Global ConnectionsGlobal ConnectionsUnit 6Unit 6

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

• Faith and science clash (different Faith and science clash (different philosophies) (truth over philosophies) (truth over superstition and magic)superstition and magic)

• In this “revolution” we find the In this “revolution” we find the origins of the modern world brought origins of the modern world brought about by human inquiryabout by human inquiry

• Nature to be explored in its own Nature to be explored in its own right not as evidence of God’s right not as evidence of God’s creative powerscreative powers

A new way of thinkingA new way of thinking• Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

– Suggests experimentation to Suggests experimentation to learn about the natural world learn about the natural world

– Inductive not deductive reasoningInductive not deductive reasoning– Father of modern Empiricism and Father of modern Empiricism and

the scientific methodthe scientific method

• Rene Descartes (1596-1650)Rene Descartes (1596-1650)– ““I think therefore I am”I think therefore I am”– RationalismRationalism: human reason as : human reason as

the source of knowledge the source of knowledge

The changing view of the The changing view of the universeuniverse

• The old view: (4The old view: (4thth Cen. Cen. BC)BC): Science as a branch of : Science as a branch of theology (humans at center theology (humans at center etc..)etc..)– Geocentrism:Geocentrism: AristotleAristotle

came up with it and came up with it and PtolemyPtolemy figured out rules to explain figured out rules to explain planetary motionplanetary motion• 10 separate crystals with planets 10 separate crystals with planets

embedded in them moved embedded in them moved around the eartharound the earth

• Angels moved the spheres in Angels moved the spheres in perfect circlesperfect circles

GeocentrismGeocentrism

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)1543)

• Polish clericPolish cleric• First to challenge Geocentrism in his First to challenge Geocentrism in his

book “book “On the Revolutions of the On the Revolutions of the Heavenly SpheresHeavenly Spheres” (published after ” (published after his death)his death)

• Only challenged the Geocentric idea Only challenged the Geocentric idea but his work led to more questions but his work led to more questions being askedbeing asked

Johannes Kepler (1571-Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)1630)

• Assistant of Brahe (Math genius) Used Assistant of Brahe (Math genius) Used Brahe’s data to develop three laws of Brahe’s data to develop three laws of planetary motionplanetary motion– Ellipses not circlesEllipses not circles– Planets vary their speeds during their orbits Planets vary their speeds during their orbits

based on distance from sunbased on distance from sun– Time of orbit is based on distance from sunTime of orbit is based on distance from sun

Galileo Galilei (1564-Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)1642)

• 1609 developed the 11609 developed the 1stst telescopetelescope

• 1632 published “1632 published “Dialogues on Dialogues on the 2 great systems of the the 2 great systems of the UniverseUniverse””– Conflict with Pope Urban VIIIConflict with Pope Urban VIII– 1633 ordered to repudiate his 1633 ordered to repudiate his

viewsviews• Also did work in physics Also did work in physics

(acceleration of falling bodies)(acceleration of falling bodies)

Galileo and the Galileo and the InquisitionInquisition

Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics",the "father of science", and "the Father of Modern Science." The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, named the Galilean moons in his honour, and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design

Newton’s synthesis Newton’s synthesis (1642-1727)(1642-1727)

• Author of Mathematical Author of Mathematical Principles of Natural Principles of Natural Philosophy”Philosophy”– Universal GravitationUniversal Gravitation: :

Every object in the universe is Every object in the universe is attracted to every other attracted to every other object by a force called object by a force called gravitygravity

– InertiaInertia: Objects in motion : Objects in motion remain in motion unless acted remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force…upon by an outside force…

The study of living thingsThe study of living things

• Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius: “The father of : “The father of modern anatomy”modern anatomy”

• William HarveyWilliam Harvey: Circulation of blood: Circulation of blood