Global Change AbstractsThe Swiss Contribution12.2

Global Change AbstractsThe Swiss Contribution

July–September 2011

Published and distributed by:ProClim-Forum for Climate and Global ChangeSwiss Academy of SciencesSchwarztorstrasse 9 | CH-3007 BernT (+41 31) 328 23 23 | F (+41 31) 328 23 20proclim@scnat.ch | www.proclim.ch

Editor: Gabriele Müller-Ferch, ProClim-gabriele.mueller@scnat.ch

Editorial staff: Stephanie Stotz, ProClim-

Source: Science Citation Index®Social Science Citation Index®ProQuest Dialog®

Cover picture library: C. Ritz, ProClim-Cover picture small size: C. Kull, OcCC

Issue: GCA 12.2, July 2012, Berne, Switzerland

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Contents 3

Concept and Methods 4

Short List of all Abstracts 5

1 Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies 27 1.1 Atmosphere 27 1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 42 1.3 Soil and Litosphere 70 1.4 Cryosphere 80 1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems 84 1.6 Energy Balance 100 1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles 101

2 Past Global Changes 102

3 Human Dimensions 113

4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies 122

5 General Topics 125

Index of Authors 130

Index of Disciplines 142

Contents

4 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Concept and Methods

Global Change Abstracts: The Swiss Contribution (GCA) is a compendium of abstracts for papers on the topic of global environmental change. The abstracts are written or co-authored by Swiss sci-entists and other experts working in Switzer land. The papers are published in one of the 6000 jour-nals covered by the data bases Science Citation Index® and Social Sciences Citation Index®, which are compiled by the Institute for Scientific Information®.

A total of 267 papers that were published during the period July–September 2011 are included in this issue. These papers are classified according to the following categories, which are also used to order the abstracts in GCA (refer to the Table of Contents):

1 Earth system process studies and methodologies 1.1 Atmosphere 1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 1.3 Soil and Lithosphere 1.4 Cryosphere 1.5 Ocean/Fresh Water Systems 1.6 Energy Balance 1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles2 Past Global Changes3 Human Dimensions4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies5 General Topics

The papers are also referenced by an alphabetical list of authors and by scientific discipline (as preassigned by the Institute for Scientific Information®).

We use three different searches to identify the papers in GCA, namely: (i) a search in both databa-ses mentioned above for the names of the princi-pal investigators and their coworkers contained in

the ProClim- Infosystem (about 800 names) or for projects with Switzer land as a country of origin; (ii) a search for additional Swiss papers that have been published in a selection of journals chosen from the Science Citation Index® based on the themes they cover (using “journal catagory codes” assigned by the database producer); (iii) a search in the database Social Sciences Citation Index® for Swiss papers in the social sciences that contain one of over 50 keywords on the topic of global change. ProClim- staff then scan these selected papers to determine which are relevant for inclu-sion in GCA.

GCA is available as PDF document only and is distributed by e-mail. Please send your request to proclim@scnat.ch. As a novelty, hyperlinks to the full text are included (in blue color, sources of the articles) whenever possible. So you can easily find the scientific article on the web by clicking on the corresponding link in the electronic GCA. Searching for keywords is also possible.

You can also find all papers published in GCA on the ProClim- web site at www.proclim.ch/Publications.html. On this site you will find a database including all Swiss articles of the GCAs.If you are interested in ordering a copy of a paper quoted in this issue, you can get further informa-tion in the ProClim- database, for example the address of the first author. A double click on the selected article will show you more detailed infor-mation not printed in the following document.

If you think a paper should be published in an issue of GCA, you can send it to ProClim- and we will consider including it in a future issue. We hope that Global Change Abstracts: The Swiss Contribution will facilitate the exchange of information and with it the interdisciplinarity among the global change research community.

Concept and Methods

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 5

1 Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies

1.1 Atmosphere

Aerosol modelling in Europe with a focus on Switzerland during summer and winter episodes (12.2-1)Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Barmpadimos I, Oderbolz D, Lanz V A, Prévôt A S H, Baltensperger U

The weekly cycle of ambient concentrations and traffic emissions of coarse (PM10-PM2.5) atmospheric particles (12.2-2)Barmpadimos I, Nufer M, Oderbolz D C, Keller J, Aksoyoglu S, Hüglin C, Baltensperger U, Prévôt A S H

First results from the GPS atmosphere sounding experiment TOR aboard the TerraSAR-X satellite (12.2-3)Beyerle G, Grunwaldt L, Heise S, Köhler W, König R, Michalak G, Rothacher M, Schmidt T, Wickert J, Tapley B D, Giesinger B

Quantification of the carbonaceous matter origin in submicron marine aerosol by C-13 and C-14 isotope analysis (12.2-4)Ceburnis D, Garbaras A, Szidat S, Rinaldi M, Fahrni S, Perron N, Wacker L, Leinert S, Remeikis V, Facchini M C, Prévôt A S H, Jennings S G, Ramonet M, O’dowd C D

Accumulation over the Greenland Ice Sheet as represented in reanalysis data (12.2-5)Chen L, Johannessen O M, Wang H, Ohmura A

1997-2007 CO trend at the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch: a comparison between NDIR surface in situ and FTIR remote sensing observations (12.2-6)Dils B, Cui J, Henne S, Mahieu E, Steinbacher M, de Maziere M

Reanalysis suggests long-term upward trends in European storminess since 1871 (12.2-7)Donat M G, Renggli D, Wild S, Alexander L V, Leckebusch G C, Ulbrich U

An Intercomparison of T-REX Mountain-Wave Simulations and Implications for Mesoscale Predictability (12.2-8)Doyle J D, Gabersek S, Jiang Q, Bernardet L, Brown J M, Dörnbrack A, Filaus E, Grubisic V, Kirshbaum D J, Knoth O, Koch S, Schmidli J, Stiperski I, Vosper S, Zhong S

Land-atmosphere coupling associated with snow cover (12.2-9)Dutra E, Schär C, Viterbo P, Miranda P M A

Mapping particulate matter in alpine regions with satellite and ground-based measurements: An exploratory study for data assimilation (12.2-10)Emili E, Popp C, Wunderle S, Zebisch M, Petitta M

Accurate radiometry from space: an essential tool for climate studies (12.2-11)Fox N, Kaiser Weiss A, Schmutz W, Thome K, Young D, Wielicki B, Winkler R, Woolliams E

Composition changes after the “Halloween” solar proton event: the High Energy Particle Precipitation in the Atmosphere (HEPPA) model versus MIPAS data intercomparison study (12.2-12)Funke B, Baumgärtner A, Calisto M, Egorova T, Jackman C H, Kieser J, Krivolutsky A, Lopez Puertas M, Marsh D R, Reddmann T, Rozanov E, Salmi S M, Sinnhuber M, Stiller G P, Verronen P T, Versick S, von Clarmann T, Vyushkova T Y, Wieters N, Wissing J M

The June 2007 Saharan dust event in the central Mediterranean: Observations and radiative effects in marine, urban, and sub-urban environments (12.2-13)Gomez Amo J L, Pinti V, Di Iorio T, Di Sarra A, Meloni D, Becagli S, Bellantone V, Cacciani M, Fua D, Perrone M R

Short List of all Abstracts27

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Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts6

A 2.5 year’s source apportionment study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland (12.2-14)Herich H, Hüglin C, Buchmann B

Representation of tropical deep convection in atmospheric models - Part 2: Tracer transport (12.2-15)Hoyle C R, Marecal V, Russo M R, Allen G, Arteta J, Chemel C, Chipperfield M P, D’amato F, Dessens O, Peter T, et al

Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations (12.2-16)Jung M, Reichstein M, Margolis H A, Cescatti A, Richardson A D, Arain Altaf M, Arneth A, Bernhofer C, Bonal D, Chen J, Merbold L, et al

Evidence for under-reported western European emissions of the potent greenhouse gas HFC-23 (12.2-17)Keller C A, Brunner D, Henne S, Vollmer M K, O’doherty S, Reimann S

Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation (12.2-18)Kirkby J, Curtius J, Almeida J, Dunne E, Duplissy J, Ehrhart S, Franchin A, Gagne S, Ickes L, Kuerten A, Kupc A, Metzger A, Riccobono F, Rondo Linda, Schobesberger S, Tsagkogeorgas G, Wimmer D, Bianchi F, David A, Dommen J, Haider S, Mathot S, Minginette P, Onnela A, Walther H, Weingartner E, Baltensperger U, et al

Inversion of a coupled canopy-atmosphere model using multi-angular top-of-atmosphere radiance data: A forest case study (12.2-19)Laurent V C E, Verhoef W, Clevers J G P W, Schaepman M E

The importance of stratospheric-tropospheric transport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in the western and northern tier of the United States (12.2-20)Lefohn A S, Wernli H, Shadwick D, Limbach S, Oltmans S J, Shapiro M

Spatial variation of chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosol in Zurich during winter-time using mobile aerosol mass spectrometer data (12.2-21)Mohr C, Richter R, Decarlo P F, Prévôt A S H, Baltensperger U

Variations in time and space of trace metal aerosol concentrations in urban areas and their surround-ings (12.2-22)Moreno T, Querol X, Alastuey A, Reche C, Cusack M, Amato F, Pandolfi M, Pey J, Richard A, Prévôt A S H, Furger M, Gibbons W

Effects of Model Resolution and Statistical Postprocessing on Shelter Temperature and Wind Forecasts (12.2-23)Müller M D

Estimating the direct and indirect effects of secondary organic aerosols using ECHAM5-HAM (12.2-24)O‘donnell D, Tsigaridis K, Feichter J

Investigating spatial climate relations using CARTs: An application to persistent hot days in a multimodel ensemble (12.2-25)Orlowsky B, Seneviratne S I

High-resolution simulations of atmospheric CO2 over complex terrain - representing the Ochsenkopf mountain tall tower (12.2-26)Pillai D, Gerbig C, Ahmadov R, Rödenbeck C, Kretschmer R, Koch T, Thompson R, Neininger B, Lavrie J V

New considerations for PM, Black Carbon and particle number concentration for air quality monitoring across different European cities (12.2-27)Reche C, Querol X, Alastuey A, Viana M, Pey J, Moreno T, Rodriguez S, Gonzalez Y, Fernandez Camacho R, Sanchez de La Campa A M, de La Rosa J, Dall’osto M, Prévôt A S H, Hüglin C, Harrison R M, Quincey P

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 7

Peculiarities in atmospheric particle number and size-resolved speciation in an urban area in the west-ern Mediterranean: Results from the DAURE campaign (12.2-28)Reche C, Viana M, Moreno T, Querol X, Alastuey A, Pey J, Pandolfi M, Prévôt A, Mohr C, Richard A, Artinano B, Gomez Moreno F J, Cots N

Surface modification of mineral dust particles by sulphuric acid processing: implications for ice nucleation abilities (12.2-29)Reitz P, Spindler C, Mentel T F, Poulain L, Wex H, Mildenberger K, Niedermeier D, Hartmann S, Clauss T, Stratmann F, Sullivan R C, de Mott P J, Petters M D, Sierau B, Schneider J

Source apportionment of size and time resolved trace elements and organic aerosols from an urban courtyard site in Switzerland (12.2-30)Richard A, Gianini M F D, Mohr C, Furger M, Bukowiecki N, Minguillon M C, Lienemann P, Flechsig U, Appel K, Decarlo P F, Heringa M F, Chirico R, Baltensperger U, Prévôt A S H

Local ecosystem feedbacks and critical transitions in the climate (12.2-31)Rietkerk M, Brovkin V, van Bodegom P M, Claussen M, Dekker S C, Dijkstra H A, Goryachkin S V, Kabat P, van Nes E H, Neutel A M, Seneviratne S I, et al

Airborne lidar observations in the inflow region of a warm conveyor belt (12.2-32)Schäfler A, Dörnbrack A, Wernli H, Kiemle C, Pfahl S

Present-day interannual variability of surface climate in CMIP3 models and its relation to future warming (12.2-33)Scherrer S C

Spatiotemporal Behavior of Integrated Water Vapor (12.2-34)Schneebeli M, Mätzler C

Gas uptake and chemical aging of semisolid organic aerosol particles (12.2-35)Shiraiwa M, Ammann M, Koop T, Pöschl U

Analysis of cloud condensation nuclei composition and growth kinetics using a pumped counterflow virtual impactor and aerosol mass spectrometer (12.2-36)Slowik J G, Cziczo D J, Abbatt J P D

The HNO3 forming branch of the HO2 + NO reaction: pre-industrial-to- present trends in atmospheric species and radiative forcings (12.2-37)Sovde O A, Hoyle C R, Myhre G, Isaksen I S A

A Surface-Based Imaging Method for Water Vapor and Liquid Clouds Using a Scanning Radiometer at 91 GHz (12.2-38)Stähli O, Mätzler C, Murk A, Kämpfer N

Bivariate colour maps for visualizing climate data (12.2-39)Teuling A J, Stöckli R, Seneviratne S I

High-ozone layers in the middle and upper troposphere above Central Europe: potential import from the stratosphere along the subtropical jet stream (12.2-40)Trickl T, Bärtsch Ritter N, Eisele H, Furger M, Muecke R, Sprenger M, Stohl A

European source and sink areas of CO2 retrieved from Lagrangian transport model interpretation of combined O-2 and CO2 measurements at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (12.2-41)Uglietti C, Leuenberger M, Brunner D

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts8

Humidity driven nanoscale chemical separation in complex organic matter (12.2-42)Zelenay V, Huthwelker T, Krepelova A, Rudich Y, Ammann M

Statistical Analysis of Aerosol Effects on Simulated Mixed-Phase Clouds and Precipitation in the Alps (12.2-43)Zubler E M, Lohmann U, Lüthi D, Schär C, Muhlbauer A

Intercomparison of aerosol climatologies for use in a regional climate model over Europe (12.2-44)Zubler E M, Lohmann U, Lüthi D, Schär C

1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems

Productivity Is a Poor Predictor of Plant Species Richness (12.2-45)Adler P B, Seabloom E W, Borer E T, Hillebrand H, Hautier Y, Hector A, Harpole W S, O’halloran L R, Grace J B, Risch A C, Schütz M, et al

Analysis of the flora of the Alps. 1: historical account and biodiversity (12.2-46)Aeschimann D, Rasolofo N, Theurillat J P

Trophic niche partitioning of cryptic species of long-eared bats in Switzerland: implications for conser-vation (12.2-47)Ashrafi S, Beck A, Rutishauser M, Arlettaz R, Bontadina F

What spatial data do we need to develop global mammal conservation strategies? (12.2-48)Boitani L, Maiorano L, Baisero D, Falcucci A, Visconti P, Rondinini C

Characterization of fecal nitrogen forms produced by a sheep fed with N-15 labeled ryegrass (12.2-49)Bosshard C, Oberson A, Leinweber P, Jandl G, Knicker H, Wettstein H R, Kreuzer M, Frossard E

Relation between soil organic matter and yield levels of nonlegume crops in organic and conventional farming systems (12.2-50)Brock C, Fliessbach A, Oberholzer H R, Schulz F, Wiesinger K, Reinicke F, Koch W, Pallutt B, Dittman B, Zimmer J, Hülsbergen K J, Leithold G

Predicting how populations decline to extinction (12.2-51)Collen B, Mcrae L, Deinet S, de Palma A, Carranza T, Cooper N, Loh J, Baillie J E M

Sensitivity of Portuguese forest fires to climatic, human, and landscape variables: subnational differences between fire drivers in extreme fire years and decadal averages (12.2-52)Costa L, Thonicke K, Poulter B, Badeck F W

Growth and community responses of alpine dwarf shrubs to in situ CO2 enrichment and soil warming (12.2-53)Dawes M A, Hagedorn F, Zumbrunn T, Handa I T, Hättenschwiler S, Wipf S, Rixen C

21st century climate change threatens mountain flora unequally across Europe (12.2-54)Engler R, Randin C F, Thuiller W, Dullinger S, Zimmermann N E, Araujo M B, Pearman P B, Le Lay G, Piedallu C, Normand S, Theurillat J P, Vittoz P, Guisan A, et al

Increased propensity for aerial dispersal in disturbed habitats due to intraspecific variation and species turnover (12.2-55)Entling M H, Stämpfli K, Ovaskainen O

Patterns of early succession on bare peat in a Swiss mire after a bog burst (12.2-56)Feldmeyer Christe E, Küchler M, Wildi O

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Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 9

Extreme temperature analysis under forest cover compared to an open field (12.2-57)Ferrez J, Davison A C, Rebetez M

Back from the brink: potential for genetic rescue in a critically endangered tree (12.2-58)Finger A, Kettle C J, Kaiser Bunbury C N, Valentin T, Doudee D, Matatiken D, Ghazoul J

Functional and phylogenetic diversity as predictors of biodiversity- ecosystem-function relationships (12.2-59)Flynn D F B, Mirotchnick N, Jain M, Palmer M I, Naeem S

Mapping fire ignition risk in a complex anthropogenic landscape (12.2-60)Guglietta D, Conedera M, Mazzoleni S, Ricotta C

SESAM - a new framework integrating macroecological and species distribution models for predicting spatio-temporal patterns of species assemblages (12.2-61)Guisan A, Rahbek C

Desertification in the Sahel: Towards better accounting for ecosystem dynamics in the interpretation of remote sensing images (12.2-62)Hein L, de Ridder N, Hiernaux P, Leemans R, de Wit A, Schaepman M

High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services (12.2-63)Isbell F, Calcagno V, Hector A, Connolly J, Harpole W S, Reich P B, Scherer Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Tilman D, van Ruijven J, Weigelt A, Wilsey B J, Zavaleta E S, Loreau M

Experimental climate effect on seasonal variability of polyphenol /phenoloxidase interplay along a narrow fen-bog ecological gradient in Sphagnum fallax (12.2-64)Jassey V E J, Chiapusio G, Gilbert D, Buttler A, Toussaint M L, Binet P

Nutrient and energy content, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and methanogenic potential of alpine forage plant species during early summer (12.2-65)Jayanegara A, Marquardt S, Kreuzer M, Leiber F

Analysis of the Corsican flora: biological aspects (12.2-66)Jeanmonod D, Schlüssel A, Gamisans J

The latitudinal herbivory-defence hypothesis takes a detour on the map (12.2-67)Johnson M T J, Rasmann S

Microhabitat partitioning promotes plant diversity in a tropical montane forest (12.2-68)Jones M M, Szyska B, Kessler M

Effects of genetic diversity of grass on insect species diversity at higher trophic levels are not due to cascading diversity effects (12.2-69)Jones T S, Allan E, Härri S A, Krauss J, Müller C B, van Veen F J F

Dispersal ecology of the endangered woodland lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in managed hemiboreal forest landscape (12.2-70)Jueriado I, Liira J, Csencsics D, Widmer I, Adolf C, Kohv K, Scheidegger C

Genetic consequences of low local tree densities - Implications for the management of naturally rare, insect pollinated species in temperate forests (12.2-71)Kamm U, Gugerli F, Rotach P, Edwards P, Holderegger R

An Unorthodox Approach to Forest Restoration (12.2-72)Kettle C J, Burslem D F R P, Ghazoul J

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts10

Influence of alpine forage either employed as donor cow’s feed or as incubation substrate on in vitro ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation (12.2-73)Khiaosa Ard R, Soliva C R, Kreuzer M, Leiber F

Ectomycorrhiza succession patterns in Pinus sylvestris forests after stand-replacing fire in the Central Alps (12.2-74)Kipfer T, Moser B, Egli S, Wohlgemuth T, Ghazoul J

Land-use effects on genetic structure of a common grassland herb: A matter of scale (12.2-75)Kloss L, Fischer M, Durka W

Influence of niche characteristics and forest type on fern species richness, abundance and plant size along an elevational gradient in Costa Rica (12.2-76)Kluge J, Kessler M

Forest ecosystem genomics and adaptation: EVOLTREE conference report (12.2-77)Kremer A, Vinceti B, Alia R, Burczyk J, Cavers S, Degen B, Finkeldey R, Fluch S, Goemoery D, Gugerli F, et al

Basic biogenic aerosol precursors: Agricultural source attribution of volatile amines revised (12.2-78)Kuhn U, Sintermann J, Spirig C, Jocher M, Ammann C, Neftel A

Invasives: A Major Conservation Threat (12.2-79)Lambertini M, Leape J, Marton Lefevre J, Mitter Meier R A, Rose M, Robinson J G, Stuart S N, Waldman B, Genovesi P

How do we improve Earth system models? Integrating Earth system models, ecosystem models, experiments and long-term data (12.2-80)Leuzinger S, Thomas R Q

Climatic modifiers of the response to nitrogen deposition in peat- forming Sphagnum mosses: a meta-analysis (12.2-81)Limpens J, Granath G, Gunnarsson U, Aerts R, Bayley S, Bragazza L, Bubier J, Buttler A, van den Berg L J L, Grosvernier P, Mitchell E A D, et al

The future of terrestrial mammals in the Mediterranean basin under climate change (12.2-82)Maiorano L, Falcucci A, Zimmermann N E, Psomas A, Pottier J, Baisero D, Rondinini C, Guisan A, Boitani L

Ecology and life history affect different aspects of the population structure of 27 high-alpine plants (12.2-83)Meirmans P G, Goudet J, Gaggiotti O E

New stomatal flux-based critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation (12.2-84)Mills G, Pleijel H, Braun S, Büker P, Bermejo V, Calvo E, Danielsson H, Emberson L, Gonzalez Fernandez I, Grünhage L, Harmens H, Hayes F, Karlsson P E, Simpson D

Within-orchard variability of the ecosystem service ‘parasitism’: Effects of cultivars, ants and tree location (12.2-85)Mody K, Spoerndli C, Dorn S

Simulated migration in a long-term climate change experiment: invasions impeded by dispersal limitation, not biotic resistance (12.2-86)Moser B, Fridley J D, Askew A P, Grime J P

Seed fate and seedling dynamics after masting in two African rain forest trees (12.2-87)Norghauer J M, Newbery D M

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 11

Spatial and temporal dynamics in eddy covariance observations of methane fluxes at a tundra site in northeastern Siberia (12.2-88)Parmentier F J W, van Huissteden J, van der Molen M K, Schaepman Strub G, Karsanaev S A, Maximov T C, Dolman A J

Functional traits and root morphology of alpine plants (12.2-89)Pohl M, Stroude R, Buttler A, Rixen C

CWM and Rao’s quadratic diversity: a unified framework for functional ecology (12.2-90)Ricotta C, Moretti M

A partial ordering approach for functional diversity (12.2-91)Ricotta C, Szeidl L, Moretti M, Blasi C

Landscape complexity and spatial scale influence the relationship between remotely sensed spectral diversity and survey-based plant species richness (12.2-92)Rocchini D, Mcglinn D, Ricotta C, Neteler M, Wohlgemuth T

Complete, accurate, mammalian phylogenies aid conservation planning, but not much (12.2-93)Rodrigues A S L, Grenyer R, Baillie J E M, Bininda Emonds O R P, Gittlemann J L, Hoffmann M, Safi K, Schipper J, Stuart S N, Brooks T

Reconciling global mammal prioritization schemes into a strategy (12.2-94)Rondinini C, Boitani L, Rodrigues A S L, Brooks T M, Pressey R L, Visconti P, Baillie J E M, Baisero D, Cabeza M, Crooks K R, Hofmann M, Stuart S, et al

Global habitat suitability models of terrestrial mammals (12.2-95)Rondinini C, Di Marco M, Chiozza F, Santulli G, Baisero D, Visconti P, Hoffmann M, Schipper J, Stuart S N, Tognelli M F, Amori G, Falcucci A, Maiorano L, Boitani L

Long-term impacts of ski piste management on alpine vegetation and soils (12.2-96)Roux Fouillet P, Wipf S, Rixen C

Tillage effects on weed communities in an organic winter wheat- sunflower-spelt cropping sequence (12.2-97)Sans F X, Berner A, Armengot L, Mäder P

Habitat-density associations are not geographically transferable in Swiss farmland birds (12.2-98)Schaub M, Kery M, Birrer S, Rudin M, Jenni L

Predator Diversity and Abundance Provide Little Support for the Enemies Hypothesis in Forests of High Tree Diversity (12.2-99)Schuldt A, Both S, Brülheide H, Härdtle W, Schmid B, Zhou H, Assmann T

Plant sexual reproduction during climate change: gene function in natura studied by ecological and evolutionary systems biology (12.2-100)Shimizu K K, Kudoh H, Kobayashi M J

Epiphytic bryophyte diversity on Madeira Island: Effects of tree species on bryophyte species richness and composition (12.2-101)Sim Sim M, Bergamini A, Luis L, Fontinha S, Martins S, Lobo C, Stech M

Ruminal methane inhibition potential of various pure compounds in comparison with garlic oil as de-termined with a rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) (12.2-102)Soliva C R, Amelchanka S L, Duval S M, Kreuzer M

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts12

Elevational patterns of species richness and density of rattan palms (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia (12.2-103)Stiegel S, Kessler M, Getto D, Thonhofer J, Siebert S F

A global reanalysis of vegetation phenology (12.2-104)Stöckli R, Rutishauser T, Baker I, Liniger M A, Denning A S

Frankincense yield assessment and modeling in closed and grazed Boswellia papyrifera woodlands of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia (12.2-105)Tilahun M, Muys B, Mathijs E, Kleinn C, Olschewski R, Gebrehiwot K

Accessibility predicts structural variation of Andean Polylepis forests (12.2-106)Toivonen J M, Kessler M, Ruokolainen K, Hertel D

Differential effects of historical migration, glaciations and human impact on the genetic structure and diversity of the mountain pasture weed Veratrum album L (12.2-107)Treier U A, Müller Schärer H

Agroclimatic conditions in Europe under climate change (12.2-108)Trnka M, Olesen J E, Kersebaum K C, Skjelvag A O, Eitzinger J, Seguin B, Peltonen Sainio P, Rotter R, Iglesias A, Calanca P, et al

Preadapted for invasiveness: do species traits or their plastic response to shading differ between invasive and non-invasive plant species in their native range? (12.2-109)van Kleunen M, Schläpfer D R, Glättli M, Fischer M

Future hotspots of terrestrial mammal loss (12.2-110)Visconti P, Pressey R L, Giorgini D, Maiorano L, Bakkenes M, Boitani L, Alkemade R, Falcucci A, Chiozza F, Rondinini C

Belowground biodiversity effects of plant symbionts support aboveground productivity (12.2-111)Wagg C, Jansa J, Schmid B, van der Heijden M G A

A tool to model 3D coarse-root development with annual resolution (12.2-112)Wagner B, Santini S, Ingensand H, Gärtner H

Vegetation of zonal patterned-ground ecosystems along the North America Arctic bioclimate gradient (12.2-113)Walker D A, Kuss P, Epstein H E, Kade A N, Vonlanthen C M, Raynolds M K, Daniels F J A

Progress in the understanding of narrow directional microwave scattering of agricultural fields (12.2-114)Wegmüller U, Santoro M, Mattia F, Balenzano A, Satalino G, Marzahn P, Fischer G, Ludwig R, Floury N

Metabolic fluxes, carbon isotope fractionation and respiration - lessons to be learned from plant biochemistry (12.2-115)Werner R A, Buchmann N, Siegwolf R T W, Kornexl B E, Gessler A

Feathermoss seedbeds facilitate black spruce seedling recruitment in the forest-tundra ecotone (Labrador, Canada) (12.2-116)Wheeler J A, Hermanutz L, Marino P M

Risk assessment, eradication, and biological control: global efforts to limit Australian acacia invasions (12.2-117)Wilson J R U, Gairifo C, Gibson M R, Arianoutsou M, Bakar B B, Baret S, Celesti Grapow L, Di Tomaso J M, Dufour Dror J M, Küffer Christoph, et al

Carbon sequestration potential of tropical pasture compared with afforestation in Panama (12.2-118)Wolf S, Eugster W, Potvin C, Turner B L, Buchmann N

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 13

1.3 Soil and Litosphere

Pyrogenic carbon soluble fraction is larger and more aromatic in aged charcoal than in fresh charcoal (12.2-119)Abiven S, Hengartner P, Schneider M P W, Singh N, Schmidt M W I

Stable carbon isotopes as indicators for environmental change in palsa peats (12.2-120)Alewell C, Giesler R, Klaminder J, Leifeld J, Rollog M

Soil Processes and Functions in Critical Zone Observatories: Hypotheses and Experimental Design (12.2-121)Banwart S, Bernasconi S M, Bloem J, Blum W, Brandao M, Brantley S, Chabaux F, Duffy C, Kram P, Lair G, et al

Chemical and Biological Gradients along the Damma Glacier Soil Chronosequence, Switzerland (12.2-122)Bernasconi S M, Bauder A, Bourdon B, Brunner I, Bünemann E, Christl I, Derungs N, Edwards P, Farinotti D, Frey B, Frossard E, Furrer G, Gierga M, Goeransson H, Guelland K, Hagedorn F, Hajdas I, Hindshaw R, Ivy Ochs S, Jansa J, Jonas T, Kiczka M, Kretzschmar R, Lemarchand E, Luster J, Magnusson J, Mitchell E A D, Venterink H O, Plötze M, Reynolds B, Smittenberg R H, Stähli M, Tamburini F, Tipper E T, Wacker L, Welc M, Wiederhold J G, Zeyer J, Zimmermann S, Zumsteg A

