility of water to living things by facilitating its absorpsion into the ground

5. Local temperature regulation through transpiration and reduction of the amount of solar heat absorbed by the ground

6. Serving as a wind-break to more vulnerable growths, animals, and man

Forests' participatory contribution to agriculture is also well-known. In addition to timber, fruits and nuts, gums, etc., it may harbour game that could be an adjunctive source of protein in some locations. However, in many areas of the world, yields of such products have nearly disappeared owing to radical exploitation of this resource.

For instance, families living in the Amazon basin were once engaged earned a part of their livelihood by collecting Brazil nuts for export. Deforestation has now reduced this activity to insignificance.

In West Africa, cutting down the rubber wine to harvest the product has made it extinct in many areas where it once grew. Likewise, Guanaco and Rhea, once the most important sources of protein to the natives of Patagonia are now very scarce.

So, the very possibility of our engaging in agriculture, and the possibility of our obtaining some 'natural products', depends on the continued existence of forrests having certain logically distinct attributes, viz., their qualitative and quantative bio-diversity.

The possibility of having this bio-diversity depends on having a certain minimal area of habitat at the disposition of a given forest, for its existence depends on the equilibrium between the mineral resources required by its living members, and the qualitative and quantitative equilibrium among them. The qualitative here represents the number of diverse species, while quantitative is concerned with the size of their individual populations in a habitat.

Naturally, the location and the climate of a habitat predetermines the attributes of those equilibria; for instance, muddy areas of brackish water favour the growth of mangroves, while 'bush' thrives on arid uplands of the South African Veld.

* This opens for us the first necessary area of study, viz., a careful ecological survey of the existing forests, those under threat, and perhaps, most important, the ecology of those destroyed froests, which now lie fallow, or are barren lands. The purpose of it is twofold; first, to ensure the continued existence of the present forests, retaining their bio-diversity, and secondly, to restore the bio-diversity of our threatened forests, and to reforest as many now destroyed forests as possible.

In order to achieve these objectives some additional studies are required. before, we continue, it is very important to remember that ecologic surveys must consult the local inhabitants, especially older people, who would recall the types of flora that no longer exists in the threatened and destroyed forests.

Reintroduction of species into threatened forests and to now barren areas requires the follwing obvious studies:



Proceedings / 11

1. Possibility of establishing seed/sapling banks of species that have disappeared from a threatened forest or a barren area.

2. Sequence of their viable reintroduction with respect to the local species. It is not recommended that rapid growing foreign species are introduced for the sake of short term results, for this violates the critical equilibria mentioned above.

3. Ascertaining the conditions that would enable one to undertake the sequential reintroduction of forest species to a given area. These may include finding out the possible means of rain harvesting and water storage in situ, establishment of wind breaks, or it may even require short-term irrigation. It may also embrace mechanical adjuncts such as terracing the now barren hillsides with more or less permanant structures.

4. Means of reintroduction of the local fauna required for the existence of a forest. These may range from insects involved in pollination, degradation of dead vegetable matter, dispersal of seeds, etc.

5. How to monitor the bio-diversity of a given forest, and how to maintain it.

6. What constitutes rational harvesting of a given forest, and who are entitled to do so.

7. How to secure the inter-sectorial expertise needed to achieve this?

8. How to finance this endeavour?

9. How to secure the political will needed to get this study off the ground?

10. How best to involve local people, and get them to play an active role here?

Even though I have deprecated the introduction of 'rapidly growing' foreign species as a means of reforestation, I do not exclude promoting the natural transformation of forests. For instance, one can observe this process in how the West African mangroves are slowly transformed from soft wooded to hard wood forests as time passes and the mangroves extend out into the sea. The crucial point is that the species involved here, are local.

As this note is more in the form of a summary of already established knowledge, I shall conclude with the hope that it would be of some use.

Lal Manavado.

10. Klara Dzhakypbekova, KyrgyzstanThe role of forests in FSN varies by the services it provides and its benefits across different regions. Sustainability at this point directly depends on governance and management of forest resources. In cases with uncontrolled access to forests ensures necessary food and nutrients to users, but at the same time deforestation as a result of overlogging, pasturing and timber collection occurs. On



Proceedings / 12

another hand overregulation of forestries can lead to the reduction of subsistence sources for the local communitites.

It may seem like double-ended stick. There are however decisions available to find the compromise.

- Payment for Ecosystem Services (monetary and non-monetary) approach may increase the responsibility of users towards sustainable use of forests. For this more knowledge sharing regarding forest ecosystem is needed. Increasing awareness about the value of underutilized species in forests may influence on more careful attitude to biodiversity in forests.

- Agroforestry - as a tool for reducing the load on forest resources by using byproducts and advantages of trees for farming. E.g. Allowing to grow trees on empty spaces for further grazing (or crop farming) and using of tree byproducts may motivate communities for increasing the afforestation plots near forests. That could lead to better food security (communities will start depend less on forests, especially to those living in forest margins).

Afforestation of degraded land and using such plots under efficient agroforestry farm could extend land capitals of farmers and strengthen their food security.

Along with food and nutriotion forestry is considered to have vast variety of option prices that also should be taken into, since more diverse opportunity costs for using the forest increases its value consequantly leading to its more sustainable and responsible utilizaion.

Agroforestry on sloped lands can decrease soil erosion, nutrient runoff and water pollution.

Those needs more institutional (property rights, regulatory rights, mechanisms for governance and allocation of resources) and informational (awareness raising, research, education, capacity building etc.) support of such activities with respect to the ecological, socio-economic and political frameworks of each region.

11. Emile Houngbo, University of Agriculture of Ketou, BeninForest is one of the richest terrestrial ecosystems. Forests are the real seat of biodiversity and are in fact the main source of ecosystem functions useful to human. Forests play regulatory role (climate), protection role (predators of agricultural pests, soils) and production role (food, wood), including food production (fruits, leaves, nuts, insects, etc). A large part of agricultural production depends on pollination made by insects living in forests.

Forest foods and tree products such as leaves, seeds, nuts, honey, fruits, fungi and insects were important components of rural diets for thousands of years (FAO, 2013). The wide range of medicinal plants found in the forests contributes to the health and well-being of forest-dependent people and is the basis for many pharmaceutical products now manufactured worldwide. Forests are an important source of fodder for livestock, especially in arid areas. The genetic diversity present in natural forests has tremendous potential for the discovery, development and improvement of new sources of food and medicine. There is significant potential for greater use of forest species, including plants and insects for food production on a large scale. Numerous of forest foods and tree products have an extremely high nutritional value. Forest wetlands and mangrove forests help protect coastal areas against flooding, thus increasing the stability of food production in coastal areas.



Proceedings / 13

Forests are sources of food and important income for the poor populations, and women in particular, and could be essential in times of economic, political and ecological crisis. The presence of forests increases the resilience of ecosystems and the ability of people to meet their nutritional needs.

A wide range of agroforestry systems is available to support food and nutrition security, through the direct provision of food, increasing farmers' income, the supply of fuel for cooking, soil improvement and agricultural productivity, and the contribution of other ecosystem services.

Indigenous peoples and other local communities have a vast wealth of traditional knowledge on the cultivation, harvesting and preparation of forest and tree foods and sustainable land management. One of the best known wild palms in Benin is B. aethiopum whose pulp and seeds are used as food, as well as its rootlets, shoots and the terminal bud. B. aethiopum palm wine is also collected. The ashes of the male flower are used as "salt" and are the raw material for various medical substances (Mollet, 1999). Other wild palms are Raffia sudanica, Raphia hookeri and Raphia vinifera which are used for human food (palm wine), utensils and tools, construction, and cultural purposes and in traditional medicine (Akoegninou 2006; Jiofack, 2011).

However, the importance of forest, recognized through the Rio Convention on biological diversity (ratified in 1993) and the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gas (signed in 1997), contrasts a bit with the pace of forest loss in the world, especially in Africa. For example, from 1990 to 1995, a total loss of 298 000 ha of forest cover was recorded in Benin (FAO, 1999) and as a result, many plant species are threatened and disappearing more and more of their natural ecosystems (Adomou, 2005). Deforestation, climate change, overexploitation, bad farming systems, population pressure, wild fires, etc. contribute to the loss of indigenous plants (Assogbadjo et al., 2010). That’s why the sustainability of the forest management is beginning a growing concern. Sustainable forest management is a broad and evolving concept aimed at ensuring the sustainable use and conservation of forests, while providing benefits to local populations, including strengthening food security and nutrition. This sustainable forest management calls for objective and empirical analysis of the socio-economic factors that determine the forests maintenance or degradation.

12. Tollander Wabwire, USTADI, KenyaThe participants shared a case study on: Finding the Balance in Conserving Mangrove forests along the Coast, Livelihoods and Social Systems Support in Kwale County.

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Case%20Study.docx

13. Ephraim Mwepya Shitima, ZambiaBelow 2, under the analysis of current state of forests,.... And treats and nckuding climate change, ... I am suggesting that the committee also considers the impact that the commodification of forests under schemes as REDD+ and PES may have on food security.

On number 3, under governance, the role of different models of CBNRM will need to be interrogated as well as the current transfer of huge forested lands to individuals, private sectors and corporations, both foreign and local and how this impacts on FSN.



http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Case%20Study.docx

Proceedings / 14

14. Fernande Abanda, CanadaLa gestion des produits forestiers non ligneux est un axe de reflexion important pour cerner le role des forêts pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition. Dans le resumé des principales orientations de l'étude il semble que cette dimension est peu abordé, par exemple lorsque vous dites que:

considérer les différents niveaux, de l'échelle locale à l'échelle mondiale, en dressant notamment une cartographie des flux du bois et des produits ligneux dans le monde, pour différentes utilisations;

Il serait donc pertinent de procéder à la même analyse pour les produits forestiers non ligneux, qui restent pour une grande partie des communautés forestiéres des élements essentiels de la gastronomie ainsi que la source principale des revenus.

Une analyse de la chaine de valeur de ces produits serait aussi pertinente pour voir dans quelles mesures les communautés forestiéres profitent réellement de leur valorisation et quels impacts celà a dans leurs conditions de vies.

Je vous partage une reflexion tirée d'une étude empirique publiée dans une revue scientifique qui porte sur la question.

15. Dennis Bennett, AfriGrains, United States of AmericaIntersection of FSN w/ Forests w/ Survival Needs

I would like to introduce another area for consideration, from the Sub-Saharan Africa/East Africa perspective. There is an intersection (postive) and tension (negative) between the forest/jungle and subsistence-level farming in remote areas of East Africa that must be taken into account in policy-making. This intersection includes not just food/nutrition survival, but also interfaces with broader policy issues of gender equality, child-soldiers, deforestation, and conflict resolution. I provide an overview, and then suggestions on policy implications below.

In much of remote East Africa, women and girls are the primary farmers, with farming a manual labor activity. Farm size is approx. 2 acres, farm productivity is approx 1 MT per acre => barely enough food to sustain the household. There is little or no incentive for local farmers to grow surplus food to sell because the storage facilities are bamboo & mud, the transportation is done via women's head or donkey-back, and the markets are barter. So even if there was capacity to grow surplus, the farmers do not because it would probably spoil rather than be sold.

The results of this food value chain are that 1) girls are kept out of school because they must labor in the field to feed the family. 2) young men and boys are excess mouths to feed. They are not viewed as productive members of the household, typically. 3) During the "hungry times", young men and boys are often (reluctantly) evicted from the family, and left to fend for themselves. 4) These young men/boys have the choice of starvation and being eaten by lions (which happens with regularity), or joining a local militia which provides them with food, shelter and protection from lions. The "creation" of child soldiers, in many rural subsistence areas of East Africa is frequently caused by this systemic problem of "who produces the food to feed the family" combined with "joining a militia is better than being eaten by lions or starving.

The tension between subsistence-rural farm householders and local wildlife is not limited to local predators such as lions. Troops of monkeys can strip a maize field of grain near harvest in a single night, far faster than birds can eat the grain. Elephants can flatten a field if the farmer happens to



Proceedings / 15

plant fields in the migratory paths. And so forth. Forests and "the bush" are frequently "hostile" environments for the smallholder, subsistence farmer in many areas of rural East Africa (aka "the bush").

On the other hand, without any other source of fuel or building materials, the forests also provide the basics for survival. Bamboo and large trees provide the basic building materials for houses, grain silos and community buildings. Special grass is encouraged to grow, providing water-proof thatch for roofs. Palm fronds make baskets, and vines make ropes. Wild fruit, nuts, and so forth provide sustenance. Deforestation would be a risk if the population density were higher, given that cooking is done using wood fires.

It is important that policy-makers understand both the benefits and challenges of the rural "Bush" smallholder/subsistence level farmer/village. As others have mentioned, the "Bush" provides nuts and other food supplies during the "hungry times". The Bush provides sometimes also provides protein. It provides building materials. It also provides danger and death from crop destruction or being eaten.

One way to improve the standard of living of these subsistence level farmers is to improve the post-harvest food value chain through investments in storage, transportation, and markets that reaches these more remote areas. Electrification through stand-alone solar installations would provide refrigeration and light, reducing the strain on forests for fuel supply and light. Who will pay for these improvements is a major policy question.

Infrastructure investment that especially addresses the post-harvest Food Value Chain (storage, transport, & markets) will require both visions, and private capital. Governments have historically been poor providers of the infrastructure to remote areas, whereas private capital has a better incentive for investment - i.e., to support the entire food value chain and move surplus goods to market.

In summary, the balance between Forestry and FSN, or Forestry and the Holistic Food Value Chain, will only be achieved in "The Bush" areas when the local population has the infrastructure to be more than simply surviving. Increase the demand for surplus food, improve the means to move the food through the supply chain to market, and you will increase the survivability of not just the individual farmer, but the entire rural population. Boys will not be evicted from the household to become lion meat or forced to join militias to live. Girls will be able to stay in school and become literate, and the balance between forests, wildlife, FSN, and survival will be better managed.

Dennis Bennett

CEO, AfriGains

US & East Africa

16. Bhubaneswor Dhakal, NepalDear Coordinator

I have some comments at this preliminary stage of the committee report.

1. Many issues are attempted to include in the outlines of the report. Almost all agencies working in the forestry field use many catchy words in the profile to show as if they were working seriously in



Proceedings / 16

addressing social, economic and environmental issues in societies. Based on my experiences activities specification, funding focus and implementation process are more important than the uses of the words in the outlines or objectives of the report. In addition involvement of people with wrong background or different motive lead the policy guidelines to address the interest of powerful people at the cost of poor people. Mostly people with wrong values on forest resources and little seriousness on critical socioeconomic issues are leading such policies development initiatives. Almost all international forestry policies and practices are designed for addressing interest and values of European societies, and urban elites, if any in developing countries. They have resulted negative impacts on women, indigenous ethnic groups and poor people in developing countries. The policies and practices have genocide effect on indigenous population. Based on my experiences I am sceptical about this policy guidelines to bring positive impacts in developing countries. I little trust on the FAO initiatives that it benefit the forest based people. Can you show me any example that FAO and other international agencies made notable positive difference in the life of disadvantaged people? The sustainable forestry for food security and nutrition can be prove as another propaganda, or another dirty strategic plot to lock private land and remaining forest areas in developing countries as Forest for food security initiatives of FAO is focused on tree based intensification of land. The incentives, activities and process of tree intensification build up resources stock and change institutions which impacts on many other activities in local areas and affect people with various degree with the advancement in time. The committee was serious on the negative impacts there would be some special points to address potential risks and outcomes from new programs.

2. In some regions the forest of an area is a mean/resource to sustain economic activities of other regions. The foothill and below snowline forests critical resources for sustaining alpine livestock business in mountain. Similar relationship exists in resources of different areas in dry/desert zones. These are special and important issues which are not been recognised in this outlines.

3. Global forest policies and practices are hugely influenced by the policy for global climate change mitigation. The policy make critical impacts on food security due to contrary nature of management requirements and interest groups. This point must be dealt specially.

Thanks for reading my comments.

B. Dhakal

17. Sven Günter, Thünen Institute of International Forestry and Forest Economics, Germany

Despite some progress in reducing undernourishment in the last years, FAO still reports more than 805 million people suffering from chronic hunger today. Forests are still under pressure, ca. 13 millions ha year getting lost every year, a high percentage attributed to commercial agriculture and subsistence (Hosonuma et al. 2012). Köthke et al. (2013, 2014) showed that population pressure and low productivity of agricultural land are the major drivers for global forest loss. However on local scale, several other drivers have to be considered, too. In this global context two arguments may illustrate the increasing claims on land use in the future. Firstly, increasing population pressure reaching nine billion people until 2050, mainly in Africa and Asia, and thus resulting in decreasing available global hectares per capita (currently less than 1.7 gha, WWF 2014, ). Secondly, the millenium development goals aim at reducing hunger on the one side and protect, restore and use forests sustainably on the other site. Both global processes show the dilemma the HLPE report has to



Proceedings / 17

face: under which circumstances are sustainable forestry and food security contrasting aims or complementary ones?

Identifying success stories of how to combine forest ecosystem services with higher agricultural production under integrative as well as segregative approaches could thus be an additional aspect for the HLPE report, especially of section 1. This would open the possibility to establish a logical framework for NWFP for food security and agroforestry systems since they are important examples for the integrative approach creating synergies between food and forest production. In general these aspects tend to be underrepresented in the proposed draft. Integrating best management practices form these fields could enrich the report significantly.

Documenting integrative or segregative approaches is strongly related to the question of looking for potential conflicts and looking for synergies between food security and ecosystem services provided by forests. The aim of the report as stated in the introduction of the proposed draft scope in turn is focusing mainly on synergies (e.g. “how sustainable forestry can contribute to improved food security and better nutrition). Potential conflicting aspects are stated more vaguely and less visible under 1.d “it will address the tensions between these categories of direct and indirect uses and users”. I suggest including a more dialectic perspective within section 1 accordingly. Additionally, mapping flows of timber and forest products alone as stated under 1c, might not reveal the real problems of conflicting aims on land use. Though difficult to assess, it could be of additional interest to identify potential conflicts of forest product fluxes (or methodologically easier also sources) related to ecosystem services, biodiversity and food production and vice versa sources or fluxes of current food production in relation to forest ecosystem services.

Section 2 of the proposed draft scope deals with the classical dimensions of sustainability, environmental, economic and social aspects. However they are considered separately here. One final synthesis section (2d) could try to bring together the three dimensions and discuss sustainability aspects on global and national or local level by dealing with current negotiating advances towards sustainability, for instance certification aspects of forest and agricultural products or enterprises and national/regional C & I schemes. Since availability of water is of particular interest (as stated in the introduction) the environmental section (2a) could include one subsection with this special topic. Note that differentiation into green, grey and blue water footprints might be important but extensive topics

Finally, the Governance section remains relatively imprecise in comparison to the other topics and analytical aspects are mixed with recommendations. In this current stage of development of this section, I would suggest to move governance aspects of sustainability to section 2 and deal in section 3 with more general conclusions and recommendations, how to solve the formerly discussed problems related to forest and food security, such as regulatory instruments but also incentives (in particular for water) and last but not least knowledge transfer and technical cooperation.

Literature

Hosonuma N, Herold M, De Sy, V, De Fries RS, Brockhaus A, Verchot L, Angelsen A, and Erika Romijn (2012) An Assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries. Environ. Res. Lett 7 (201) 044009, 12pp.

Köthke M, Leischner B, Elsasser P (2013) Uniform global deforestation patterns - an empirical analysis. Forest Pol Econ 28:23-37

Köthke M, Schöppel B, Elsasser P (2014) National REDD + reference levels deduced from the global deforestation curve. Forest Pol Econ 43:18-28



Proceedings / 18

WWF (2014): Living Plant report, species and spaces, people and places. WWF International, Gland, 176 pp.

18. Rokhaya Daba Fall, Governing African Development, SenegalI would like to share my central African region experience by insisting on luck of “chain value” in several national and international approach of food security, in particularly when it comes to Forest products on Food Security and Nutrition.

In Central Africa, opposite to Sahel zone, forests represent a great source to attaining food security and nutrition, particularly for rural citizen of all concerned Central Africa Republic, Cameroon, Republic of Congo , Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon .

Specifically in Central Africa, people seem to become lazy to work for food subsistence because the forest is “good” enough to provide them any time in the year with some different kind of protein sources that is enough to feed the few human being that populate this part of the world that represent the lowest registered population density In the world (average less than 9.0/ km2, comprising the cities). As mentioned before by Chencho who listed some of these products, it represent an important source of income for people who lived in the forest areas.

Despite a long run of international intervention and recently (2012) a political will to center Agriculture (senso largo: comprising forest and livestock) as the drive of poverty reduction, emphasis remains on how to enhance productivity.

It is well known that no one, whatever the cleaver, the courage and the willing of work, will concentrate on productivity without a well established value chain. There is an anecdote that happen years ago, after the second big drought in the Sahel that collaborate that fact ; the minister of agriculture were surnamed “niebe”(local name of green bean), because he promoted the beans production in the northern part of the country that suffered from desertification and drought , due to climate variations and changes. And the year he did so , the production were very high , but no one thought about value chain of such product, most of production ended as rubbish, even livestock did not took profit of such good production of so important source of protein, green beans.

During the last five years, two projects worked in central African region on identification and inventory of comestible forest products that can count on food security and nutrition. Results defer from country to country despite the neighboring and the ecological similitude; differences are noted either on the listing or on the processing. Some processing methods have been improved during the project but didn’t be definitely implemented. One can say that a LITTLE has been done when considering the wide range of products that contribute to food security and nutrition in the global region.

Along with these projects, to build and consolidate population resilience, FAO initiated in Central Africa the concept of Women Zone (WZ). One of the components of the WZ was to initiate or improve value chain of forest and agricultural products. More than allowing women to feed children with nutritive local food, the WZ, through this component could provide works for young boys and even man and allowed market development inside the country and the region. Indeed, well finished and well manufactured special forest products, can valuably compete on international market and provide great income for the country.



Proceedings / 19

As mentioned in several papers and others in this discussion, Forest count on food security, because it produce food supplies and protein, even where they occupied little area and where they are not dense, as in the Sahel.

In a world, where natural food and biological eaten are more and more promoted for health reason, it comes time to put more emphasis on bush and forest products chain value in particular in developing word as sub African countries. Investing on infrastructure that addresses the forest products Value Chain (post collect , storage , processing…and market ), as mentioned by Dennis Bennett, could guaranty sustainability, when people could see that beyond present food and nutrition, they can in the long run ensure their own development.

19. Justine Mwanje, Uganda Forestry Association, UgandaSustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition

Sustainable Forestry

Sustainable forestry abounds when forestry resources are managed sustainably. Therefore, in this submission, the term ‘sustainable forestry’ is synonymous with ‘sustainable forestry management.’ Sustainable forestry management is the process of managing forest to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives, with regard to the provision of a continuous flow of desired forest products and services, without due reduction of its inherent values and future productivity and without due undesirable effects on the physical and social environment. Or, it is a set of objectives, activities and outcomes that are consistent with sustaining the forest ecosystem and improving the quality of lives of communities. Sustainable forest management (SFM) is ecologically sound, economically viable and socially acceptable. SFM is a vital component of sustainable development.

Food Security

Food security is a situation when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The concept of food security (FS) cuts across the physical supply and availability of food, the macro and micro social systems that determine entitlements to food, nutritional value and the capacity of the body to use the food, among others. Marketing, trade and information systems are put into consideration at a macro level. The four dimensions of food security are availability, access, stability and utilization. Food security indicators include average dietary supply adequacy, road density, access to improved water sources, percentage of adults who are underweight, per capita food production variability, etc.

Forest ecosystem services

A wide range of services to society are provided by forest ecosystems. Such services range from reliable flows of clean water to productive soil, and carbon sequestration. Types of ecosystem services include environmental goods (food, fresh water), regulating services (climate regulation, water purification), supporting services (nutrient cycling, soil formation), and cultural services (aesthetic, educational). Illustrative ecosystem services range from purification of air and water and



Proceedings / 20

control of agricultural pests, to wind breaking and partial climatic stabilization. Presently, many of these services are either undervalued or have no financial value at all. However, markets are emerging for ecosystem services due to growing concerns.

Forest Ecosystem Services and Agriculture

The sustainability of a farming system is its ability to maintain productivity in spite of large disturbances, such as repeated stress or a major perturbation. Examples of stress include soil erosion, pests, diseases, storms, etc. The sustainability, stability and equitability of farming systems have to be considered separately and in relation to each other, in order to achieve “balanced” agricultural development. Agricultural development can be viewed as a progression of changes in the relative values of the stability, equitability and sustainability of a farming system. Because of the enduring need to raise productivity, the challenge is to do it in a sustainable, stable and equitable manner. Thus, farming systems should be socially acceptable, ecologically stable and economically viable. Because of forest ecosystem services, trees and forests can augment the sustainability, and stability of farming systems. An example of a system in which mixtures of crops are grown to enhance balance in farming is agroforestry. In this way, the natural capital is improved, productivity increased, and food and nutrition security can be achieved.

About Governance

Governance is the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources. Good governance is characterized by predictable, open and informed policy-making based on transparent processes, as well as a bureaucracy imbued with a professional culture. It includes an executive arm of government which is accountable for its actions, a strong civil society participating in public affairs and rule of law. Conversely, poor governance is the antithesis of good governance. It results in illegality in production and marketing, and negates sustainable forestry, agriculture and food security. Poor governance is marked by inconsistent policy and legal frameworks, insufficient enforcement capacity, inadequate monitoring of resources and supply chains, market distortions and corruption. According to the World Bank, annual losses in the global market attributed to illegal logging were more than USD. 10 billion in the year 2008, and in government revenue as much as USD. 5 billion.

State of the World’s Forests

Overall, the world’s forests are dwindling fast, as shown in the following table:

Country/area

Extent of forest 2010 Annual change rate

Forest area

% of land area

Area per 1000 people

1990-2000 2000-2010

1000 Ha. (%) (Ha.)(1000 Ha.)

(%)(1000 Ha.)

(%)

Central Africa



Proceedings / 21

Burundi 172 7 21 -9-3.7

-3-1.4

Cameroon 19,916 42 1,043 -220-0.9

-220-1.0

Equatorial Guinea

1,626 58 2,467 -0.6-0.6

-12-0.7

East Africa

Comoros 3 2 4 0-4.0

-1-9.3

Uganda 2,988 15 94 -88-2.0

-88-2.6

Mayotte 14 37 73 0-1.2

0-1.3

Central Asia

Armenia 262 9 85 -4-1.3

-4-1.5

Kazakhstan 3,309 1 213 -6-0.2

-6-0.2

Georgia 2,742 39 637 -1 0 -3-0.1

South Asia

Bangladesh 1,442 11 9 -3-0.2

-3-0.2

Nepal 3,636 25 126 -92-2.1

-26-0.7

Sri-Lanka 1,860 29 93 -27-1.2

-22-1.1

Central America

Honduras 5,192 46 709 -174-2.4

-120-2.1

Nicaragua 3,114 26 549 -70-1.7

-70-2.0



Proceedings / 22

El-Salvador 287 14 47 -5-1.3

-5-1.4

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (State of the World’s Forest, 2011)

The picture is gloomy in both relative and absolute terms. In Cameroon, for example, the area of forest decreased by at least 44,000 ha between the year 1990 and 2010. This gives an average of 22,000 ha per year!! Overall reduction in global forest area was 2.1%, which is really significant. The underlying causes of deforestation and/or forest degradation include demographic, economic, technological, political, institutional and cultural factors. Deforestation and forest degradation is a threat to food and nutrition security, because of the services provided by forest ecosystems, as mentioned earlier.

Remedial action

Addressing poor governance is of utmost importance. This involves tackling inconsistent forest policy and legal frameworks, inconsistent enforcement capacity, inadequate monitoring, market distortions and corruption. Transparency, responsive bureaucracy, accountability, rule of law, strong civil society and respect for authentic institutions must be achieved in the quest for sustainable forestry, food and nutrition security, at local, national, regional and global levels.

The very essence of good governance is ensuring equitable sharing of benefits along the global continuum. The Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development should address food and nutrition security needs and aspirations of the global community, efficiently and effectively. Lack of political commitment, lack of sub-national support, lack of a substantive framework, lack of integrated approaches, and other factors should be looked into. A plausible framework is the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. It espouses the pillars of sustainable development and results in ‘holism’. It is important to guarantee long-term access rights to resources, to strengthen small and medium forest enterprises and put in place more effective laws for non-wood forest products. Years of experimenting and learning are expressed in the traditional knowledge of indigenous people. Traditional knowledge should be upheld and enhanced. The programme Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) is an opportunity to address the plight of the poor and vulnerable, who are heavily dependent on forest resources. Moreover, urban forests and local economies can generate jobs and income, which strengthen food and nutrition security.

Finally, given the indicators of food and nutrition security, and the dimensions thereof, a programme to invest in sustainable forestry for food and nutrition security should do the following:

1. 1. Basic infrastructure: Roads, transportation, communication, energy, irrigation, etc.

2. 2. Production and storage support: Input supply, farm machinery, extension services, weather forecasting, producer associations and cooperatives, etc.

3. 3. Marketing and business support: Structural services, information services, intelligence, chambers of commerce, etc.



Proceedings / 23

4. 4. Financial support: Credit services, banking services, crop/farm insurance schemes, trading exchanges, etc.

5. 5. Policy and regulatory framework: Security, land tenure, investment grants, safety net functions, etc.

Research on these factors should be carefully and strategically done. It calls for a multi-disciplinary approach.

In my opinion, this is a blueprint for ensuring availability, access, stability and utilization of food. Sustainable forestry or Sustainable Forest Management is astronomically vital in the quest for global food and nutrition security.