Alpine grassland soils contain large proportion of labile carbon but indicate long turnover times (12.2-123)Budge K, Leifeld J, Hiltbrunner E, Fuhrer J

Turning sunlight into stone: the oxalate-carbonate pathway in a tropical tree ecosystem (12.2-124)Cailleau G, Braissant O, Verrecchia E P

Modeling biogeochemical processes of phosphorus for global food supply (12.2-125)Dumas M, Frossard E, Scholz R W

Heavy-Machinery Traffic Impacts Methane Emissions as Well as Methanogen Abundance and Community Structure in Oxic Forest Soils (12.2-126)Frey B, Niklaus P A, Kremer J, Lüscher P, Zimmermann S

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metal contamination of coastal sediment and biota from Togo (12.2-127)Gnandi K, Bandowe B A M, Deheyn D D, Porrachia M, Kersten M, Wilcke W

Mineralisation, leaching and stabilisation of C-13-labelled leaf and twig litter in a beech forest soil (12.2-128)Kammer A, Hagedorn F

Iron speciation and isotope fractionation during silicate weathering and soil formation in an alpine glacier forefield chronosequence (12.2-129)Kiczka M, Wiederhold J G, Frommer J, Voegelin A, Krämer S M, Bourdon B, Kretzschmar R

Temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon after land-use change in the temperate zone - carbon response functions as a model approach (12.2-130)Poeplau C, Don A, Vesterdal L, Leifeld J, van Wesemael B, Schumacher J, Gensior A

Mapping of erosion rates in marly badlands based on a coupling of anatomical changes in exposed roots with slope maps derived from Li DAR data (12.2-131)Saez J L, Corona C, Stoffel M, Rovera G, Astrade L, Berger F

An innovative device for determining the soil water retention curve under high suction at different temperatures (12.2-132)Salager S, Rizzi M, Laloui L

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Charcoal quality does not change over a century in a tropical agro- ecosystem (12.2-133)Schneider M P W, Lehmann J, Schmidt M W I

Has the Burden and Distribution of PCBs and PBDEs Changed in European Background Soils between 1998 and 2008? Implications for Sources and Processes (12.2-134)Schuster J K, Gioia R, Moeckel C, Agarwal T, Bucheli T D, Breivik K, Steinnes E, Jones K C

Interactive effects of drought and N fertilization on the spatial distribution of methane assimilation in grassland soils (12.2-135)Stiehl Braun P A, Hartmann A A, Kandeler E, Buchmann N, Niklaus P A

Dendrogeomorphic dating of rockfalls on low-latitude, high-elevation slopes: Rodadero, Iztaccihuatl volcano, Mexico (12.2-136)Stoffel M, Bollschweiler M, Vazquez Selem L, Franco Ramos O, Palacios D

Pyrogenic carbon quantity and quality unchanged after 55 years of organic matter depletion in a Chernozem (12.2-137)Vasilyeva N A, Abiven S, Milanovskiy E Y, Hilf M, Rizhkov O V, Schmidt M W I

Spatial statistical modeling of shallow landslides-Validating predictions for different landslide inventories and rainfall events (12.2-138)von Ruette J, Papritz A, Lehmann P, Rickli C, Or D

Effects of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) rooting on the bacterial community structure in mixed-hardwood forest soils in Switzerland (12.2-139)Wirthner S, Frey B, Busse M D, Schütz M, Risch A C

1.4 Cryosphere

Snow avalanche flow-regime transitions induced by mass and random kinetic energy fluxes (12.2-140)Bartelt P, Meier L, Buser O

Will snow-abundant winters still exist in the Swiss Alps in an enhanced greenhouse climate? (12.2-141)Beniston M, Uhlmann B, Goyettea S, Lopez Moreno J I

Sensitivity of snow avalanche simulations to digital elevation model quality and resolution (12.2-142)Bühler Y, Christen M, Kowalski J, Bartelt P

Hazard assessment investigations due to recent changes in Triftgletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland (12.2-143)Canassy P D, Bauder A, Dost M, Faeh R, Funk M, Margreth S, Mueller B, Sugiyama S

Seasonal development of spatial snow-depth variability across different scales in the Swiss Alps (12.2-144)Egli L, Griessinger N, Jonas T

Altitudinal dependency of snow amounts in two small alpine catchments: can catchment-wide snow amounts be estimated via single snow or precipitation stations? (12.2-145)Grünewald T, Lehning M

Wet-snow instabilities: comparison of measured and modelled liquid water content and snow stratigraphy (12.2-146)Mitterer C, Hirashima H, Schweizer J

Self-potential investigation of moraine dam seepage (12.2-147)Moore J R, Boleve A, Sanders J W, Glaser S D

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Internal structure and permafrost distribution in two alpine periglacial talus slopes, Valais, Swiss Alps (12.2-148)Scapozza C, Lambiel C, Baron L, Marescot L, Reynard E

A sublimation technique for high-precision measurements of delta (CO2)-C-13 and mixing ratios of CO2 and N2O from air trapped in ice cores (12.2-149)Schmitt J, Schneider R, Fischer H

Spatial distribution of surface ablation in the terminus of Rhonegletscher, Switzerland (12.2-150)Sugiyama S, Yoshizawa T, Huss M, Tsutaki S, Nishimura D

Drifting snow sublimation: A high-resolution 3-D model with temperature and moisture feedbacks (12.2-151)Zwaaftink C D Groot, Löwe H, Mott R, Bavay M, Lehning M

1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems

An operational hydrological ensemble prediction system for the city of Zurich (Switzerland): skill, case studies and scenarios (12.2-152)Addor N, Jaun S, Fundel F, Zappa M

Light-mediated N-15 fractionation in Caribbean gorgonian octocorals: implications for pollution monitoring (12.2-153)Baker D M, Kim K, Andras J P, Sparks J P

Three-dimensional high resolution fluvio-glacial aquifer analog: Part 1: Field study (12.2-154)Bayer P, Huggenberger P, Renard P, Comunian A

How will combined changes in water demand and climate affect water availability in the Zambezi river basin? (12.2-155)Beck L, Bernauer T

Protection and Use of Bodies of Water - quo vadis? (12.2-156)Boes R M

Global distribution of a key trophic guild contrasts with common latitudinal diversity patterns (12.2-157)Boyero L, Pearson R G, Dudgeon D, Graca M A S, Gessner M O, Albarino R J, Ferreira V, Yule C M, Boulton A J, Arunachalam M, et al

Combined estimation of effective electrical conductivity and permittivity for soil monitoring (12.2-158)Brovelli A, Cassiani G

Disconnected Surface Water and Groundwater: From Theory to Practice (12.2-159)Brunner P, Cook P G, Simmons C T

Three-dimensional high resolution fluvio-glacial aquifer analog - Part 2: Geostatistical modeling (12.2-160)Comunian A, Renard P, Straubhaar J, Bayer P

Algorithm for Flow Direction Enforcement Using Subgrid-Scale Stream Location Data (12.2-161)Daniels M H, Maxwell R M, Chow F K

Crenarchaea and phytoplankton coupling in sedimentary archives: Common trigger or metabolic dependence? (12.2-162)Fietz S, Martinez Garcia A, Rueda G, Peck V L, Huguet C, Escala M, Rosell Mele A

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Impacts of extreme air temperatures on cyanobacteria in five deep peri-Alpine lakes (12.2-163)Gallina N, Anneville O, Beniston M

Attribution of Autumn/Winter 2000 flood risk in England to anthropogenic climate change: A catchment-based study (12.2-164)Kay A L, Crooks S M, Pall P, Stone D A

Quantifying Remediation Effectiveness under Variable External Forcing Using Contaminant Rating Curves (12.2-165)Kirchner J W, Austin C M, Myers A, Whyte D C

Propagation of Seasonal Temperature Signals into an Aquifer upon Bank Infiltration (12.2-166)Molina Giraldo N, Bayer P, Blum P, Cirpka O A

Intrinsic biodegradation potential of aromatic hydrocarbons in an alluvial aquifer - Potentials and limits of signature metabolite analysis and two stable isotope-based techniques (12.2-167)Morasch B, Hunkeler D, Zopfi J, Temime B, Höhener P

Hydrological storage and transmission characteristics of an alpine talus (12.2-168)Muir D L, Hayashi M, Mcclymont A F

Evaluation of bedload transport predictions using flow resistance equations to account for macro-rough-ness in steep mountain streams (12.2-169)Nitsche M, Rickenmann D, Turowski J M, Badoux A, Kirchner J W

A hydraulic mixing-cell method to quantify the groundwater component of streamflow within spatially distributed fully integrated surface water-groundwater flow models (12.2-170)Partington D, Brunner P, Simmons C T, Therrien R, Werner A D, Dandy G C, Maier H R

Freshwater biodiversity under climate warming pressure: Identifying the winners and losers in temperate standing waterbodies (12.2-171)Rosset V, Oertli B

Radon and CO2 as natural tracers to investigate the recharge dynamics of karst aquifers (12.2-172)Savoy L, Surbeck H, Hunkeler D

Evaluation of TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) performance in the Central Andes region and its dependency on spatial and temporal resolution (12.2-173)Scheel M L M, Rohrer M, Huggel C, Villar D Santos, Silvestre E, Huffman G J

Spring coccolithophore production and dispersion in the temperate eastern North Atlantic Ocean (12.2-174)Schiebel R, Brupbacher U, Schmidtko S, Nausch G, Waniek J J, Thierstein H R

Towards improved instrumentation for assessing river-groundwater interactions in a restored river corridor (12.2-175)Schneider P, Vogt T, Schirmer M, Doetsch J, Linde N, Pasquale N, Perona P, Cirpka O A

Dynamic controls on erosion and deposition on debris-flow fans (12.2-176)Schürch P, Densmore A L, Rosser N J, Mcardell B W

Stochastic modeling of salt accumulation in the root zone due to capillary flux from brackish ground-water (12.2-177)Shah S H H, Vervoort R W, Suweis S, Guswa A J, Rinaldo A, van der Zee S E A T M

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 17

The burial efficiency of organic carbon in the sediments of Lake Kinneret (12.2-178)Sobek S, Zurbrügg R, Ostrovsky I

Is Chytridiomycosis an Emerging Infectious Disease in Asia? (12.2-179)Swei A, Rowley J J L, Rödder D, Diesmos M L L, Diesmos A C, Briggs C J, Brown R, Cao T T, Cheng T L, Chong R A, Stöck M, et al

Social-ecological interactions, management panaceas, and the future of wild fish populations (12.2-180)van Poorten B T, Arlinghaus R, Daedlow K, Haertel Borer S S

The Cauvery river basin in Southern India: major challenges and possible solutions in the 21st century (12.2-181)Vanham D, Weingartner R, Rauch W

Tree type and forest management effects on the structure of stream wood following wildfires (12.2-182)Vaz P G, Warren D R, Pinto P, Merten E C, Robinson C T, Rego F C

Calibration of hydrological models using flow-duration curves (12.2-183)Westerberg I K, Guerrero J L, Younger P M, Beven K J, Seibert J, Halldin S, Freer J E, Xu C Y

Spatial Distribution of Cryptic Species Diversity in European Freshwater Amphipods (Gammarus fossa-rum) as Revealed by Pyrosequencing (12.2-184)Westram A M, Jokela J, Baumgartner C, Keller I

Diatom frustules show increased mechanical strength and altered valve morphology under iron limitation (12.2-185)Wilken S, Hoffmann B, Hersch N, Kirchgessner N, Dieluweit S, Rubner W, Hoffmann L J, Merkel R, Peeken I

Riparian soil temperature modification of the relationship between flow and dissolved organic carbon concentration in a boreal stream (12.2-186)Winterdahl M, Futter M, Kohler S, Laudon H, Seibert J, Bishop K

Estimating the potential impact of vegetation on the water cycle requires accurate soil water parameter estimation (12.2-187)Wolf A

1.6 Energy Balance

Projections of UV radiation changes in the 21st century: impact of ozone recovery and cloud effects (12.2-188)Bais A F, Tourpali K, Kazantzidis A, Akiyoshi H, Bekki S, Braesicke P, Chipperfield M P, Dameris M, Eyring V, Rozanov E, et al

Predicting space climate change (12.2-189)Barnard L, Lockwood M, Hapgood M A, Owens M J, Davis C J, Steinhilber F

A unified approach to orbital, solar, and lunar forcing based on the Earth’s latitudinal insolation/tem-perature gradient (12.2-190)Davis B A S, Brewer S

1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles

Sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 and climate to explosive volcanic eruptions (12.2-191)Frölicher T L, Joos F, Raible C C

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Impacts of land cover and climate data selection on understanding terrestrial carbon dynamics and the CO2 airborne fraction (12.2-192)Poulter B, Frank D C, Hodson E L, Zimmermann N E

Drought and ecosystem carbon cycling (12.2-193)van der Molen M K, Dolman A J, Ciais P, Eglin T, Gobron N, Law B E, Meir P, Peters W, Phillips O L, Reichstein M, Seneviratne S I, et al

2 Past Global Changes

Erosion rates and mechanisms of knickzone retreat inferred from Be-10 measured across strong climate gradients on the northern and central Andes Western Escarpment (12.2-194)Abbühl L M, Norton K P, Jansen J D, Schlunegger F, Aldahan A, Possnert G

Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesis (12.2-195)Bartlein P J, Harrison S P, Brewer S, Connor S, Davis B A S, Gajewski K, Guiot J, Harrison Prentice T I, Henderson A, Peyron O, et al

Modelling prehistoric land use and carbon budgets: A critical review (12.2-196)Boyle J F, Gaillard M J, Kaplan J O, Dearing J A

Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of small carbonate samples (20 to 100 µg) with a GasBench II prepara-tion device (12.2-197)Breitenbach S F M, Bernasconi S M

Rapid extensive erosion of the North Alpine foreland basin at 5-4 Ma (12.2-198)Cederbom C E, van der Beek P, Schlunegger F, Sinclair H D, Oncken O

Regional Be-10 production rate calibration for the past 12 ka deduced from the radiocarbon-dated Grotlandsura and Russenes rock avalanches at 69 degrees N, Norway (12.2-199)Fenton C R, Hermanns R L, Blikra L H, Kubik P W, Bryant C, Niedermann S, Meixner A, Goethals M M

Ostracod recovery after Permian-Triassic boundary mass-extinction: The south Tibet record (12.2-200)Forel M B, Crasquin S, Brühwiler T, Goudemand N, Bucher H, Baud A, Randon C

200 years of European temperature variability: insights from and tests of the proxy surrogate reconstruction analog method (12.2-201)Franke J, Fidel Gonzalez R J, Frank D, Graham N E

The Rhone Glacier was smaller than today for most of the Holocene (12.2-202)Göhring B M, Schäfer J M, Schlüchter C, Lifton N A, Finkel R C, Jull A J T, Akcar N, Alley R B

Support for global climate reorganization during the “Medieval Climate Anomaly” (12.2-203)Graham N E, Ammann C M, Fleitmann D, Cobb K M, Luterbacher J

Diatom-inferred wind activity at Lac du Sommet, southern Quebec, Canada: A multiproxy paleoclimate reconstruction based on diatoms, chironomids and pollen for the past 9500 years (12.2-204)Hausmann S, Larocque Tobler I, Richard P J H, Pienitz R, St Onge G, Fye F

Terrestrial ecosystems on North Gondwana following the end-Permian mass extinction (12.2-205)Hermann E, Hochuli P A, Bucher H, Brühwiler T, Hautmann M, Ware D, Roohi G

Holocene carbon emissions as a result of anthropogenic land cover change (12.2-206)Kaplan J O, Krumhardt K M, Ellis E C, Ruddiman W F, Lemmen C, Klein Goldewijk K

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19Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts

Southern Ocean dust-climate coupling over the past four million years (12.2-207)Martinez Garcia A, Rosell Mele A, Jaccard S L, Geibert W, Sigman D M, Haug G H

Contrasting rainfall patterns over North America during the Holocene and Last Interglacial as recorded by sediments of the northern Gulf of Mexico (12.2-208)Montero Serrano J C, Bout Roumazeilles V, Carlson Anders E, Tribovillard N, Bory A, Meunier G, Sionneau T, Flower B P, Martinez P, Billy I, Riboulleau A

Multiproxy summer and winter surface air temperature field reconstructions for southern South Amer-ica covering the past centuries (12.2-209)Neukom R, Luterbacher J, Villalba R, Küttel M, Frank D, Jones P D, Grosjean M, Wanner H, von Gunten L, et al

Cosmogenic Be-10-derived denudation rates of the Eastern and Southern European Alps (12.2-210)Norton K P, von Blanckenburg F, Dibiase R, Schlunegger F, Kubik P W

Amorphous organic matter - Experimental data on formation and the role of microbes (12.2-211)Pacton M, Gorin G E, Vasconcelos C

Reworked microfossils as a paleogeographic tool (12.2-212)Pirkenseer C, Spezzaferri S, Berger J P

Chondritic-like xenon trapped in Archean rocks: A possible signature of the ancient atmosphere (12.2-213)Pujol M, Marty B, Burgess R

Impact of climate variability in the western Mediterranean during the last 20,000 years: oceanic and atmospheric responses (12.2-214)Rodrigo Gamiz M, Martinez Ruiz F, Jimenez Espejo F J, Gallego Torres D, Nieto Moreno V, Romero O, Ariztegui A

The last erosional stage of the Molasse Basin and the Alps (12.2-215)Schlunegger F, Mosar J

Quantitative inter-annual and decadal June-July-August temperature variability ca. 570 BC to AD 120 (Iron Age-Roman Period) reconstructed from the varved sediments of Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland (12.2-216)Stewart M M, Larocque Tobler I, Grosjean M

The largest floods in the High Rhine basin since 1268 assessed from documentary and instrumental evidence (12.2-217)Wetter O, Pfister C, Weingartner R, Luterbacher J, Reist T, Trösch J

Reduced Interannual Rainfall Variability in East Africa During the Last Ice Age (12.2-218)Wolff C, Haug G H, Timmermann A, Sinninghe Damste J S, Brauer A, Sigman D M, Cane M A, Verschuren D

The ancient Chinese notes on hydrogeology (12.2-219)Zhou Y, Zwahlen F, Wang Y

3 Human Dimensions

Information Preferences and Corresponding Consumption Behavior in Common Pool Resource Management (12.2-220)Brucks W M, Mosler H J

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20 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts

Nanotoxicology: a perspective and discussion of whether or not in vitro testing is a valid alternative (12.2-221)Clift M J D, Gehr P, Rothen Rutishauser B

Make it strategic! Financial investment logic is not enough (12.2-222)Cooremans C

Convergence in per capita CO2 emissions: A robust distributional approach (12.2-223)Criado C O, Grether J M

Optimal containment and policy differentiation under unilateral climate policy (12.2-224)Csordas S, Krysiak F C

Determinants of pollution: what do we really know? (12.2-225)Gassebner M, Lamla M J, Sturm J E

International emission permit markets with refunding (12.2-226)Gersbach H, Winkler R

Market Power, Permit Allocation and Efficiency in Emission Permit Markets (12.2-227)Hintermann B

Network Structures within Policy Processes: Coalitions, Power, and Brokerage in Swiss Climate Policy (12.2-228)Ingold K

Environmental policy, innovation and performance: New insights on the Porter Hypothesis (12.2-229)Lanoie P, Laurent Lucchetti J, Johnstone N, Ambec S

Exposure to Moderate Air Pollution during Late Pregnancy and Cord Blood Cytokine Secretion in Healthy Neonates (12.2-230)Latzin P, Frey U, Armann J, Kieninger E, Fuchs O, Röösli M, Schaub B

Debt for brands: tracking down a bias in financing photovoltaic projects in Germany (12.2-231)Lüdeke Freund F, Loock M

Analyzing policy support instruments and regulatory risk factors for wind energy deployment–A developers’ perspective (12.2-232)Lüthi S, Prässler T

The economic valuation of biodiversity as an abstract good (12.2-233)Meinard Y, Grill P

Climate business for poverty reduction? The role of the World Bank (12.2-234)Michaelowa A, Michaelowa K

How natural disturbance triggers political conflict: Bark beetles and the meaning of landscape in the Bavarian Forest (12.2-235)Müller M

‘Cittaslow’ eco-gastronomic heritage as a tool for destination development (12.2-236)Nilsson J H, Svard A C, Widarsson A, Wirell T

In-vitro cell exposure studies for the assessment of nanoparticle toxicity in the lung-A dialog between aerosol science and biology (12.2-237)Paur H R, Cassee F R, Teeguarden J, Fissan H, Diabate S, Aufderheide M, Kreyling W G, Hanninen O, Kasper G, Riediker M, Rothen Rutishauser B, Schmid O

21Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts

Understanding and Integrating Local Perceptions of Trees and Forests into Incentives for Sustainable Landscape Management (12.2-238)Pfund J L, Watts J D, Boissiere M, Boucard A, Bullock R M, Ekadinata A, Dewi S, Feintrenie L, Levang P, Rantala S, Sheil D, Heethom Sunderland T C, Urech Z L

The role of technology transfer for the development of a local wind component industry in Chile (12.2-239)Pueyo A, Garcia R, Mendiluce M, Morales D

Winter Tourism and Climate Change in the Alps: An Assessment of Resource Consumption, Snow Reli-ability, and Future Snowmaking Potential (12.2-240)Rixen C, Teich M, Lardelli C, Gallati D, Pohl M, Pütz M, Bebi P

Relationship between tourism demand in the Swiss Alps and hot summer air temperatures associated with climate change (12.2-241)Serquet G, Rebetez M

Stakeholder Engagement and Environmental Strategy - the Case of Climate Change (12.2-242)Sprengel D C, Busch T

New and additional to what? Assessing options for baselines to assess climate finance pledges (12.2-243)Stadelmann M, Roberts J T, Michaelowa A

In vitro Assessment of the Pulmonary Toxicity and Gastric Availability of Lead-Rich Particles from a Lead Recycling Plant (12.2-244)Uzu G, Sauvain J J, Baeza Squiban A, Riediker M, Hohl Sanchez Sandoval M, Val S, Tack K, Denys S, Pradere P, Dumat C

The role of landscape amenities in regional development: Evidence from Swiss municipality data (12.2-245)Waltert F, Schulz T, Schläpfer F

Compensatory density feedback of Oncomelania hupensis populations in two different environmental settings in China (12.2-246)Yang G J, Zhou X N, Sun L P, Wu F, Zhong B, Qiu D C, Utzinger J, Bradshaw C J A

How Green are Communities? Explaining Differences between Swiss Municipalities in Environmental Stewardship on Farmland (12.2-247)Zingg E, Mann S, Ferjani A

4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies

Fuel cell/battery passive hybrid power source for electric powertrains (12.2-248)Bernard J, Hofer M, Hannesen U, Toth A, Tsukada A, Büchi F N, Dietrich P

Innovative Hybrid Cycle Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Inverted Gas Turbine with CO2 Separation (12.2-249)Facchinetti E, Favrat D, Marechal F

High-temperature thermal storage using a packed bed of rocks - Heat transfer analysis and experimental validation (12.2-250)Hänchen M, Brückner S, Steinfeld A

SOFC and MCFC: Commonalities and opportunities for integrated research (12.2-251)Mcphail S J, Aarva A, Devianto H, Bove R, Moreno A

Effects of spectrum on the power rating of amorphous silicon photovoltaic devices (12.2-252)Monokroussos C, Bliss M, Qiu Y N, Hibberd C J, Betts T R, Tiwari A N, Gottschalg R

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A model for enhanced coal bed methane recovery aimed at carbon dioxide storage (12.2-253)Pini R, Storti G, Mazzotti M

Identification of the Hydropower Potential of Switzerland (12.2-254)Schröder U

Experimental analysis of model predictive control for an energy efficient building heating system (12.2-255)Siroky J, Oldewurtel F, Cigler J, Privara S

Assessment of existing H-2/O-2 chemical reaction mechanisms at reheat gas turbine conditions (12.2-256)Weydahl T, Poyyapakkam M, Seljeskog M, Haugen N E L

Separation of CO2 from air by temperature-vacuum swing adsorption using diamine-functionalized silica gel (12.2-257)Wurzbacher J A, Gebald C, Steinfeld A

5 General Topics

Efficient simulations of detailed combustion fields via the lattice Boltzmann method (12.2-258)Chiavazzo E, Karlin I V, Gorban A N, Boulouchos K

Towards a global criteria based framework for the sustainability assessment of bioethanol supply chains: Application to the Swiss dilemma: Is local produced bioethanol more sustainable than bioethanol im-ported from Brazil? (12.2-259)Corbiere Nicollier T, Blanc I, Erkman SImpact assessment at the bioenergy-water nexus (12.2-260)Fingerman K R, Berndes G, Orr S, Richter B D, Vugteveen P

Balancing societies’ priorities: An ecologist’s perspective on sustainable development (12.2-261)Koh L P

Lessons from seven sustainability indicator programs in developing countries of Asia (12.2-262)Krank S, Wallbaum H

What more can plant scientists do to help save the green stuff? (12.2-263)Mcneely J A

Sharing the Benefits of Biodiversity: A New International Protocol and its Implications for Research and Development (12.2-264)Oliva M J

Comparing chemical environmental scores using USEtox((TM)) and CDV from the European Ecolabel (12.2-265)Saouter E G, Perazzolo C, Steiner L D

Toward Sustainability of Complex Urban Systems through Techno-Social Reality Mining (12.2-266)Trantopoulos K, Schläpfer M, Helbing D

Classifying railway stations for strategic transport and land use planning: Context matters! (12.2-267)Zemp S, Stauffacher M, Lang D J, Scholz R W

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Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 23

12.2-1Aerosol modelling in Europe with a focus on Switzerland during summer and winter episodesAksoyoglu S, Keller J, Barmpadimos I, Oderbolz D, Lanz V A, Prévôt A S H, Baltensperger USwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingThis paper describes aerosol modelling in Europe with a focus on Switzerland during summer and winter periods. We modelled PM2.5 (particles smaller than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) for one summer and two winter periods in years 2006 and 2007 using the CAMx air quality model. The meteorological fields were obtained from MM5 simulations. The modelled wind speeds during some low-wind periods, however, had to be cali-brated with measurements to use realistic input for the air quality model. The detailed AMS (aero-sol mass spectrometer) measurements at specific locations were used to evaluate the model results. In addition to the base case simulations, we car-ried out sensitivity tests with modified aerosol precursor emissions, air temperature and deposi-tion. Aerosol concentrations in winter 2006 were twice as high as those in winter 2007, however, the chemical compositions were similar. CAMx could reproduce the relative composition of aerosols very well both in the winter and sum-mer periods. Absolute concentrations of aerosol species were underestimated by about 20%. Both measurements and model results suggest that organic aerosol (30-38%) and particulate nitrate (30-36%) are the main aerosol components in winter. In summer, organic aerosol dominates the aerosol composition (55-57%) and is mainly of secondary origin. The contribution of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was predicted to be very large (> 95%) in Swit-zerland. The main contributors to the modelled SOA concentrations were oxidation products of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as well as oligo-merization of oxidized compounds. The fraction of primary organic aerosol (POA) derived from measurements was lower than the model predic-tions indicating the importance of volatility of POA, which has not yet been taken into account in CAMx. Sensitivity tests with reduced NOx and NH3 emissions suggest that aerosol formation is more sensitive to ammonia emissions in winter in a large part of Europe. In Switzerland however, aerosol formation is predicted to be NOx-sensitive. In summer, effects of NOx and NH3 emission re-ductions on aerosol concentrations are predicted to be lower mostly due to lower ammonium ni-trate concentrations. In general, the sensitivity to

NH3 emissions is weaker in summer due to higher NH3 emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N14, JUL, pp 7355-7373 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7355-2011.

12.2-2The weekly cycle of ambient concentrations and traffic emissions of coarse (PM10-PM2.5) atmospheric particlesBarmpadimos I, Nufer M, Oderbolz D C, Keller J, Aksoyoglu S, Hüglin C, Baltensperger U, Prévôt A S HSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Energy & Fuels , Urban StudiesThe aim of the study is to investigate the existence of a weekly cycle of coarse mode (PM10-PM2.5) at-mospheric particles, to compare this weekly cycle to the weekly cycle of PM2.5 and to compare the strength of the coarse mode weekly cycle in dif-ferent seasons and different wind speed, wind direction and precipitation conditions. In addi-tion, an estimate of the contribution of traffic to the total ambient coarse mode particulate matter in Zurich, Switzerland is provided by estimating the weekly cycle of coarse mode traffic emissions and by comparing it to the weekly cycle of ambi-ent concentrations. The coarse mode data used in the study are the result of simultaneous daily measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 at seven sites located in Switzerland. The measurements cover a period of 7-12 years for six stations and 3 years for one station. It is found that a coarse mode weekly cycle is present in various types of urban and ru-ral stations. Ambient concentrations on weekdays are higher than on Sundays by a factor of 1.53 on average over all urban and suburban sites and by a factor of 1.32 on average over all rural sites. Moreover, the relative increase of coarse mode ambient concentrations on weekdays compared to Sundays was larger than the relative increase of PM2.5 concentrations by a factor of 2.7 on av-erage over all urban and suburban sites, whereas no considerable difference was found at the rural sites. A calculation of coarse mode traffic emis-sions for an urban scenario was carried out using traffic-induced dust resuspension and brake wear emission factors for light and heavy duty vehicles and traffic counts from Zurich, Switzerland. It is shown that coarse mode emissions on weekdays are greater than on Sundays by a factor of 2.0. The contribution of traffic to coarse mode urban ambient concentrations was estimated to be 53% (34%-78%) on Sundays and 70% (57%-86%) on week-days. It is deemed however that these numbers are somewhat overestimating the traffic contribution

1.1 Atmosphere

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere24

because of lack of information on construction ac-tivities around the considered sites. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, V45, N27, SEP, pp 4580-4590 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.068.

12.2-3First results from the GPS atmosphere sound-ing experiment TOR aboard the TerraSAR-X satelliteBeyerle G, Grunwaldt L, Heise S, Köhler W, König R, Michalak G, Rothacher M, Schmidt T, Wickert J, Tapley B D, Giesinger BGermany, Switzerland, USAMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote SensingGPS radio occultation events observed between 24 July and 17 November 2008 by the IGOR occulta-tion receiver aboard the TerraSAR-X satellite are processed and analyzed. The comparison of 15 327 refractivity profiles with collocated ECMWF data yield a mean bias between zero and -0.30% at alti-tudes between 5 and 30 km. Standard deviations decrease from about 1.4% at 5 km to about 0.6% at 10 km altitude, however, increase significantly in the upper stratosphere. At low latitudes mean biases and standard deviations are larger, in par-ticular in the lower troposphere. The results are consistent with 15 159 refractivity observations collected during the same time period by the BlackJack receiver aboard GRACE-A and processed by GFZ’s operational processing system. The main difference between the two occultation instru-ments is the implementation of open-loop signal tracking in the IGOR (TerraSAR-X) receiver which improves the tropospheric penetration depth in terms of ray height by about 2 km compared to the conventional closed-loop data acquired by Black-Jack (GRACE-A). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N13, JUL, pp 6687-6699 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6687-2011.

12.2-4Quantification of the carbonaceous matter ori-gin in submicron marine aerosol by C-13 and C-14 isotope analysisCeburnis D, Garbaras A, Szidat S, Rinaldi M, Fahrni S, Perron N, Wacker L, Leinert S, Remeikis V, Fac-chini M C, Prévôt A S H, Jennings S G, Ramonet M, O’dowd C DIreland, Lithuania, Switzerland, Italy, FranceMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesDual carbon isotope analysis of marine aerosol samples has been performed for the first time demonstrating a potential in organic matter ap-

portionment between three principal sources: marine, terrestrial (non-fossil) and fossil fuel due to unique isotopic signatures. The results present-ed here, utilising combinations of dual carbon isotope analysis, provides conclusive evidence of a dominant biogenic organic fraction to organic aerosol over biologically active oceans. In partic-ular, the NE Atlantic, which is also subjected to notable anthropogenic influences via pollution transport processes, was found to contain 80% organic aerosol matter of biogenic origin directly linked to plankton emissions. The remaining car-bonaceous aerosol was of terrestrial origin. By con-trast, for polluted air advected out from Europe into the NE Atlantic, the source apportionment is 30% marine biogenic, 40% fossil fuel, and 30% continental non-fossil fuel. The dominant marine organic aerosol source in the atmosphere has sig-nificant implications for climate change feedback processes. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N16, AUG, pp 8593-8606 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8593-2011.

12.2-5Accumulation over the Greenland Ice Sheet as represented in reanalysis dataChen L, Johannessen O M, Wang H, Ohmura APeoples R China, Norway, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote Sensing , Modelling , Cryology / Glaciology , Hy-drologyAnnual precipitation, evaporation, and calcu-lated accumulation from reanalysis model out-puts have been investigated for the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), based on the common period of 1989-2001. The ERA-40 and ERA-interim reanalysis data showed better agreement with observations than do NCEP-1 and NCEP-2 reanalyses. Further, ERA-interim showed the closest spatial distribu-tion of accumulation to the observation. Concern-ing temporal variations, ERA-interim showed the best correlation with precipitation observations at five synoptic stations, and the best correlation with in situ measurements of accumulation at nine ice core sites. The mean annual precipitation averaged over the whole GrIS from ERA-interim (363 mm yr(-1)) and mean annual accumulation (319 mm yr(-1)) are very close to the observations. The validation of accumulation calculated from reanalysis data against ice-core measurements suggests that further improvements to reanalysis models are needed. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2011, V28, N5, SEP, pp 1030-1038 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0150-9.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 25

12.2-61997-2007 CO trend at the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch: a comparison between NDIR sur-face in situ and FTIR remote sensing observa-tionsDils B, Cui J, Henne S, Mahieu E, Steinbacher M, de Maziere MBelgium, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote SensingWithin the atmospheric research community, there is a strong interest in integrated datasets, combining data from several instrumentations. This integration is complicated by the different characteristics of the datasets, inherent to the measurement techniques. Here we have compared two carbon monoxide time series (1997 till 2007) acquired at the high-Alpine research station Jung-fraujoch (3580 m above sea level), with two well-established measurement techniques, namely in situ surface concentration measurements using Non-Dispersive Infrared Absorption technology (NDIR), and ground-based remote sensing mea-surements using solar absorption Fourier Trans-form Infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The profile in-formation available in the FTIR signal allowed us to extract an independent layer with a top height of 7.18 km above sea level, appropriate for com-parison with our in situ measurements. We show that, even if both techniques are able to measure free troposphere CO concentrations, the datasets exhibit marked differences in their overall trends (-3.21 +/- 0.03 ppb year (-1) for NDIR vs. -0.8 +/- 0.4 ppb year(-1) for FTIR). Removing measurements that are polluted by uprising boundary layer air has a strong impact on the NDIR trend (now -2.62 +/- 0.03 ppb year(-1)), but its difference with FTIR remains significant. Using the LAGRANTO trajec-tory model, we show that both measurement tech-niques are influenced by different source regions and therefore are likely subject to exhibit signifi-cant differences in their overall trend behaviour. However the observation that the NDIR-FTIR trend difference is as significant before as after 2001 is at odds with available emission databases which claim a significant Asian CO increase after 2001 only. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N13, JUL, pp 6735-6748 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6735-2011.

12.2-7Reanalysis suggests long-term upward trends in European storminess since 1871Donat M G, Renggli D, Wild S, Alexander L V, Leck-ebusch G C, Ulbrich U

Australia, Germany, Switzerland, EnglandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesRegional trends of wind storm occurrence in Eu-rope are investigated using the 20th Century Re-analysis (20CR). While based on surface observa-tions only, this dataset produces storm events in good agreement with the traditional ERA40 and NCEP reanalyses. Time series display decadal-scale variability in the occurrence of wind storms since 1871, including a period of enhanced storm activ-ity during the early 20th century. Still, significant upward trends are found in central, northern and western Europe, related to unprecedented high values of the storminess measures towards the end of the 20th century, particularly in the North Sea and Baltic Sea regions. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, V38, JUL 26 ARTN: L14703, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047995.

12.2-8An Intercomparison of T-REX Mountain-Wave Simulations and Implications for Mesoscale PredictabilityDoyle J D, Gabersek S, Jiang Q, Bernardet L, Brown J M, Dörnbrack A, Filaus E, Grubisic V, Kirshbaum D J, Knoth O, Koch S, Schmidli J, Stiperski I, Vosper S, Zhong SUSA, Germany, Austria, England, Switzerland, CroatiaMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingNumerical simulations of flow over steep ter-rain using 11 different nonhydrostatic numeri-cal models are compared and analyzed. A basic benchmark and five other test cases are simulated in a two- dimensional framework using the same initial state, which is based on conditions during Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 6 of the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX), in which in-tense mountain- wave activity was observed. All of the models use an identical horizontal resolution of 1 km and the same vertical resolution. The six simulated test cases use various terrain heights: a 100-m bell- shaped hill, a 1000-m idealized ridge that is steeper on the lee slope, a 2500-m ridge with the same terrain shape, and a cross-Sierra terrain profile. The models are tested with both free-slip and no- slip lower boundary conditions. The results indicate a surprisingly diverse spec-trum of simulated mountain-wave characteristics including lee waves, hydraulic-like jump features, and gravity wave breaking. The vertical velocity standard deviation is twice as large in the free-slip experiments relative to the no-slip simulations. Nevertheless, the no-slip simulations also exhibit considerable variations in the wave characteris-

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere26

tics. The results imply relatively low predictabil-ity of key characteristics of topographically forced flows such as the strength of downslope winds and stratospheric wave breaking. The vertical flux of horizontal momentum, which is a domain-integrated quantity, exhibits considerable spread among the models, particularly for the experi-ments with the 2500-m ridge and Sierra terrain. The differences among the various model simula-tions, all initialized with identical initial states, suggest that model dynamical cores may be an important component of diversity for the design of mesoscale ensemble systems for topographi-cally forced flows. The intermodel differences are significantly larger than sensitivity experiments within a single modeling system. Monthly Weather Review, 2011, V139, N9, SEP, pp 2811-2831 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-10-05042.1.

12.2-9Land-atmosphere coupling associated with snow coverDutra E, Schär C, Viterbo P, Miranda P M ASwitzerland, PortugalMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling , Cryology / GlaciologyThis study investigates the role of interannual snow cover variability in controlling the land-atmosphere coupling and its relation with near surface (T2M) and soil temperature (STL1). Global atmospheric simulations are carried out with the EC-EARTH climate model using climatological sea surface temperature and sea ice distributions. Snow climatology, derived from a control run (COUP), is used to replace snow evolution in the snow-uncoupled simulation (UNCOUP). The snow cover and depth variability explains almost 60% of the winter T2M variability in predominantly snow-covered regions. During spring the differ-ences in interannual variability of T2M are more restricted to the snow line regions. The variability of soil temperature is also damped in UNCOUP. However, there are regions with a pronounced signal in STL1 with no counterpart in T2M. These regions are characterized by a significant interan-nual variability in snow depth, rather than snow cover (almost fully snow covered during winter). These results highlight the importance of both snow cover and snow depth in decoupling the soil temperature evolution from the overlying atmo-sphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, V38, AUG 11 ARTN: L15707, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048435.

12.2-10Mapping particulate matter in alpine regions with satellite and ground-based measure-ments: An exploratory study for data assimila-tionEmili E, Popp C, Wunderle S, Zebisch M, Petitta MSwitzerland, ItalyMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote Sensing , ModellingThe objective of this study is the integration of satellite and in- situ measurements of particulate matter (PM10) to provide PM10 maps in Switzer-land and South Tyrol (Italy) on an operational dai-ly basis. Satellite retrieval of PM has been widely investigated in the past years, showing moder-ate potential (uncertainty of similar to 30%) but also a number of severe limitations (e.g., due to cloud and snow cover or unknown aerosol extinc-tion profiles). Its actual effectiveness can only be tested by a comparison with the mapping capabil-ity of ground-based measurements from existing air-quality networks. Moreover, the integration of both observational systems (assimilation) can improve PM mapping. Herein, we apply a linear model including aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Im-ager (SEVIRI) and meteorological boundary layer height (BLH) to estimate spatially homogeneous maps of PM10 over the study region in 2008-2009. AOD from MODIS is used to compare the results with those of similar studies. The validation of the satellite maps reveals higher accuracy in flat areas (r similar to 0.6, RMSE similar to 10 µg m(-3)) than in alpine valleys and elevated sites. In contrast, the inverse distance interpolation of in-situ measurements is able to produce more ac-curate (r > 0.8, RMSE < 6 µg m(-3)) PM10 maps. An assimilation schema was developed considering the interpolation of ground measurements as a background field, updating it with satellite obser-vations wherever they are available. The accuracy of the assimilated maps is assessed and compared to the background fields. It is found that satellite data is of limited benefit in the considered region due to the good spatial coverage of the ground net-works and the difficulties inherent to the satellite PM retrieval over rugged topography. The results of the assimilation are positive (similar to 1 µg m(-3) improvement in RMSE) when a number of ground sites (80%) are excluded. It is concluded that satellite data are of higher interest for regions with a sparser distribution of measurement sites (e.g., distance > 100 km between sites). Atmospheric Environment, 2011, V45, N26, AUG, pp 4344-4353 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.051.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 27

12.2-11Accurate radiometry from space: an essential tool for climate studiesFox N, Kaiser Weiss A, Schmutz W, Thome K, Young D, Wielicki B, Winkler R, Woolliams EEngland, Switzerland, USAMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe Earth’s climate is undoubtedly changing; how-ever, the time scale, consequences and causal attri-bution remain the subject of significant debate and uncertainty. Detection of subtle indicators from a background of natural variability requires mea-surements over a time base of decades. This places severe demands on the instrumentation used, re-quiring measurements of sufficient accuracy and sensitivity that can allow reliable judgements to be made decades apart. The International System of Units ( SI) and the network of National Metrol-ogy Institutes were developed to address such re-quirements. However, ensuring and maintaining SI traceability of sufficient accuracy in instruments orbiting the Earth presents a significant new chal-lenge to the metrology community. This paper highlights some key measurands and applications driving the uncertainty demand of the climate community in the solar reflective domain, e. g. solar irradiances and reflectances/radiances of the Earth. It discusses how meeting these uncertainties facilitate significant improvement in the forecast-ing abilities of climate models. After discussing the current state of the art, it describes a new satellite mission, called TRUTHS, which enables, for the first time, high-accuracy SI traceability to be established in orbit. The direct use of a ‘primary standard’ and replication of the terrestrial traceability chain ex-tends the SI into space, in effect realizing a ‘metrol-ogy laboratory in space’. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2011, V369, N1953, OCT 28, pp 4028-4063 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0246.

12.2-12Composition changes after the “Halloween” solar proton event: the High Energy Particle Precipitation in the Atmosphere (HEPPA) model versus MIPAS data intercomparison studyFunke B, Baumgärtner A, Calisto M, Egorova T, Jackman C H, Kieser J, Krivolutsky A, Lopez Puertas M, Marsh D R, Reddmann T, Rozanov E, Salmi S M, Sinnhuber M, Stiller G P, Verronen P T, Versick S, von Clarmann T, Vyushkova T Y, Wieters N, Wissing J MSpain, Germany, Switzerland, USA, Russia, FinlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingWe have compared composition changes of NO, NO2, H2O2, O-3, N2O, HNO3, N2O5, HNO4, ClO, HOCl,

and ClONO2 as observed by the Michelson Interfer-ometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat in the aftermath of the “Halloween” solar proton event (SPE) in late October 2003 at 25-0.01 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere (40-90 degrees N) and simulations performed by the fol-lowing atmospheric models: the Bremen 2-D model (B2dM) and Bremen 3-D Chemical Transport Model (B3d CTM), the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO) model, Fin-ROSE, the Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA), the Karlsruhe Simulation Model of the Middle Atmo-sphere (KASIMA), the ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model, the modeling tool for SOlar Climate Ozone Links studies (SOCOL and SOCOLi), and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM4). The large number of par-ticipating models allowed for an evaluation of the overall ability of atmospheric models to reproduce observed atmospheric perturbations generated by SPEs, particularly with respect to NOy and ozone changes. We have further assessed the meteorologi-cal conditions and their implications for the chem-ical response to the SPE in both the models and observations by comparing temperature and tracer (CH4 and CO) fields. Simulated SPE-induced ozone losses agree on average within 5% with the observa-tions. Simulated NOy enhancements around 1 hPa, however, are typically 30% higher than indicated by the observations which are likely to be related to deficiencies in the used ionization rates, though other error sources related to the models’ atmo-spheric background state and/or transport schemes cannot be excluded. The analysis of the observed and modeled NOy partitioning in the aftermath of the SPE has demonstrated the need to implement additional ion chemistry (HNO3 formation via ion-ion recombination and water cluster ions) into the chemical schemes. An overestimation of observed H2O2 enhancements by all models hints at an un-derestimation of the OH/HO2 ratio in the upper polar stratosphere during the SPE. The analysis of chlorine species perturbations has shown that the encountered differences between models and observations, particularly the underestimation of observed ClONO2 enhancements, are related to a smaller availability of ClO in the polar night region already before the SPE. In general, the intercompar-ison has demonstrated that differences in the me-teorology and/or initial state of the atmosphere in the simulations cause a relevant variability of the model results, even on a short timescale of only a few days. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N17, SEP, pp 9089-9139 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9089-2011.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere28

12.2-13The June 2007 Saharan dust event in the cen-tral Mediterranean: Observations and radia-tive effects in marine, urban, and sub-urban environmentsGomez Amo J L, Pinti V, Di Iorio T, Di Sarra A, Meloni D, Becagli S, Bellantone V, Cacciani M, Fua D, Perrone M RSpain, Switzerland, ItalyMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote Sensing , ModellingA desert dust episode in June 2007 and its radia-tive effects on the energy budget have been stud-ied at three Italian stations (Rome, Lecce and Lampedusa) with the aim of investigating the in-teractions with different conditions and aerosol types over the Mediterranean. The three sites are representative for urban (Rome), sub-urban/rural (Lecce), and marine (Lampedusa) environment, respectively in the central Mediterranean region. Measured ground-based column-averaged aerosol optical properties and aerosol extinction profiles were used to initialize the MODTRAN4 radiative transfer model. The radiative transfer model was used to estimate the shortwave aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) and its forcing efficiency (FE) at two different solar zenith angles (20 degrees and 60 degrees) in the 280-2800 nm spectral range. The goal was to investigate the role of different aerosol types in the atmospheric boundary layer on the radiative budget during a dust event. During the event the aerosol optical depth was moderately high and similar at the three stations, with a max-imum value of about 0.6. The Angstrom exponent was found to increase with the distance from the source (0.21, 0.36, and 0.43 at Lampedusa, Rome, and Lecce, respectively). Differences in the aerosol optical properties were observed, also depend-ing on the aerosol type assumed in the boundary layer. The estimated direct aerosol forcing appears to depend on the changes in aerosol properties and to the surface albedo. The results show that the desert dust produces a cooling effect at both surface (largest ARF of -224 W m(-2) at 20 degrees solar zenith angle at Rome) and top of the atmo-sphere (largest ARF of -19 W m(-2) at 20 degrees solar zenith angle at Lecce). The cooling is largest in the rural and smallest in the marine environ-ment. The surface forcing efficiency appears to be strongly affected by the aerosol absorption in the BL. Large differences exist between our results and the FE determinations by AERONET, derived con-sidering a single layer with homogeneous optical properties and prescribed vertical distribution. The FE deviations are around 20, 60, and 40% at the surface, TOA, and in the atmosphere, respec-

tively. These results suggest that the detailed de-scription of the vertical distribution of the aerosol properties is needed for an accurate determina-tion of its radiative effects. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, V45, N30, SEP, pp 5385-5393 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.045.

12.2-14A 2.5 year’s source apportionment study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in SwitzerlandHerich H, Hüglin C, Buchmann BSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Energy & Fuels , Urban StudiesThe contributions of fossil fuel (FF) and wood burning (WB) emissions to black carbon (BC) have been investigated in the recent past by analysis of multi-wavelength aethalometer data. This ap-proach utilizes the stronger light absorption of WB aerosols in the near ultraviolet compared to the light absorption of aerosols from FF combus-tion. Here we present 2.5 years of seven-wavelength aethalometer data from one urban and two rural background sites in Switzerland measured from 2008-2010. The contribution of WB and FF to BC was directly determined from the aerosol absorp-tion coefficients of FF and WB aerosols which were calculated by using confirmed Angstrom expo-nents and aerosol light absorption cross-sections that were determined for all sites. Reasonable separation of total BC into contributions from FF and WB was achieved for all sites and seasons. The obtained WB contributions to BC are well corre-lated with measured concentrations of levogluco-san and potassium while FF contributions to BC correlate nicely with NOX. These findings support our approach and show that the applied source apportionment of BC is well applicable for long- term data sets. During winter, we found that BC from WB contributes on average 24-33% to total BC at the considered measurement sites. This is a no-ticeable high fraction as the contribution of wood burning to the total final energy consumption is in Switzerland less than 4%. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2011, V4, N7, JUL, pp 1409-1420 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1409-2011.

12.2-15Representation of tropical deep convection in atmospheric models - Part 2: Tracer transportHoyle C R, Marecal V, Russo M R, Allen G, Arteta J, Chemel C, Chipperfield M P, D’amato F, Dessens O,

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 29

Peter T, et alSwitzerland, Norway, England, France, Germany, ItalyMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingThe tropical transport processes of 14 different models or model versions were compared, within the framework of the SCOUT-O3 (Stratospheric-Climate Links with Emphasis on the Upper Tropo-sphere and Lower Stratosphere) project. The test-ed models range from the regional to the global scale, and include numerical weather prediction (NWP), chemical transport, and chemistry-climate models. Idealised tracers were used in order to prevent the model’s chemistry schemes from in-fluencing the results substantially, so that the effects of modelled transport could be isolated. We find large differences in the vertical transport of very short-lived tracers (with a lifetime of 6 h) within the tropical troposphere. Peak convective outflow altitudes range from around 300 hPa to almost 100 hPa among the different models, and the upper tropospheric tracer mixing ratios dif-fer by up to an order of magnitude. The timing of convective events is found to be different between the models, even among those which source their forcing data from the same NWP model (ECMWF). The differences are less pronounced for longer lived tracers, however they could have implica-tions for modelling the halogen burden of the lowermost stratosphere through transport of spe-cies such as bromoform, or short-lived hydrocar-bons into the lowermost stratosphere. The mod-elled tracer profiles are strongly influenced by the convective transport parameterisations, and dif-ferent boundary layer mixing parameterisations also have a large impact on the modelled tracer profiles. Preferential locations for rapid transport from the surface into the upper troposphere are similar in all models, and are mostly concentrated over the western Pacific, the Maritime Continent and the Indian Ocean. In contrast, models do not indicate that upward transport is highest over western Africa. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N15, AUG, pp 8103-8131 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8103-2011.

12.2-16Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observationsJung M, Reichstein M, Margolis H A, Cescatti A, Richardson A D, Arain Altaf M, Arneth A, Bern-hofer C, Bonal D, Chen J, Merbold L, et alGermany, Canada, Italy, USA, Sweden, France,

Ireland, Switzerland, NetherlandsMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sci-ences , Modelling , Hydrology , Remote SensingWe upscaled FLUXNET observations of carbon di-oxide, water, and energy fluxes to the global scale using the machine learning technique, model tree ensembles (MTE). We trained MTE to predict site-level gross primary productivity (GPP), terres-trial ecosystem respiration (TER), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), latent energy (LE), and sensible heat (H) based on remote sensing indices, climate and meteorological data, and information on land use. We applied the trained MTEs to gener-ate global flux fields at a 0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a monthly temporal resolu-tion from 1982 to 2008. Cross-validation analyses revealed good performance of MTE in predicting among-site flux variability with modeling efficien-cies (MEf) between 0.64 and 0.84, except for NEE (MEf = 0.32). Performance was also good for pre-dicting seasonal patterns (MEf between 0.84 and 0.89, except for NEE (0.64)). By comparison, pre-dictions of monthly anomalies were not as strong (MEf between 0.29 and 0.52). Improved accounting of disturbance and lagged environmental effects, along with improved characterization of errors in the training data set, would contribute most to further reducing uncertainties. Our global esti-mates of LE (158 +/- 7 J x 10(18) yr(-1)), H (164 +/- 15 J x 10 (18) yr(-1)), and GPP (119 +/- 6 Pg C yr(-1)) were similar to independent estimates. Our global TER estimate (96 +/- 6 Pg C yr(-1)) was likely underesti-mated by 5-10%. Hot spot regions of interannual variability in carbon fluxes occurred in semiarid to semihumid regions and were controlled by moisture supply. Overall, GPP was more impor-tant to interannual variability in NEE than TER. Our empirically derived fluxes may be used for calibration and evaluation of land surface process models and for exploratory and diagnostic assess-ments of the biosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 2011, V116, SEP 3 ARTN: G00J07, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001566.

12.2-17Evidence for under-reported western Euro-pean emissions of the potent greenhouse gas HFC-23Keller C A, Brunner D, Henne S, Vollmer M K, O’doherty S, Reimann SSwitzerland, EnglandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Energy & FuelsWestern European emission inventories of the po-tent greenhouse gas trifluoromethane (HFC-23) are

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validated at a country level by combining 2-hourly atmospheric in-situ measurements at Jungfrau-joch (Switzerland) and Mace Head (Ireland) with Lagrangian transport simulations. HFC-23 has an atmospheric lifetime of similar to 270 yr and a 100-yr global warming potential (GWP) of 14,800 and is unintentionally produced during the man-ufacture of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). For the study region we derive emissions of 144-216 Mg/yr for July 2008-July 2010, which are 60-140% higher than the official emissions gathered from the national reports for the year 2009. The largest discrepancy is found for Italy, where our estimate of 26-56 Mg/yr exceeds the national inventory (2.6 Mg /yr) by more than an order of magnitude. These findings suggest that non-reported emissions from Annex 1 countries partly explain the re-cently derived gap between global bottom-up and top-down HFC-23 emission estimates. The results presented here provide independent information to relevant authorities on effective reporting of HFC-23 emissions, and demonstrate the potential of atmospheric measurements for real-world veri-fication of greenhouse gas emissions. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, V38, AUG 6 ARTN: L15808, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047976.

12.2-18Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleationKirkby J, Curtius J, Almeida J, Dunne E, Duplissy J, Ehrhart S, Franchin A, Gagne S, Ickes L, Kuerten A, Kupc A, Metzger A, Riccobono F, Rondo Linda, Schobesberger S, Tsagkogeorgas G, Wimmer D, Bianchi F, David A, Dommen J, Haider S, Mathot S, Minginette P, Onnela A, Walther H, Weingartner E, Baltensperger U, et alGermany, Portugal, England, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, USA, RussiaMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesAtmospheric aerosols exert an important influ-ence on climate through their effects on stratiform cloud albedo and lifetime and the invigoration of convective storms. Model calculations suggest that almost half of the global cloud condensation nuclei in the atmospheric boundary layer may originate from the nucleation of aerosols from trace condensable vapours, although the sensitiv-ity of the number of cloud condensation nuclei to changes of nucleation rate may be small. Despite extensive research, fundamental questions re-main about the nucleation rate of sulphuric acid particles and the mechanisms responsible, in-cluding the roles of galactic cosmic rays and other chemical species such as ammonia. Here we pres-

ent the first results from the CLOUD experiment at CERN. We find that atmospherically relevant ammonia mixing ratios of 100 parts per trillion by volume, or less, increase the nucleation rate of sulphuric acid particles more than 100-1,000-fold. Time-resolved molecular measurements reveal that nucleation proceeds by a base- stabilization mechanism involving the stepwise accretion of ammonia molecules. Ions increase the nucleation rate by an additional factor of between two and more than ten at ground-level galactic-cosmic-ray intensities, provided that the nucleation rate lies below the limiting ion-pair production rate. We find that ion-induced binary nucleation of H2SO4-H2O can occur in the midtroposphere but is neg-ligible in the boundary layer. However, even with the large enhancements in rate due to ammonia and ions, atmospheric concentrations of ammo-nia and sulphuric acid are insufficient to account for observed boundary-layer nucleation. Nature, 2011, V476, N7361, AUG 25, pp 429-U77 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10343.

12.2-19Inversion of a coupled canopy-atmosphere model using multi-angular top-of-atmosphere radiance data: A forest case studyLaurent V C E, Verhoef W, Clevers J G P W, Schaep-man M ENetherlands, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote Sensing , Plant Sciences , Forestry , ModellingSince the launch of sensors with angular observa-tion capabilities, such as CHRIS and MISR, the ad-ditional potential of multi-angular observations for vegetation structural and biochemical vari-ables has been widely recognised. Various methods have been successfully implemented to estimate forest biochemical and biophysical variables from atmospherically-corrected multi-angular data, but the use of physically based radiative transfer (RT) models is still limited. Because both canopy and atmosphere have an anisotropic behaviour, it is important to understand the multi-angular signal measured by the sensor at the top of the at-mosphere (TOA). Coupled canopy-atmosphere RT models allow linking surface variables directly to the TOA radiance measured by the sensor and are therefore very interesting tools to use for estimat-ing forest variables from multi-angular data. We investigated the potential of TOA multi-angular radiance data for estimating forest variables by in-verting a coupled canopy-atmosphere physical RT model. The case study focussed on three Norway spruce stands located at the Bily Kriz experimen-tal site (Czech Republic), for which multi-angular

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CHRIS and field data were acquired in September 2006. The soil-leaf-canopy RI model SLC and the atmospheric model MODTRAN4 were coupled using a method allowing to make full use of the four canopy angular reflectance components pro-vided by SLC. The TOA radiance simulations were in good agreement with the spectral and angular signatures measured by CHRIS. Singular value decompositions of the Jacobian matrices showed that the dimensionality of the variable estimation problem increased from 3 to 6 when increasing the number of observation angles from 1 to 4. The model inversion was conducted for two cases: 4 and 7 variables. The most influential parameters were chosen as free variables in the look-up tables, namely: vertical crown cover (Cv), fraction of bark material (fl3), needle chlorophyll content (needle-Cab), needle dry matter content (needleCdm) for the 4-variable case, and additionally, tree shape factor (Zeta), dissociation factor (D), and needle brown pigments content (needleCs) in the 7-vari-able case. All angular combinations were tested, and the best estimates were obtained with combi-nations using two or three angles, depending on the number of variables and on the stand used. Overall, this case study showed that, although making use of its full potential is still a challenge, TOA multi-angular radiance data do have a higher potential for variable estimation than mono-angu-lar data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2011, V115, N10, OCT 17, pp 2603-2612 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.05.016.