20. Santosh Kumar Mishra, Population Education Resource Centre (PERC) Department of Continuing and Adult Education and Extension Work, S. N. D. T. Women's University, India

Towards Strategies for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) for Equitable Development

AbstractForests play a critical role in supporting the livelihoods of people worldwide, particularly in meeting the daily subsistence needs of the world’s poor. Sustainable forest management can contribute to economic development by providing income, employment, food security and shelter where it is most urgently needed. Finding ways to balance human needs with concerns over the long-term sustainability of forest resources is the very essence of sustainable forest management. This paper aims to give an insight into the strategies for “sustainable forest management” (SFM) which, in turn, will result in “equitable development”. It also discusses components of good governance needed for SFM. The paper concludes that “SFM will not resolve the violent conflicts that devastate forests”. However, in reducing the impact of war on forests, ensuring tenure security and promoting SFM and its capacity to contribute to sustained livelihoods, forests can make an important contribution to peace and stability. This will require development and strengthening of institutions for negotiation, conflict management and forest-related decision-making, and measures to address inequities that generally lie at the root of conflicts over resources, including forests.1. Introduction: The need for sustainable management of forests is well recognized. Since the Earth Summit of 1992, the need to manage forests sustainably has been well-recognized by the international community. The principal focus of the UN forest-related forums since then has been to implement the aims of the Summit through promoting Sustainable Forest Management (SFM). The most recent of such proposals was in 2006, when the UN Forum on Forests (UNFF) set four Global Objectives on Forests that are central to SFM. These include:

addressing the loss of forest cover and forest degradation, forest-based economic, social and environmental benefits; and

protecting forests, as well as mobilizing financial resources for the implementation of sustainable forest management.



Proceedings / 24

But progress towards SFM on a global scale has been weak. For several reasons, past efforts to achieve sustainable forest management at the global level have not been very successful. Among them is the lack of broad recognition of the value of well managed forests for society in the long term. Another is the unique feature of forestry where the same unit of forest may represent a variety of sometimes conflicting values. In such a situation, pursuing one objective implies sacrificing another. However, choosing one objective over the other may lead to debate, particularly in regard to public forests, given the very different objectives of the various stakeholders. Other complicating factors are the uncertainty associated with interventions in complex forest ecosystems, and the long time dimension. Different forest management approaches not only result in different ecosystems, but also in different combinations of outputs of products and services, over time.

Many factors, along with a number of conceptual and practical problems, have made it difficult to agree upon what sustainability means, especially for the practitioner. These factors range from forest management issues related to determining the objectives of sustainable forest management to balancing and prioritizing which objectives should be pursued when there are many conflicting expectations among different stakeholders. In addition, risk and uncertainty associated with interventions in complex forest ecosystems and wide-ranging impacts of different timeframes and spatial boundaries, further complicate the issue.

Among current definitions, the Brundtland concept – meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs – has remained the most commonly recognized. Although the Brundtland definition does not offer any practical guidance on implementing sustainable forest management on the ground, many countries have incorporated elements of the concept in their forestry legislation.

Some organizations have substituted a more operational concept of “responsible forest management”. This concept includes managing forests based on a number of key principles such as compliance with laws, respecting tenure and user rights and Indigenous Peoples’ rights, taking into account environmental impact and protecting high-conservation value forests. Certificates issued, reflecting responsible management, have been used as proxies in the marketplace.

A sharper focus on implementing SFM is needed urgently. The already distressful situation with world forests is likely to worsen with the predicted rise in global population and the further forest destruction predicted over the next 50 years, unless effective action is taken, and without delay. It is necessary to overcome limitations and find a way forward to make progress in achieving the Global Objectives on Forests and, eventually, toward sustainable forest management.

2. Components of “Good Governance”:Since the early 1990s, the notion of “good governance” has gained widespread currency as a yardstick against which institutional arrangements should be measured. In a broader sense, the aim of good governance is to create mutually supportive and cooperative relationships among government, civil society and the private sector. Essential dimensions of good governance and key measures include:

Strengthening the local rule of law:o Work towards establishing clearly specified and documented legal rights on land,

management and useo Pay attention to proper rights for the less-powerful affected on local levels,

particularly women and the poor



Proceedings / 25

o Promote regulatory reform towards fewer, clearer, simpler and more feasible rules wherever possible, recognizing limited capacities

o Clarify the legal status of community bodies in relation to forest use and establish clear mechanisms vis-à-vis the central government

o Establish and strengthen local enforcing mechanisms to secure ownership and tenure rights through empowering people and using modern technology

Improving local accountability and transparency:o Establish clear mechanisms for the provision of and access to informationo Establish mechanisms and procedures for reporting grievances and misbehavioro Establish clear mechanisms for debate, decisions, judgment and sanctionso Involve businesses, “civil society” organizations (NGOs) and disadvantaged groups

Strengthening local participatory planning and decision-making:o Help unorganized groups to assemble in associations, and give them a voiceo Promote platforms that encourage local coordination and conflict-management o Encourage and assist in participatory land-use planning, policy-making and budgeting

Improving local governance effectiveness and efficiency:o Shift from “supervising subjects” to “supporting and activating citizens”o Increase responsiveness through reorienting agencies towards tailored rural service

providerso Develop effective monitoring and evaluation systems at local and central levels

3. Improving Governance:Changing governance arrangements typically is a slow and more or less deliberate and difficult process of changing existing rules. Whereby modifying informal rules is more difficult and takes more time than changing formal ones. Effective change requires political will and knowledge of local governance tradition. Common reform strategies in governance are:

Maintain strategies, which involve improving control mechanisms. Modernize strategies, which involve improving management (managerial modernization)

and/or to fostering participation by citizens and user groups (participatory modernization). Marketize strategies, which involve reforming the public sector through transplanting

techniques common to the private sector. Minimize strategies involve privatizing public functions. Privatization, where it works, brings

about new enterprises and new markets that are more efficient and better performing.

Governance reform strategies can use different means to improve current governance:o Instrument approaches focus on improved steering in the short- to medium-term by

changing legal arrangements (law, regulations, etc.), using economic instruments (economic incentives and disincentives) and informational means.

o Interactive approaches emphasize improvements in cooperation and interactions between individuals and organizations, with the aim to reach satisfying policies in consensus, in order to make programs and projects more effective.

o Institutional approaches focus on changing institutional and network structures and arrangements with a strategic view to institutionalize key interests and relationships, and thereby achieve more “stable governance” over the long-term.

4. Challenges and Issues for Future:



Proceedings / 26

Effective governance of forest ownership and tenure arrangements is both critically important and an ongoing challenge. Governing both the rights and the responsibilities of an increasingly diverse group of public and private stakeholders requires that different stakeholders are aware of their respective rights and responsibilities. It requires effective arrangements to enforce regulations, monitor implementation and impose sanctions, while at the same time ensuring the provision of adequate means to defend the rights of individual parties. In cases of major transfers of ownership and tenure rights, e.g., in a land reform, a cost-efficient and fair process is needed for rights transfer, as well as capacity-building for administrators and the new rights holders to fulfill their new roles.

As governments commonly have the right to regulate forest management in all forests, governments need to find a balance between the responsibility to ensure overall sustainability and the rights of owners and tenure holders. The latter need the freedom to make management decisions that allow forestry to be an attractive land-use option. More consistent data and information on ownership and tenure is a critical step towards effective governance of forest ownership and tenure arrangements. Current data on forest ownership is limited, and more so when it comes to tenure arrangements. This lack of data is perhaps one of the most urgent challenges.

5. Changing Role of Governments in Local Development:Successful development is intensely local, despite the fact that most policies, development actions and investments are planned, implemented and evaluated centrally. However, the challenges are many. Promoting local-level development means understanding and meeting the needs of hundreds of millions of small-scale producers, in addition to state forest administrations, large-scale concessionaires and forest industry. A high proportion of these small-scale producers has no formal titles or rights to the land and water resources on which their livelihoods and most of their production depend. Moreover, much of the production and market exchange are embedded in complex, risk-prone and diverse environments, often in the informal parts of the local economy.

Over the last decade, a number of key principles have emerged on the role of government in economic development. Its role in relation to the private sector is to develop the frameworks and “rules of the game” which permit space and opportunity for the private sector to operate:

o building essential capacity, o delivering key public services, and o promoting standards and competition.

Key principles guiding government’s role in private sector development include:o Focus on core competencies: areas which only government can deliver, not the private sectoro Appropriate for capacity: priorities according to resources and hierarchy of importanceo Don’t crowd out markets: seek to develop rather than supplant private sector activityo Improve equity and access: address market failures that limit access of the disadvantaged o Influence values and culture: policies, education and other government ‘signals’ to encourage

enterprise and competition.

6. Key Approaches for Rural Development: Livelihoods, Asset Building & Innovation:Individuals and households on the poor end of the wealth spectrum have to cope with fluctuating incomes from different sources for survival. According to an often-cited study of the World Bank (2001), more than 1 billion people depend to varying degrees on forests for their livelihoods. Only over time can people adapt and accumulate assets. Rural development strategies need thus to be



Proceedings / 27

more holistic than just focusing on one sector, and they are to start from the perspective of households or people. This was the idea behind the development of ‘asset and capability’ focused concepts, in particular the sustainable livelihoods framework and the less well-known asset building framework. The innovation-centered approach, in turn, focuses on situations where livelihoods are secured and basic assets are given, but where competitiveness is an issue.

The three development approaches outline paradigm shifts that are wide-ranging if applied in a forest policy context. For instance, the sustainable livelihood approach re-focuses from forest resources to people’s needs across sectors. The asset-based approach focuses on people’s access to diverse assets, and the development of capabilities to use them. The innovation approach focuses on adaptive capacity and learning in order to exploit new opportunities for profit and to gain competitiveness.

7. Measures to Strengthen Enabling Environments for Local Forest-Based Development:The many different development concepts have in common that respective governance arrangements and actions must deal with three similar issues. The following outlines the main strategies and measures to address these:

Reducing uncertainty: security of rights, financial risk, information:o Ensure security of rights by establishing formal ownership and tenure rights and legal

status of community and micro-enterprises, by enforcing contracts and effective monitoring and control of forest management, forest products and trade.

o Reduce financial risks by promoting local initiative and investment, helping mitigate costs and risk and by supporting investment and risk-pooling.

o Reduce uncertainty through enabling easy access to information and knowledge, learning, e.g., through practitioner networks, and improving business development services.

Increasing opportunities: assets-pooling, value chains, market access:o Pooling local assets by promoting producer cooperatives and company – community

partnerships.o Promoting value chain cooperation and regional cluster-building.o Promoting market access to local, regional and international markets:

a) Promoting physical market access: transport and market exchange infrastructure,

b) Promoting market-based resource allocation and pricing mechanisms, andc) Facilitating international market access through quality certification and

trade promotion.o Support market-building by investing in, experimenting with, and helping to develop

viable business models for new markets, including for non-wood goods, payment for environmental services (carbon, biodiversity, water), bio-energy and eco-tourism, as well as using certification as an instrument to gain access to higher-value markets.

Reducing friction: adjusting regulation, coordination and conflict management:o Reducing overregulation and addressing gaps.o Supporting coordination and conflict management mechanisms.

8. Bottom Line: Support Markets, Recognize Diversity and Promote Empowerment of People:There is a widely-shared agreement on the complementary role of markets and state institutions, and the need for policy to build proper institutions that support well-functioning markets. This



Proceedings / 28

includes the development of markets, their support through promoting competition, regulation and legitimization. It is also increasingly recognized that the form that such institutions can or even have to take are very different in different circumstances.Another clear focus is the increasing emphasis on people and the need for learning and knowledge build-up. Facilitating better access to opportunities, or creating a situation that allows individuals, households and firms to create their own opportunities, is likely to be more cost-effective for improving livelihoods than focusing support on a particular sector or sub-sector or rural economic activity.

9. Summing Up:In summary, many of the critical issues related to ownership and tenure highlight the need for developing better governance. This includes issues such as:

Ensuring clarity and long-term security of ownership and tenure rights, Proper enforcement of rights and responsibilities, and cost-efficient arrangements for rights

transfer, Capacity-building for administrators and rights holders, particularly new rights holders, Facilitating stakeholder participation, e.g., in developing management rules Promoting efficient markets and market access for small producers, Balancing the need for overall sustainability with the profit interests of owners and tenure

holders, and Improved access to information on forest ownership and tenure.

Sustainable forest management will not resolve the violent conflicts that devastate forests. However, in reducing the impact of war on forests, ensuring tenure security and promoting SFM and its capacity to contribute to sustained livelihoods, forests can make an important contribution to peace and stability. This will require development and strengthening of institutions for negotiation, conflict management and forest-related decision-making, and measures to address inequities that generally lie at the root of conflicts over resources, including forests.

21. Dirk Verdonk, World Animal Protection, NetherlandsDear members of the HLPE,

With regards to forestry and FSN, World Animal Protection would like to point to the benefits of silvopastoral systems. These can produce multiple wins: productivity and profitability gains; environmental improvements, enhanced biodiversity and animal welfare benefits. Perhaps the scope could make explicit mentioning of this.

As background, see attached a case study of the experience in Colombia.( http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Silvopastoralism_in_columbia.pdf)

Thank you very much for your consideration.

Best regards,

Dirk Verdonk



http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Silvopastoralism_in_columbia.pdf

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Silvopastoralism_in_columbia.pdf

Proceedings / 29

22. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, ThailandRAP is fully supportive of the proposed study on Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition as requested by the CFS. The proposed scope of the HLPE report is comprehensive and generally logical. It is urged that the study takes careful examination of the close interactions of agriculture and forests with respect to food security and agricultural production, including the often negative impacts of agricultural expansion on forests. The study should clearly consider the negative and positive interactions between agriculture and forests and how these critical sectors can better coordinate and advance mutually acceptable objectives. In this respect, the proposal for the report to consider governance issues is critically important.

RAP looks forward to the launching of the study and stands ready to support it throughout.

Sincerely,

Vili A. Fuavao

Deputy Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific

Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Tel: +6626974335

www.fao.org/asiapacific

23. Angela Küster, SpainEl tema es muy oportuno, considerando la importancia de los bosques para la subsistencia de las familias campesinas, extractivistas e indígenas. Es el manejo ecológico, que transforma las forestas en un biotopo complejo y completo, con la producción de alimentos trabajando con la sucesión natural inducida y espontánea. Esta es la visión de la agroecología, que considera el sistema agroforestal la cumbre del manejo en la finca, complementado con la creación de pequeños animales, incluso abejas, y otras unidades productivas.

En el semiárido del Nordeste de Brasil, algunas comunidades han creado oasis en el desierto. Por ejemplo en Irauçuba, uno de los municipios con la desertificación más avanzada, criaron huertas y agroforestas en algunas propiedades, con apicultura y la construcción de presas subterráneas y cisternas. Estas experiencias registradas en todo el Nordeste enseñan en práctica, que el reforestamiento en el Semiárido, junto al manejo ecológico de los cultivos, cria microclimas y aumenta la resiliencia, posibilitando el cultivo en temperaturas extremas.

De forma parecida existen varias experiencias de implantación de agroforestas en áreas degradadas, donde se pueden observar las fases de la sucesión evolutiva de un ecosistema, con las fases pionera, secundaria y clímax.

Se propone por lo tanto considerar en el informe las investigaciones de experiencias en la construcción de sistemas agroforestales, el manejo ecológico de los bosques y la organización social y económica en bases teóricas de la agroecología, que consideran el conocimiento de las comunidades tradicionales y campesinas.



http://www.fao.org/asiapacific

Proceedings / 30

24. Shigeo Shiki, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, BrazilMy comments on the study proposed are:

1. The study proposed by the HLPE aiming at the actual and potential contribution of the forestry to the persistent and ubiquitous problem of food insecurity and malnutrition in developing countries can shed lights on the issue and bring a valuable source of information and insights for national decision makers.