12.2-20The importance of stratospheric-tropospheric transport in affecting surface ozone concen-trations in the western and northern tier of the United StatesLefohn A S, Wernli H, Shadwick D, Limbach S, Oltmans S J, Shapiro MUSA, Switzerland, GermanyMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingStratospheric-tropospheric exchange (STE) pro-cesses contribute at both high and low-elevation monitoring sites to background ozone (O-3) con-centrations. This study addresses the importance of stratospheric intrusions contributing to en-hanced hourly average surface O-3 concentrations (i.e., >= 50 ppb) at 12 O-3 monitoring stations in the western and northern tier of the US for 2006, 2007, and 2008. The Lagrangian Analysis Tool (LA-GRANTO) trajectory model identified specific days when stratosphere-to-troposphere transport was optimal to elevate surface O-3 levels. The coinci-dences between the number of days with a daily

maximum hourly average O-3 concentration >= 50 ppb and stratosphere-to-troposphere transport to surface (STT-S > 0) were quantified. The high-elevation site at Yellowstone National Park (NP) in Wyoming exhibited the most coincidences (i.e., more than 19 days a month) during the spring and summer for hourly average O-3 concentra-tions >= 50 ppb with STT-S> 0 of the 12 monitor-ing sites. At this site, the daily maximum hourly springtime average O-3 concentrations were usu-ally in the 60-70 ppb range. The maximum daily 8-h average concentrations mostly ranged from 50 to 65 ppb. At many of the lower-elevation sites, there was a preference for O-3 enhancements to be coincident with STT-s > 0 during the spring-time, although summertime occurrences were sometimes observed. When statistically signifi-cant coincidences occurred, the daily maximum hourly average concentrations were mostly in the 50-65 ppb range and the daily maximum 8-h aver-age concentrations were usually in the 50-62 ppb range. For many cases, the coincidences between the enhancements and the STT-S events occurred over a continuous multiday period. Supplementa-ry observations, such as (1) the greater frequency of O-3 concentration enhancements occurring during the springtime versus other times of the year, (2) the elevation dependency of the frequen-cy of enhancements, (3) the year- to-year variabil-ity, (4) the timing of the hour-by-hour occurrences of the O-3 concentration enhancements within and across monitoring sites, and (5) the detailed analyses of O-3 enhancement events at specific sites, provide additional support for our modeling and statistical results. Our analysis provides an important step in better understanding the vari-ability of natural background O-3 concentrations. The study has provided insight into stratospheric intrusions, with emphasis on the combined role of quasi-isentropic large-scale advection and meso-scale boundary layer turbulence for stratospheric air influencing enhanced surface O-3. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, V45, N28, SEP, pp 4845-4857 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.014.

12.2-21Spatial variation of chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosol in Zurich during wintertime using mobile aerosol mass spec-trometer dataMohr C, Richter R, Decarlo P F, Prévôt A S H, Baltensperger USwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban Studies

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Mobile measurements of PM1 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <1 µm) chemical composition using a quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer and a multi-angle absorption pho-tometer were performed using the PSI mobile lab-oratory during winter 2007/2008 and December 2008 in the metropolitan area of Zurich, Switzer-land. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) applied to the organic fraction of PM1 yielded 3 factors: Hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) related to traffic emissions; organic aerosol from wood burning for domestic heating purposes (WBOA); and oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA), assigned to secondary organic aerosol formed by oxidation of volatile precursors. The chemical composition of PM1 was assessed for an urban background site and various sites throughout the city. The back-ground site is dominated by secondary inorganic and organic species (57%), BC, HOA, and WBOA ac-count for 15%, 6%, and 12%, respectively. As for the other sites, HOA is important along major roads (varying between 7 and 14% of PM1 for different sites within the city, average all sites 8%), domes-tic wood burning makes up between 8-15% of PM1 for different sites within the city (average all sites 10.5%). OOA makes up the largest fraction of or-ganic aerosol (44% on average). A new method al-lows for the separation and quantification of the local fraction of PM1 emitted or rapidly formed in the city, and the fraction of PM1 originating from the urban background. The method is based on simultaneous on-road mobile and stationary background measurements and the correction of small-scale meteorological effects using the ratio of on-road sulfate to stationary sulfate. Especially during thermal inversions over the Swiss plateau, urban background concentrations contribute sub-stantially to particulate number concentrations (between 40 and 80% depending on meteorologi-cal conditions and emissions, 60% on average) as well as to the mass concentrations of PM1 com-ponents measured on road in downtown Zurich (between 30 and 90%, on average 60% for black carbon and HOA, and between 90 and 100% for WBOA, OOA, and the measured inorganic com-ponents). The results emphasize, on a scientific level, the advantage of mobile measurements for distinguishing local from regional air pollution research, and on a political level, the importance of regional collaboration for mitigating air pollu-tion issues. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N15, AUG, pp 7465-7482 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7465-2011.

12.2-22Variations in time and space of trace metal aerosol concentrations in urban areas and their surroundingsMoreno T, Querol X, Alastuey A, Reche C, Cusack M, Amato F, Pandolfi M, Pey J, Richard A, Prévôt A S H, Furger M, Gibbons WSpain, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban Stud-iesUsing an unprecedentedly large geochemical data-base, we compare temporal and spatial variations in inhalable trace metal background concentra-tions in a major city (Barcelona, Spain) and at a nearby mountainous site (Montseny) affected by the urban plume. Both sites are contaminated by technogenic metals, with V, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sn, Bi, Sb and Cd all showing upper continental crust (UCC) normalised values >1 in broadly increasing order. The highest metal concentrations usually occur during winter at Barcelona and summer in Montseny. This seasonal difference was especially marked at the remote mountain site in several ele-ments such as Ti and Rare Earth Elements, which recorded campaign maxima, exceeding PM10 con-centrations seen in Barcelona. The most common metals were Zn, Ti, Cu, Mn, Pb and V. Both V and Ni show highest concentrations in summer, and preferentially fractionate into the finest PM sizes (PM1 /PM10 > 0.5) especially in Barcelona, this be-ing attributed to regionally dispersed contami-nation from fuel oil combustion point sources. Within the city, hourly metal concentrations are controlled either by traffic (rush hour double peak for Cu, Sb, Sn, Ba) or industrial plumes (morning peak of Ni, Mn, Cr generated outside the city over-night), whereas at Montseny metal concentrations rise during the morning to a single, prolonged afternoon peak as contaminated air transported by the sea breeze moves into the mountains. Our exceptional database, which includes hourly mea-surements of chemical concentrations, demon-strates in more detail than previous studies the spatial and temporal variability of urban pollu-tion by trace metals in a given city. Technogenic metalliferous aerosols are commonly fine in size and therefore potentially bioavailable, empha-sising the case for basing urban background PM characterisation not only on physical parameters such as mass but also on sample chemistry and with special emphasis on trace metal content. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N17, SEP, pp 9415-9430 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9415-2011.

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12.2-23Effects of Model Resolution and Statistical Postprocessing on Shelter Temperature and Wind ForecastsMüller M DSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingShelter temperature and wind forecasts from nu-merical weather prediction models are subject to large systematic errors. Kalman filtering and model output statistics (MOS) are commonly used postprocessing methods, but how effective are they in comparison with steadily increasing reso-lution of the forecast model? Observations from over 1100 stations in central Europe are used to compare the different postprocessing methods and the influence of model resolution in complex and simple terrain, respectively. A 1-yr period with hourly, or at least 3-hourly, data is used to achieve statistically meaningful results. Furthermore, the importance of real-time observations as MOS pre-dictors and the effects of daily training of the MOS equations are studied. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2011, V50, N8, AUG, pp 1627-1636 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011JAMC2615.1.

12.2-24Estimating the direct and indirect effects of secondary organic aerosols using ECHAM5-HAMO‘donnell D, Tsigaridis K, Feichter JGermany, FranceMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingSecondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been in-troduced into the global climate-aerosol model ECHAM5/HAM. The SOA module handles aerosols originating from both biogenic and anthropo-genic sources. The model simulates the emission of precursor gases, their chemical conversion into condensable gases, the partitioning of semi-vola-tile condenable species into the gas and aerosol phases. As ECHAM5/HAM is a size- resolved model, a new method that permits the calculation of par-titioning of semi-volatile species between different size classes is introduced. We compare results of modelled organic aerosol concentrations against measurements from extensive measurement net-works in Europe and the United States, running the model with and without SOA. We also com-pare modelled aerosol optical depth against mea-surements from the AERONET network of grond stations. We find that SOA improves agreement be-tween model and measurements in both organic aerosol mass and aerosol optical depth, but does not fully correct the low bias that is present in the

model for both of these quantities. Although many models now include SOA, any overall estimate of the direct and indirect effects of these aerosols is still lacking. This paper makes a first step in that direction. The model is applied to estimate the di-rect and indirect effects of SOA under simulated year 2000 conditions. The modelled SOA spatial distribution indicates that SOA is likely to be an important source of free and upper tropospheric aerosol. We find a negative shortwave (SW) forcing from the direct effect, amounting to -0.31 Wm(-2) on the global annual mean. In contrast, the model indicates a positive indirect effect of SOA of +0.23 Wm(-2), arising from the enlargement of particles due to condensation of SOA, together with an en-hanced coagulation sink of small particles. In the longwave, model results are a direct effect of +0.02 Wm(-2) and an indirect effect of -0.03 Wm(-2). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N16, AUG, pp 8635-8659 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8635-2011.

12.2-25Investigating spatial climate relations using CARTs: An application to persistent hot days in a multimodel ensembleOrlowsky B, Seneviratne S ISwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling , HydrologyThis study introduces Classification and Regres-sion Trees (CARTs) as a new tool to explore spatial relationships between different climate patterns in a multimodel ensemble. We demonstrate the potential of CARTs by a simple case study based on time-aggregated patterns of circulation (rep-resented by average levels and variabilities of sea level pressure, SLP) and land surface conditions (diagnosed from the time-averaged surface water balance) from regional climate model simulations (ENSEMBLES) over Europe. These patterns are sys-tematically screened for their relevance to the spatial distribution of persistent hot days. Present-day (ERA40) and future (A1B) climate conditions are analyzed. A CART analysis of the ERA40 re-analysis complements the results for the present-day simulations. In many models, long persistent hot days concur with low variabilities of SLP and high water balance deficits both in present and future. However, for the change patterns (A1B mi-nus ERA40) the analysis indicates that the most robust feature is the link between aggravating persistent hot days and increasing surface water deficits. These results highlight that the factors controlling (in our case spatial) variability are not necessarily the same as those controlling as-

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sociated climate change signals. Since the analysis yields a rather qualitative output, the model bias problems encountered when studying ensemble averages are alleviated. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2011, V116, JUL 22 ARTN: D14106, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015188.

12.2-26High-resolution simulations of atmospheric CO2 over complex terrain - representing the Ochsenkopf mountain tall towerPillai D, Gerbig C, Ahmadov R, Rödenbeck C, Kretschmer R, Koch T, Thompson R, Neininger B, Lavrie J VGermany, USA, France, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingAccurate simulation of the spatial and temporal variability of tracer mixing ratios over complex terrain is challenging, but essential in order to utilize measurements made in complex orog-raphy (e.g. mountain and coastal sites) in an at-mospheric inverse framework to better estimate regional fluxes of these trace gases. This study investigates the ability of high-resolution mod-eling tools to simulate meteorological and CO2 fields around Ochsenkopf tall tower, situated in Fichtelgebirge mountain range-Germany (1022 m a.s.l. ; 50 degrees 1’48 ‘’ N, 11 degrees 48’30 ‘’ E). We used tower measurements made at different heights for different seasons together with the measurements from an aircraft campaign. Two tracer transport models - WRF (Eulerian based) and STILT (Lagrangian based), both with a 2 km horizontal resolution - are used together with the satellite-based biospheric model VPRM to simulate the distribution of atmospheric CO2 concentra-tion over Ochsenkopf. The results suggest that the high- resolution models can capture diurnal, sea-sonal and synoptic variability of observed mixing ratios much better than coarse global models. The effects of mesoscale transports such as mountain-valley circulations and mountain-wave activities on atmospheric CO2 distributions are reproduced remarkably well in the high-resolution models. With this study, we emphasize the potential of using high- resolution models in the context of inverse modeling frameworks to utilize measure-ments provided from mountain or complex ter-rain sites. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N15, AUG, pp 7445-7464 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7445-2011.

12.2-27New considerations for PM, Black Carbon and particle number concentration for air quality monitoring across different European citiesReche C, Querol X, Alastuey A, Viana M, Pey J, Moreno T, Rodriguez S, Gonzalez Y, Fernandez Camacho R, Sanchez de La Campa A M, de La Rosa J, Dall’osto M, Prévôt A S H, Hüglin C, Harrison R M, Quincey PSpain, Switzerland, EnglandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban Stud-ies , Energy & FuelsIn many large cities of Europe standard air qual-ity limit values of particulate matter (PM) are ex-ceeded. Emissions from road traffic and biomass burning are frequently reported to be the major causes. As a consequence of these exceedances a large number of air quality plans, most of them fo-cusing on traffic emissions reductions, have been implemented in the last decade. In spite of this im-plementation, a number of cities did not record a decrease of PM levels. Thus, is the efficiency of air quality plans overestimated? Do the road traffic emissions contribute less than expected to ambi-ent air PM levels in urban areas? Or do we need a more specific metric to evaluate the impact of the above emissions on the levels of urban aerosols? This study shows the results of the interpretation of the 2009 variability of levels of PM, Black Car-bon (BC), aerosol number concentration (N) and a number of gaseous pollutants in seven selected urban areas covering road traffic, urban back-ground, urban- industrial, and urban-shipping en-vironments from southern, central and northern Europe. The results showed that variations of PM and N levels do not always reflect the variation of the impact of road traffic emissions on urban aero-sols. However, BC levels vary proportionally with those of traffic related gaseous pollutants, such as CO, NO2 and NO. Due to this high correlation, one may suppose that monitoring the levels of these gaseous pollutants would be enough to extrapo-late exposure to traffic-derived BC levels. However, the BC/CO, BC/NO2 and BC/NO ratios vary widely among the cities studied, as a function of distance to traffic emissions, vehicle fleet composition and the influence of other emission sources such as biomass burning. Thus, levels of BC should be measured at air quality monitoring sites. During morning traffic rush hours, a narrow variation in the N/BC ratio was evidenced, but a wide varia-tion of this ratio was determined for the noon period. Although in central and northern Europe N and BC levels tend to vary simultaneously, not

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only during the traffic rush hours but also dur-ing the whole day, in urban background stations in southern Europe maximum N levels coinciding with minimum BC levels are recorded at midday in all seasons. These N maxima recorded in south-ern European urban background environments are attributed to midday nucleation episodes oc-curring when gaseous pollutants are diluted and maximum insolation and O-3 levels occur. The occurrence of SO2 peaks may also contribute to the occurrence of midday nucleation bursts in specific industrial or shipping- influenced areas, although at several central European sites similar levels of SO2 are recorded without yielding nucle-ation episodes. Accordingly, it is clearly evidenced that N variability in different European urban en-vironments is not equally influenced by the same emission sources and atmospheric processes. We conclude that N variability does not always reflect the impact of road traffic on air quality, whereas BC is a more consistent tracer of such an influ-ence. However, N should be measured since ultra-fine particles (<100 nm) may have large impacts on human health. The combination of PM10 and BC monitoring in urban areas potentially constitutes a useful approach for air quality monitoring. BC is mostly governed by vehicle exhaust emissions, while PM10 concentrations at these sites are also governed by non-exhaust particulate emissions re-suspended by traffic, by midday atmospheric dilu-tion and by other non-traffic emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N13, JUL, pp 6207-6227 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6207-2011.

12.2-28Peculiarities in atmospheric particle number and size-resolved speciation in an urban area in the western Mediterranean: Results from the DAURE campaignReche C, Viana M, Moreno T, Querol X, Alastuey A, Pey J, Pandolfi M, Prévôt A, Mohr C, Richard A, Artinano B, Gomez Moreno F J, Cots NSpain, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban Stud-ies , Energy & FuelsAir quality degradation problems in urban envi-ronments are mainly due to road traffic emissions. In northern and central European cities extensive investigations have been carried out on the vari-ability of number of ultrafine particles and black carbon, whereas studies in southern-Europe have traditionally focused on chemical speciation, re-sulting in insufficient information to character-

ise urban aerosol processes. Accordingly, sources and processes controlling atmospheric pollutants were evaluated during the international DAURE campaign in Barcelona (Spain), a typical urban environment in the western Mediterranean, by means of continuous measurements of particle number, black carbon, PMx, particulate nitrate and particulate sulphate concentrations. Results provided evidence of the influence of three PM sources of interest: road traffic, construction- de-molition works and shipping emissions. Road traf-fic governs the daily cycle of black carbon, a num-ber of gaseous pollutants and the finer fraction of PM. Evaluation of the coarse aerosol (PM2.5-10) daily cycle furnished evidence of the influence of construction- demolition works. These activities could increase hourly PM2.5-10 levels by up to 8 µg m(-3) on an annual hourly mean basis. Finally, shipping emissions were traced by means of SO2 concentrations, which peak at a time different from that of other gaseous pollutants owing to the regular daytime onshore breeze bringing har-bour emissions at midday. Moreover, a major local contribution of secondary aerosols was detected with elevated particle number levels at midday when nucleation processes are favoured by pho-tochemistry and lower pollution levels. Particle number data were also analysed in search for the primary emission of vehicle exhaust (N1) and the secondary parts from gaseous precursors, primary parts from non-traffic sources, and/or particles in-herited in the air mass (N2). N2 fraction accounted for 40% of number concentrations, ranging from 37% during the morning rush hour to 61% at mid-day. Results proved that the combination of PM10 and BC monitoring in urban areas may constitute a good approach to evaluate the traffic impact on air quality (BC), considering also the influence of other primary and secondary sources (PM10). Atmospheric Environment, 2011, V45, N30, SEP, pp 5282-5293 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.059.

12.2-29Surface modification of mineral dust particles by sulphuric acid processing: implications for ice nucleation abilitiesReitz P, Spindler C, Mentel T F, Poulain L, Wex H, Mildenberger K, Niedermeier D, Hartmann S, Clauss T, Stratmann F, Sullivan R C, de Mott P J, Pet-ters M D, Sierau B, Schneider JGermany, USA, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe ability of coated mineral dust particles to act

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as ice nuclei (IN) was investigated at LACIS (Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator) during the FROST1- and FROST2-campaigns (Freezing of dust). Sulphuric acid was condensed on the particles which afterwards were optionally humidified, treated with ammonia vapour and/or heat. By means of aerosol mass spectrometry we found evidence that processing of mineral dust particles with sulphuric acid leads to surface modifications of the particles. These surface modifications are most likely responsible for the observed reduction of the IN activation of the particles. The observed particle mass spectra suggest that different treat-ments lead to different chemical reactions on the particle surface. Possible chemical reaction path-ways and products are suggested and the implica-tions on the IN efficiency of the treated dust par-ticles are discussed. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N15, AUG, pp 7839-7858 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7839-2011.

12.2-30Source apportionment of size and time re-solved trace elements and organic aerosols from an urban courtyard site in SwitzerlandRichard A, Gianini M F D, Mohr C, Furger M, Bu-kowiecki N, Minguillon M C, Lienemann P, Flechsig U, Appel K, Decarlo P F, Heringa M F, Chirico R, Baltensperger U, Prévôt A S HSwitzerland, Spain, Germany, USA, ItalyMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban StudiesTime and size resolved data of trace elements were obtained from measurements with a rotat-ing drum impactor (RDI) and subsequent X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Trace elements can act as indicators for the identification of sources of particulate matter <10 µm (PM10) in ambient air. Receptor modeling was performed with posi-tive matrix factorization (PMF) for trace element data from an urban background site in Zurich, Switzerland. Eight different sources were identi-fied for the three examined size ranges (PM1-0.1, PM2.5-1 and PM10-2.5): secondary sulfate, wood combustion, fire works, road traffic, mineral dust, de-icing salt, industrial and local anthropogenic activities. The major component was secondary sulfate for the smallest size range; the road traffic factor was found in all three size ranges. This trace element analysis is complemented with data from an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), assessing the PM1 frac-tion of organic aerosols. A separate PMF analysis revealed three factors related to three of the sourc-es found with the RDI: oxygenated organic aero-

sol (OOA, related to inorganic secondary sulfate), hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA, related to road traffic) and biomass burning organic aero-sol (BBOA), explaining 60%, 22% and 17% of total measured organics, respectively. Since different compounds are used for the source classification, a higher percentage of the ambient PM10 mass concentration can be apportioned to sources by the combination of both methods. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N17, SEP, pp 8945-8963 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8945-2011.

12.2-31Local ecosystem feedbacks and critical transi-tions in the climateRietkerk M, Brovkin V, van Bodegom P M, Claussen M, Dekker S C, Dijkstra H A, Goryachkin S V, Kabat P, van Nes E H, Neutel A M, Seneviratne S I, et alNetherlands, Germany, Russia, England, USA, Bra-zil, Italy, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling , Ecology , Plant SciencesGlobal and regional climate models, such as those used in IPCC assessments, are the best tools available for climate predictions. Such models typically account for large-scale land-atmosphere feedbacks. However, these models omit local vegetation-environment feedbacks that may be crucial for critical transitions in ecosystems at larger scales. In this viewpoint paper, we propose the hypothesis that, if the balance of feedbacks is positive at all scales, local vegetation-environment feedbacks may trigger a cascade of amplifying ef-fects, propagating from local to large scale, possi-bly leading to critical transitions in the large-scale climate. We call for linking local ecosystem feed-backs with large-scale land-atmosphere feedbacks in global and regional climate models in order to improve climate predictions. Ecological Complexity, 2011, V8, N3, SEP, pp 223-228 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eco-com.2011.03.001.

12.2-32Airborne lidar observations in the inflow region of a warm conveyor beltSchäfler A, Dörnbrack A, Wernli H, Kiemle C, Pfahl SGermany, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote Sensing , HydrologyWarm conveyor belts (WCBs) are key flow struc-tures associated with extratropical cyclones. They transport moist air from the cyclone’s warm sec-tor poleward and upward close to the tropopause level, leading to the formation of elongated cloud

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bands, intense latent heating and surface pre-cipitation. In this study a comprehensive dataset of airborne lidar observations of moisture and wind from different campaigns has been investi-gated with a trajectory-based approach to identify ‘lucky encounters’ with WCBs. On 19 July 2007, an upstream flight over the Iberian Peninsula dur-ing the European THORPEX Regional Campaign (ETReC 2007) in Central Europe intersected two WCBs: one in the upper tropospheric outflow re-gion about 3 days after starting the ascent, and the other one in the boundary layer inflow region over Spain just prior to the strong ascent. Com-parison of the lidar humidity measurements with analysis fields from the European Centre for Me-dium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reveals significant positive deviations, equivalent to an overestimation of the modelled humidity, in this low-tropospheric WCB inflow region (of about 1 g kg(-1) (14%) on average and with peak deviations up to 7 g kg(-1)). It is noteworthy that this sub-stantial bias occurs in a potentially dynamically highly relevant air mass that will be subsequently lifted within a WCB to the upper troposphere. A Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic reveals that these large moisture deviations occur within air masses that, according to the ECMWF analy-ses, are coherently transported from the western Mediterranean towards Spain and experience in-tense moisture uptake over the Ebro valley. It is suggested that inaccuracies in surface evapotrans-piration, horizontal moisture advection, and tur-bulent vertical transport of moisture in the atmo-spheric boundary layer potentially contribute to the erroneous low-tropospheric humidity in the inflow region of this particular summertime WCB over Spain in the ECMWF analyses. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological So-ciety, 2011, V137, N658, A, SI, JUL, pp 1257-1272 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.827.

12.2-33Present-day interannual variability of surface climate in CMIP3 models and its relation to future warmingScherrer S CSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingInterannual variability (IAV) of 2m temperature (T), sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation (P) in the CMIP3 20th century model simulations are compared with IAV in observational and re-analysis data sets using standard deviation based variability indices. Further, the relation between the representation of T IAV and the amplitude of future warming is investigated. In the Northern

Hemisphere (NH) extratropics, T and SLP IAV are (in contrast to P) in general well represented al-though a few models perform much worse than others. General problem regions are: (1) sea ice boundary regions, where well-known biases in the mean states exist; and (2) the Pacific Ocean and Central Africa where SLP IAV is consistently un-derestimated. T and SLP IAV discrepancies are of-ten found in similar regions and are large in well-known bias problem regions in the tropics and subtropics and high mountain regions. ‘Bad’ IAV representation also occurs in regions with small biases. T IAV is in general better reproduced over land than over sea and in the extratropics than in the tropics. Among the ‘good’ IAV models there is no robust relation between the tropics (sea only) and the extratropics (land only). The relation be-tween the model’s ability to correctly represent T IAV and projected temperature changes is slightly negative (more warming for better IAV represen-tation) but except for the NH summer season not significant when the worst models in terms of IAV representation are omitted. This suggests that ag-gregated over large regions (with exception of NH summer) no robust relations are found between the model’s ability to correctly represent T IAV and the projected temperature change. International Journal of Climatology, 2011, V31, N10, AUG, pp 1518-1529 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2170.

12.2-34Spatiotemporal Behavior of Integrated Water VaporSchneebeli M, Mätzler CSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote Sensing , HydrologyA time series of the hemispheric distribution of integrated water vapor (IWV) measured with the All-Sky Multi Wavelength Radiometer is analyzed by means of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The data were acquired in February 2007 at the Zimmerwald Observatory in Switzerland. It is shown that the analysis of temporally de-meaned time series yields information about pass-ing fronts. With EOF analysis of the spatially de-meaned time series, information about the spatial distribution of IWV is obtained. Our results also indicate that water vapor behaves like a conserva-tive and passive tracer within the examined sam-pling volume and with the given temporal sam-pling resolution of 12 min. Ieee Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2011, V8, N5, SEP, pp 948-952 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2011.2144562.

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12.2-35Gas uptake and chemical aging of semisolid organic aerosol particlesShiraiwa M, Ammann M, Koop T, Pöschl UGermany, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingOrganic substances can adopt an amorphous solid or semisolid state, influencing the rate of hetero-geneous reactions and multiphase processes in atmospheric aerosols. Here we demonstrate how molecular diffusion in the condensed phase affects the gas uptake and chemical transformation of semisolid organic particles. Flow tube experiments show that the ozone uptake and oxidative aging of amorphous protein is kinetically limited by bulk diffusion. The reactive gas uptake exhibits a pro-nounced increase with relative humidity, which can be explained by a decrease of viscosity and in-crease of diffusivity due to hygroscopic water up-take transforming the amorphous organic matrix from a glassy to a semisolid state (moisture-induced phase transition). The reaction rate depends on the condensed phase diffusion coefficients of both the oxidant and the organic reactant molecules, which can be described by a kinetic multilayer flux model but not by the traditional resistor model approach of multiphase chemistry. The chemical lifetime of reactive compounds in atmospheric particles can increase from seconds to days as the rate of diffu-sion in semisolid phases can decrease by multiple orders of magnitude in response to low tempera-ture or low relative humidity. The findings demon-strate that the occurrence and properties of amor-phous semisolid phases challenge traditional views and require advanced formalisms for the descrip-tion of organic particle formation and transforma-tion in atmospheric models of aerosol effects on air quality, public health, and climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, V108, N27, JUL 5, pp 11003-11008 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1103045108.