2. For start, the people already benefits directly from forests and trees for business and subsistence and indirectly by using their ecosystem services for agriculture, water supply or ecotourism, but the question one has to ask is the dynamics of forest development – especially tackling the problem of deforestation and forest and land degradation. In Brazil for instance, forests are continually degraded by the advances of agricultural frontier, especially in the Amazon, but also in the Central highland cerrado region. Logging business of course comes first slashing down trees, but other economic activities are responsible for permanently clear the forest for cultivation. In the Amazon, according to the World Bank study[1], it is the extensive cattle ranching the main responsible for forest degradation.

3. Investment in infrastructure for development also causes deforestation as shown in the case of the pavement of the BR-163 road linking Cuiabá-Santarém for soybean export[2]. Affluence of migrants from everywhere clear forests for logging, for subsistence, for cattle ranching encouraged by the access to forest the paved road. Studies estimate that 50 km each side of the road are estimated to be cleared in short period of time.

4. Therefore, causes vary and involve different kind of linkages between sectors that characterize the dynamics and the strategies of development of the forested region. Policies, economies and the people dependent of the forests and trees for their food security establish cooperative, conflictive, synergic or parasitic relationships peculiar to the region, but nevertheless, with invariants commons to many places. These invariants are the common features that deserve attention and need to be highlighted in the F&FSN study.

5. Another point I like to stress is that forest is understood as basically resources to be exploited, depleted, and degraded in order to satisfy economic needs. Forests as ecosystems services provider – NWFPs, climate regulation, water production, nutrient cycling – is a notion largely neglected in rural development policies. In Brazil, this is treated as part of the biodiversity conservation policy, and in the last few years also part of the climate change policy. Industrial agriculture, mining and timber sectors would be interested in the conservation of forest only if they were rewarded with payments – carbon sequestration or other ecosystem services. In other words, there are political and economic disputes among stakeholders, which turn complex any sound forest management.

6. Added to the above issue of complex intersectoral relationships, rural communities dependent on the forest and tree services for their livelihood – indigenous peoples, all sorts of forest dwellers, “quilombolas”, fisherman – including food and other NWFPs, have to be included in this complex equation. Left to the market forces, these peoples are subject to further hardships, including food insecurity. They lose access to the forest, the source of income; they are expelled from their communities, in most case their incipient organizations are not heard in any institutional stances. In brief, they have no enough power to face the battle for forest resources and services. That is why policies make sense, but not any policy. A clear policy empowering forest and near forest



Proceedings / 31

communities to enhance access to forest and improve their livelihood, integrated to national development policy.

7. The study should contain a clear analysis of invariants that move forested territories and the main drives of actual development in developing countries; understand the main causes either the forest degradation and food insecurity and malnutrition, in order to draw feasible recommendations.

[1] MARGULIS, S. Causes of deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon. Working Paper, 22. The World Bank, 2004.

[2] MMA/PNUD Brasil: Avaliação e Planejamento Integrados no Contexto do Plano BR-163 Sustentável: O setor soja na área de influência da rodovia BR-163.

25. Nkwelle Nkede Flabert Centre for Communication and Sustainable Development for all, Cameroon

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are any product or service other than timber that is produced in forests. They include fruits and nuts, vegetables, fish and game, medicinal plants, resins, essences and a range of barks and fibres such as bamboo, rattans, and a host of other palms and grasses. Over the past two decades, governments, conservation and development agencies and non-government organisations have encouraged the marketing and sale of NTFPs as a way of boosting income for poor people in the tropics and encouraging forest conservation. But different users define NTFPs differently, depending on their interests and objectives.

In Cameroon, Non-timber forest products are being exploited without proper controls. For a sustainable development and increase in the revenue of communities surrounding forests, CECOSDA encourages stakeholders to draft, popularize and apply norms for the exploitation and commercialisation of non-timber products. While policy-makers have tended to overestimate the employment benefits associated with timber harvests, the significance of employment and income generation in the NTFPs sector was underestimated and remains to a large extent obscure even today. NTFPs are used and managed in complex socio-economic and ecological environments. In traditional forest communities, many NTFPs may be used for subsistence while others are the main or only source of income. Some NTFPs have significant cultural value, as totems, incense, and other ritual items. Others have important medicinal value and contribute to the community’s health and well-being. But as forest areas shrink, human populations grow, markets change, and traditional management institutions lose their authority, the sustainable production of many NTFPs is no longer assured. For example, as international rattan prices increased in the 1980s and ‘90s, commercial companies in Asia hired local people to harvest available resources. Widespread over-exploitation resulted and in many places the resource was destroyed, affecting the local biodiversity and leaving the people without an important source of income. Accordingly, the Centre for Communication and Sustainable Development for All (CECOSDA) Cameroon seeks to aid in considering NTFPs in their overall context and regularising this economic domain to better help the communities. While commercial NTFPs can be of considerable value to poor people, it is important to recognize the constraints that exist outside the mere collecting and harvesting of NTFPs. Poor people are poor because they have limited access to markets, insufficient capital and generally weak bargaining power.



Proceedings / 32

Some NTFPs may offer employment and income generating opportunities. But realizing this potential will require investing in other areas as well, such as micro-finance schemes, transport and training. It is also important to understand how the whole NTFP chain operates, from raw material production to the final market, to identify bottlenecks and understand their potential.

Sustainable forestry for food security and nutrition - e-consultation to set the track of the study

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/SUSTAINABLE%20FORESTRY%20FOR%20FOOD%20SECURITY%20AND%20NUTRITION.pdf

26. UNSCN Secretariat, SwitzerlandThanks for the opportunity to comment on the scope of the new HLPE study on Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition. Forests are recognized as an integral part of national economies, providing a wide range of production inputs, environmental goods, food, fuel, medicines, household equipment, building material and raw materials for industrial processing. We would like to emphasize the interlinkages between forest biodiversity, human nutrition and health, furthermore, the vital role that forest play for water quality, and climate regulation.

The Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2) Rome Declaration on Nutrition recognized that ‘Current food systems are being increasingly challenged to provide adequate, safe, diversified and nutrient rich food for all that contribute to healthy diets due to, inter alia, constrains posed by resource scarcity and environmental degradation’ (Rome Declaration para 10), and ‘Food and agriculture systems, including forestry, need to be addressed comprehensively through coordinated public policies, taking into account the resources, investment, environment and people’ (Rome Declaration para 14. e).

The following recommendations from ICN2 Framework for Action are relevant in this context:

Recommendation 9: Strengthen local food production and processing, especially by smallholder and family farmers, giving special attention to women’s empowerment, while recognizing that efficient and effective trade is key to achieving nutrition objectives

Recommendation 10: Promote the diversification of crops including underutilized traditional crops, more production of fruits and vegetables, and appropriate production of animal-source products as needed, applying sustainable food production and natural resource management practices.

In the proposed outline of the new HLPE report, under point 1 regarding the role of forest for FSN, forests’ contribution to sustainable food environments and nutritious food should be included. FAO estimates that forests provide nutritious food such as wild plants, animals and tree foods for many people, and are important especially for rural diets. Forests also sustain resilience: forest products are often consumed more frequently in times of food scarcity and can provide livelihood safety nets. They are part of sustainable consumption and production patterns. The report should look at the nutritional values (macro- and micronutrients) of foods found in the forest and highlight their role in supporting nutritious and diverse diets within a sustainable food environment.

Forest biodiversity is important for human nutrition and health - The sustainable use of forest biodiversity can be instrumental in preserving existing food biodiversity, address micronutrient deficiencies and other forms of malnutrition, contribute to diversified diets, and mitigate adverse





Proceedings / 33

effects of dietary changes worldwide. In 2006, a nutrition initiative led by FAO was launched on the basis of a recognized linkage between biodiversity, food and nutrition, in order to enhance sustainable use of biodiversity to combat hunger and malnutrition (FAO, 2008, Expert Consultation). The report should discuss the impact of forests on dietary diversification, improving the nutritional status of populations and consequently helping to improve the quantity and quality of food intake.

Under point 2 regarding sustainable forests and forestry for FSN, in environmental, economic, and social dimensions – The role of forest to secure drinking water should be addressed. Forest can help protect water, soil and biological resources, and is important in maintaining sustainable agricultural and environmental systems. In terms of their function in regulating the water cycle, studies have shown that there is the potential for forested catchments to secure drinking water, especially for supplying urban drinking-water (FAO, 2008, forest and water).

Women play a key role in management of forests and FSN - At the International Conference on Forests for Food Security and Nutrition (FAO, 2013), one of the key messages stated that women often have specialized knowledge of forests and trees in terms of species diversity, uses for various purposes, and conservation and sustainable management practices, but the role of women in ensuring the food security and nutrition of forest-dependent communities is often underappreciated. Therefore, the report should address the key role of women in increasing household dietary diversity based on forest products and through marketing of such products.

Wood continues to be the primary fuel in most tropical countries and a significant fuel in many others. Therefore the report should also look at the linkage between fuel wood and nutrition. Shortage of fuel wood in resource poor settings and harsh climate conditions can affect household nutrition in multiple ways. Women may be forced to ration cooking times, leading to a decrease in household food consumption or meal frequency if fuel wood is limited, which in turn can affect the nutritional status of household members. Moreover, if fuel wood is scare, it may increase the incidence of illness resulting from improperly prepared food or contaminated water. Lastly, fuel wood scarcity can impact the time women spend searching and collecting fuel wood and therefore, have less time for other activities such as, income generation, child care and food preparation. Fuel wood access must be included in food security and agricultural planning and policy, poor access to cooking fuel can mean that household resources (either time or money) are spent to procure fuel rather than healthy and nutritious food.

The report should also address the need to develop new metrics on sustainable management of natural resources. Furthermore it could look at forest in its contributions to Nutrition-Sensitive Landscapes (NSL) (UNSCN 2014: Towards Sustainable, Healthy and Profitable Food Systems: Nutrition and the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources).

And finally, regarding the different role of actors, the UN system certainly has an active role to play in support of national and regional policies. Examples are found in the United Nations development assistance framework (UNDAF) in Mongolia and in Turkmenistan how forest management regulations are integrated in the framework

For instance, in the UNDAF of Mongolia, 2007-2011, UN agencies supported to reducing forest depletion and land degradation throughout the UNDAF period and have set outcomes to reduce both forest depletion and land degradation. In the UNDAF of Turkmenistan, 2010-2015, it is stated that national stakeholders and local communities apply best practices on sustainable land and forest resource management, taking into account the global climate change context (UNDP,UNECE, FAO).

With best regards



Proceedings / 34

The UNSCN Secretariat Team

27. Clara Whyte, Canada

Please find below a few preliminary ideas that could be included in the report.

IntroductionDefinition of terms: Forestry, Food Security, Nutrition

Question: what is the link between those concepts? Link to be found in the concept of sustainable diets, which are diets that provide to human

nutritional needs in terms of quality and quantity, while ensuring the environment and societies remain healthy and viable.

Why now? Because world population is expected to continue growing and so will the needs for food, potentially leading to the conversion of more areas from forests to agricultural land globally.

Losing forests means losing key ecosystem services they provide on which agricultural production is dependent.

The Role of Forests in FSN

Forests provide ecosystem services in the four categories defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: provisioning, cultural, regulating and supporting.

Provisioning services: food (genetic diversity), timber for fuel, medicinal ingredients etc. Cultural services: recreation, sacred value for traditional peoples etc. Regulating and supporting services: habitat for wildlife (including pollinators), water cycle

regulation, climate regulation, preservation of soils and prevention of erosion, limitation of floods etc.

Provisioning, regulating and supporting services provided by forests are particularly important for food security and nutrition.

Hence, the food products provided by forest are important to some populations, particularly during hard times (such as drought) where they provide important complementary foods to vulnerable groups.

On their side, regulating and supporting services provide the basic environmental conditions that enable agricultural production.

Sustainable forests and forestry for FSN, in the environmental, economic, and social dimensions

Because forests provide so many ecosystem services that are important to food security and nutrition, there is a growing interest in implementing sustainable agricultural practices that enable their preservation.

There is a growing interest in how to integrate sustainable forestry practices into local food production systems.



Proceedings / 35

The dominant option is agroforestry which consists in integrating trees or patches of trees to agricultural landscapes. It has attracted growing attention worldwide including from countries that have major forested areas such as Brazil and Columbia, where sustainable agroforestry practices are parts of national plans to stop or reduce deforestation, and control climate change impacts.

There exist other options that range from forest gardens to forest farming. Those generally rely on practices that aim at growing forests made out of food plants in layers (trees, shrubs etc.).

The ideas behind the interest for the previous practices come from the possibility of producing a lot of food with less external inputs by building on the natural tendency of certain areas to grow forests. Instead of fighting this tendency, the idea is to use it so has to maximize the ecosystem services that can be provided hence increasing food production and other regulating and supporting services at a lesser environmental cost.

There is growing evidence that, for example, where forests are allowed to regrow, the hydrologic functions characteristic of forests begin to recover.

In any case, sustainable forestry practices have a role to play in building up flexible, multifunctional food production systems.

Main challenges to be overcome

3.1 Governance Lack of secure property rights or clear rules for access to resources. That reduces the ability to use those resources for private use or to market them, as

well as the incentives to manage them properly. Elements of solution include: community management plans, identifying and

strengthening local institutions. Other issues can come from trade and investment regimes that might provide

incentives to produce major crops on large open areas, this at the expense of local sustainable food production systems.

3.2 Socio-Economic Dynamics Migration to cities might lead to the loss of human resources necessary to harvest

forest products, or even to the loss of knowledge on what and how to harvest. High transportation costs might make it difficult to market those products outside of

traditional communities. If marketed, forest products might become costly and less affordable to communities

that have traditionally included them into their diets. In some places, useful plants disappear due to climate change, shortening of fallow

periods etc. Elements of solution: paying local producers for the provision of environmental

services, creation of fair trade and organic markets, creation of markets for specialty products (certification such as AOC in France) etc.



Proceedings / 36

All those might turn forests into better sources of food and also of income, hence making them major contributors to food security.

1.

3.3 Need for More Pluridisciplinary Research Finally, because the subject is rather new, research is needed and it should be

pluridisciplinary, including specialists in forestry/ecology, food science, nutrition, economics, political science, anthropology etc.

Need to value the ecosystem services provided by forests so as to implement PES programs.

Need for forest products to be included into nutritional tables and guidelines. Etc.

28. Bjorn Marten, SwedenRainforest and River Rescuing Plan for Planet Earth with special focus on Africa

Introduction

The rainforests are treasuries of Mother Earth that it has taken millions of years to develop and now are threatened by extinction. We use our natural resources without responsibility. By using them in the way we do now, we not only borrow from future generations like Ghandhi said, we are actually stealing from them. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 13million hectares of rainforest are lost annually, with the bulk of this loss occurring in the developing world. Nigeria is reputed to have lost 55.7% of its primary forests, accounting for the highest loss in the world. The International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) estimated that the annual deforestation rate in Ghana is around 65,000 hectares, and that the country’s forest cover could substantially disappear in 25 years.

Rivers are essential for human and environmental survival. Improper sanitation leading to waste disposal in rivers; negative consequences of agricultural practices including salinization and water logging of irrigated land, eutrophication due to aquaculture; wrongful discharge of industrial polluting effluent into rivers; are all examples of mismanagement of river resources.

These and other instances underscore why this rescuing plan needs to be put into action immediately, before it’s too late. Even though the rainforest and coral reefs are not present in the region where you live, your life style will have an impact on their possibilities to survive. Rainforests including Mangrove forests with their unique biological diversity and beauty are global natural heritages that each one of us has a responsibility to maintain. Mankind needs the rainforest for its survival, since it contributes to a stabilisation of the global climate including prevention of global warming and ozone depletion,

The rainforests are extremely important for our climate. They are able to create rain clouds that distribute water from the rainforest to surrounding regions and thus prevent drought problems in other countries. The rainforest is also an important carbon dioxide sink. As long as the canopy is there it can prevent carbon dioxide emissions from the soil.

They are also a unique resource for producing medicines and food that will secure global health. Species, still unknown, from the rainforests, can help mankind to cure diseases worldwide. There is



Proceedings / 37

extremely little knowledge about the species in the rainforest. Their mechanical and chemical design is a master piece of engineering, and a wonderful source book for learning about sustainable design for engineers world wide. Unfortunately, this book is still unknown to 99.99% of all engineers and it is in the process of losing pages every day without even being opened. Over 100 species get extinct every day due to the clearing of rainforests.

The interest for Biomimicry, or how to use nature as a resource for solving technical problems is increasing rapidly. Life has been performing design experiments on Earth’s research and development lab for 3.8 billion years. What are flourishing on the planet today are the best ideas---those that perform well in context, while economizing on energy and materials. Whatever a company’s design challenge, the odds are high that one or more of the world’s 30 million species has not only faced the same challenge, but has evolved effective strategies to solve it.

Here comes initially an overview of the actions that need to be taken

1. Rescuing plan – Overview

Objectives:

Establishment of a partnership relation with nature paving the way for a change of attitude where the rainforests becomes of global concern.

Offering exploiters of the rainforest to operate outside the rainforest through the introduction of sustainable system solutions involving reclaiming of abandoned land through the fertilizer revolution based on Biogas technology.

Introducing eco villages and sustainable transports involving biogas trains for paving the way for access to a global market.

Expected output:

Curbing desertification by maintaining rain cloud formation property of the rain forest

Securing soil fertility

Curbing soil erosion

Reclaiming degraded abandoned land areas

Rescuing of invaluable Bio diversity

Establishment of a sustainable economy and a healthy life for the local people by creation of new sustainable jobs involving small scale enterprises involved in bio design and local production of herbal medicine, herbal tea, fruits and nuts.

Lowering of global emissions of green house gases like N2O, CO2 and CH4,

Curbing global warming and ozone depletion by maintaining the CO2 sink capacity of the rainforest

Comments:

The most important threats upon the rainforest are:

poor farmers who burn down rainforest to get arable land for their own survival

cattle companies who want to produce meat for an exponentially growing meat market,

timber and paper industry



Proceedings / 38

palm oil plantation companies

mining and fossil energy companies.

The cornerstone in the action plan for stopping such exploitation is the introduction of biogas technology. This technology will assure the maintenance of soil fertility as well as the production of biogas for vehicle fuel filling, electricity and cooking fuel.

2. Prevention of Slash and burn agriculture

Objectives:

Prevention of burning rainforest for getting access to arable land.

Expected outputs:

Establishment of sustainable farming including restoring of degraded land areas.

New income generating activities for poor farmers

Comments:

Two-thirds of Africa’s population is reputed to depend on the forest for income and food supplementation. The poor farmers that keep on burning down rainforest to get access to farming land can use biogas residue as fertilizer and thus maintain a living soil as long as the sun is shining. They don’t need to burn down any more rainforest for their survival and they can above all re-use land that has been abandoned due to overgrazing and lack of natural fertilizer.

On a satellite picture of the Amazon one can see around 160.000 fires at the same time originating from farmers burning down the Rainforest. Introduction of small and medium scale digesters for all farmers in the rainforest will create a possibility for the farmers to secure their food supply, and establish income generating activities with organic farming products. They can work together and build a cooperative owned digester that can support them with fertilizer, vehicle fuel, cooking fuel and electricity that can be used when establishing small enterprises for processing cash crops locally.

3. Curbing Cattle and cattle feed production in the rainforest

Objectives:

To offer meat producers an economical attractive alternative,

To lower cattle feed production and meat consumption,

To curb clearing and cutting of rainforest

Expected outputs:

Increased production of biogas for vehicle fuel filling,

Restoring of degraded land

Comments:

Timber and cattle companies work hand in hand. First the timber companies clear cut the rainforest and get their income from selling the timber, and then the cattle companies

takes over by producing cattle feed or use the cleared areas for pasture. Meat production relies heavily on subsidies and is extremely energy and water demanding compared to protein sources like fish and vegetables. Nevertheless meat consumption is increasing world wide. One of the reasons is



Proceedings / 39

that western life style is spreading fast through activities such as tourism, development projects and the media and very often poses big threats to the survival of the local cultures.

By introducing biogas technology farmers are given an income-generating alternative that will be profitable without subsidies. Biogas is also a vehicle fuel that is extremely flexible. It can be used not only for running cars, lorries and buses but also in trains. Fischer-Tropsch diesel and liquefied methane produced from biogas is a technology that opens new possibilities for sustainable transports on water and in air.

Any crop or organic waste can be used for producing biogas. Hence there is a giant biomass potential that can be a venue for getting out of the fossil fuel vehicle trap. Moreover, when compared to other bio fuels like ethanol and bio diesel, bio methane has the largest potential, best energy balance and lowest emissions. This is toppled with the fact that biogas production is primarily a way of producing fertilizer for maintaining a living soil and thus securing food supply for coming generations.

When growing crops for biogas production chemical fertilizer, pesticides, or gene manipulated seeds are not needed. Biogas farmers can therefore fulfil what one could argue should be the most important mission of a farmer – maintaining a living soil for the benefit of future generations! In other words, there will be no conflict between food and energy production in the practice of biogas technology. Instead it holds the promise of being a base for food security world wide.

4. Curbing Timber, paper and palm oil production from rainforests

Objectives:

To offer an economically attractive alternative outside the rainforest,

To curb the clearing and cutting of rainforests.

Expected outputs:

Restoration of degraded land,

Curbing of desertification,

Extended railway network,

Establishment of local, sustainable small scale industries

Introduction of small scale, less then 1 MW, synthetic diesel production by cold plasma technology based on any waste containing carbon or alternatively based on raw biogas

Comments:

The timber, paper and palm oil companies can operate outside the rainforest and create plantations in semi arid areas and thus curb desertification. By introducing medium to large scale biogas plants a sustainable economic and ecological base will be created.

In order to fuel biogas trains there is a need for building biogas plants along the railway track.

Those digesters will produce biogas that can be used for cooking or producing electricity as well as hot water that can be used for small enterprises, owned by local people. The production could involve i.e. dried and fresh fruits, herbal teas, skin products, ecological food, handicraft, medicines and snack bars.

Biogas plants can also convert organic residues and toilet wastes that are produced within a village, to produce rich fertilizers and thus create eco-villages along the biogas railway.



Proceedings / 40

5. Lowered impact of Mining

Objectives:

To introduce railway transports to mines in the rainforest

Introduction of biogas as a substitute for charcoal

Expected outputs:

Limited access to rainforest for invaders,

Curbing the clearing and cutting of rainforests.

Establishment of sustainable small scale industries and ecotourism expansion

Comments:

Road constructions in combination with mining activities normally create huge wounds in the rainforest and pave the way for all kinds of invaders. A way to overcome this problem is a railway with trains fuelled by locally produced synthetic diesel based on cold plasma technology. The railway will also pave the way for ecotourism, and thus contribute to generate an extra income for the indigenous people living in the rainforest.

6. Improvement of Sanitation Awareness and Curbing Waste Disposal in Rivers

Objectives:

To improve sanitation habits, introduce a comprehensive recycling of industrial wastewater and secure greater respect, resource perspective and care for the rivers

Expected Outputs:

Improved health

Eradication of open defecation

Adoption of practices of refuse sorting, material reuse and recycling

Increased use of natural coloured cotton, and organic farming preventing poisoning of rivers

Comments:

Sanitation penetration is at a very low level in several parts of Africa, and major among the unsanitary practices is open defecation. These wastes find their way into the rivers and contaminate the water, which is in most instances consumed without treatment, leading to disease outbreak. Improving sanitation habits among the people will thus secure the quality of rivers and improve human health. Introduction of source separation of waste water will create possibilities for recycling of blackwater to farming land and reuse of grey water, thus lowering water consumption with more than 95%. Introduction of small scale, less then 1 MW, synthetic diesel production by cold plasma technology based on any waste containing carbon.

7. Provision of Alternative Power-Generating Solution to Dam Construction

Objectives:

To offer more environmentally-friendly alternative to water damming for electricity generation with stand alone systems including in line hydro power generatorsAnd combined solar, wind and biogas electricity production.



Proceedings / 41

Expected Outputs:

Cost effective local small scale energy effective electricity production

Abandonment of disruptive mega water damming projects such as the Inga X and Gybe 3

No introduction of Bilharzia in lakes affected by dam projects like in Lake Victoria.

Comments:

Huge dams are an attractive choice for electricity generation in Africa. However, these projects in most instances do not benefit the communities where they are sited. The construction disrupts the ecosystem of the host community, negatively affecting their agricultural practices and consequently livelihoods. The generated electricity is sold to industrial concerns thus neglecting the people who have to suffer for such projects to be achieved. Adoption of sustainable option of converting biogas to electricity will eradicate the need for these mega projects, and each community will be able to sustainably integrate its electricity needs into its livelihood activities.

8. Securing Accountability of Corporations to River Preservation and Strengthening Regulatory Oversight

Objectives:

To secure the commitment of industrial corporations to protection of rivers and river resources

To strengthen the ability of regulatory agencies to discharge their oversight responsibilities adequately

Expected Outputs:

Proper treatment and discharge of effluent by industrial corporations

Full compliance with water resources management requirements by industrial corporations including payment of appropriate rates and upholding appropriate standards

Proper monitoring by regulatory agencies, including application of sanctions where necessary

Comments:

Contamination of rivers by industrial corporations is a huge source of water pollution in Africa. This is made more so as the corporations have a field day, they face little or no challenge from the regulatory agencies, due to lack of capacity or simply indifference. Being able to secure commitment to appropriate water resources management practices from corporations will go a long way in reducing river pollution. This will secure the health of humans and aquatic animals. Strengthening the capacity of regulatory agencies to perform their duties will as well pressure the corporations to operate responsibly.

9. Protection of Mangrove forests and coral reefs

Objectives:

To protect the remaining Mangrove forest and restoring the destroyed areas.

Expected outputs:

Securing Tsunami protection zones along coasts

Rescuing of coral reefs



Proceedings / 42

Securing food supply for people living around coral reefs and in mangrove areas

Comments:

Clearing and cutting of Mangrove forests need to stop immediately. Destroyed Mangrove forests must be replanted and shrimp farming should only be allowed when using natural polyculture in existing mangrove forests. The mangrove forest is a breathing place for a huge variety of fish and purifies river water and protects the costal zone including the coral reefs from eutrofication. The coral reefs are an important habitat for fish that are caught and consumed by the local people.

Protection of mangrove forests will thus secure food supply for millions of people living along coasts in tropical areas.

10. Implementation of the Rainforest and River Rescue Action Plan

Rescuing of the Rainforest and River Conference in Cape Coast, Ghana, November 2015:

The proposed rescuing plan above needs to be adapted to local conditions before it can be put into action. Key persons involved in rescuing the rainforest and river in Africa and a representative from every country with remaining rain forest in Africa will be invited to the conference

Exploiters of the rain forest, corporations that generate effluent, policymakers and academics will also be invited so that a fruitful dialogue can come up that can pave the way for a rescuing plan where everybody will realize that they each will become a winner.

Save the Rainforest and River Congress, 2016

The rainforest conference will be followed up by a congress with ministers from G8 countries, as well, other countries which have rainforest within their territories will be invited to a conference in Sweden where the action plan will be presented. The action plan will include an obstacle analysis as well as a financing plan, including World Bank and GEF contacts

Lysekil, February 2015

Bjorn Marten, Engineer, Teacher and sustainable system designer, E-Mail: [email protected]

Phone: +46 52322307

Vägeröd 130

451 78 Fiskebäckskil

Sweden

29. Stella Joy, Active Remedy, United KingdomAs a partner organisation with the UNFCCC in the Nairobi Work Program we are looking at the vital importance mixed forests and sustainable mixed mountain forests play in the function of the global water cycle.

“Given their important role in water supply and regulation, the protection, sustainable management and restoration of mountain ecosystems will be essential.” (UNESCO, 2013, ‘Climate Change impacts on Mountain Regions of the World’)



mailto:[email protected]

Proceedings / 43

http://www.activeremedy.org/time-for-a-fresh-look-at-the-water-cycle-and-forests/

“Biodiversity is critical to the maintenance of both the quality and quantity of water supplies and plays a vital but often under-acknowledged role in the water cycle.” (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2013). Water and Biodiversity – Natural Solutions for Water Security)

Foof security and nutrition cannot be adequately adressed without also addressing global water security as having an adequate quantity of fresh water is absolutely essential for food varieties and hence nutrition and food security.

In March 2013 the UN Water Task Force created an Analytical Brief to guide governments on how to address global water security. It states:

“Ensuring that ecosystems are protected and conserved is central to achieving water security – both for people and for nature. Ecosystems are vital to sustaining the quantity and quality of water available within a watershed, on which both nature and people rely. Maintaining the integrity of ecosystems is essential for supporting the diverse needs of humans, and for the sustainability of ecosystems, including protecting the water- provisioning services they provide.” (U.N Analytical Brief, 2013)

Safeguarding the Global Water Cyclehttp://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Safeguarding%20the%20Global%20Water%20Cycle.pdf

30. Manuel Castrillo, Proyecto Camino Verde, Costa RicaWarm greetings to all.

Seeing the immeasurable amount of data across studies and research regarding the proposed topic, and within which, arising accurately, multiple proposals to address situations and growing ties forest, food and nutrition sector, which grows the need to build bridges and shared visions on sustainability models and platforms and economic structures of the "status quo". The harmonization of the objectives and criteria of what should be the development and the relationship of silvopastoral systems, feeding and Nutricon, - like other crucial issues we face in this century - will go governed by establishing relationships power and interest groups, regions and nations. Awareness through scientific instruments should be hand two agreements of great significance for humanity, argued in a reality beyond the rhetoric and apply to a change in vision and way of generating development and welfare, especially when the weather runs swiftly for many of the vital resources - such as forests and water systems, closely linked -. The initiatives of UN agencies, and other scientific sectors, in relation to the issues raised, they are dwarfed by the vortex systems current economic growth, although significant efforts are not enough. The proposed solutions suggest to 50-100 years



http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Safeguarding%20the%20Global%20Water%20Cycle.pdf

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Safeguarding%20the%20Global%20Water%20Cycle.pdf

http://www.activeremedy.org/time-for-a-fresh-look-at-the-water-cycle-and-forests/

Proceedings / 44

revolotutivo framework for situations arising practiced by the development and while running time, companies seek more resources and undermine the basis of such.

Therefore, discussions of analysis and results must be imbued with a strong political bond and aware of the urgency of maintaining what remains and restore what can or should. The data provided in this and other queries, overwhelmed with the situations faced - and also give hope with what has been done - the ability to perform and commitment are subject to financing and provision of various actors, unfortunately, the current scheme is not ready or does not allow a change or rapid reaction. Cases like the forests of Nigeria, burning in the Amazon, monoculture plantations or mining urban growth and needs of megacities, among many situations described, are products of a system will soon collapse. The challenge is achieved through meetings and consultations, the need for change and understanding to implement the recommendations arising. The pose a "Charter for Human Prosperity and the Planet" should be an axiom that must assume as soon as possible, because future generations will claim.