12.2-36Analysis of cloud condensation nuclei com-position and growth kinetics using a pumped counterflow virtual impactor and aerosol mass spectrometerSlowik J G, Cziczo D J, Abbatt J P DUSA, CanadaMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesWe present a new method of determining the size and composition of CCN-active aerosol particles. Method utility is illustrated through a series of ambient measurements. A continuous-flow ther-mal-gradient diffusion chamber (TGDC), pumped

counterflow virtual impactor (PCVI), and Aerodyne time-of-flight mass spectrometer (AMS) are operat-ed in series. Ambient particles are sampled into the TGDC, where a constant supersaturation is main-tained, and CCN-active particles grow to similar to 2.5 +/- 0.5 µm. The output flow from the TGDC is directed into the PCVI, where a counterflow of dry N-2 gas opposes the particle-laden flow, creat-ing a region of zero axial velocity. This stagnation plane can only be traversed by particles with suf-ficient momentum, which depends on their size. Particles that have activated in the TGDC cross the stagnation plane and are entrained in the PCVI output flow, while the unactivated particles are di-verted to a pump. Because the input gas is replaced by the counterflow gas with better than 99% ef-ficiency at the stagnation plane, the output flow consists almost entirely of dry N2 and water evapo-rates from the activated particles. In this way, the system yields an ensemble of CCN-active particles whose chemical composition and size are analyzed using the AMS. Measurements of urban aerosol in downtown Toronto identified an external mixture of CCN-active particles consisting almost entirely of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, with CCN- inactive particles of the same size consisting of a mixture of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and organics. We also discuss results from the first field deployment of the TGDC-PCVI-AMS system, conducted from mid-May to mid-June 2007 in Egbert, Ontario, a semirural site similar to 80 km north of Toronto influenced both by clean air masses from the north and emissions from the city. Organic- dominated particles sampled during a major biogenic event exhibited higher CCN activity and/or faster growth kinetics than urban outflow from Toronto, despite the latter having a higher in-organic content and higher O:C ratio. During both events, particles were largely internally mixed. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2011, V4, N8, AUG, pp 1677-1688 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1677-2011.

12.2-37The HNO3 forming branch of the HO2 + NO reaction: pre-industrial-to- present trends in atmospheric species and radiative forcingsSovde O A, Hoyle C R, Myhre G, Isaksen I S ASwitzerland, NorwayMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingRecent laboratory measurements have shown the existence of a HNO3 forming branch of the HO2 + NO reaction. This reaction is the main source of tropospheric O-3, through the subsequent photoly-sis of NO2, as well as being a major source of OH. The branching of the reaction to HNO3 reduces the

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formation of these species significantly, affecting O-3 abundances, radiative forcing and the oxida-tion capacity of the troposphere. The Oslo CTM2, a three-dimensional chemistry transport model, is used to calculate atmospheric composition and trends with and without the new reaction branch. Results for the present day atmosphere, when both temperature and pressure effects on the branching ratio are accounted for, show an 11% reduction in the calculated tropospheric burden of O-3, with the main contribution from the tropics. An increase of the global, annual mean methane lifetime by 10.9 %, resulting from a 14.1% reduction in the global, annual mean OH concentration is also found. Com-parisons with measurements show that including the new branch improves the modelled O-3 in the Oslo CTM2, but that it is not possible to conclude whether the NOy distribution improves. We model an approximately 11% reduction in the tropical tro-pospheric O-3 increase since pre-industrial times, and a 4% reduction of the increase in total tropo-spheric burden. Also, an 8% decrease in the trend of OH concentrations is calculated, when the new branch is accounted for. The radiative forcing due to changes in O-3 over the industrial era was calcu-lated as 0.33Wm(-2), reducing to 0.26Wm(-2) with the new reaction branch. These results are signifi-cant, and it is important that this reaction branch-ing is confirmed by other laboratory groups. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N17, SEP, pp 8929-8943 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8929-2011.

12.2-38A Surface-Based Imaging Method for Water Vapor and Liquid Clouds Using a Scanning Radi-ometer at 91 GHzStähli O, Mätzler C, Murk A, Kämpfer NSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote SensingThe Scanning Polarimetric Imaging Radiometer at 91 GHz with an angular resolution of 0.5. was used to investigate the dynamics of the atmosphere. We introduced a new imaging method by continuous-ly scanning the sky over a range of elevation angles in a fixed azimuth direction. The measurements were realized during three different situations: clear sky, sky with water clouds, and sky with cir-rus clouds. In most situations, the scan direction was nearly parallel to the mean atmospheric flow. Particularly interesting structures were found in the images with water clouds. In contrast, cirrus clouds are highly transparent. Simulations of the applied imaging method helped to interpret the cloud images, particularly concerning the cloud

movement. Characteristic shapes were identified as signatures of motions along the scan line, which were used to estimate the horizontal velocity of wa-ter clouds. It was also possible to estimate the inte-grated water vapor from the clear sky images. They allow a visualization of water vapor parcels. Some of these images contain similar signatures as the clouds, indicating advection of water vapor along the scan line. In the future, we plan to extend these measurements and to combine them with multi-frequency observations. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sens-ing, 2011, V49, N9, SI, SEP, pp 3273-3280 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2160269.

12.2-39Bivariate colour maps for visualizing climate dataTeuling A J, Stöckli R, Seneviratne S ISwitzerland, NetherlandsMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe increasing availability of gridded, high-resolu-tion, multivariate climatological data sets calls for innovative approaches to visualize inter-variable relations. In this study, we present a methodology, based on properties of common colour schemes, to plot two variables in a single colour map by using a two-dimensional colour legend for both sequential and diverging data. This is especially suited for cli-mate data as the spatial distribution of the relation between different variables is often as important as the distribution of variables individually. Two ex-ample applications are given to illustrate the use of the method: one that shows the global distribution of climate based on observed temperature and rela-tive humidity, and the other showing the distribu-tion of recent changes in observed temperature and precipitation over Europe. A flexible and easy-to-im-plement method is provided to construct different colour legends for sequential and diverging data. International Journal of Climatology, 2011, V31, N9, JUL, pp 1408-1412 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2153.

12.2-40High-ozone layers in the middle and upper troposphere above Central Europe: potential import from the stratosphere along the sub-tropical jet streamTrickl T, Bärtsch Ritter N, Eisele H, Furger M, Muecke R, Sprenger M, Stohl AGermany, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingSpecific very dry high-ozone layers, starting rough-ly two days after the onset of high-pressure periods during the warm season, have been reproducibly

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observed in the middle and upper troposphere with the ozone lidar in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany). These episodes, previously not under-stood, were recently analysed based on extending backward simulations with the FLEXPART particle dispersion model to as many as twenty days and on jet-stream analyses including calculations with the LAGRANTO transport model. In all six cases analysed the model results indicate ozone import from the stratosphere on an extremely long path along the subtropical jet stream over the Pacific Ocean, Asia and, in part, all the way back to the Atlantic Ocean. The analysis suggests that strato-spheric influence is the most important factor for the increase in ozone and is related to rather shal-low transfer of air from the stratosphere into the upper-and mid-tropospheric air streams observed with the lidar. Contributions from the boundary layers of East Asia and North America are just oc-casionally present, in one case documented by a very dense aerosol plume from the Asian deserts. The considerable vertical and temporal extent of many of these layers and peak ozone mixing ratios between 80 and 150 ppb suggest that the obser-vations are related to an important mechanism for stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) and also confirm the model predictions of pro-nounced and persistent STT along the subtropical jet stream. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N17, SEP, pp 9343-9366 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9343-2011.

12.2-41European source and sink areas of CO2 retrieved from Lagrangian transport model interpretation of combined O-2 and CO2 mea-surements at the high alpine research station JungfraujochUglietti C, Leuenberger M, Brunner DSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingThe University of Bern monitors carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O-2) at the High Altitude Re-search Station Jungfraujoch since the year 2000 by means of flasks sampling and since 2005 using a continuous in situ measurement system. This study investigates the transport of CO2 and O-2 towards Jungfraujoch using backward Lagrang-ian Particle Dispersion Model (LPDM) simulations and utilizes CO2 and O-2 signatures to classify air masses. By investigating the simulated transport patterns associated with distinct CO2 concentra-tions it is possible to decipher different source and sink areas over Europe. The highest CO2 con-centrations, for example, were observed in winter

during pollution episodes when air was transport-ed from Northeastern Europe towards the Alps, or during south Foehn events with rapid uplift of polluted air from Northern Italy, as demonstrated in two case studies. To study the importance of air-sea exchange for variations in O-2 concentra-tions at Jungfraujoch the correlation between CO2 and APO (Atmospheric Potential Oxygen) devia-tions from a seasonally varying background was analyzed. Anomalously high APO concentrations were clearly associated with air masses originat-ing from the Atlantic Ocean, whereas low APO concentrations were found in air masses advected either from the east from the Eurasian continent in summer, or from the Eastern Mediterranean in winter. Those air masses with low APO in sum-mer were also strongly depleted in CO2 suggest-ing a combination of CO2 uptake by vegetation and O-2 uptake by dry summer soils. Other sub-sets of points in the APO-CO2 scatter plot inves-tigated with respect to air mass origin included CO2 and APO background values and points with regular APO but anomalous CO2 concentrations. Background values were associated with free tro-pospheric air masses with little contact with the boundary layer during the last few days, while high or low CO2 concentrations reflect the various levels of influence of anthropogenic emissions and the biosphere. The pronounced cycles of CO2 and O-2 exchanges with the biosphere and the ocean cause clusters of points and lead to a sea-sonal pattern. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N15, AUG, pp 8017-8036 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8017-2011.

12.2-42Humidity driven nanoscale chemical separa-tion in complex organic matterZelenay V, Huthwelker T, Krepelova A, Rudich Y, Ammann MSwitzerland, IsraelMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesHumic-like substances (HULIS) represent an im-portant fraction of particulate organic matter in the atmosphere. Understanding the water uptake by HULIS and the associated morphology evolu-tion will improve the assessment of their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei as well as their light scattering properties. The water uptake prop-erties of Suwannee River Fulvic Acid and of tannic acid used as proxy for atmospheric HULIS, were investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy in combination with a scanning transmission X-ray microscope. For both compounds, continuous water uptake was observed, whereby in fulvic acid

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phase separation occurred, resulting in an inho-mogeneous organic matrix. Within the inhomo-geneous mixture, different regions with different amounts of water uptake could be differentiated based on their spectral signatures in near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra, thus based on carbon functional group signa-tures, indicating that carboxyl-poor compounds separated from carboxyl-rich compounds upon water uptake. The differentiation into fractions with high/low water uptake ability is further re-fined by considering phenols, aromatic groups, and O- alkylic groups. Environmental Chemistry, 2011, V8, N4, AUG, pp 450-460 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EN11047.

12.2-43Statistical Analysis of Aerosol Effects on Simu-lated Mixed-Phase Clouds and Precipitation in the AlpsZubler E M, Lohmann U, Lüthi D, Schär C, Muhl-bauer ASwitzerland, USAMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Hydrology , ModellingIncreasing the aerosol number in warm-phase clouds is thought to decrease the rain formation rate, whereas the physical processes taking place in mixed-phase clouds are more uncertain. Increas-ing number concentrations of soluble aerosols may reduce the riming efficiency and therefore also decrease precipitation. On the other hand, the glaciation of a cloud by heterogeneous freez-ing of cloud droplets may enhance the formation of graupel and snow. Using a numerical weather prediction model with coupled aerosol micro-physics, it is found, in a statistical framework with 270 clean and polluted 2D simulations of mixed-phase precipitation over an Alpine transect, that the presence of the ice phase determines the mag-nitude and the sign of the effect of an increasing aerosol number concentration on orographic pre-cipitation. Immersion/condensation freezing is the only ice-nucleating process considered here. It is shown that this indirect aerosol effect is much less pronounced in cold simulations compared to a warmer subset and that cloud glaciation tends to compensate the loss of rain in polluted situa-tions. Comparing the clean and polluted cases, a reduction of rain by 52%, on average (std dev - 25%), over the transect in the polluted cases is

found. For frozen precipitation a much broader range of differences is found (mean = +14%, std dev = 60%). Furthermore, this study shows that in comparison with the clean cases more precipita-tion spills over to the leeward side of the major ridge in the polluted cases (median - +14.6%). Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2011, V68, N7, JUL, pp 1474-1492 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011JAS3632.1.

12.2-44Intercomparison of aerosol climatologies for use in a regional climate model over EuropeZubler E M, Lohmann U, Lüthi D, Schär CSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingMany regional climate models (RCM) and numeri-cal weather prediction (NWP) models use old aero-sol data sets to calculate the direct aerosol effect. In this study, three multi-year simulations with COSMO-CLM using different aerosol climatolo-gies and a simulation with monthly mean aerosol optical properties, stemming from a COSMO-CLM simulation with coupled aerosol microphysics and transport, are evaluated. The climatologies of Tegen et al. (1997), the AEROCOM- climatology for present-day conditions, and the monthly mean op-tical properties from Zubler et al. (2011), with real-istic patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD), lead to an increase of downward surface shortwave radiation (SSR) of 35 W m(-2) (20%) in the Mediter-ranean region in comparison with the climatol-ogy of Tanre et al. (1984). The former is known to strongly overestimate AOD over Europe. The asso-ciated bias in SSR exceeds the observed variations of the recent decades by up to a factor 5. Despite an annual mean temperature increase of 0.5 K above Southern European land surfaces owing to enhanced SSR, the newer climatologies yield cold-er temperatures in the mid-troposphere because of a reduction of the shortwave absorption by desert dust. This reduced heating destabilizes the atmosphere relative to the simulation with the cli-matology of Tanre et al. (1984), enhancing cloud formation and precipitation in these simulations. It is recommended that the RCM community uses updated aerosol information for radiative transfer calculations. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, V38, AUG 10 ARTN: L15705, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048081.

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12.2-45Productivity Is a Poor Predictor of Plant Spe-cies RichnessAdler P B, Seabloom E W, Borer E T, Hillebrand H, Hautier Y, Hector A, Harpole W S, O’halloran L R, Grace J B, Risch A C, Schütz M, et alUSA, Germany, Switzerland, Australia, Peoples R China, England, South Africa, CanadaPlant Sciences , Biodiversity , EcologyFor more than 30 years, the relationship between net primary productivity and species richness has generated intense debate in ecology about the pro-cesses regulating local diversity. The original view, which is still widely accepted, holds that the re-lationship is hump-shaped, with richness first ris-ing and then declining with increasing productiv-ity. Although recent meta-analyses questioned the generality of hump-shaped patterns, these synthe-ses have been criticized for failing to account for methodological differences among studies. We addressed such concerns by conducting standard-ized sampling in 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities on five continents. We found no clear relationship between productivity and fine-scale (meters(-2)) richness within sites, within re-gions, or across the globe. Ecologists should focus on fresh, mechanistic approaches to understand-ing the multivariate links between productivity and richness. Science, 2011, V333, N6050, SEP 23, pp 1750-1753 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sci-ence.1204498.

12.2-46Analysis of the flora of the Alps. 1: historical account and biodiversityAeschimann D, Rasolofo N, Theurillat J PSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Biodiversity First in a series, this paper statistically analyzes some of the data published in “Flora alpina”, i.e. that relating to the nomenclature and to the chorology in the Alps. An historical account of the knowledge of vascular plants recorded in the Alps is given: numbers of described taxa and new combinations made over time (two periods high-lighted), principal authors and books. Biodiversity is characterized: number of taxa per taxonomic category, country, geographic sector and admin-istrative division. The average taxonomic richness of the Alps is estimated at about 2200 taxa per 10,000 km(2) and a map shows the values calculat-ed for each region. Endemism is also evaluated: by

family, genus, country, sector, regrouping of sec-tors, division and the regrouping of divisions. The southern end of the western Alps and the south-western part of the eastern Alps are confirmed as the Alpine regions where the density of endemics and taxonomic richness are the highest. Candollea, 2011, V66, N1, JUL, pp 27-55.

12.2-47Trophic niche partitioning of cryptic species of long-eared bats in Switzerland: implications for conservationAshrafi S, Beck A, Rutishauser M, Arlettaz R, Bon-tadina FIran, SwitzerlandZoology , Biodiversity , EcologyDietary niche partitioning is postulated to play a major role for the stable coexistence of species within a community, particularly among cryptic species. Molecular markers have recently revealed the existence of a new cryptic species of long-eared bat, Plecotus macrobullaris, in the European Alps. We studied trophic niches as well as seasonal and regional variations of diet in eight colonies of the three Plecotus species occurring in Switzerland. Faeces were collected monthly from individu-als returning to roost after foraging. Twenty-one arthropod categories were recognized from the faeces. All three species fed predominantly on Lepidoptera, which made up 41%, 87% and 88% (means across colonies) of the diet composition of P. auritus, P. macrobullaris and P. austriacus, re-spectively. The occurrence of numerous fragments of both diurnal and flightless insects in the diet of P. auritus (but rarely in the diet of the other two species) indicates that this species mostly gleans prey from substrates. P. austriacus and P. macro-bullaris are more typical aerial feeders. The latter two species have narrow trophic niches, whilst P. auritus has a much broader diet. Comparison of intraspecific and interspecific niche overlaps in P. auritus and P. macrobullaris in sympatry suggests dietary niche partitioning between these two spe-cies. In contrast, the high similarity of the trophic niches of P. austriacus and P. macrobullaris, asso-ciated with a typical parapatric distribution, in-dicates competitive exclusion. The best conserva-tion measures are preservation and restoration of habitats offering a high abundance of moths, the major prey of the three Plecotus species. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2011, V57, N4, AUG, pp 843-849 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-011-0496-z.

1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems

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12.2-48What spatial data do we need to develop global mammal conservation strategies?Boitani L, Maiorano L, Baisero D, Falcucci A, Vis-conti P, Rondinini CItaly, Switzerland, AustraliaBiodiversity , Zoology , Ecology , ModellingSpatial data on species distributions are available in two main forms, point locations and distribu-tion maps (polygon ranges and grids). The first are often temporally and spatially biased, and too dis-continuous, to be useful (untransformed) in spa-tial analyses. A variety of modelling approaches are used to transform point locations into maps. We discuss the attributes that point location data and distribution maps must satisfy in order to be useful in conservation planning. We recom-mend that before point location data are used to produce and/or evaluate distribution models, the dataset should be assessed under a set of criteria, including sample size, age of data, environmental/geographical coverage, independence, accuracy, time relevance and (often forgotten) representa-tion of areas of permanent and natural presence of the species. Distribution maps must satisfy ad-ditional attributes if used for conservation analy-ses and strategies, including minimizing commis-sion and omission errors, credibility of the source/assessors and availability for public screening. We review currently available databases for mammals globally and show that they are highly variable in complying with these attributes. The heteroge-neity and weakness of spatial data seriously con-strain their utility to global and also sub-global scale conservation analyses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 2011, V366, N1578, SI, SEP 27, pp 2623-2632 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0117.

12.2-49Characterization of fecal nitrogen forms produced by a sheep fed with N-15 labeled ryegrassBosshard C, Oberson A, Leinweber P, Jandl G, Knicker H, Wettstein H R, Kreuzer M, Frossard ESwitzerland, Germany, SpainAgriculture , Pedology , Plant Sciences , Geochem-istry & Geophysics , ZoologyLittle is known about nitrogen (N) forms in rumi-nant feces, although this information is impor-tant to understand N dynamics in agro- ecosys-tems. We fed N-15 labeled ryegrass hay to a sheep and collected N-15 labeled feces. Nitrogen forms in the feces were characterized by chemical extrac-

tions, solid-state cross polarization N-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SS CP/MAS N-15 NMR) and Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatogra-phy/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS). A 4 months incubation experiment was conducted to assess N release from the feces. Half of the fecal N could be ascribed to bacterial and endogenous debris and a third to undigested dietary N. About a tenth of the fecal N was mineralized during the incubation ex-periment. The N-15 abundance of nitrate released during the incubation remained constant and close to the N-15 abundance of the total feces N. The NMR analysis of the feces showed that most of the N was present in proteins, while some was present as heterocyclic N, amino acids and am-monium. The Cp Py-GC/MS analysis confirmed the presence of proteins, amino acids and hetero-cyclic N in the feces. Comparing these results to those obtained from the N-15 labeled hay suggests that some N compounds present in the plant were not digested by the animal, and that the animal excreted de novo synthesized N compounds. The low content in ammonium and amino acids, the low rate of N release from these feces during the incubation and the relatively high fecal protein content, particularly the hard to mineralize undi-gested and microbially bound forms, can explain the low transfer of N from these feces to crops ob-served in a previous work. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2011, V90, N3, JUL, pp 355-368 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-011-9437-1.

12.2-50Relation between soil organic matter and yield levels of nonlegume crops in organic and conventional farming systemsBrock C, Fliessbach A, Oberholzer H R, Schulz F, Wiesinger K, Reinicke F, Koch W, Pallutt B, Dittman B, Zimmer J, Hülsbergen K J, Leithold GGermany, SwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Agriculture , PedologyThe aim of this study was to evaluate the interac-tion between yield levels of nonleguminous crops and soil organic matter (SOM) under the specific conditions of organic and conventional farming, respectively, and to identify implications for SOM management in arable farming considering the farming system (organic vs. conventional). For that purpose, correlations between yield levels of nonlegume crops and actual SOM level (C-org, N-t, C-hwe, N-hwe) as well as SOM-level development were examined including primary data from se-lected treatments of seven long-term field experi-ments in Germany and Switzerland. Yield levels

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of nonlegume crops were positively correlated with SOM levels, but the correlation was signifi-cant only under conditions of organic farming, and not with conventional farming treatments. While absolute SOM levels had a positive impact on yield levels of nonlegumes, the yield levels of nonlegumes and SOM-level development over time correlated negatively. Due to an increased demand of N from SOM mineralization, higher yield levels of nonlegumes obviously indicate an increased demand for OM supply to maintain SOM levels. Since this observation is highly sig-nificant for farming without mineral-N fertiliza-tion but not for farming with such fertilization, we conclude that the demand of SOM-level main-tenance or enhancement and thus adequate SOM management is highly relevant for crop produc-tion in organic farming both from an agronomi-cal and ecological point of view. Under conven-tional management, the agronomic relevance of SOM with regard to nutrient supply is much lower than under organic management. Howev-er, it has to be considered that we excluded other possible benefits of SOM in our survey that may be highly relevant for conventional farming as well. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2011, V174, N4, AUG, pp 568-575 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201000272.

12.2-51Predicting how populations decline to extinc-tionCollen B, Mcrae L, Deinet S, de Palma A, Carranza T, Cooper N, Loh J, Baillie J E MEngland, USA, SwitzerlandBiodiversity , Ecology , Zoology , ModellingGlobal species extinction typically represents the endpoint in a long sequence of population declines and local extinctions. In comparative studies of extinction risk of contemporary mam-malian species, there appear to be some univer-sal traits that may predispose taxa to an elevated risk of extinction. In local population-level stud-ies, there are limited insights into the process of population decline and extinction. Moreover, there is still little appreciation of how local pro-cesses scale up to global patterns. Advancing the understanding of factors which predispose populations to rapid declines will benefit proac-tive conservation and may allow us to target at-risk populations as well as at-risk species. Here, we take mammalian population trend data from the largest repository of population abundance trends, and combine it with the PanTHERIA da-tabase on mammal traits to answer the question:

what factors can be used to predict decline in mammalian abundance? We find in general that environmental variables are better determinants of cross-species population-level decline than intrinsic biological traits. For effective conserva-tion, we must not only describe which species are at risk and why, but also prescribe ways to coun-teract this. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 2011, V366, N1577, SI, SEP 12, pp 2577-2586 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0015.

12.2-52Sensitivity of Portuguese forest fires to climatic, human, and landscape variables: subnational differences between fire drivers in extreme fire years and decadal averagesCosta L, Thonicke K, Poulter B, Badeck F WGermany, SwitzerlandEcology , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesWithin the changing fire regimes of Portugal, the relative importance of humans and climatic vari-ability for regional fire statistics remains poorly understood. This work investigates the statistical relationship between temporal dynamics of fire events in Portugal and a set of socioeconomic, landscape, and climatic variables for the time periods of 1980-1990, 1991-2000, and extreme fires years. For 10 of 15 districts, it was possible to observe moderate shifts in the significance of fire drivers for the first two decadal periods. For others, pronounced changes of the significance of fire drivers were found across time. Results point toward a dynamic (perhaps highly non-linear) behavior of socioeconomic and landscape fire drivers, especially during the occurrence of extreme fire years of 2003 and 2005. At country level, population density alone explained 42% of the inter-annual and inter-district deviance in number of fires. At the same temporal and spa-tial scale, the explanatory power of temperature anomalies proved to explain 43% of area burnt. We highlight the necessity of including a broad set of socioeconomic and landscape fire drivers in order to account for potential significance shifts. In addition, although climate does trigger broad favorable fire conditions across Portugal main-land, socioeconomic and landscape factors proved to determine much of the complex fire patterns at a subnational scale. Regional Environmental Change, 2011, V11, N3, SEP, pp 543-551 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0169-6.

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12.2-53Growth and community responses of alpine dwarf shrubs to in situ CO2 enrichment and soil warmingDawes M A, Hagedorn F, Zumbrunn T, Handa I T, Hättenschwiler S, Wipf S, Rixen CSwitzerland, FrancePlant Sciences , Ecology , Pedology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesRising CO2 concentrations and the associated glob-al warming are expected to have large impacts on high-elevation ecosystems, yet long-term multifac-tor experiments in these environments are rare. We investigated how growth of dominant dwarf shrub species (Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium gaultherioides and Empetrum hermaphroditum) and community composition in the understorey of larch and pine trees responded to 9 yr of CO2 en-richment and 3 yr of soil warming at the treeline in the Swiss Alps. Vaccinium myrtillus was the only species that showed a clear positive effect of CO2 on growth, with no decline over time in the annual shoot growth response. Soil warming stimulated V. myrtillus growth even more than elevated CO2 and was accompanied by increased plant- available soil nitrogen (N) and leaf N con-centrations. Growth of Vaccinium gaultherioides and E. hermaphroditum was not influenced by warming. Vascular plant species richness declined in elevated CO2 plots with larch, while the num-ber of moss and lichen species decreased under warming. Ongoing environmental change could lead to less diverse plant communities and in-creased dominance of the particularly responsive V. myrtillus in the studied alpine treeline. These changes are the consequence of independent CO2 and soil warming effects, a result that should fa-cilitate predictive modelling approaches. New Phytologist, 2011, V191, N3, AUG, pp 806-818 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03722.x.

12.2-5421st century climate change threatens moun-tain flora unequally across EuropeEngler R, Randin C F, Thuiller W, Dullinger S, Zim-mermann N E, Araujo M B, Pearman P B, Le Lay G, Piedallu C, Normand S, Theurillat J P, Vittoz P, Guisan A, et alSwitzerland, France, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Ro-mania, Norway, Denmark, Italy, EnglandBiodiversity , Plant Sciences , EcologyContinental-scale assessments of 21st century global impacts of climate change on biodiversity have forecasted range contractions for many spe-cies. These coarse resolution studies are, however,

of limited relevance for projecting risks to biodi-versity in mountain systems, where pronounced microclimatic variation could allow species to persist locally, and are ill-suited for assessment of species- specific threat in particular regions. Here, we assess the impacts of climate change on 2632 plant species across all major European mountain ranges, using high-resolution (ca. 100 m) species samples and data expressing four future climate scenarios. Projected habitat loss is greater for spe-cies distributed at higher elevations; depending on the climate scenario, we find 36-55% of alpine species, 31-51% of subalpine species and 19-46% of montane species lose more than 80% of their suitable habitat by 2070-2100. While our high- resolution analyses consistently indicate marked levels of threat to cold-adapted mountain florae across Europe, they also reveal unequal distribu-tion of this threat across the various mountain ranges. Impacts on florae from regions projected to undergo increased warming accompanied by decreased precipitation, such as the Pyrenees and the Eastern Austrian Alps, will likely be greater than on florae in regions where the increase in temperature is less pronounced and rainfall in-creases concomitantly, such as in the Norwegian Scandes and the Scottish Highlands. This suggests that change in precipitation, not only warming, plays an important role in determining the po-tential impacts of climate change on vegetation. Funding acknowledgement: Global Change Biology, 2011, V17, N7, JUL, pp 2330-2341 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02393.x.

12.2-55Increased propensity for aerial dispersal in dis-turbed habitats due to intraspecific variation and species turnoverEntling M H, Stämpfli K, Ovaskainen OSwitzerland, Germany, FinlandEcology , ZoologyAnimal dispersal depends on multiple factors, such as habitat features and life/history traits of the species. We studied the propensity for balloon-ing dispersal in spiders under standardized labo-ratory conditions. The 1269 tested individuals be-longed to 124 species and originated from 16 sites with wide variation in habitat type. Spiders from disturbed habitats ballooned 5.5 times more than spiders from stable habitats. In Meioneta rurestris, for which we had enough data for a single-species analysis, individuals were most dispersive if they originated from highly disturbed habitats. While the data for the other species were not sufficient for single-species analyses, a hierarchical model

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that included the data simultaneously on all spe-cies suggested that dispersal propensity generally increases within species with the level of habitat disturbance. Dispersal probability showed a trend to increase with niche width, but the higher com-monness of species with wide niches provides an alternative explanation for this pattern. As the prevalence of especially dispersive species was highest in disturbed habitats, variation in disper-sal propensity was influenced by both inter- and intraspecific factors. We conclude that the posi-tive correlation between niche width and disper-sal propensity enables generalist species to utilize highly disturbed habitats, whereas the persistence of specialist species with restricted dispersal abil-ity requires the conservation of stable habitats. Oikos, 2011, V120, N7, JUL, pp 1099-1109 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.19186.x.