Agroecology: the science of natural resource management 5 for poor farmers in marginal environmenthttp://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Agroecolog%C3%ADa%20la%20ciencia%20de%20la%20gesti%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20recursos%20naturales%20para%20los%20agricultores%20pobres%20en%20ambientes%20marginales_2.pdf

31. Fatima ELtahir, Food Security Technical Secreariat, SudanI think that the study has to focus on efficient resource utilization to develop the forest sector and to enable it better contributes to FSN.

Regional balance, social equity through supporting and strengthening the role of marginal groups, especially in the marginal areas.

In most of developing countries there are a lot of forest products and we find a large livelihood zones based on their food and income on these products to maintain their food, nutrition and livelihood security, the study can pay attention to those areas based on social structures. Cultures and behaviours and the equity.

There are other areas of concern like the industrial sector using the forest products as raw materials to manufacture food products beside the cash products which can generate the ability to food access and the large number of labour force in this field.

Demarcation is another issue.

All these issues of concern can be incorporates in the topics of the scope.

Please find attached some further comments on the scope of the study in track changes

Kind regards



http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/cfs-hlpe/sites/cfs-hlpe/files/resources/Agroecolog%C3%ADa%20la%20ciencia%20de%20la%20gesti%C3%B3n%20de%20los%20recursos%20naturales%20para%20los%20agricultores%20pobres%20en%20ambientes%20marginales_2.pdf



Proceedings / 45

Fatima

[Additions in underlined italics, Ed.]

This HLPE report will aim at an evidence-based, comprehensive analysis of the links between forestry and food security and nutrition (FSN), at different scales, and how sustainable forestry can contribute, including economic, social viability and environmental services, to improved food security and better nutrition. It will consider the various roles of forests, including plantations, on food security and nutrition, at local and global level. The analysis will focus on people that depend on forests for their livelihoods, ways of life, etc. In doing so, the report will consider the pressure on local food systems (including availability of water) induced by increased domestic and foreign demand for timber and other wood and food products.

The role of forests for FSN.

The report will:

a. consider forests from a FSN perspective: starting from the four dimensions of FSN (availability, access, utilization and stability), and the contributions of forests (including describing the ways by which these contributions are made);

b. address the central issue of biodiversity and ecosystem functions in its linkages to FSN;c. consider different scales, local to global, including with mapping flows of timber and forest

products around the world, for different purposes;d. address the question of “FSN of whom”? People living in forests and forests' margins; people

having economic activities in forests; poor and marginalized people, depending of forestry workers; people outside forests whose livelihood could depend on forest ecosystemic services (biodiversity, water cycle, biogeochemical cycles); It will address the tensions between these categories of direct and indirect uses and users;

The analysis will consider the current state of the world forests, using available quantitative and qualitative data, as well as dynamics (among other land-use issues between forests and agriculture), threats (among others climate change), and opportunities relevant to forestry’ roles for food security and nutrition. In doing so it will consider the specificities of the timescales of forestry-related activities.

2) Sustainable forests and forestry for FSN, in the environmental, economic, and social and political dimensions

The report will discuss the challenges, strengths, threats and opportunities and ways to address them in each dimension of sustainability and the specificities of forests, with actions needing to take into account the multiple functions/objectives of forests, traditional knowledge, cultural functions including rates of awareness, land-use, adapted management etc.

a. Economics - state of the industry, trade, etc.b. Environment - timescales, ecosystems, land-use at different scales, CO2c. Social - including gender, indigenous peoples, and marginalized groups, vulnerable people

3) Governance



Proceedings / 46

a. The report will consider institutions, actors, instruments (law, contracts, international treaties, customary systems, traditional practices, ...), Policies- including the harmonization of policies for the three previous points, also harmonization between macro and micro levels in this field. at different levels, and what should be done to improve governance of forests and of related domains for FSN.

32. FAO Forestry Department, ItalyThe Forestry Department is pleased to support the preparation of the HLPE report on Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition to be presented to the CFS in 2017. Considering the increasing recognition of forests' contribution to food security and nutrition, we attach the utmost importance to this HLPE report. Due to the wide range of products and services provided by forests that are relevant for food security and nutrition (FSN), we believe the study would benefit from an analysis of forests’ contribution across all four dimensions of FSN. Special attention should be paid to the specific role of forests and trees at the household, national and global levels with regard to FSN as they vary in terms of their nature and level of significance. These differences should be reflected and specified in the report. Finally, the report should consider the different functions of forests at different stages of socio-economic development. For example, forests play a different role in developing and developed countries in relation to food security. Such distinctions will allow the report to provide context-specific policy recommendations.Forest should be understood in a broad sense embracing dense and open forests, shrublands, rangelands, mountains and other non cultivated areas.

Overall comments for the proposed scope

The proposed “draft scope of the HLPE” needs to have a well-defined objective to provide systematic evidence and analysis on the contribution of forests across all four dimensions of Food Security and Nutrition (FSN) at all levels.

The contribution of forests to FSN goes far beyond the direct provision of forest foods. A holistic picture, which captures the full contribution of forests across all four dimensions of FSN (including the Availability, the Access, the Utilization and the Stability dimensions), should be established throughout the report, and should be the added value of this particular report. For example, the use of woodfuel as the main type of cooking fuel in about one-third of the World’s households indicates forests’ vital role in cooking practices and care. Therefore, woodfuel plays an important role in ensuring the “utilization” dimension of FSN for about 2.4 billion people (FAO STAT 2011). In addition, the important aspect of increased access to “food” (which encompasses all types of food to fulfil the daily dietary needs) through income generated from forest-related activities, is often overlooked. Further, forests and trees also contribute in other ways to FSN, e.g. support to sustainable agriculture by stabilizing soils, regulating water flows and mitigating climate change.



Proceedings / 47

The specific functions forests provide at the household, national and global levels with regard to FSN can vary in terms of their nature and level of significance, therefore it will be important for the report to reflect and specify these differences. As an example, edible Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs), including bushmeat and insects may provide a primary source of nutritious food for households in and around forest areas, however, this may not be the main contribution of forests to FSN at national or global levels.

The different functions forests serve in different stages of socio-economic development should also be highlighted. For example, forests play a different role in developing and developed countries in relation to food security. Such distinctions will allow the report to provide context-specific policy recommendations.

Last but not least, as forests, including mangroves, play an essential role in fisheries production, an expert on “forestry and fisheries” should also be considered to be included in the HLPE Report project team.

**Please find [below] the revised version of the proposed draft scope of the HLPE Report for your consideration.

Proposed draft Scope of the HLPE Report by the HLPE Steering Committee

This HLPE report will aim at producing an evidence-based, comprehensive analysis of the links between forestry and food security and nutrition (FSN), and how sustainable forestry can contribute to improved food security and nutrition.

The contribution of forests to FSN goes far beyond the direct provision of forest foods. Therefore, a holistic picture, which captures the full contribution of forests across all four dimensions of FSN (including the Availability, the Access, the Utilization and the Stability dimensions), will be established through the report. It will consider the various ways forests and sustainable forest management practices, contribute to FSN, with distinctive implications for household, national and global levels.

Finally, the analysis will also demonstrate the diverse roles forests play in different socio-economic contexts to better understand how forests contribute to sustainable food security and nutrition in these different contexts.

1) The role of forests for FSN 1.

1. The report will assess the contribution of forests to FSN from the four dimensions of FSN perspective at household, national and global levels. a. Availability – roles forests play at household, national and global levels (e.g. Provision of edible Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs), contribution to agricultural and fisheries production through ecosystem services)



Proceedings / 48

b. Access – roles forests play at household, national and global levels (e.g. income generation: economic access) c. Utilization – roles forests play at household, national and global levels (e.g. use of fuelwood for cooking and water sterilization; provision of micronutrients through wild NWFPs for certain target groups etc.) d. Stability – roles forests play at household, national and global levels (e.g. sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation)

2. The report will address the question of “FSN of whom?” The report will consider different target groups ranging from the people directly depending on forests (e.g. most often the poor and the marginalized utilizing forests as a safety-net in times of need, and/or a direct source of food and income) to the indirect forest users (e.g. beneficiaries of a wide range of ecosystem services), and will analyse how forests contribute to their FSN.

*The analysis of this section will be carried out with reference to the State of World’s Forests 2014; Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 & 2015 (to be published this year); FAO STAT; IUFRO Report, using their available quantitative data.

2) Sustainable forests and forestry for FSN, in the environmental, economic, and social dimensions

This section of the report will discuss the dynamics and threats (e.g. land-use issues between forests and agriculture, climate change etc.), and opportunities relevant to the role of forests for food security and nutrition. While addressing the challenges, threats and opportunities, the report will address them in each dimension of sustainability (environmental, economic and social) considering the specificities of forests. The actions will need to take into consideration the multiple functions of forests including traditional knowledge and land-use. 1. Environmental dimension - timescales, ecosystems, land-use at different scales, 2. Economic dimension - state of the industry, trade, small enterprise etc. 3. Social dimension - including gender & youth, indigenous peoples, and marginalized groups, overall human well-being

3) Governance The report will consider the relevant institutions, actors, instruments (law, contracts, international treaties, customary systems, traditional practices etc.) at different levels, and what should be done to improve governance of forests in the context of FSN. The importance of secure forest tenure rights should be also highlighted under this section.

4) Conclusions and Recommendations The report should identify and differentiate the type of recommendations for different contexts and beneficiary groups. The recommendations should aim to enhance the



Proceedings / 49

understanding, and strengthen capacity development in crosssectoral forestry and food security and nutrition policies and programmes. They should ultimately enable relevant policy considerations for integrated sustainable forestry and food security and nutrition practices.

33. Cantonal Forestry Administration Una Sana Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cantonal Forestry Administration, Una Sana Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Director, Amir Klicic, DI Forestry

03 March 2015, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Taking into account the overall importance of forests and their multipurpose functions, it is a challenge to find a model (draft) study which would include any significant role in terms of food safety and nutrition.

Policies and programs of development of the forest sector given the large role of forests for the environment and people, the development of appropriate policy management and maintenance of forests is of utmost importance. Forests are a source of air, biodiversity, the source of resources for the production and processing of various products or raw materials.

However, it is very difficult to balance costs and benefits of forest management, and it is necessary to harmonize the use of forests for productive purposes, and yet ensure their preservation. The pressure on the exploitation of forests and forest lands comes from a poor agricultural sector, energy and industrial sectors as well as numerous government macroeconomic policies that do not take into account the need for sustainable development of the environment and forests.

In order to solve the problems mentioned, a good knowledge of cross-sectoral impacts and implementation of specific measures in the strategy of individual sectors. Overcoming the existing borders between countries, the decline of national sovereignty - a nation, and the emergence of global and transnational associations that take control function in the world economy and society are associated with globalization.

Globalisation is a general trend that is affecting all areas of economic, political, cultural and social life. Accordingly, it can be said that there is a significant impact of globalization on the forestry sector and its management. Regions that are more integrated into the globalized economy are faced with increasing pressure on the forest sector. They are forced to be as innovative and they are forced to react quickly to changes in the environment in order to remain competitive in the global market.

Furthermore, there are regions whose economic development it depends on forests and forest lands, (although this has proved risky because it puts enormous pressure on the survival of rural society).

In both cases, forests provide a great contribution to the creation of rural income, creating quality of life, and the production aspect, forests to transform biological materials into intermediate products and final products.

Indirectly, the contribution of forests is also that represent the location, or the source for numerous business activities and not related to forestry and related industries, and nowadays accelerated life,



Proceedings / 50

forest areas are becoming increasingly sought after as a location for life. Some of the aspects of globalization that should be taken into account and affect the achievement of regional and global competitiveness are: the impact on transportation costs, the impact on supply and demand, competition, the number and conditions of suppliers, prices, product quality, etc.

Analysing the European forest sector, it can be said that globalization had positive effects on transportation costs, reducing them and thereby increasing the export of forest products. With increased exports, increased international trade and thereby expanding the market network.

Since globalization means integration and liberalization of the market, it is logical to expect that will appear larger number of actors in the market and increase the supply. The effects of globalization on the European market was demonstrated by the creation of 10-20 major global forestry companies. Since doing business in the global market, they can restructure operations around the world in accordance with the situation and changes in the market. Furthermore, as regards the impact of globalization on the conditions and the number of vendors and it can be said that globalization has contributed to reduced dependence forestry and related industries on local suppliers. In terms of the globalized market, companies can use the resources of different suppliers and locate their production in different countries depending on where the conditions were more favorable.

With all the positive effects of globalization, it must be noted that there are some negative consequences. In fact, the very concept of globalization implies a loss of part of national sovereignty and autonomy. Due to the high pressures of competition of the country may decide to reduce the rules and standards regulating the forest sector. Before making important decisions the country needs to carefully assess the potential benefits and costs of integration into the global market trends.

There are many factors like many conceptual problems that make it difficult to simply define sustainability. Factors ranging from the problems of forest resource balancing and prioritization of goals, when it comes to owners of forest areas. Therefore, it is undeniable importance of developing quality management strategies of forest resources at regional and local levels. The main objectives related to forestry should include the promotion of sustainable development of the global forestry sector, protecting the environment and preserving the forest heritage by ensuring the role of forests and forestry in soil protection, water regulation, erosion, etc.

Goals should be: improvement of ecological, economic and socially sustainable forest management within the framework of the international market and in accordance with international obligations, improvement of instruments to monitor the forestry sector and the promotion of sustainable and equitable forest management with the intention of poverty reduction.

New trends in development have led to increasing urbanization of society and to jeopardizing the survival of agriculture and forestry. The expansion of urban areas, forests and forest lands are being torn down and destroyed. At the same time, there is awareness of the need for environmental protection and conservation of forest areas as an important factor in maintaining the health of human and plant population. Many major cities of the world are struggling with the growing problem of pollution of air, water and soil. Drinking water is a rarity today, not standard. Construction of residential areas is often unplanned and thus destroying the natural surface. The urbanization process has a major impact on the natural resource base (including forest resources used for production of various products of wood). The future of the agricultural and forestry sector is closely tied to reflect balanced policy of development of rural areas.

The main objective of the global rural development policy is the protection of the rural population, economy, ecology and environment of the many threats arising from the process of urbanization. Great emphasis should be placed on modifying agricultural policies and the creation of such rural



Proceedings / 51

development policy that would provide incentives for the production of (socially and environmentally beneficial activities) forestry sector. Some of these policies include measures to encourage forest protection, promotion of production and recreation services, natural-oriented forest management. Global rural development policy, in accordance with the common agricultural policy, aims to achieve the sustainable development of rural areas, while respecting the three basic principles:

1) Multifunctionality of agricultural activity - which includes encouraging the provision of various agricultural services;

2) Multi-sectoral and integrated approach to the rural economy with a view to diversify activities, create new sources of income and employment and protect the rural heritage;

3) Encouraging and subsidiarity creating their own rural development programs of countries.

…

If sustainable development is defined as maintaining a delicate balance between the human need to improve living standards and achieving betterment on the one hand and the preservation of natural resources and ecosystems on which we depend and ourselves, but also our future generations, on the other hand, then it can be achieved when establishment of a political compromise between all the components of socio-economic development. This includes the economic efficiency of production and market mechanisms are functioning, care for consumers and ethical behavior that is consistent with the norms and values of society and that respects cultural diversity, the need to preserve the environment, landscape and biodiversity and use of natural resources and energy without much stress for the environment, all in accordance with FSN perspective.

Economy:

1. Profit

2. Chain of production

3. Market

Population:

Ecology: 1. consumers

1. Natural resource 2. Ethics

2. Sustainable ecosystem 3. Culture

3. Biodiversity

. . .

I think that the absence of a separate unique global forest policy, why are lost millions of acres of forest each year, and the global carbon dioxide emissions increased since 1990 by 50%. Given the absence of a common policy related to forests all activities in this area are undertaken within the framework of various other policies (such as: Common Agricultural Policy, regional policy and development policy).

Seeking to contribute to the proposal about the development of effective strategies for sustainable landscaping forests and contribution of forests to FSN, it is necessary to:

· Globally aspire towards policies that would be based on the Millennium Development Goals;



Proceedings / 52

· To harmonize the social and environmental benefits of forest planning with the fact that profit depends mostly on the sale of wood. It becomes quite difficult to simultaneously coordinate the economic, social and environmental objectives in an open and global market;

· Strengthen the relationship between the various global to the European policies that affect the forestry and forest industry and develop coordination between them;

· Identify the role of forestry in sustainable development, eg. In terms of climate change and biodiversity, and support the execution of international obligations and their role in the FSN.

In the end, given that your proposal, generally cover all important aspects and functions of forests and their importance for FSN think you should give more attention to education and building a more global awareness of the importance and value of forests and the environment as well as the mutual relationship with FSN.

34. Khaled Al-talafih, JordanAs we know the forests play an important role in the environment and economic for each country, it is provide a diversity of ecosystem services including recycling carbon dioxide into oxygen, acting as an environment cleaner from toxic materials, helping in regulating climate, purify water, mitigating natural hazards such as floods, and serving as a genetic reserve for many species, serve as a source of wood and lumber, as recreational areas for the people .The main issues that very important for forests especially in country like Jordan:

1. We must focus on the climatic change and the negative effect on the trees and plants mainly on the change in the amount and distribution of rainfall which the main problem in Jordan which suffer from scarcity of water.

2. The importance of scientific research in the choice of trees suitable to each ecosystem and insert new kind of trees.

3. Exploit the area of forests especially in the genetic recourse.4. Protect the forest from illegally violations and increase the area planted by forest trees with

suitable kinds and varieties.

35. Robert Fungo, UgandaWhile working for Bioversity International as Nutritionist in the Congo Basin forests from 2011 to 2013, I and my colleagues observed that most communities in the forest areas suffer from food insecurity and malnutrition. Most of the foods among these communities sell off many of their foods rather than consuming them and their low awareness levels regarding forest foods’ nutritious capabilities. Forest dwellers of the Congo Basin appear not appreciate the potential of forest tree foods to address malnutrition. About 70% of the individuals we interviewed did not know that forest foods could improve the health of their children. Basically, an environment rich in wild foods does not automatically correlate with knowledge, a positive attitude and full use of forest foods to complement the diets. Also, food security does not directly translate into nutrition security, as even



Proceedings / 53

diets that provide enough calories do not provide a balance of needed nutrients. It’s important to raise awareness of the value of nutrient rich forest foods. I think the forestry sector should be included in the formulation and implementation of policies for food security and nutrition, poverty alleviation and rural development.

36. Ifeoma Stella, Madueme Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

Forests, especially in developing countries are degraded and ill managed due to a myriad of factors.

Forest fragmentation has reduced the size of many forests to support reproductive capacity of various species of animals. To achieve sustainability of forestry products, the report needs to include a socio-economic valuation of forestry resources at least in selected countries. It is also pertinent to review environmental laws of various countries which face threats of depletion, date of introduction of such laws and to find out the reasons behind their lack of implementation at the grassroots levels. The proposed report need to include methods to connect research output with policy makers. This is based on the purview that various communities have forestry peculiarities and in many instances environmental laws are made to cut across all communities without taking into cognizance peculiarities of areas. In addition forestry characteristics change frequently due to logging, deforestation, climate change etc which are contained in research works but policy makers in many instances fail to both monitor such changes and also modify laws regularly to affect such changing trends.

There needs to be sustained environmental education program for communities, legislative arms and law enforcement agencies like the police or other security operatives that are in many instances ignorant about environmental laws concerning excessive logging, endangered species, logging intensity threshold for communities etc. There is a need to incorporate impact of forest degradation on health of community members in environmental education programs eg teachings on how forest degradation reduces the capacity to sequester carbon and its impact on community health status and livelihood patterns. This will change the perception of community members that economic value of forestry products should always be harnessed at the detriment of their health which leads to forestry depletion. There needs to be community teams to decide on threshold levels for logging, utilization of forestry products in each area etc, to also monitor depletion of forests and species, identify dangerous species that threaten livelihoods. For example in some areas, NIPPA has taken up mangroves and many communities have ignorantly allowed the growth of NIPPA while active involvement of community members can uproot NIPPA and replant mangroves to sustain livelihoods. The reports should also contain choice experiments to arrive at alternative livelihood patterns acceptable to communities so that they can protect their forestry resources and policies to increase quantities of endangered species and tree products.



Proceedings / 54

37. Florence Egal, ItalyHaving worked most of my career on food security, nutrition and livelihoods, and addressing these issues from the micro-level up, I have no doubt as to the contribution of forests and trees to sustainable livelihoods and local diets.

a. The decision to consider forests from a FSN perspective is appreciated, but from my experience the four dimensions (availability, access, utilization and stability) - which have been progressively identified at macro-level for political and institutional reasons - do not help much when discussing sustainable development, right to food or systems approach. While foresters are usually very much aware of the need for integrated natural resource management and participatory approaches, in organisations such as FAO, they have by and large been constrained by the organizational chart to maintain a predominantly technical silo approach. The same is true of other technical departments and while all field staff usually agree that integrated local development is needed, institutional structures do not encourage or allow them to join forces effectively.

Trying to identify the causes of malnutrition and therefore the constraints faced by different population groups (see below) is the first step in the development of local strategies for food security and nutrition, and helps to understand the role of forest and trees in people's livelihoods, and therefore the potential role of the forestry sector in assisting people but above all in preventing and/or mitigating the constraints they face. Again and again changes in diets and livelihoods and related malnutrition can be traced back to external factors, such as the shift to market economy, trade regulations or allocation/grabbing of forested lands (including simplistic conservation projects), which in turn lead to non-maintenance or destruction of natural resources and local biodiversity (e.g. charcoal production for survival).

For further information, please refer to Integration of food security and nutrition in forestry planning: the role of participatory approaches (not recent but still valid) http://www.fao.org/docrep/x7273e/x7273e04.htm#P0_0

b. address the central issue of biodiversity and ecosystem functions in its linkages to FSN. Indigenous groups have developed sustainable approaches to natural resource management for food security and resilience based on the use of local biodiversity. It is urgent to review this experience and tap on the remaining knowledge before it disappears as it may well contribute to alternative approaches for sustainable development.

c. it is urgent to assess the direct and indirect impact of trade regulation, sectoral policies and private sector investment on forest resources and local livelihoods and set up accountability mechanisms;



http://www.fao.org/docrep/x7273e/x7273e04.htm#P0_0

Proceedings / 55

d. address the question of “FSN of whom”? Understanding the perceptions of these different population groups is the first step towards a mediation process. The involvement of all groups in the development and implementation of local development strategies is essential.

38. Luis Neves Silva, New Generation Plantations platformWell-managed, well-placed plantations are an important component of sustainable landscapes because they can provide an opportunity to restore degraded land, spare natural forest and enhance social values whilst increasing productivity. Mosaics of new plantations, forest restoration and responsible farming, could expand forest cover and related environmental services through effectively blending crop, livestock and forestry as an integrated system. System-wide and cross-sector planning and zoning in mosaic design is an essential pre-requisite to maximise the efficiency of production whilst reducing competition for land and water. The New Generation Plantations (NGP) platform (http://newgenerationplantations.org) experience accumulated over the last seven years is that the ecological and social infrastructure of mosaics provides a means to tackle the paradox that the more we advance on development, the more we fail on sustainability.

It is within this new paradigm, that the NGP platform principles carry particular significance: well-managed plantations in the right places can help conserve biodiversity and meet human needs, while contributing to sustainable economic growth and local livelihoods, by:

Social forestry, as an increasingly central theme for forestry and plantations. Engaging with stakeholders means far more than simply carrying out consultations and obtaining the consent of communities affected by plantations. It’s about really getting to know, talking and listening to them, and empowering them to meet their needs and achieve their aspirations;

Maintaining ecosystem integrity and protecting high conservation value areas (HCV), making sure plantations don’t disrupt natural cycles – for water, nutrients, carbon and biodiversity - and increasingly look beyond individual operations toward maintaining and restoring ecosystems on a broader landscape scale;

Plantations should be profitable businesses. They create jobs, often in poor rural areas, but have the potential to do far more than this. Plantations should be a means to support inclusive green growth, and share benefits with the local communities who are sharing the landscape.

Therefore the NGP concept provides an innovative framework for implementing sustainable intensification as a contributor to the functioning of socially and ecologically resilient landscapes. A significant contributor to the functioning of resilient landscapes is the family farmer. The State of Food and Agriculture published at the end of the International Year of Family Farming has provided a compelling case for concerted efforts to bring innovation to family farming: 500 million family farmers – managing 90% of all farms in the world, occupying around 70–80% of farmland – produce



Proceedings / 56

more than 80% of the world’s food in value terms. The overarching view of the FAO is that family farms must be supported “to innovate in ways that emphasize sustainable intensification of production and improve their livelihoods”. The FAO proposes that sustainable intensification can be achieved through a “cohesive multi-stakeholder innovation system to develop new technologies and practices suited to their needs and local conditions or through overcoming barriers and constraints to the adaptation and adoption of existing technologies and practices and access to relevant markets”.

Forestry should not follow a different route. The New Generation Plantations is an aspirational concept for a new era of production landscapes incorporating sustainable intensification. Robust land use planning that dynamically integrates optimised productivity in production areas through precision silviculture with conservation of forest areas and active restoration of rezoned degraded land and forest. Within this diverse, resilient ecological infrastructure, better prospects for the livelihoods and food and nutrition security of local communities can be achieved. The fundamental challenge and opportunity of our time is therefore to ensure that technology reaches those who need it the most.

The question we wish to explore within the New Generation Plantations platform is; if the promise of an innovation-driven, technology rich sustainable intensification is an option for the future, how can we design frameworks that drive research in the right directions, and that bring innovation down to the local level and the family farmer and that resolve the tensions between forestry and food security and nutrition?

39. Elizabeth de Carvalhaes Brazilian Tree Industry, BrazilIBÁ (http://www.bracelpa.org.br/en/) welcomes the opportunity to provide inputs into the HLPE report. We submit here information and resources relevant to:

1. The role of forests and sustainable forestry for FSN;2. Sustainable forests and forestry for FSN, in the environmental, economic and social dimensions, and;3. Governance.

Practices established by the Ibá member companies over more than four decades provide a valuable repository of information on how sustainable forestry – with a specific focus on the role of plantation forestry – can contribute to social viability and ecosystem services and to improved food security and better nutrition.

1. Positive socio-economic and environmental impact of the Brazilian planted forest sector.

Since the 1980’s to the present day, the cumulative experience of the Brazilian planted forest sector provides a comprehensive database of evidence from which the HLPE report could draw guidance on how to integrate sustainable plantation forestry with FSN objectives:



http://www.bracelpa.org.br/en/

Proceedings / 57

In Brazil, in the 1990’s, the adoption of voluntary forest management standards 1 by plantation-based companies and Government measures to align the national development program with natural resource use efficiency, biodiversity conservation and social protection created a sustainability matrix within which to raise the intensity, efficiency and quality of forest fibre production.

All of this has been developed in harmony with International conventions and guidelines such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Responsible Management of Planted Forests and the CFS Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the context of national food security.

Collectively, this has provided standards and governance systems to meet growing, shifting and diversifying demand, whilst controlling and managing potential environmental and social risks that plantations may pose. According to the living forest report from WWF2 tree plantations are an efficient way to produce fibers and energy. Plantations globally occupy 7% of the total global forested area in the world and are responsible for 60% of the industrial roundwood. In Brazil, the planted trees industry represents 5,5% of the Industrial Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and responsible investments support a globally competitive industry that restores degraded lands, conserves biodiversity and supports rural livelihoods.

The experiences of the Brazilian plantation sector in internalizing the costs of ecosystem protection and social license to operate could provide invaluable guidance on what can be produced, by whom, where and how (“FSN of whom”).

The following key features of the industry today show how sustainable forestry can positively contribute to social viability, the provision of environmental services and to improved food security and better nutrition:

Ecosystem restoration and biodiversity protection at multiple levels: Plantations in Brazil are established on degraded land, providing the first level of sparing of natural ecosystems and reducing logging pressure on natural forests. For each hectare of forest planted by planted forest companies, an average of 0.5-0.7 hectares of natural forest is maintained and/or restored – establishing ecological corridors and mosaics on lands that were

1 The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC)

2 WWF – World Wildlife Fund (2013) Living Forest Report, Chapter 4, Gland. 33p.



Proceedings / 58

previously degraded. This represents a net positive gain of almost 3 million hectares of secondary forest and a significant contribution to ecosystem functions such as biodiversity preservation and carbon storage. The 7.6 million hectares of planted trees stock 1.67 billion tons of CO2 from the atmosphere. Knowledge derived from long- term watershed management programs, and policies that prevent planting in riparian zones, in addition to government policies, guide land use planning and plantation management strategies;

Community support and smallholder integration: Brazilian plantations-based companies haveworked hard with local communities to collectively agree on best practices. These relationships are based on value sharing. For instance the outgrowers programs that integrate in the forestry industry chain roughly 13 thousand families in over 1000 municipalities in some of the poorest and most remote areas of the country. In 2013, IBÁ member-companies invested R$ 150.5 million in social programs adding multiple values to the quality of life of 1.4 million people including education, health and food security and nutrition needs.

Smallholder certification: Smallholder certification is a challenge because of cost and cultural values. In a joint effort between the private sector and WWF, FSC Brazil has recently launched a standard to certify smallholders, aiming to increase outgrowers and group certification. This provides outgrowers a price premium, making income per hectare four fold higher than ranching – the main rural activity in most of our regions. Ibá member companies work closely with the certification bodies to continuously upgrade forest management practices and transfer this knowledge to smallholders, including best management practices.

Integrated land use planning: Today, 100% of the eucalyptus and pine cultivated for several uses including pulp and paper, panels and flooring, energy, among other, are produced from only 0.7% of all arable land, creating more than 4.5 million direct and indirect jobs and significantly reducing the pressure to bring natural forest areas into production. The forest sector has strongly participated in the development and implementation of policies and Programs of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment, which aim to register all properties and their uses into a single database. Ibá is engaged in implementing a mechanism named CAR (Environmental Rural Registry), which will map all the rural properties in the country, contributing to identify environmental assets and liabilities and contribute to better landscape-based policies. Additionally, the integrated livestock and forestry program of the Ministry of Agriculture through EMBRAPA is targeting 70 million hectares of land for integrating productivity enhancing approaches in agriculture and forestry. This program provides a working model and vast repository of quantitative data to explore the relation between combined agro-forestry practices and FSN.