12.2-56Patterns of early succession on bare peat in a Swiss mire after a bog burstFeldmeyer Christe E, Küchler M, Wildi OSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Ecology , BiodiversityQuestions: How does plant diversity (species rich-ness, species abundance and rate of change) evolve in early succession on bare peat? Does succession converge towards one equilibrium stage or end up in several stages? Is there a regular pattern in suc-cession velocity? Location: A mire in the calcare-ous Jura Mountains of northwest Switzerland. Method: Twenty-one 1-m(2) permanent plots on bare peat were used to monitor temporal stages over a 21-year period (1988 to 2008) in a Swiss mire where a slide occurred in 1987. Species diversity and life forms were analysed based on Shannon’s equitability index and cover. We used classifica-tion and metric ordination techniques to investi-gate patterns of successional rates and trends. The high temporal resolution of the survey allowed the pattern of succession velocity to be analysed. Results: Species richness increased continuously over the 21 years of succession. The highest cover throughout the study period was the life form sedge. Time trajectories of the 21 plots revealed three alternative pathways towards intermediate equilibrium stages in the first years, still not con-verging in the later stages. Changes in succession velocity reached a first maximum about 6 years af-ter the slide had occurred and a second maximum 12 years later. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2011, V22, N5, OCT, pp 943-954 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01302.x.

12.2-57Extreme temperature analysis under forest cover compared to an open fieldFerrez J, Davison A C, Rebetez MSwitzerlandForestry , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences , ModellingWe analyse air temperature data from 14 sites in Switzerland, each with two weather stations in close proximity, one under a forest canopy and the other in the open. We use the statistics of ex-tremes to investigate how extremely high maxi-mum and extremely low minimum temperatures depend on the effect of forest cover. Our analysis shows that temperature maxima at two nearby stations are less dependent than are temperature minima. Maxima under the canopy are influenced by altitude: for higher sites, the maxima are less variable and depend less on the open-field data. Southerly orientations increase the dependence of minimum temperatures and so reduce the sheltering effect during cold periods. Extreme maximum and minimum temperatures occur less within conifer forests, indicating that the insula-tion provided by conifers all over the year is more efficient than that provided by deciduous species. Steepness of slopes has a complex impact on dis-tributions of extremes and on their dependence. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2011, V151, N7, JUL 15, pp 992-1001 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.03.005.

12.2-58Back from the brink: potential for genetic res-cue in a critically endangered treeFinger A, Kettle C J, Kaiser Bunbury C N, Valentin T, Doudee D, Matatiken D, Ghazoul JSwitzerland, Denmark, SeychellesPlant Sciences , Forestry , BiodiversityRare plant species are vulnerable to genetic ero-sion and inbreeding associated with small popula-tion size and isolation due to increasing habitat fragmentation. The degree to which these prob-lems undermine population viability remains debated. We explore genetic and reproductive processes in the critically endangered long-lived tropical tree Medusagyne oppositifolia, an endem-ic to the Seychelles with a naturally patchy distri-bution. This species is failing to recruit in three of its four populations. We evaluate whether recruit-ment failure is linked to genetic problems associ-ated with fragmentation, and if genetic rescue can mitigate such problems. Medusagyne oppositifo-lia comprises 90 extant trees in four populations, with only the largest (78 trees) having successful recruitment. Using 10 microsatellite loci, we dem-

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onstrated that genetic diversity is high (H-E: 0.48-0.63; H-O: 0.56-0.78) in three populations, with only the smallest population having relatively low diversity (H-E: 0.26 and H-O: 0.30). All populations have unique alleles, high genetic differentiation, and significant within population structure. Pol-len and seed dispersal distances were mostly less than 100 m. Individuals in small populations were more related than individuals in the large popula-tion, thus inbreeding might explain recruitment failure in small populations. Indeed, inter- popula-tion pollination crosses from the large donor pop-ulation to a small recipient population resulted in higher reproductive success relative to within-population crosses. Our study highlights the im-portance of maintaining gene flow between popu-lations even in species that have naturally patchy distributions. We demonstrate the potential for genetic and ecological rescue to support conserva-tion of plant species with limited gene flow. Molecular Ecology, 2011, V20, N18, SEP, pp 3773-3784 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05228.x.

12.2-59Functional and phylogenetic diversity as predictors of biodiversity- ecosystem-function relationshipsFlynn D F B, Mirotchnick N, Jain M, Palmer M I, Naeem SUSA, SwitzerlandBiodiversity , Ecology , Plant SciencesHow closely does variability in ecologically impor-tant traits reflect evolutionary divergence? The use of phylogenetic diversity (PD) to predict biodiver-sity effects on ecosystem functioning, and more generally the use of phylogenetic information in community ecology, depends in part on the an-swer to this question. However, comparisons of the predictive power of phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity (FD) have not been conducted across a range of experiments. To address how phylogenetic diversity and functional trait varia-tion control biodiversity effects on biomass pro-duction, we summarized the results of 29 grass-land plant experiments where both the phylogeny of plant species used in the experiments is well described and where extensive trait data are avail-able. Functional trait variation was only partially related to phylogenetic distances between species, and the resulting FD values therefore correlate only partially with PD. Despite these differences, FD and PD predicted biodiversity effects across all experiments with similar strength, including in subsets that excluded plots with legumes and that focused on fertilization experiments. Two-and

three-trait combinations of the five traits used here (leaf nitrogen percentage, height, specific root length, leaf mass per unit area, and nitro-gen fixation) resulted in the FD values with the greatest predictive power. Both PD and FD can be valuable predictors of the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning, which suggests that a fo-cus on both community trait diversity and evolu-tionary history can improve understanding of the consequences of biodiversity loss. Ecology, 2011, V92, N8, AUG, pp 1573-1581.

12.2-60Mapping fire ignition risk in a complex anthro-pogenic landscapeGuglietta D, Conedera M, Mazzoleni S, Ricotta CItaly, SwitzerlandEcology , Landscape Studies , Remote SensingThe progressing spread of urban development into the surrounding fuel-loaded wildland cre-ates a particular landscape structure where the co-occurrence of human activities and flammable fuel greatly increases the fire ignition risk. In this framework, land use and land cover (LULC) maps derived from remotely sensed images represent a useful tool for assessing fire risk. The aim of this letter is thus to use a LULC map derived from QuickBird satellite imagery for assessing ignition risk at the rural-forest interface in Sardinia (Italy). Our results show that fire risk is strongly posi-tively correlated with anthropogenic land use and negatively correlated with semi-natural and natu-ral vegetation cover, such as shrubland or forest. Remote Sensing Letters, 2011, V2, N3, OCT, pp 213-219 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.512927.

12.2-61SESAM - a new framework integrating macro-ecological and species distribution models for predicting spatio-temporal patterns of species assemblagesGuisan A, Rahbek CSwitzerland, DenmarkEcology , Biodiversity , ModellingTwo different approaches currently prevail for predicting spatial patterns of species assemblages. The first approach (macroecological modelling, MEM) focuses directly on realized properties of species assemblages, whereas the second ap-proach (stacked species distribution modelling, S-SDM) starts with constituent species to approxi-mate the properties of assemblages. Here, we propose to unify the two approaches in a single ‘spatially explicit species assemblage modelling’ (SESAM) framework. This framework uses relevant

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designations of initial species source pools for modelling, macroecological variables, and ecolog-ical assembly rules to constrain predictions of the richness and composition of species assemblages obtained by stacking predictions of individual spe-cies distributions. We believe that such a frame-work could prove useful in many theoretical and applied disciplines of ecology and evolution, both for improving our basic understanding of species assembly across spatio-temporal scales and for an-ticipating expected consequences of local, region-al or global environmental changes. In this paper, we propose such a framework and call for further developments and testing across a broad range of community types in a variety of environments. Journal of Biogeography, 2011, V38, N8, AUG, pp 1433-1444 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02550.x.

12.2-62Desertification in the Sahel: Towards better accounting for ecosystem dynamics in the interpretation of remote sensing imagesHein L, de Ridder N, Hiernaux P, Leemans R, de Wit A, Schaepman MNetherlands, France, SwitzerlandEcology , Remote Sensing , Plant Sciences , Hydrol-ogy , AgricultureTo date, the interpretation of remote sensing im-ages has not revealed wide-spread degradation of the vegetation in the Sahel. However, the inter-pretation of spectral information depends on a range of assumptions regarding the dynamics of the Sahelian vegetation as a function of rainfall variability and human management. Recent pa-pers have presented diverging views on the vegeta-tion dynamics of the Sahel and how these can be analysed with remote sensing images. We present a further analysis of the vegetation dynamics of semi-arid rangelands, in particular the Sahel, and the subsequent implications for the interpreta-tion of remote sensing images. Specifically, the ecological processes driving the response of the Sahelian vegetation to rainfall variation are re-examined, and a regression analysis of NPP versus rainfall data is carried out. It is shown that the relation between the interannual variation in NPP and rainfall in the Sahel is non-linear and that this relation differs between sites with different average annual rainfall. It has been common prac-tise in remote sensing studies for the Sahel to ag-gregate data from various Sahelian sites in order to obtain an average relation between rainfall, NPP and Rain Use Efficiency, and to assume these relations to be linear. This paper shows that this

approach may lead to a bias in the interpretation of remote sensing images and that further work is required to clarify if widespread ecosystem degra-dation has occurred in the Sahel. Journal of Arid Environments, 2011, V75, N11, NOV, pp 1164-1172 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.05.002.

12.2-63High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem servicesIsbell F, Calcagno V, Hector A, Connolly J, Harpole W S, Reich P B, Scherer Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Tilman D, van Ruijven J, Weigelt A, Wilsey B J, Zavaleta E S, Loreau MCanada, Switzerland, Ireland, USA, Australia, Ger-many, NetherlandsPlant Sciences , Ecology , BiodiversityBiodiversity is rapidly declining worldwide, and there is consensus that this can decrease ecosys-tem functioning and services. It remains unclear, though, whether few or many of the species in an ecosystem are needed to sustain the provisioning of ecosystem services. It has been hypothesized that most species would promote ecosystem ser-vices if many times, places, functions and envi-ronmental changes were considered; however, no previous study has considered all of these fac-tors together. Here we show that 84% of the 147 grassland plant species studied in 17 biodiversity experiments promoted ecosystem functioning at least once. Different species promoted ecosystem functioning during different years, at different places, for different functions and under different environmental change scenarios. Furthermore, the species needed to provide one function during multiple years were not the same as those needed to provide multiple functions within one year. Our results indicate that even more species will be needed to maintain ecosystem functioning and services than previously suggested by studies that have either (1) considered only the number of spe-cies needed to promote one function under one set of environmental conditions, or (2) separately considered the importance of biodiversity for providing ecosystem functioning across multiple years, places, functions or environmental change scenarios. Therefore, although species may ap-pear functionally redundant when one function is considered under one set of environmental conditions, many species are needed to maintain multiple functions at multiple times and places in a changing world. Nature, 2011, V477, N7363, SEP 8, pp 199-U96 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10282.

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12.2-64Experimental climate effect on seasonal vari-ability of polyphenol /phenoloxidase interplay along a narrow fen-bog ecological gradient in Sphagnum fallaxJassey V E J, Chiapusio G, Gilbert D, Buttler A, Toussaint M L, Binet PFrance, SwitzerlandEcology , Plant SciencesExtracellular phenoloxidase enzymes play an im-portant role in the stability of soil carbon storage by contributing to the cycling of complex recal-citrant phenolic compounds. Climate warming could affect peatland functioning through an al-teration of polyphenol /phenoloxidase interplay, which could lead them to becoming weaker sinks of carbon. Here, we assessed the seasonal variabili-ty of total phenolics and phenoloxidases subjected to 2-3 degrees C increase in air temperature using open-top chambers. The measurements were per-formed along a narrow fen-bog ecological gradi-ent over one growing season. Climate warming had a weak effect on phenoloxidases, but reduced phenolics in both fen and bog areas. Multivariate analyses revealed a split between the areas and also showed that climate warming exacerbated the seasonal variability of polyphenols, culmi-nating in a destabilization of the carbon cycle. A negative relationship between polyphenols and phenoloxidases was recorded in controls and cli-mate treatments suggesting an inhibitory effect of phenolics on phenoloxidases. Any significant decrease of phenolics through repeatedly elevated temperature would greatly impact the ecosystem functioning and carbon cycle through an altera-tion of the interaction of polyphenols with micro-bial communities and the production of extracel-lular enzymes. Our climate treatments did not have the same impact along the fen-bog gradient and suggested that not all the peatland habitats would respond similarly to climate forcing. Global Change Biology, 2011, V17, N9, SEP, pp 2945-2957 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02437.x.

12.2-65Nutrient and energy content, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and methano-genic potential of alpine forage plant species during early summerJayanegara A, Marquardt S, Kreuzer M, Leiber FSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Zoology , AgricultureBackground: Plants growing on alpine meadows are reported to be rich in phenols. Such com-

pounds may affect ruminal fermentation and re-duce the plants’ methanogenic potential, making alpine grazing advantageous in this respect. The objective of this study was to quantify nutrients and phenols in Alpine forage grasses, herbs and trees collected over 2 years and, in a 24 h in vitro incubation, their effects on ruminal fermentation parameters. Results: The highest in vitro gas pro-duction, resulting in metabolisable energy values around 10 MJ kg(-1), were found with Alchemilla xanthochlora and Crepis aurea (herbaceous spe-cies) and with Sambucus nigra leaves and flowers (tree species). Related to the amount of total gas production, methane formation was highest with Nardus stricta, and lowest with S. nigra and A. xanthochlora. In addition, Castanea sativa leaves led to an exceptional low methane production, but this was accompanied by severely impaired ruminal fermentation. When the data were anal-ysed by principal component analysis, phenol con-centrations were negatively related with methane proportion in total gas. Conclusion: Variation in methane production potential across the investi-gated forages was small. The two goals of limited methane production potential and high nutritive value for ruminants were met best by A. xantho-chlora and S. nigra. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2011, V91, N10, AUG, pp 1863-1870 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4398.

12.2-66Analysis of the Corsican flora: biological aspectsJeanmonod D, Schlüssel A, Gamisans JSwitzerlandBiodiversity , Plant Sciences This article summarizes and analyzes some of the data published in “Flora Corsica”, in order to characterize the Corsican flora (vascular plants). This analysis focuses on different aspects such as diversity (species richness, richest families), abun-dance (global, in each vegetation belt, in each habitat and substrate types), longevity and life forms (in all the studied area, in each vegetation belt) and phenology (flowering curves). The results are, whenever possible, compared with those of other geographic regions, particularly from the Mediterranean. They help outlining typical Medi-terranean patterns, characterizing the Corsican vegetation belts, and identifying characteristics specifically related to the flora of Corsica. Candollea, 2011, V66, N1, JUL, pp 5-25.

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12.2-67The latitudinal herbivory-defence hypothesis takes a detour on the mapJohnson M T J, Rasmann SCanada, SwitzerlandEcology , Plant SciencesNew Phytologist, 2011, V191, N3, AUG, pp 589-592 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03816.x.

12.2-68Microhabitat partitioning promotes plant diversity in a tropical montane forestJones M M, Szyska B, Kessler MFinland, Germany, SwitzerlandBiodiversity , Ecology , Forestry , Plant SciencesAim: To assess the degree of fine-scale environ-mental determinism in fern community compo-sition in a diverse, mid-montane tropical forest, and to test whether species local microhabitat dis-tributions are linked to their elevational ranges regionally. Location: Tunquini biological station, eastern Bolivian Andes. Methods: We recorded fern species composition and environmental de-scriptors in two montane forest transects on op-posite valley slopes at c. 1650 m elevation. Redun-dancy analysis and variation partitioning were run to examine how much floristic variation was explained by spatial and environmental (soil, for-est structural, topoclimatic) variables. We then linked species local environmental distributions, as evidenced in these analyses, to their elevational ranges in Bolivia using herbarium data. Results: There was a striking floristic difference between the transects, attributable to differences in expo-sure, temperature and humidity. Environmental and floristic variation were also strongly linked within transects, with soil variation being most important. The overlap between spatially and en-vironmentally explained variation was high, but there was congruence in the main environmental predictors selected in both transects, suggesting considerable spatial structure arose from species responses to a patchy environment. Species local microclimatic distributions were significantly linked to their regional elevational ranges. Spe-cies associated with the drier north- easterly tran-sect had average range mid-points and maxima significantly higher (by 211 m and 402 m, respec-tively) than those associated with the more humid south-westerly transect. Within transects, species associated with more acidic soils and warmer mi-crosites had higher average range minima, mid-points or maxima (by > 200 m in all cases) than those associated with less acidic and cooler mi-

crosites. Main conclusions: Strong environmental determinism of community composition was ap-parent in relation to both local topoclimatic and soil gradients. Moreover, our results suggest that fine-scale variation in environmental conditions enhances the mixing of lowland and highland floras in mid-montane forests, thereby contribut-ing to mid-elevation diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2011, V20, N4, JUL, pp 558-569 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00627.x.

12.2-69Effects of genetic diversity of grass on insect species diversity at higher trophic levels are not due to cascading diversity effectsJones T S, Allan E, Härri S A, Krauss J, Müller C B, van Veen F J FSwitzerland, Canada, Germany, EnglandBiodiversity , Zoology , Ecology , Plant SciencesGenetic diversity in plant populations has been shown to affect the species diversity of insects. In grasses, infection with fungal endophytes can also have strong effects on insects, potentially modify-ing the effects of plant genetic diversity. We ma-nipulated the genetic diversity and endophyte in-fection of a grass in a field experiment. We show that diversity of primary parasitoids (3rd trophic level) and, especially, secondary parasitoids (4th trophic level) increases with grass genetic diver-sity while there was no effect of endophyte infec-tion. The increase in insect diversity appeared to be due to a complementarity effect rather than a sampling effect. The higher parasitoid diversity could not be explained by a cascading diversity ef-fect because herbivore diversity was not affected and the same herbivore species were present in all treatments. The effects on the higher trophic levels must therefore be due to a direct response to plant traits or mediated by effects on traits at intermediate trophic levels. Oikos, 2011, V120, N7, JUL, pp 1031-1036 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18957.x.

12.2-70Dispersal ecology of the endangered wood-land lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in managed hemiboreal forest landscapeJueriado I, Liira J, Csencsics D, Widmer I, Adolf C, Kohv K, Scheidegger CEstonia, SwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Biodiversity , ForestryChanges in the forest management practices have strongly influenced the distribution of species in-

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habiting old-growth forests. The epiphytic wood-land lichen Lobaria pulmonaria is frequently used as a model species to study the factors affecting the population biology of lichens. We sampled 252 L. pulmonaria individuals from 12 populations rep-resenting three woodland types differing in their ecological continuity and management intensity in Estonia. We used eight mycobiont-specific mic-rosatellite loci to quantify genetic diversity among the populations. We calculated the Sorensen dis-tance to estimate genetic dissimilarity among in-dividuals within populations. We revealed that L. pulmonaria populations have significantly higher genetic diversity in old-growth forests than in managed forests and wooded meadows. We detect-ed a significant woodland-type-specific pattern of genetic dissimilarity among neighbouring L. pul-monaria individuals, which suggests that in wood-ed meadows and managed forests dominating is vegetative reproduction. The vegetative dispersal distance between the host trees of L. pulmonaria was found to be only 15-30 m. Genetic dissimilar-ity among individuals was also dependent on tree species and trunk diameter. Lobaria pulmonaria populations in managed forests included less juve-niles compared to old-growth forests and wooded meadows, indicating that forest management in-fluences life stage structure within populations. We conclude that as intensive stand management reduces the genetic diversity of threatened species in woodland habitats, particular attention should be paid to the preservation of remnant popula-tions in old-growth habitats. Within managed habitats, conservation management should target on maintenance of the stand’s structural diversity and availability of potential host trees. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2011, V20, N8, JUL, pp 1803-1819 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0062-8.

12.2-71Genetic consequences of low local tree densi-ties - Implications for the management of naturally rare, insect pollinated species in temperate forestsKamm U, Gugerli F, Rotach P, Edwards P, Holdereg-ger RSwitzerlandForestry , Plant Sciences , BiodiversityEarly on, researchers of evolutionary biology recognised that heterogeneity in the mating en-vironment is an important source of variation in mating patterns. Focusing on the mating environ-ment, we assessed the effect of conspecific tree density on mating patterns in the naturally scat-tered forest tree Sorbus domestica L. In an area of

more than 100 km(2), we mapped and genotyped all 189 adult trees and performed a paternity anal-ysis on seeds produced by single mothers. Despite a self-incompatibility system, average selling rate was 31.9%, but with high variation among mother trees. Over 70% of this variation was explained by local density of conspecifics (i.e. within a radius of 300 m), with isolated trees being more prone to selling. While we detected high selling rates in progeny, adult trees showed no signs of inbreed-ing. As almost all inbreeding in the offspring could be attributed to self-fertilisation, we hypoth-esise that there is strong selection against selfed individuals. The effective reproductive output of isolated trees, which mainly self, is therefore greatly reduced. These findings have important consequences for the management of naturally scattered, insect-pollinated temperate tree spe-cies, often belonging to the family of Rosaceae. For these species, local density of conspecifics should be maintained above a certain threshold (i.e. 0.05 trees/ha in S. domestica), to avoid negative fitness consequences from selling. Forest Ecology and Management, 2011, V262, N6, SEP 15, pp 1047-1053 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.040.

12.2-72An Unorthodox Approach to Forest Restora-tionKettle C J, Burslem D F R P, Ghazoul JSwitzerland, ScotlandForestry , Ecology , Plant SciencesScience, 2011, V333, N6038, JUL 1, p 36.

12.2-73Influence of alpine forage either employed as donor cow’s feed or as incubation substrate on in vitro ruminal fatty acid biohydrogena-tionKhiaosa Ard R, Soliva C R, Kreuzer M, Leiber FSwitzerlandZoology , AgricultureThe effects of alpine grazing on ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation were studied in vitro in com-parison to different lowland controls, by (i) adapt-ing a fistulated ruminal fluid donor cow to alpine pasture and (ii) by incubating alpine forages with the resulting ruminal fluid. The cow first received a grass-maize silage based diet in the lowlands. Subsequently, the cow grazed for 10 weeks a spe-cies-rich alpine pasture at about 2000 m elevation. This was followed by another lowland period on the mixed silage diet. Ruminal fluid was collected during the initial lowland period, after 2, 6, and 10 weeks of alpine sojourn, and 2 and 6 weeks af-

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ter returning to the lowlands. Always 3.5 h after collection, 24-h in vitro incubations with batch cultures were started. Incubations were done in triplicate with either alpine pasture hay, lowland ryegrass hay or a grass-maize silage mixture. Non-incubated rumen fluid and all incubation liquid samples were analysed for fatty acid composition. Contents of total phenols were about twice as high in forage of alpine compared to lowland forage. Incubations with ruminal fluid of alpine origin compared to lowland origin increased the appar-ent net production and the proportion in total fatty acids of vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11) by more than 1.5 times (P<0.05).This happened across all incubated forages and indicated that alpine pas-ture may have an inhibitory effect on the last step of ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation. Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) proportions of total fatty acids remained unaf-fected like also apparent stearic acid production. No clear influence of the type of forage incubated was observed, except for a higher 18:2n-6 disap-pearance rate during incubation with the mixed silage compared to the two hay types. Incubating the alpine hay resulted in a trend towards a lower 18:3n-3 disappearance rate during incubation. These results indicate that adapting the ruminal fluid donor cow for several weeks to different di-ets was more decisive for ruminal fatty acid biohy-drogenation in vitro than the immediate effects of the different incubated forages. The present results provided no clear evidence which would help to explain the repeatedly described elevation of 18:3n-3 concentration in alpine milk fat. Differ-ent from that, indications explaining the extra conjugated linoleic acid were obtained. Livestock Science, 2011, V140, N1-3, SEP, pp 80-87 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.02.012.

12.2-74Ectomycorrhiza succession patterns in Pinus sylvestris forests after stand-replacing fire in the Central AlpsKipfer T, Moser B, Egli S, Wohlgemuth T, Ghazoul JSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology , PedologyFires shape fundamental properties of many for-est ecosystems and climate change will increase their relevance in regions where fires occur infre-quently today. In ecosystems that are not adapted to fire, post-fire tree recruitment is often sparse, a fact that might be attributed to a transient lack of mycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi play an important role for recruitment by enhancing nutri-ent and water uptake of their hosts. The questions arise whether and for how long the EcM communi-

ty is transformed by fire. We investigated the resis-tance and resilience of EcM fungal communities on a chronosequence of 12 Pinus sylvestris stands in Valais (Switzerland) and Val d’Aosta (Italy) affected by fire between 1990 and 2006. Soil samples from burnt and non-burnt forests were analyzed with respect to EcM fungi by means of a bioassay. The number of EcM species was significantly lower in samples from recently (2-5 years) burnt sites than non-burnt forest, and increased with time since fire reaching levels of adjacent forests after 15-18 years. Community composition changed after fire but did not converge to that of non-burnt sites over the 18 year period. Only Rhizopogon roseolus and Cenococcum geophilum were abundant in both burnt sites and adjacent forest. Our data indicate fire resistance of some EcM fungal species as well as rapid resilience in terms of species number, but not in species composition. As long as the function of different EcM species for seedling establishment is unknown, the consequences of long-term shifts in EcM community composition for tree recruitment remain unclear. Oecologia, 2011, V167, N1, SEP, pp 219-228 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1981-5.

12.2-75Land-use effects on genetic structure of a com-mon grassland herb: A matter of scaleKloss L, Fischer M, Durka WGermany, SwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , AgricultureThe most common management practices in Eu-ropean grasslands are grazing by livestock and mowing for silage and hay. Grazing and mowing differ in their potential effects on plant gene flow and resulting population genetic structure. Af-ter assessing its breeding system, we investigated the effect of land use on the population genetic structure in the common grassland plant Veron-ica chamaedrys using 63 study populations on meadows, mown pastures and pastures in three regions in Germany, the so-called Biodiversity Exploratories. We determined plant density and analysed the genetic diversity, differentiation and small-scale genetic structure using amplified frag-ment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The breeding system of V chamaedrys turned out as self-incompatible and outcrossing. Its genetic di-versity did not differ among land-use types. This may be attributed to large population sizes and the strong dispersal ability of the species, which maintains genetically diverse populations not prone to genetic drift. Genetic differentiation among populations was low (overall F-ST = 0.075) but significant among the three regions. Land use

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had only weak effects on population differentia-tion in only one region. However, land use affected small-scale genetic structure suggesting that gene flow within plots was more restricted on meadows than on mown and unmown pastures. Our study shows that land use influences genetic structure mainly at the small scale within populations, de-spite high gene flow. Basic and Applied Ecology, 2011, V12, N5, AUG, pp 440-448 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2011.06.001.

12.2-76Influence of niche characteristics and forest type on fern species richness, abundance and plant size along an elevational gradient in Costa RicaKluge J, Kessler MSwitzerland, GermanyForestry , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , EcologyAn analysis of the fern vegetation on 156 plots along an elevational gradient (45-3400 m) in un-disturbed forests in Costa Rica, Central America, showed a hump-shaped pattern of species rich-ness with a maximum of up to 68 species per 400 m(2) at mid-elevations. This study documents the contribution of specific habitats (forest types: ridges, ravines) and niches within them (dead wood, rocks, growth zones in trees) to the local fern richness and the relation of species richness to elevation and climatic variables. Forests along ravines showed significantly higher species rich-ness, presumably caused by high environmental humidity. The mean number of individuals of oc-cupied niches per species increased significantly with elevation, suggesting that the niche breadth of species increased and that the differentiation of niches decreased with elevation. Both findings may explain the reduced fern species richness to-wards and above the upper treeline, but not at low elevations. The key factors for the decreases of spe-cies richness at the extremes of the gradient are likely to involve climatic conditions. Plant Ecology, 2011, V212, N7, JUL, pp 1109-1121 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-010-9891-x.