Better breeding for minimizing land use: Breeding for better performing tree varieties has provided a series of incremental improvements in yield, doubling plantation productivity since the1970’s (currently about 40 m3/hectare/year). This has meant that the amount of land required to feed a 1M-ton yr-1 pulp mill has gone down from 171,500 to 73,500 hectares. If 1970’s productivity levels were in practice today, the eucalyptus



Proceedings / 59

plantation base of Brazil would be 9.9, rather than 5.1 million hectares. Clonal development and breeding provides continuous improvement in quality and supply whilst maintaining genetic diversity. Plantation-based companies use thousands of different clones in breeding programs that provide a robust genetic base on which to provide for yield improvement, fibre quality and resilience. Those data based on eucalyptus production to eb illustrative. Pine statistics and yields have followed the same trends due to conventional genetic breeding.

Direct benefits for food security and nutrition: Besides the environmental services, jobs and income generated by forest plantations, food is also provided by plantations including honey. Brazil is the 11th largest producer of honey in the world ad one of the main drivers of the increase of 77% in honey production in Brazil from 2010-2011 was, in great part, the partnerships established between honey producers with eucalyptus plantation companies. Additionally some mushrooms are cultivated exclusively using eucalyptus timber, for instance shitake with is a rich source of proteins. Additionally, agroforestry systems are ways to combine tree production with agriculture or cattle ranching for food production. These systems present several benefits to the agriculture and cattle and also to farmers, as source of food but also fuel for energy and cook. This systems have been highly encouraged on the out growers programs of the plantation-based companies.

We believe that the Brazilian planted forestry model provides a repository of information for the HLPE to build a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities of future global expansion of plantations. Because of the diversity of agro-ecological conditions and social contexts within which Ibá companies operate around Brazil, and the time over which information has been compiled, a wealth of best practices exists to guide initiatives to scale up and replicate this model elsewhere in the world.

2. Future prospects for sustainable forestry management (SFM) practices and their impact on FSN – sustainable intensification.

The WWF Living Forest Report3 projects that wood harvesting could triple by 2050 to approximately 10 billion m3. It is estimated that this will require an extra 250 million hectares of plantations. If this demand is to be met without disrupting the four dimensions of FSN, what is needed are step changes in the efficiency of production and how operations are integrated with other land uses and users. In particular, given that much of the predicted expansion will involve smallholders and family farmers, attention must be paid to how present production models can be adopted by these producers. In addition, we know that to achieve greater intensification of productivity, existing performance standards, designed to manage linear incremental change will not suffice. With limited scope for sustainable throughput of resources, ensuring wellbeing within planetary boundaries will require enhanced resource use efficiency, whilst meeting growing, diversifying

3 All reports available at: http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/conservation/forests/publications/living_forests_report



Proceedings / 60

and shifting demand. This can only be achieved through innovation at all levels. The development of appropriate technologies and standards will be an essential pre-requisite for ensuring that intensification of existing practices for agro-forestry commodity production is sustainable and inclusive.

The HLPE report is therefore timely and pre-competitive allowing a detailed examination of how innovations can be designed, implemented and governed to meet productivity challenges. To meet this, Ibá member companies are focussing on four critical aspects of this transition towards sustainable intensification of production:

Innovation in integrated land use planning: Advanced zoning and land-management approaches are needed that are based on the latest imaging technologies and cross-sectoral dialogue to reduce the tensions between the different categories of direct and indirect land uses and users. This process should integrate the concepts of High Conservation Values (HCV), Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), IFLs (Intact Forest Landscapes) and Social License to Operate;

Scientific and Technological Innovation (STI): to yield better breeding technologies, including biotechnologies to further enhance productivity, and to provide resilience against future environmental shocks and stresses (including climate change, pests and disease proliferation);

Innovation in multistakeholder engagement: to share experiences, promote transparency, alleviate concerns, establish best practices and provide policy input;

Innovation in governance: to ensure that measures to enhance productivity and resource –use efficiency are aligned with social and environmental objectives down to the local level.

2.1. Innovation in integrated land use planning:Land use planning implies crop-livestock-forestry integration as a precondition for innovation in agriculture, silviculture and conservation. New forms of partnerships between different land users – forestry, agriculture, ranching, local communities, and indigenous and traditional peoples – are required if both communities and companies can benefit. By doing so, the introduction of forest components into integrated crop-livestock systems could improve carbon stock, conserve resources and nutrient cycles, diversify revenues and reduce risks. Examples from the Brazilian planted forestry landscape mosaic model suggest that this is possible. More information can be found at: http://www.dialogoflorestal.org.br/download.php?codigoArquivo=314. In addition, there is a wealth of mapping resources available – including forest and landscape restoration opportunities, (see World Resources Institute, WRI: http://www.wri.org/resources/maps) to enable zoning and land-use planning as well as monitoring long term land-use changes. The Global Landscapes Forum (GLF: www.landscapes.org) also provides a comprehensive framework of dialogue on appropriate landscape- level actions (see http://www.landscapes.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2014-GLF-Outcome- Statement_web.pdf).



http://www.landscapes.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2014-GLF-Outcome-%20Statement_web.pdf

http://www.wri.org/resources/maps

http://www.dialogoflorestal.org.br/download.php?codigoArquivo=314

Proceedings / 61

Multi-stakeholder dialogue is an integral part of this process, and there are established platforms within which this is already happening – providing valuable insights into what is possible and acceptable (see 2.3. below).

2.2. Scientific and Technological Innovation (STI):To meet increasing and shifting demand for food, fuels and fibre sustainable intensification of agroforestry commodity production is required. In practical terms this will require step changes in productivity and process efficiency and an expansion of the quality, scope and scale of products and services. An important aspect for consideration within the HLPE report will be how to integrate a future bioeconomy into agro-forestry operations – in particular to consider the potential for future high value forest biomass products – such as bio-plastics, bio-chemicals and specialty fibres.

Improved process efficiency and scope of products means an increased dependence on Scientific and Technological Innovation (STI). However, an increased dependence on STI raises concerns for many, in particular, how can smallholders have access to STI, and how can they access markets to truly reap its benefits? If the only way to achieve resource use efficiency is to produce more from less through an intensification of existing practices, and if the route to intensification is through an increased dependence on STI, then two questions emerge:

- How can appropriate frameworks for governance of the development and deployment of new technologies be established that guide R&D in the right direction and ensure that products reach those who need them the most?

- How can these be implemented at a local level?

The fundamental challenge and opportunity of our time is therefore to develop leadership in the formulation of a framework that will master STI for forestry in transformative ways.

There is a distinct opportunity for the HLPE report to map out the best pathway for establishing this leadership.

Within this, the physical challenge is to develop and deploy the science and technology for the sustainable intensification of forest commodity production. The social challenge will be to ensure that technology reaches those who need it the most.

This framework for STI development and deployment is highly compatible with the key messages regarding innovation for smallholders and family farmers that emerged from the “State of Food and Agriculture” (FAO, 2014):



Proceedings / 62

Family farms must be supported “to innovate in ways that emphasize sustainable intensification of production and improve their livelihoods”. The FAO proposes that sustainable intensification can be achieved through a “cohesive multi-stakeholder innovation system to develop new technologies and practices suited to their needs and local conditions or through overcoming barriers and constraints to the adaptation and adoption of existing technologies and practices and access to relevant markets”.

Towards fulfilling this challenge, the experience to date in the Brazilian planted forest sector is that conventional breeding programs and clonal propagation technologies can contribute significantly to meeting productivity challenges. Ibá member companies that engage smallholders in their outgrower programs (that represent roughly 17% of all forested area and shall grow) already share their most advanced and high yielding breeding material. However, the need to be more efficient and the risk of pest and disease outbreaks will escalate with the onset of climate change. All enabling solutions for improving productivity and resource-use efficiency will be required, including precision forestry, advanced breeding technologies, and biotechnology, including genetic modification (GM) technologies. The HLPE report provides a timely opportunity to assess the present state of our knowledge on STI solutions for enhancing productivity. Within this, an important aspect for consideration will be best practice in technology transfer to fully engage smallholders in present and future innovation cycles and integrates them meaningfully into supply chains.

Because of the diversity of views on which options for STI must be addressed, meaningful, objective dialogue (2.3. below) and Governance (3. Below) are intimately linked to any consideration of STI.

Ibá member companies have pioneered efforts to improve fibre yield through better breeding and some of them are already integrating advanced breeding methodologies, including biotechnology into their research programs as part of efforts to further enhance resource use efficiency and meet productivity challenges. Companies also have experience in a range of processes towards a knowledge-based bioeconomy.

2.3. Innovation in multistakeholder dialogue:

In response to recognition that there is a heightened urgency to finding practical solutions to the major global challenges associated with natural resource use efficiency, there has been a marked increase in cooperative dialogue. The inclusive nature of the Rio+20 process and the ensuing Post-2015 and SDG agenda highlight the convening power of the UN system in this process of global dialogue.

Ibá strongly welcomes the fact that the HLPE has been convened under the CFS with its proven model of private sector and civil society engagement.



Proceedings / 63

The forestry sector has seen the emergence of several pioneering initiatives that establish convergence - particularly between the private sector and civil society – to use collective reasoning in the debate and design of solutions for meeting the extraordinary challenges facing forests and forestry. Ibá member companies – alongside FAO Forestry - are active participants in a number of these international platforms for dialogue on best practice and multistakeholder engagement.

The HLPE can draw on the vast amount of information and understanding that has arisen from the mutual recognition of shared responsibilities and that can be sourced from these international platforms.

These include:

The Forests Dialogue (www. http://theforestsdialogue.org ) a platform that “contributes to sustainable land and resource use, the conservation and sustainable management of forests, and improved livelihoods by helping people engage and explore difficult issues, find collaborative solutions, and make positive changes. The mission is to build constructive dialogue processes among all key stakeholders, based on mutual trust, enhanced understanding and commitment to change. Dialogues are designed to build relationships and to spur collaborative action on the highest priority issues facing the world’s forests;

The New Generation Plantations Platform (www. http://newgenerationplantations.org ), that brings together companies, government forest agencies and civil society from around the world to explore, share and promote better ways of planning and managing plantations, and;

The Forest Solutions Group of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (www http://www.wbcsd.org/work-program/sector-projects/sustainable-forest-products- industry.aspx ).

FSC and PEFC, which are also multistakeholder platforms to define standards and policies to guide SFM certification.

In Brazil and globally, Ibá member companies are actively involved in multistakeholder dialogue to establish processes for developing and implementing policy and standards for plantation management. Although a great deal remains to be achieved, some findings of significance are:

- deep rooted ideological conflict can be overcome when leadership on performance standards and cooperation on actions impact common objectives;

- a sympathetic approach to ecosystems, local communities and small forest owners can be a viable business strategy – without passing on the costs to consumers;

- mechanisms to distribute and share the benefits of research (improvements via conventional breeding) into plantation productivity with smallholders can be a win-win situation for business and communities.



http://www.wbcsd.org/work-program/sector-projects/sustainable-forest-products-%20industry.aspx

http://www.wbcsd.org/work-program/sector-projects/sustainable-forest-products-%20industry.aspx

http://newgenerationplantations.org/

http://theforestsdialogue.org/

Proceedings / 64

3. Governance:

In the future, plantations of exotic and native species will increase in their importance worldwide, and especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions, as providers of goods and services while mitigating the pressure on natural forests Considerations for the integration of well-placed and well-managed plantations in resilient landscapes will therefore have an immense impact on future prospects for food security and nutrition, species conservation, the preservation of planetary boundaries, climate change mitigation and adaptation and poverty alleviation. The importance of “social forestry” must therefore be pre-eminent in these considerations since it is in tropical and sub-tropical regions that these concerns are most acute.

A comprehensive governance framework to orchestrate this challenge and opportunity is therefore vital.

The HLPE report on Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition provides an opportunity for the development of an inclusive framework that sets new targets for plantation management that will feed the supply chains of the future and a framework of governance for sustainable intensification of forest management practices from the perspectives of smallholder inclusion and FSN.

Future standards for sustainable forestry must be designed to manage the complexity of systemic transformational changes with a governance framework for the highly disruptive process of further intensification, that provides social safeguards, provides effective stewardship and that stimulates preferential procurement and increased consumer awareness.

Future Governance frameworks must be designed to manage this complexity so that the real opportunities presented by a future forest-biomass-based bioeconomy are within reach of all. This means a special focus on the governance of STI because a bioeconomy will be innovation driven and technology rich. This in turn invokes special emphasis on access to innovation by smallholders and their access to the markets of the future. As outlined in 2.2. above, a central question to be addressed in the context of governance is:

- How can appropriate frameworks for governance of the development and deployment of new technologies be established that guide R&D in the right direction and ensure that products reach those who need them the most?

- How can these be implemented at a local level?

40. V. Prakash, International Union of Nutritional Sciences, IndiaThe focus of this Note is to show the integration between the Sustainable Forestry and how it is linked to Food Security and Nutrition (FSN) with a sustainability built into it with a clear pathway of Value addition at the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary level such that the reach out to not



Proceedings / 65

only the in threat forestry and also to contain the regional balance and to establish the common livelihood pattern between crops and fodder on the one side, animal husbandry on the other side and sustainable forestry and its eco on the third side and most importantly on the sustainable agriculture and Nutrition for all should be our goal.

It is important that in such a system as the sustainable forestry many a times the microorganisms in the forest, the insects in the forest, the bio flora and fauna in the forest is rather neglected. It is this eco balance that gets shifted right from the day one all the way to the time when the tree is cut, the effect is not seen. However, there is also a huge amount of benefit when we look at a total holistic approach of sustainable forestry linking with Food Security and Nutrition Security and Quality of Life.

There are several ways in which one can look at the ensuing global climate change with the mitigation that can happen with the forestry on the one side and the erosion of the soil and the top soil loss and utilisation of “Wasted land” on the other side. Therefore Nutrition to not only the livestock and the plants on the one side but more importantly the human Nutrition can make a big difference with the remedial action that can come from forestry especially when we look forestry as a source of nuts, as a source of fruits, as a source of many biomolecules including herbal and also the local resources through trees and sustainability including capacity building will ensure the sustainability of the programme.

However when we look at pooling the resources and making itself sustainable in a small area or a place that need to be networked into thousands of acres and see how that mega ecofriendliness will address the issue. There is a need for a huge repository database at a local level so that tomorrow the CFS/HLPE can have a database of the repository of the various species that can link the sustainable forestry and the challenges of governance and the challenges of the dynamics of the economy. These all can be handled from a very clear expected outputs all the way down to prevention of disasters, not only natural disasters, but also man -made disaster of malnutrition apart from poverty driven unfortunately. It is here that areas like mining and areas like using the land for urban expansion at the cost of cutting trees and the water treatment that is need in the area must become very sustainable so that local area will have the edge on what need to be done to integrate the entire mega picture of the “sustainable forestry for Food Security Nutrition” with a focus on sustainability and better livelihood and Quality of life for the rural and tribal.



global forum on food security and web viewsome forests prvide wetlands were organic rice and fish...

Documents