12.2-77Forest ecosystem genomics and adaptation: EVOLTREE conference reportKremer A, Vinceti B, Alia R, Burczyk J, Cavers S, Degen B, Finkeldey R, Fluch S, Goemoery D, Gugerli F, et alFrance, Italy, Spain, Poland, Scotland, Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Switzerland, Netherlands, Eng-land, FinlandForestry , Plant Sciences , Modelling

This article is a summary report of the internation-al conference “Forest ecosystem genomics and ad-aptation” organized by the EVOLTREE Network of Excellence in San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Madrid), Spain, from 9 to 11 June 2010. Main achievements and results of the network are presented for the eight thematic sessions and a stakeholder session. The conference has shown that adaptive responses of trees to biotic or abiotic selection pressures can now be investigated at the gene level for traits of adaptive significance. Candidate genes have been catalogued for phenological and drought-related traits in important tree families (Salicaceae, Faga-ceaea and Pinaceae), and their variation in natu-ral populations is being explored. Genomics can now be integrated in ecological research to inves-tigate evolutionary response to climate changes in a wide range of species. New avenues of research were also highlighted as the exploration of gene networks involved in adaptive responses and the combination of experimental and modelling ap-proaches to disentangle components of evolu-tionary changes triggered by climate change. The main focus of the conference was the adaptation of trees to environmental changes. The conference was organized in eight thematic sessions ranging from genomic approaches aiming at identifying genes of adaptive significance to practical issues regarding mitigation options for combating cli-mate change. A dialogue between scientists and end users took place in the form of an ad hoc stake-holder session. A panel of end users from various forest and policy-making institutions expressed their expectations, and the discussions with the scientists addressed the potential applications of research findings to the management of genetic resources in the context of climate changes. The conference was introduced by two keynote speak-ers Dr. Pierre Mathy from the European Commis-sion, Directorate General of Research, and Dr. Al-len Solomon, former National Program Leader for Global Change, US Forest Service. All the thematic sessions were introduced by high-level invited speakers from the respective fields. Tree Genetics Genomes, 2011, V7, N4, AUG, pp 869-875 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11295-011-0378-2.

12.2-78Basic biogenic aerosol precursors: Agricultural source attribution of volatile amines revisedKuhn U, Sintermann J, Spirig C, Jocher M, Ammann C, Neftel ASwitzerlandZoology , Agriculture , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

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Despite recent evidence on an important role of vol-atile amines in the nucleation of particulate mat-ter, very scarce information is available on their atmospheric abundance and source distribution. Previous measurements in animal housings had identified livestock husbandry as the main amine source, with trimethylamine (TMA) being the key component. This has led to the assumption that the agricultural sources for amines are similar as for ammonia, emitted throughout the cascade of ani-mal excretion, storage and application in the field. In this study, we present the first micrometeorolog-ical flux measurements as well as dynamic enclo-sure experiments showing that the amine source strength from stored slurry is negligible, imply-ing significant consequences for the global amine emission inventory. In the case of cattle, amine production is attributed to the animal’s rumina-tion activity and exhalation is suggested to be an important emission pathway, similar to the green-house gas methane. Fodder like hay and silage also emits volatile amines, potentially assigning these alkaloid compounds a key function in enhancing particle formation in remote areas. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, V38, AUG 30 ARTN: L16811, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047958.

12.2-79Invasives: A Major Conservation ThreatLambertini M, Leape J, Marton Lefevre J, Mitter Meier R A, Rose M, Robinson J G, Stuart S N, Wald-man B, Genovesi PItaly, England, Switzerland, USABiodiversity , EcologyScience, 2011, V333, N6041, JUL 22, pp 404-405.

12.2-80How do we improve Earth system models? Integrating Earth system models, ecosystem models, experiments and long-term dataLeuzinger S, Thomas R QSwitzerland, USAEcology , Modelling , Forestry , Plant SciencesNew Phytologist, 2011, V191, N1, JUL, pp 15-18.

12.2-81Climatic modifiers of the response to nitro-gen deposition in peat- forming Sphagnum mosses: a meta-analysisLimpens J, Granath G, Gunnarsson U, Aerts R, Bay-ley S, Bragazza L, Bubier J, Buttler A, van den Berg L J L, Grosvernier P, Mitchell E A D, et alNetherlands, Sweden, Canada, Italy, Switzerland, USA, France, Germany, Estonia, Scotland, NorwayPlant Sciences , Ecology , Geochemistry & Geophysics

Peatlands in the northern hemisphere have accu-mulated more atmospheric carbon (C) during the Holocene than any other terrestrial ecosystem, making peatlands long-term C sinks of global im-portance. Projected increases in nitrogen (N) depo-sition and temperature make future accumulation rates uncertain. Here, we assessed the impact of N deposition on peatland C sequestration potential by investigating the effects of experimental N ad-dition on Sphagnum moss. We employed meta-regressions to the results of 107 field experiments, accounting for sampling dependence in the data. We found that high N loading (comprising N ap-plication rate, experiment duration, background N deposition) depressed Sphagnum production relative to untreated controls. The interactive ef-fects of presence of competitive vascular plants and high tissue N concentrations indicated in-tensified biotic interactions and altered nutrient stochiometry as mechanisms underlying the det-rimental N effects. Importantly, a higher summer temperature (mean for July) and increased annual precipitation intensified the negative effects of N. The temperature effect was comparable to an ex-perimental application of almost 4 g N m(-2) yr(-1) for each 1 degrees C increase. Our results indicate that current rates of N deposition in a warmer en-vironment will strongly inhibit C sequestration by Sphagnum- dominated vegetation. New Phytologist, 2011, V191, N2, JUL, pp 496-507 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03680.x.

12.2-82The future of terrestrial mammals in the Medi-terranean basin under climate changeMaiorano L, Falcucci A, Zimmermann N E, Psomas A, Pottier J, Baisero D, Rondinini C, Guisan A, Boitani LSwitzerland, ItalyBiodiversity , Zoology , Ecology , ModellingThe Mediterranean basin is considered a hotspot of biological diversity with a long history of modi-fication of natural ecosystems by human activities, and is one of the regions that will face extensive changes in climate. For 181 terrestrial mammals (68% of all Mediterranean mammals), we used an ensemble forecasting approach to model the fu-ture (approx. 2100) potential distribution under climate change considering five climate change model outputs for two climate scenarios. Overall, a substantial number of Mediterranean mam-mals will be severely threatened by future climate change, particularly endemic species. Moreover, we found important changes in potential species richness owing to climate change, with some ar-

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eas (e.g. montane region in central Italy) gaining species, while most of the region will be losing species (mainly Spain and North Africa). Existing protected areas (PAs) will probably be strongly in-fluenced by climate change, with most PAs in Afri-ca, the Middle East and Spain losing a substantial number of species, and those PAs gaining species (e.g. central Italy and southern France) will expe-rience a substantial shift in species composition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 2011, V366, N1578, SI, SEP 27, pp 2681-2692 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0121.

12.2-83Ecology and life history affect different aspects of the population structure of 27 high-alpine plantsMeirmans P G, Goudet J, Gaggiotti O EFrance, SwitzerlandEcology , Plant Sciences , BiodiversityA plant species’ genetic population structure is the result of a complex combination of its life his-tory, ecological preferences, position in the eco-system and historical factors. As a result, many different statistical methods exist that measure different aspects of species’ genetic structure. However, little is known about how these methods are interrelated and how they are related to a spe-cies’ ecology and life history. In this study, we used the IntraBioDiv amplified fragment length poly-morphisms data set from 27 high-alpine species to calculate eight genetic summary statistics that we jointly correlate to a set of six ecological and life-history traits. We found that there is a large amount of redundancy among the calculated summary statistics and that there is a significant association with the matrix of species traits. In a multivariate analysis, two main aspects of popula-tion structure were visible among the 27 species. The first aspect is related to the species’ dispersal capacities and the second is most likely related to the species’ postglacial recolonization of the Alps. Furthermore, we found that some summary sta-tistics, most importantly Mantel’s r and Jost’s D, show different behaviour than expected based on theory. We therefore advise caution in drawing too strong conclusions from these statistics. Molecular Ecology, 2011, V20, N15, AUG, pp 3144-3155 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05164.x.

12.2-84New stomatal flux-based critical levels for ozone effects on vegetationMills G, Pleijel H, Braun S, Büker P, Bermejo V, Calvo E, Danielsson H, Emberson L, Gonzalez Fernandez I, Grünhage L, Harmens H, Hayes F, Karlsson P E, Simpson DWales, Sweden, Switzerland, England, Spain, Ger-many, NorwayPlant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci-ences , ForestryThe critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation have been reviewed and revised by the LRTAP Convention. Eight new or revised critical levels based on the accumulated stomatal flux of ozone (POD gamma, the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold flux of Y nmol m (-2) PLA s(-1), where PLA is the projected leaf area) have been agreed. For each receptor, data were combined from ex-periments conducted under naturally fluctuating environmental conditions in 2-4 countries, result-ing in linear dose response relationships with response variables specific to each receptor (r(2) = 0.49-0.87, p < 0.001 for all). For crops, critical lev-els were derived for effects on wheat (grain yield, grain mass, and protein yield), potato (tuber yield) and tomato (fruit yield). For forest trees, critical levels were derived for effects on changes in annu-al increment in whole tree biomass for beech and birch, and Norway spruce. For (semi-)natural veg-etation, the critical level for effects on productive and high conservation value perennial grasslands was based on effects on important component spe-cies of the genus Trifolium (clover species). These critical levels can be used to assess protection against the damaging effects of ozone on food se-curity, important ecosystem services provided by forest trees (round-wood production, C sequestra-tion, soil stability and flood prevention) and the vitality of pasture. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, V45, N28, SEP, pp 5064-5068 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.009.

12.2-85Within-orchard variability of the ecosystem service ‘parasitism’: Effects of cultivars, ants and tree locationMody K, Spoerndli C, Dorn SSwitzerlandBiodiversity , Agriculture , Plant Sciences , Forestry , Zoology , EcologyInsect-mediated ecosystem services such as bio-logical pest control contribute to sustainable ag-riculture. Local-scale factors are of high relevance to farmers striving for enhanced conservation

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biological control. However, particularly in peren-nial cropping systems, knowledge is limited on which and how local factors affect the effective-ness of parasitoids as natural enemies of pests. Fo-cussing on parasitism of the apple blossom weevil Anthonomus pomorum by native parasitic wasps in fruit orchards adjacent to forests, we quanti-fied the effects of the following potential deter-minants of the ecosystem service ‘parasitism’: (1) apple cultivar, (2) presence of ants, (3) distance between apple trees and forest (edge effects), and (4) environmental variability (temperature and precipitation patterns in five study years; orchard clearcut as a fundamental change in land-use). Apple cultivars varied significantly in flowering phenology and blossom size. Parasitism of A. po-morum by hymenopteran parasitoids differed consistently among apple cultivars across years. Weevil infestation of trees was also significantly affected by apple cultivar. Ant exclusion from ap-ple trees significantly increased parasitism in one apple cultivar. Parasitism was higher on potted phytometer trees close to forest than on those dis-tant from forest. Parasitism differed significantly among study years. Across-year parasitism levels were more similar for overall parasitism than for parasitism by the key parasitoid, the ichneumo-nid Scambus pomorum alone. Parasitism on pot-ted trees remained high for the two years follow-ing orchard clearcut, whereas weevil infestation was significantly reduced in the second year after clearcut. This study shows that local-scale factors including crop cultivar, presence of ants that act as antagonists of parasitoids, and within- field position of crop plants may affect the ecosystem service of parasitism, and hence can be applied to improve natural pest control. Parasitoid diversity may stabilize parasitism levels, depending on ac-tual environmental conditions. Basic and Applied Ecology, 2011, V12, N5, AUG, pp 456-465 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2011.05.005.

12.2-86Simulated migration in a long-term climate change experiment: invasions impeded by dispersal limitation, not biotic resistanceMoser B, Fridley J D, Askew A P, Grime J PSwitzerland, USA, EnglandBiodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology1. Successful poleward shifts of plant species rang-es as a result of climate change will depend on interactions between migrating species and the communities they invade. Although poleward mi-gration may be constrained by slow long-distance dispersal into suitable habitat, the invasion resis-

tance of a plant community is expected to depend on the timeframe available for species- and genet-ic-level compositional shifts. 2. We tested whether range shifts of Bromus erectus and Brachypodium pinnatum, two dominant grasses of calcareous grasslands in the southern UK with different phe-nologies and competitive abilities, are limited by dispersal and whether local plant communities are able to adapt to changes in climate conditions and resist invasion from novel species. We added seeds of the two species to an infertile grassland in northern England, where both species are cur-rently absent and where winter warming and summer drought have been simulated for short (1 year) and long (15 years) durations. 3. We predict-ed that seed addition would lead to higher estab-lishment of the two species in grassland plots sub-jected to artificial winter warming than in plots with imposed summer drought, and we expected that invasion resistance of the extant grassland community would be higher in long-term than in short-term climate manipulations. 4. Warming induced earlier seedling emergence in both spe-cies and resulted in higher invader above-ground biomass at the end of the first growing season. Summer drought did not affect the invasion suc-cess of Bromus but it offset the beneficial effects of winter warming in Brachypodium. Invader per-formance was similar in communities with long-and short-term climate manipulations. 5. Synthe-sis. Climate induced poleward shifts will proceed even if slow long-distance dispersal of migrating species allows extant communities to adapt to a new climate regime. Asynchrony between the phe-nology of migrating species and seasonal resource use by invaded communities are likely to amplify migration success. Journal of Ecology, 2011, V99, N5, SEP, pp 1229-1236 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01841.x.

12.2-87Seed fate and seedling dynamics after masting in two African rain forest treesNorghauer J M, Newbery D MSwitzerlandEcology , Forestry , Plant Sciences , ZoologyHow the effects of biotic factors are moderated by abiotic factors, and their consequences for species interactions, is generally understudied in ecology. A key abiotic feature of forests is regular canopy disturbances that create temporary patches, or “gaps, “ of above-average light availability. Co-occurring in lowland primary forest of Korup Na-tional Park (Cameroon), Microberlinia bisulcata and Tetraberlinia bifoliolata are locally dominant,

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ectomycorrhizal trees whose seeds share predator guilds in masting years. Here, we experimentally tested the impact of small mammal predators upon seedling abundance, growth, and survivor-ship. In 2007, we added a fixed density of seeds of each species to exclosures at 48 gap- understory lo-cations across 82.5 ha within a large Microberlinia grove, and at 15 locations outside it. For both spe-cies, small mammals removed more seeds in gaps than in understory, whereas this was reversed for seeds killed by invertebrates. Nonetheless, Microb-erlinia lost twice as many seeds to small mam-mals, and more to invertebrates in exclosures, than Tetraberlinia, which was more prone to a pathogenic white fungus. After six weeks, both species had greater seedling establishment in gaps than understory, and in exclosures outside compared to exclosures inside the grove. In the subsequent two-year period, seedling growth and survivorship peaked in exclosures in gaps, but Mi-croberlinia had more seedlings’ stems clipped by animals than Tetraberlinia, and more than twice the percentage of leaf area damaged. Whereas Mi-croberlinia seedling performance in gaps was infe-rior to Tetraberlinia inside the grove, outside it Mi-croberlinia had reduced leaf damage, grew taller, and had many more leaves than Tetraberlinia. No evidence was found for “apparent mutualism” in the understory as seedling establishment of both species increased away from (>25 m) large stems of either species, pointing to “apparent competi-tion” instead. In gaps, Microberlinia seedling es-tablishment was lower near Tetraberlinia than conspecific adults because of context-dependent small mammal satiation. Stage-matrix analysis suggested that protecting Microberlinia from small mammals could increase its population growth rate by 0.06. In the light of prior research we conclude that small mammals and canopy gaps play an important role in promoting species coexistence in this forest, and that their strong in-teraction contributes to Microberlinia’s currently very poor regeneration. Ecological Monographs, 2011, V81, N3, AUG, pp 443-468.

12.2-88Spatial and temporal dynamics in eddy covari-ance observations of methane fluxes at a tundra site in northeastern SiberiaParmentier F J W, van Huissteden J, van der Molen M K, Schaepman Strub G, Karsanaev S A, Maximov T C, Dolman A JNetherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, RussiaMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sci-ences , Modelling

In the past two decades, the eddy covariance tech-nique has been used for an increasing number of methane flux studies at an ecosystem scale. Previ-ously, most of these studies used a closed path set-up with a tunable diode laser spectrometer (TDL). Although this method worked well, the TDL has to be calibrated regularly and cooled with liquid nitrogen or a cryogenic system, which limits its use in remote areas. Recently, a new closed path technique has been introduced that uses off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy that does not require regular calibration or liquid nitrogen to operate and can thus be applied in remote ar-eas. In the summer of 2008 and 2009, this eddy covariance technique was used to study methane fluxes from a tundra site in northeastern Siberia. The measured emissions showed to be very depen-dent on the fetch area, due to a large contrast in dry and wet vegetation in between wind direc-tions. Furthermore, the observed short-and long-term variation of methane fluxes could be read-ily explained with a nonlinear model that used relationships with atmospheric stability, soil tem-perature, and water level. This model was subse-quently extended to fieldwork periods preceding the eddy covariance setup and applied to evalu-ate a spatially integrated flux. The model result showed that average fluxes were 56.5, 48.7, and 30.4 nmol CH4 m(-2) s(-1) for the summers of 2007 to 2009. While previous models of the same type were only applicable to daily averages, the method described can be used on a much higher tempo-ral resolution, making it suitable for gap filling. Furthermore, by partitioning the measured fluxes along wind direction, this model can also be used in areas with nonuniform terrain but nonetheless provide spatially integrated fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 2011, V116, AUG 4 ARTN: G03016, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001637.

12.2-89Functional traits and root morphology of alpine plantsPohl M, Stroude R, Buttler A, Rixen CSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , PedologyBackground and Aims: Vegetation has long been recognized to protect the soil from erosion. Under-standing species differences in root morphology and functional traits is an important step to assess which species and species mixtures may provide erosion control. Furthermore, extending clas-sification of plant functional types towards root traits may be a useful procedure in understanding important root functions. Methods: In this study,

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pioneer data on traits of alpine plant species, i.e. plant height and shoot biomass, root depth, horizontal root spreading, root length, diameter, tensile strength, plant age and root biomass, from a disturbed site in the Swiss Alps are presented. The applicability of three classifications of plant functional types (PFTs), i.e. life form, growth form and root type, was examined for above- and below-ground plant traits. Key Results: Plant traits dif-fered considerably among species even of the same life form, e. g. in the case of total root length by more than two orders of magnitude. Within the same root diameter, species differed significantly in tensile strength: some species (Geum reptans and Luzula spicata) had roots more than twice as strong as those of other species. Species of differ-ent life forms provided different root functions (e. g. root depth and horizontal root spreading) that may be important for soil physical processes. All classifications of PFTs were helpful to categorize plant traits; however, the PFTs according to root type explained total root length far better than the other PFTs. Conclusions: The results of the study illustrate the remarkable differences between root traits of alpine plants, some of which cannot be assessed from simple morphological inspection, e. g. tensile strength. PFT classification based on root traits seems useful to categorize plant traits, even though some patterns are better explained at the individual species level. Annals of Botany, 2011, V108, N3, SEP, pp 537-545 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr169.

12.2-90CWM and Rao’s quadratic diversity: a unified framework for functional ecologyRicotta C, Moretti MItaly, SwitzerlandEcology , BiodiversityAssessing the effects of environmental constraints on community structure often relies on methods that consider changes in species functional traits in response to environmental processes. Various indices have been proposed to measure relevant aspects of community trait composition from different viewpoints and perspectives. Among these, the ‘community-weighted mean trait value’ (CWM) and the Rao coefficient have been widely used in ecological research for summarizing dif-ferent facets of functional composition and diver-sity. Analyzing changes in functional diversity of bee communities along a post-fire successional gradient in southern Switzerland we show that these two measures may be used to describe two complementary aspects of community structure, such as the mean and the dispersion of functional

traits within a given species assemblage. While CWM can be adequately used to summarize shifts in mean trait values within communities due to environmental selection for certain functional traits, the Rao coefficient can be effectively ap-plied to analyze patterns of trait convergence or divergence compared to a random expectation. Oecologia, 2011, V167, N1, SEP, pp 181-188 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1965-5.

12.2-91A partial ordering approach for functional diversityRicotta C, Szeidl L, Moretti M, Blasi CItaly, Hungary, SwitzerlandBiodiversity , EcologyFunctional diversity is generally regarded as the constituent of biological diversity that considers how the species functional traits affect ecosystem processes. Due to its ecological relevance, a num-ber of indices of functional diversity have been proposed to date based on distinct objectives and motivations. Such proliferation of indices can be at least partially overcome by a more fundamental mathematical approach. In this paper we propose an intrinsic ordering approach for abundance-weighted measures of functional diversity that is similar to the Lorenz curves used by ecologists for ordering evenness measures. We then discuss the relevance of a number of functional diversity indices that have a behavior compatible with the proposed partial ordering. Theoretical Population Biology, 2011, V80, N2, SEP, pp 114-120 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2011.03.007.

12.2-92Landscape complexity and spatial scale influ-ence the relationship between remotely sensed spectral diversity and survey-based plant species richnessRocchini D, Mcglinn D, Ricotta C, Neteler M, Wohl-gemuth TItaly, USA, SwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Biodiversity , Remote Sensing , EcologyQuestions: Species rarefaction curves have long been used for estimating the expected number of species as a function of sampling effort. Nonethe-less, sampling species based on standard plant in-ventories represents an effort-intensive approach. Hence, rarefaction based on remotely sensed in-formation can provide a rapid tool for identifying regions with exceptional richness and turnover. The aim of this paper is to examine (i) if the rates of spectral and species accumulation are positive-

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ly correlated with one another at different spatial scales, and (ii) if the strength of this correlation differs between regions of varying landscape complexity. Location: Switzerland, Europe. Meth-ods: The plant species data were derived from the Swiss “Biodiversity Monitoring’’ programme. Seven Landsat ETM+ images covering the whole study area were acquired. We applied species and spectral rarefaction for five biogeographical areas ranging from flat to mountainous zones. The rela-tive increments (rates) of the species and spectral rarefaction curves were compared using Pearson correlation together with locally weighted scat-terplot smoothing (LOWESS). Results: The bio-geographic regions differed from one another in both their spectral and species diversity. The re-lationship between spectrally- and species-derived rates of accumulation was non- significant in simple landscapes, but we observed a significant positive correlation in complex landscapes over fine-to-intermediate spatial scales. Conclusions: Spectral rarefaction represents a powerful tool for measuring landscape diversity and potentially predicting species diversity at regional to global spatial scales. Based on remotely sensed informa-tion, more efficient diversity-based monitoring programmes can be developed. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2011, V22, N4, SI, AUG, pp 688-698 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01250.x.

12.2-93Complete, accurate, mammalian phylogenies aid conservation planning, but not muchRodrigues A S L, Grenyer R, Baillie J E M, Bininda Emonds O R P, Gittlemann J L, Hoffmann M, Safi K, Schipper J, Stuart S N, Brooks TFrance, England, Germany, USA, Switzerland, U Arab Emirates, Philippines, AustraliaBiodiversity , Zoology , EcologyIn the face of unprecedented global biodiversity loss, conservation planning must balance be-tween refining and deepening knowledge versus acting on current information to preserve species and communities. Phylogenetic diversity (PD), a biodiversity measure that takes into account the evolutionary relationships between species, is arguably a more meaningful measure of biodi-versity than species diversity, but cannot yet be applied to conservation planning for the major-ity of taxa for which phylogenetic trees have not yet been developed. Here, we investigate how the quality of data on the taxonomy and/or phylogeny of species affects the results of spatial conserva-tion planning in terms of the representation of overall mammalian PD. The results show that

the better the quality of the biodiversity data the better they can serve as a basis for conservation planning. However, decisions based on incomplete data are remarkably robust across different levels of degrading quality concerning the description of new species and the availability of phylogenetic information. Thus, given the level of urgency and the need for action, conservation planning can safely make use of the best available systematic data, limited as these data may be. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 2011, V366, N1578, SI, SEP 27, pp 2652-2660 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0104.

12.2-94Reconciling global mammal prioritization schemes into a strategyRondinini C, Boitani L, Rodrigues A S L, Brooks T M, Pressey R L, Visconti P, Baillie J E M, Baisero D, Cabeza M, Crooks K R, Hofmann M, Stuart S, et alItaly, France, USA, Philippines, Australia, England, Finland, Switzerland, U Arab EmiratesBiodiversity , Zoology , EcologyThe huge conservation interest that mammals attract and the large datasets that have been col-lected on them have propelled a diversity of global mammal prioritization schemes, but no compre-hensive global mammal conservation strategy. We highlight some of the potential discrepancies between the schemes presented in this theme is-sue, including: conservation of species or areas, reactive and proactive conservation approaches, conservation knowledge and action, levels of ag-gregation of indicators of trend and scale issues. We propose that recently collected global mam-mal data and many of the mammal prioritization schemes now available could be incorporated into a comprehensive global strategy for the conserva-tion of mammals. The task of developing such a strategy should be coordinated by a super- partes, authoritative institution (e.g. the International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN). The strategy would facilitate funding agencies, con-servation organizations and national institutions to rapidly identify a number of short-term and long-term global conservation priorities, and act complementarily to achieve them. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 2011, V366, N1578, SI, SEP 27, pp 2722-2728 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0112.

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12.2-95Global habitat suitability models of terrestrial mammalsRondinini C, Di Marco M, Chiozza F, Santulli G, Bai-sero D, Visconti P, Hoffmann M, Schipper J, Stuart S N, Tognelli M F, Amori G, Falcucci A, Maiorano L, Boitani LItaly, Australia, Switzerland, England, USA, U Arab Emirates, ArgentinaBiodiversity , Zoology , Ecology , ModellingDetailed large-scale information on mammal dis-tribution has often been lacking, hindering con-servation efforts. We used the information from the 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as a baseline for developing habitat suitability models for 5027 out of 5330 known terrestrial mammal species, based on their habitat relationships. We focused on the following environmental variables: land cover, elevation and hydrological features. Models were developed at 300 m resolution and limited to within species’ known geographical ranges. A subset of the models was validated us-ing points of known species occurrence. We con-ducted a global, fine-scale analysis of patterns of species richness. The richness of mammal species estimated by the overlap of their suitable habitat is on average one-third less than that estimated by the overlap of their geographical ranges. The highest absolute difference is found in tropical and subtropical regions in South America, Africa and Southeast Asia that are not covered by dense forest. The proportion of suitable habitat within mammal geographical ranges correlates with the IUCN Red List category to which they have been as-signed, decreasing monotonically from Least Con-cern to Endangered. These results demonstrate the importance of fine-resolution distribution data for the development of global conservation strategies for mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 2011, V366, N1578, SI, SEP 27, pp 2633-2641 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0113.

12.2-96Long-term impacts of ski piste management on alpine vegetation and soilsRoux Fouillet P, Wipf S, Rixen CSwitzerlandEcology , Plant Sciences , Pedology , Cryology / Glaciology1. Downhill skiing, the machine-grading of slopes and the use of artificial snow induce major distur-bances to the environment of alpine ski resorts. Our study aims to quantify the impacts of differ-ent ski piste management types (graded/ungraded;

with/without artificial snow) on the environment and its development over time. 2. We re-sampled study plots established 8 years earlier and com-pared vegetation and soil characteristics on differ-ent types of ski pistes to adjacent off-piste control plots, and analysed vegetation changes over time. 3. Generally, machine-grading led to a decreased plant cover and plant productivity, and increased indicator values for nutrients, light and soil base content compared to control plots. Ungraded ski pistes and artificial snow led to increased vegeta-tion indicator values for nutrients and soil humid-ity. 4. Soil analyses conducted in 2008 generally confirmed the changes shown by the vegetation indicator values in 2000 and in 2008. Machine-grading had the greatest effects on soil character-istics by increasing soil density by more than 50%, by increasing pH and C/N ratio, and by decreasing total nitrogen concentrations. 5. The differences between piste and off-piste plots were similar to those found 8 years ago, but their proportions changed. The vegetation cover on machine-graded ski pistes decreased over the 8 years, showing no sign of recovery or succession. Ungraded ski pistes showed increased differences in indicator values for reactivity and humus between piste and con-trol plots compared to the results obtained 8 years earlier. 6. Synthesis and applications. Machine-grading of ski runs and downhill skiing in general induced long-lasting impacts on vegetation and on both chemical and physical soil characteristics. Even though few impacts of artificial snow were significant, our results suggest that it may change moisture status of the vegetation, and thus cau-tion is warranted when used in dry and nutrient-poor habitats. The vegetation cover on machine-graded pistes deteriorated over a period of 8 years, illustrating that natural recovery did not occur in these alpine habitats. Consequently, the construc-tion of new pistes by machine-grading in alpine habitats should be avoided, and existing pistes should be managed to avert further disturbances. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011, V48, N4, AUG, pp 906-915 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01964.x.

12.2-97Tillage effects on weed communities in an or-ganic winter wheat- sunflower-spelt cropping sequenceSans F X, Berner A, Armengot L, Mäder PSpain, SwitzerlandAgriculture , Plant Sciences , PedologyConservation tillage could provide environmental benefits to organic farming. However, potential weed problems often tend to discourage farmers

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from adopting it. The effects of tillage (reduced vs. conventional), fertilisation (slurry vs. manure compost) and the application of biodynamic preparations (with and without) on crop yield and on weed cover, diversity and biological attri-butes were investigated in a cropping sequence of wheat, sunflower and spelt. Total weed cover and perennial cover in reduced tillage treatments were two to three times greater than in conventional treatments. Monocotyledon cover in reduced till-age was three times that in conventional tillage in spelt, whereas the dicotyledon Stellaria media dominated in sunflower. Weed diversity was simi-lar across treatments, regardless of cereal crop, whereas lower diversity values were observed with reduced tillage in sunflower, because of the dominance of S. media. There was virtually no ef-fect of fertilisation and biodynamic preparations on weed parameters. Although wheat and spelt yield decreased in reduced tillage plots (14% and 8% respectively), the sunflower grain yield was unaffected. Reduced tillage could thus be useful in organic cropping systems but would require proper management of perennial and monocoty-ledonous weeds, which are often problematic for annual crops. Weed Research, 2011, V51, N4, AUG, pp 413-421 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00859.x.

12.2-98Habitat-density associations are not geograph-ically transferable in Swiss farmland birdsSchaub M, Kery M, Birrer S, Rudin M, Jenni LSwitzerlandZoology , Ecology , Biodiversity , ModellingKnowledge about associations between habitat and population density is essential for ecological studies and management alike, for instance, to identify high-density areas worthy of protection. Furthermore, habitat-density associations are im-portant for setting targets, e. g. in agri-environ-mental schemes. However, habitat associations need to be constant across management units, which may be entire countries; otherwise manage-ment should be targeted at smaller, internally ho-mogenous regions. We use data on 13 Swiss farm-land bird species from 128 study sites to test for the generality of the association between territory density and six key habitat descriptors: the densi-ty of hedges and woodland edges, and the propor-tion of meadows, pastures, crops and fallow land at each study site. We modelled observed territory counts in overdispersed Poisson regressions, with and without zero-inflation, and including the in-teractions between four geographical regions and

six habitat descriptors. To test for spatial trans-ferability of habitat-density associations, we also fitted the corresponding main-effects models. As a continuous alternative to discrete regions, we fitted models with altitude and its interactions with habitat, to test for the generality of habitat-density associations across the 1885 m altitudinal gradient in our study (365-2250 m a.s.l.). Finally, we tested for nonlinearity as a possible reason for geographical non- transferability of habitat-den-sity associations. The interactions between either region or altitude and habitat-density associations were important in 10 of 13 species, showing that habitat-density associations were not transferable. Discrete regions were the best descriptor of the spatial variation in habitat-density associations in seven species, and altitude in six. Simple overdis-persed Poisson regressions were superior to zero-inflated models for 12 of 13 species. For 6 species nonlinearity was a sufficient explanation for the observed non-transferability. Non-transferability of habitat- density relationships might stem from biological reasons or from methodological incon-sistencies. To distinguish between them, to sug-gest better management actions and to improve species habitat models, focused habitat-density studies ought to be replicated at various sites. Our study emphasizes the need for spatial stratifica-tion of conservation measures (e. g. agri-environ-mental schemes), otherwise, they may be ineffi-cient or even harmful. Ideally, the spatial extent of internally homogenous regions ought to be in-vestigated for efficient conservation management. Ecography, 2011, V34, N4, AUG, pp 693-704 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06584.x.

12.2-99Predator Diversity and Abundance Provide Little Support for the Enemies Hypothesis in Forests of High Tree DiversitySchuldt A, Both S, Brülheide H, Härdtle W, Schmid B, Zhou H, Assmann TGermany, Switzerland, Peoples R ChinaForestry , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , EcologyPredatory arthropods can exert strong top-down control on ecosystem functions. However, despite extensive theory and experimental manipula-tions of predator diversity, our knowledge about relationships between plant and predator diver-sity-and thus information on the relevance of experimental findings-for species- rich, natural ecosystems is limited. We studied activity abun-dance and species richness of epigeic spiders in a highly diverse forest ecosystem in subtropical China across 27 forest stands which formed a gra-

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dient in tree diversity of 25-69 species per plot. The enemies hypothesis predicts higher predator abundance and diversity, and concomitantly more effective top-down control of food webs, with in-creasing plant diversity. However, in our study, activity abundance and observed species richness of spiders decreased with increasing tree species richness. There was only a weak, non-significant relationship with tree richness when spider rich-ness was rarefied, i.e. corrected for different total abundances of spiders. Only foraging guild rich-ness (i.e. the diversity of hunting modes) of spi-ders was positively related to tree species richness. Plant species richness in the herb layer had no significant effects on spiders. Our results thus pro-vide little support for the enemies hypothesis-de-rived from studies in less diverse ecosystems-of a positive relationship between predator and plant diversity. Our findings for an important group of generalist predators question whether stronger top-down control of food webs can be expected in the more plant diverse stands of our forest ecosys-tem. Biotic interactions could play important roles in mediating the observed relationships between spider and plant diversity, but further testing is required for a more detailed mechanistic under-standing. Our findings have implications for eval-uating the way in which theoretical predictions and experimental findings of functional predator effects apply to species-rich forest ecosystems, in which trophic interactions are often considered to be of crucial importance for the maintenance of high plant diversity. Plos One, 2011, V6, N7, JUL 28 ARTN: e22905, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022905.

12.2-100Plant sexual reproduction during climate change: gene function in natura studied by ecological and evolutionary systems biologyShimizu K K, Kudoh H, Kobayashi M JSwitzerland, JapanPlant Sciences , EcologyBackground: It is essential to understand and predict the effects of changing environments on plants. This review focuses on the sexual repro-duction of plants, as previous studies have sug-gested that this trait is particularly vulnerable to climate change, and because a number of ecologi-cally and evolutionarily relevant genes have been identified. Scope: It is proposed that studying gene functions in naturally fluctuating conditions, or gene functions in natura, is important to predict responses to changing environments. First, we dis-cuss flowering time, an extensively studied exam-

ple of phenotypic plasticity. The quantitative ap-proaches of ecological and evolutionary systems biology have been used to analyse the expression of a key flowering gene, FLC, of Arabidopsis halleri in naturally fluctuating environments. Modelling showed that FLC acts as a quantitative tracer of the temperature over the preceding 6 weeks. The predictions of this model were verified experimen-tally, confirming its applicability to future climate changes. Second, the evolution of self-compatibil-ity as exemplifying an evolutionary response is discussed. Evolutionary genomic and functional analyses have indicated that A. thaliana became self-compatible via a loss-of- function mutation in the male specificity gene, SCR/SP11. Self- compat-ibility evolved during glacial-interglacial cycles, suggesting its association with mate limitation during migration. Although the evolution of self-compatibility may confer short-term advantages, it is predicted to increase the risk of extinction in the long term because loss-of-function mutations are virtually irreversible. Conclusions: Recent studies of FLC and SCR have identified gene func-tions in natura that are unlikely to be found in laboratory experiments. The significance of epi-genetic changes and the study of non-model spe-cies with next-generation DNA sequencers is also discussed. Annals of Botany, 2011, V108, N4, SI, SEP, pp 777-787 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr180.

12.2-101Epiphytic bryophyte diversity on Madeira Island: Effects of tree species on bryophyte spe-cies richness and compositionSim Sim M, Bergamini A, Luis L, Fontinha S, Martins S, Lobo C, Stech MPortugal, Switzerland, NetherlandsPlant Sciences , Biodiversity , Forestry , EcologyThe Madeiran laurel forest (Laurisilva) is a subtropi-cal forest with a very rich bryophyte flora and is considered as one of the most important remnants of the evergreen laurel forest from the Tertiary pe-riod. The effect of the laurel forest tree species on the epiphytic bryophyte species richness and com-position in Madeira Island was studied in 40 sites. A total of 160 trees, belonging to 19 different tree species were assessed in the laurel forest. For sub-sequent analyses, we focused on seven tree species, for which at least nine individuals were sampled. A total of 137 trees from 40 sites were thus available for statistical analyses. We recorded 110 epiphytic bryophyte taxa (59 species and one variety of moss-es and 50 liverworts). Accumulation curves showed clear differences in bryophyte species richness be-tween the different tree species, with typical lau-

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rel forest tree species harboring more bryophytes. Tree species also had highly significant effects on species density (mean species richness per 10 X 20 cm plot), with densities higher on the typical laurel forest trees. This was especially true for the liver-worts and the endemics for which Clethra arborea, Laurus novocanariensis, Ocotea foetens and Persea indica exhibited higher species density than the two Erica species and Myrica faya. For mosses spe-cies density of the tree species tended to be more similar, only O. foetens showed a higher density and M. faya a lower. Endemic bryophytes were lack-ing on Erica species and almost lacking on M. faya. Concerning species composition, we found signifi-cant effects of the tree species sampled. There was a rather clear gradient from the two Erica species to the typical laurel forest tree species such as L. novo-canariensis, O. foetens, and P. indica. An analysis of indicator species revealed ten significant indicator species for the typical laurel forest trees, C. arbo-rea, L. novocanariensis, O. foetens and P. indica. Our results reinforced the importance of the laurel for-est of Madeira as a hotspot of epiphytic bryophyte diversity whose species distribution is strongly shaped by the nature of the tree species. Bryologist, 2011, V114, N1, SEP, pp 142-154 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-114.1.142.

12.2-102Ruminal methane inhibition potential of vari-ous pure compounds in comparison with garlic oil as determined with a rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)Soliva C R, Amelchanka S L, Duval S M, Kreuzer MSwitzerland, FranceAgriculture , ZoologyRuminants represent an important source of meth-ane (CH4) emissions; therefore, CH4 mitigation by diet supplementation is a major goal in the cur-rent ruminant research. The objective of the pres-ent study was to use a rumen simulation technique to evaluate the CH4-mitigating potential of pure compounds in comparison with that achieved with garlic oil, a known anti-methanogenic sup-plement. A basal diet (15 g DM/d) consisting of ryegrass hay, barley and soyabean meal (1:0.7:0.3) was incubated with the following additives: none (negative control); garlic oil (300 mg/l incubation liquid; positive control); allyl isothiocyanate (75 mg/l); lovastatin (150 mg/l); chenodeoxycholic acid (150 mg/l); 3-azido-propionic acid ethyl ester (APEE, 150 mg/l); levulinic acid (300 mg/l); 4-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)- amino)-benzoic acid (PABA, 300 mg/l). Fermentation profiles (SCFA, microbial counts and N turnover) and H-2 and CH4 formation were deter-mined. Garlic oil, allyl isothiocyanate, lovastatin

and the synthetic compound APEE decreased the absolute daily CH4 formation by 91, 59, 42 and 98 %, respectively. The corresponding declines in CH4 emitted per mmol of SCFA were 87, 32, 40 and 99 %, respectively, compared with the negative con-trol; the total SCFA concentration was unaffected. Garlic oil decreased protozoal numbers and in-creased bacterial counts, while chenodeoxycholic acid completely defaunated the incubation liquid. In vitro, neutral-detergent fibre disappearance was lower following chenodeoxycholic acid and PABA treatments (-26 and -18 %, respectively). In conclu-sion, garlic oil and APEE were extremely efficient at mitigating CH4 without noticeably impairing microbial nutrient fermentation. Other promising substances were allyl isothiocyanate and lovastatin. British Journal of Nutrition, 2011, V106, N1, JUL, pp 114-122 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510005684.

12.2-103Elevational patterns of species richness and density of rattan palms (Arecaceae: Calamoid-eae) in Central Sulawesi, IndonesiaStiegel S, Kessler M, Getto D, Thonhofer J, Siebert S FGermany, Switzerland, USABiodiversity , Forestry , Plant Sciences , EcologyWe studied species richness and density of rattan palms in 50 plots of 10 x 100 m(2) each between 250 m and 2420 m in eight sites in Lore Lindu Na-tional Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi. Rattans were observed in all sample sites, representing three genera and 34 species. The elevational patterns for species richness and density were humped- shaped with maxima around 1000 m. Polynomial models of second order explained 59 and 32% of species richness and density with the factor elevation, re-spectively. A majority of rattan species (65%) over-lapped between 1000 and 1100 m elevation, while a pronounced change in the rattan flora occurred above 1100 m. Commercially important rattan species (Calamus zollingeri, C. ornatus var. celebi-cus, Daemonorops macroptera) were not observed above 1250 m. The change of species assemblage was significantly related to elevation (56%), fol-lowed by geographical distance (47%) and precipita-tion (40%). Less than 10% of LLNP is lowland forests, much of which is threatened by agricultural inten-sification. In contrast, montane forests are well rep-resented in the park and high elevation forests are not subject to agricultural conversion or intensive harvesting of rattan and other forest products. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2011, V20, N9, AUG, pp 1987-2005 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0070-8.

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12.2-104A global reanalysis of vegetation phenologyStöckli R, Rutishauser T, Baker I, Liniger M A, Den-ning A SSwitzerland, USAPlant Sciences , Ecology , Modelling , Remote Sens-ingSimulations of the global water and carbon cycle are sensitive to the model representation of veg-etation phenology. Current phenology models are empirical, and few predict both phenological timing and leaf state. Our previous study demon-strated how satellite data assimilation employ-ing an Ensemble Kalman Filter yields realistic phenological model parameters for several eco-system types. In this study the data assimilation framework is extended to global scales using a subgrid-scale representation of plant functional types (PFTs) and elevation classes. A reanalysis of vegetation phenology for 256 globally distributed regions is performed using 10 years of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) absorbed by vegetation and leaf area index (LAI) data. The 9 . 10(8) quality screened observa-tions (corresponding to <1% of the globally avail-able MODIS data) successfully constrain a poste-rior PFT-dependent phenological parameter set. It reduces the global FPAR and LAI prediction error to 20.6% and 14.8%, respectively, compared to the prior prediction error. A 50 year long (1960-2009) daily 1 degrees x 1 degrees global phenology data set with a mean FPAR and LAI prediction error of 0.065 (-) and 0.34 (m(2) m(-2)) is generated. Temper-ate phenology is best explained by a combination of light and temperature. Tropical evergreen phe-nology is found to be largely insensitive to mois-ture and light variations. Boreal phenology can be accurately predicted from local to global scales, while temperate and mediterranean landscapes might benefit from a better subgrid-scale PFT clas-sification or from a more complex canopy radia-tive transfer model. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 2011, V116, AUG 25 ARTN: G03020, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001545.

12.2-105Frankincense yield assessment and model-ing in closed and grazed Boswellia papyrifera woodlands of Tigray, Northern EthiopiaTilahun M, Muys B, Mathijs E, Kleinn C, Olschewski R, Gebrehiwot KBelgium, Ethiopia, Germany, SwitzerlandEcology , Forestry , Plant Sciences , ModellingBoswellia papyrifera, a frankincense producing

tree, grows in the arid lowlands of Ethiopia. It is a multipurpose tree species with ecological, envi-ronmental, cultural and socio-economic values. The resource has been declining due to unsustain-able management. This study is aimed at estimat-ing frankincense yield in a single production year, assessing the relationship between yield and den-drometric variables, and developing predictive yield models. We collected data of one harvesting season from randomly selected sample trees in an exclosure and a free grazing site. We found strong nonlinear relations between yield and dendromet-ric variables, which are useful for predictive yield modeling. A stepwise linear regression indicated that the yield from the sixth round of tapping could explain about 88% of the variation in an-nual yield per tree, a finding that can largely fa-cilitate future yield monitoring. The frankincense yield was larger in the exclosure than in the adja-cent free grazing site and the difference was sta-tistically significant. To conclude, management of degraded B. papyrifera forest as exclosures should be strengthened to enhance the economic, envi-ronmental and cultural benefits from the species. Their effectiveness should be evaluated through yield monitoring and prediction. Journal of Arid Environments, 2011, V75, N8, AUG, pp 695-702 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.03.005.

12.2-106Accessibility predicts structural variation of Andean Polylepis forestsToivonen J M, Kessler M, Ruokolainen K, Hertel DFinland, Switzerland, GermanyForestry , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , EcologyHigh Andean mountain forests, formed almost purely by trees of the genus Polylepis, occur nowa-days as scattered remnant patches of a more con-tinuous past distribution. Apparently, the destruc-tion of Polylepis forests has mainly been caused by millennia of human disturbance, although forest distribution may also have fluctuated according to prevailing climatic conditions. Nowadays, the remaining Polylepis forest stands are still threat-ened by anthropogenic disturbance, which grad-ually degrades the forests. The aim of our study was to test if the structural variation of Polylepis forest patches, as an indication of forest degrada-tion, can be predicted by accessibility to humans. The study was carried out in the Cordilleras Vilca-nota and Vilcabamba, Cuzco, Peru. We used indi-ces of forest biomass and proportion of vegetative regeneration as forest structural variables. First we examined the dependence of these variables on elevation with linear regressions. We did this

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separately for different Polylepis species and com-bining the species within humid and dry areas. Thereafter, we used the residual forest structural variation to assess possible relationships with ac-cessibility, quantified as geographical distance to the nearest village, road or market centre. We found several significant relationships between the structural variables and accessibility, which may reflect different landscape related preferenc-es in forest use. The results suggest accessibility can be used for rapid spatial prediction of Polyl-epis forest degradation, which facilitates identify-ing Polylepis forests that are potentially the most degraded and therefore in the most urgent need of restoration or conservation activities. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2011, V20, N8, JUL, pp 1789-1802 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0061-9.

12.2-107Differential effects of historical migration, glaciations and human impact on the genetic structure and diversity of the mountain pas-ture weed Veratrum album LTreier U A, Müller Schärer HSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Ecology , BiodiversityAim: Today’s genetic population structure and di-versity of species can be understood as the result of range expansion from the area of origin, past climatic oscillations and contemporary processes. We examined the relative importance of these fac-tors in Veratrum album L., a toxic weed of moun-tain grasslands. Location Continental Europe. Methods: Forty populations from the Asian bor-der (Urals and Caucasus) to Portugal were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) combined with selected plant and popu-lation measures. The data were analysed with phylogenetic, population genetic and regression methods inferring both genetic structure and diversity from geographic and ecological factors. Results: Fragment frequency clines together with genetic distance clustering and principal coor-dinates analysis indicated an east-west direction in the genetic structure of V. album, suggesting ancient migration into Europe from a proposed Asian origin. However, the strong geographic pat-tern in the genetic structure, pronounced isola-tion by distance (R-2 = 0.74) and moderate overall population differentiation (F-ST = 0.13) suggests high historical gene flow, possibly during glacials, and vicariance into mountainous regions during interglacials. Occurrence of V. album during the last glaciation in several areas along the periphery of the Alps and recolonization of this mountain

range from both eastern and central- western ar-eas was indicated. Genetic diversity was highest in central Europe, a pattern that did not agree with the expectations from east- west migration into Europe. Furthermore, managed habitats showed higher levels of genetic diversity compared to unmanaged habitats. Stepwise linear regression determined shoot density and soil phosphorus as the main predictors of within-population ge-netic diversity (R-2 = 0.40). Main conclusions: Our results showed that V. album retained genetic im-prints of historical range expansion into Europe, although this was alleviated by the influence of climatic oscillations and contemporary processes. For example, genetic population structure was strongly affected by post-glacial vicariance while patterns of genetic diversity seemed mainly to be influenced by human land use. Our findings highlight the importance of applying a synthetic approach, testing the influence of both historical and contemporary processes on genetic structure and diversity in order to understand complex phy-logeographic patterns. This may especially apply to widespread species, such as weeds. Implications of our findings for biological control are briefly discussed. Journal of Biogeography, 2011, V38, N9, SEP, pp 1776-1791 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02516.x.

12.2-108Agroclimatic conditions in Europe under cli-mate changeTrnka M, Olesen J E, Kersebaum K C, Skjelvag A O, Eitzinger J, Seguin B, Peltonen Sainio P, Rotter R, Iglesias A, Calanca P, et alDenmark, Czech Republic, Germany, Norway, Austria, France, Finland, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Swit-zerland, Belgium, Croatia, Slovakia, Ireland, Serbia, Poland, BulgariaPlant Sciences , Agriculture , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , ModellingTo date, projections of European crop yields under climate change have been based almost entirely on the outputs of crop-growth models. While this strategy can provide good estimates of the effects of climatic factors, soil conditions and manage-ment on crop yield, these models usually do not capture all of the important aspects related to crop management, or the relevant environmen-tal factors. Moreover, crop-simulation studies often have severe limitations with respect to the number of crops covered or the spatial extent. The present study, based on agroclimatic indices, provides a general picture of agroclimatic condi-tions in western and central Europe (study area

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lays between 8.5 degrees W-27 degrees E and 37-63.5 degrees N), which allows for a more general assessment of climate-change impacts. The results obtained from the analysis of data from 86 differ-ent sites were clustered according to an environ-mental stratification of Europe. The analysis was carried for the baseline (1971-2000) and future cli-mate conditions (time horizons of 2030, 2050 and with a global temperature increase of 5 degrees C) based on outputs of three global circulation mod-els. For many environmental zones, there were clear signs of deteriorating agroclimatic condition in terms of increased drought stress and shorten-ing of the active growing season, which in some regions become increasingly squeezed between a cold winter and a hot summer. For most zones the projections show a marked need for adaptive mea-sures to either increase soil water availability or drought resistance of crops. This study concludes that rainfed agriculture is likely to face more climate-related risks, although the analyzed agro-climatic indicators will probably remain at a level that should permit rainfed production. However, results suggests that there is a risk of increasing number of extremely unfavorable years in many climate zones, which might result in higher inter-annual yield variability and constitute a challenge for proper crop management. Global Change Biology, 2011, V17, N7, JUL, pp 2298-2318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02396.x.

12.2-109Preadapted for invasiveness: do species traits or their plastic response to shading differ be-tween invasive and non-invasive plant species in their native range?van Kleunen M, Schläpfer D R, Glättli M, Fischer MSwitzerlandBiodiversity , Plant Sciences , EcologyAim: Species capable of vigorous growth under a wide range of environmental conditions should have a higher chance of becoming invasive after introduction into new regions. High performance across environments can be achieved either by constitutively expressed traits that allow for high resource uptake under different environmental conditions or by adaptive plasticity of traits. Here we test whether invasive and non-invasive species differ in presumably adaptive plasticity. Location: Europe (for native species); the rest of the world and North America in particular (for alien spe-cies). Methods: We selected 14 congeneric pairs of European herbaceous species that have all been introduced elsewhere. One species of each pair is highly invasive elsewhere in the world, particu-

larly so in North America, whereas the other spe-cies has not become invasive or has spread only to a limited degree. We grew native plant material of the 28 species under shaded and non-shaded conditions in a common garden experiment, and measured biomass production and morphological traits that are frequently related to shade toler-ance and avoidance. Results Invasive species had higher shoot-root ratios, tended to have longer leaf-blades, and produced more biomass than con-generic non- invasive species both under shaded and non-shaded conditions. Plants responded to shading by increasing shoot-root ratios and spe-cific leaf area. Surprisingly, these shade-induced responses, which are widely considered to be adaptive, did not differ between invasive and non-invasive species. Main conclusions: We conclude that high biomass production across different light environments pre-adapts species to become invasive, and that this is not mediated by plastici-ties of the morphological traits that we measured. Funding acknowledgement: Journal of Biogeography, 2011, V38, N7, JUL, pp 1294-1304 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02495.x.

12.2-110Future hotspots of terrestrial mammal lossVisconti P, Pressey R L, Giorgini D, Maiorano L, Bakkenes M, Boitani L, Alkemade R, Falcucci A, Chiozza F, Rondinini CAustralia, Italy, Switzerland, NetherlandsBiodiversity , Zoology , Ecology , ModellingCurrent levels of endangerment and historical trends of species and habitats are the main cri-teria used to direct conservation efforts globally. Estimates of future declines, which might indi-cate different priorities than past declines, have been limited by the lack of appropriate data and models. Given that much of conservation is about anticipating and responding to future threats, our inability to look forward at a global scale has been a major constraint on effective action. Here, we assess the geography and extent of projected future changes in suitable habitat for terrestrial mammals within their present ranges. We used a global earth-system model, IMAGE, coupled with fine-scale habitat suitability models and pa-rametrized according to four global scenarios of human development. We identified the most af-fected countries by 2050 for each scenario, assum-ing that no additional conservation actions other than those described in the scenarios take place. We found that, with some exceptions, most of the countries with the largest predicted losses of suit-able habitat for mammals are in Africa and the

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Americas. African and North American countries were also predicted to host the most species with large proportional global declines. Most of the countries we identified as future hotspots of ter-restrial mammal loss have little or no overlap with the present global conservation priorities, thus confirming the need for forward-looking analy-ses in conservation priority setting. The expected growth in human populations and consumption in hotspots of future mammal loss mean that lo-cal conservation actions such as protected areas might not be sufficient to mitigate losses. Other policies, directed towards the root causes of biodi-versity loss, are required, both in Africa and other parts of the world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 2011, V366, N1578, SI, SEP 27, pp 2693-2702 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0105.

12.2-111Belowground biodiversity effects of plant symbionts support aboveground productivityWagg C, Jansa J, Schmid B, van der Heijden M G ASwitzerland, NetherlandsPlant Sciences , Pedology , Biodiversity , EcologySoil microbes play key roles in ecosystems, yet the impact of their diversity on plant communities is still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the diversity of belowground plant-associated soil fungi promotes plant productivity and plant coex-istence. Using additive partitioning of biodiversity effects developed in plant biodiversity studies, we demonstrate that this positive relationship can be driven by complementarity effects among soil fun-gi in one soil type and by a selection effect resulting from the fungal species that stimulated plant pro-ductivity the most in another soil type. Selection and complementarity effects among fungal species contributed to improving plant productivity up to 82% and 85%, respectively, above the average of the respective fungal species monocultures depending on the soil in which they were grown. These results also indicate that belowground diversity may act as insurance for maintaining plant productivity un-der differing environmental conditions. Ecology Letters, 2011, V14, N10, OCT, pp 1001-1009 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01666.x.

12.2-112A tool to model 3D coarse-root development with annual resolutionWagner B, Santini S, Ingensand H, Gärtner HSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Forestry , Pedology , Modelling

Dynamic root-development models are indispens-able for biomechanical and biomass allocation studies, and also play an important role in un-derstanding slope stability. There are few root-development models in the literature, and there is a specific lack of dynamic models. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a 3D growth- development model for coarse roots, which is species independent, as long as annual rings are formed. In order to implement this model, the ob-jectives are (I) to interpolate annual growth layers, and (II) to evaluate the interpolations and annual volume computations. The model developed is a combination of 3D laser scans and 2D tree-ring data. A FARO laser ScanArm is used to acquire the coarse-root structure. A MATLAB program then in-tegrates the ring-width measurements into the 3D model. A weighted interpolation algorithm is used to compute cross sections at any point within the model to obtain growth layers. The algorithm con-siders both the root structure and the ring-width data. The model reconstructed ring profiles with a mean absolute error for mean ring chronologies of < 9% and for single radii of < 20%. The interpo-lation accuracy was dependent on the number of input sections and root curvature. Total volume computations deviated by 3.5-6.6% from the refer-ence model. A new robust root-modelling tool was developed which allows for annual volume com-putations and sophisticated root-development analyses. Plant and Soil, 2011, V346, N1-2, SEP, pp 79-96 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0797-8.

12.2-113Vegetation of zonal patterned-ground ecosys-tems along the North America Arctic biocli-mate gradientWalker D A, Kuss P, Epstein H E, Kade A N, Vonlan-then C M, Raynolds M K, Daniels F J AUSA, Switzerland, GermanyPlant Sciences , Ecology , PedologyQuestion: How do interactions between the physi-cal environment and biotic properties of vegeta-tion influence the formation of small patterned-ground features along the Arctic bioclimate gradient? Location: At 68 degrees to 78 degrees N: six locations along the Dalton Highway in arctic Alaska and three in Canada (Banks Island, Prince Patrick Island and Ellef Ringnes Island). Methods: We analysed floristic and structural vegetation, biomass and abiotic data (soil chemical and physi-cal parameters, the n-factor (a soil thermal index) and spectral information (NDVI, LAI)) on 147 mi-crohabitat releves of zonal-patterned-ground fea-tures. Using mapping, table analysis (JUICE) and

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ordination techniques (NMDS). Results: Table analysis using JUICE and the phi-coefficient to identify diagnostic species revealed clear groups of diagnostic plant taxa in four of the five zonal vegetation complexes. Plant communities and zonal complexes were generally well separated in the NMDS ordination. The Alaska and Canada communities were spatially separated in the ordi-nation because of different glacial histories and location in separate floristic provinces, but there was no single controlling environmental gradi-ent. Vegetation structure, particularly that of bryophytes and total biomass, strongly affected thermal properties of the soils. Patterned-ground complexes with the largest thermal differential between the patterned-ground features and the surrounding vegetation exhibited the clearest patterned- ground morphologies. Conclusions: Characterizing the composition and structure of small- scale plant communities growing on dis-tinctive microhabitats within patterned-ground complexes was necessary to understand the bio-logical and physical controls of vegetation on patterned-ground morphology. Coarser-scale vegetation units, referred to here as ‘zonal pat-terned- ground vegetation complexes’ (groups of patterned-ground plant communities within zonal landscapes), were useful for landscape and regional-level comparisons and for extrapolation of information collected at plot scales to larger regions. Vegetation maps of the representative landscapes in each subzone were needed for ex-trapolation. Different growth characteristics of plants growing in northern and southern parts of the gradient have an important effect in stabiliz-ing highly frost-active soils. A conceptual diagram summarizes the interactions between vegetation and patterned-ground morphology along the Arc-tic climate gradient. Applied Vegetation Science, 2011, V14, N4, SI, OCT, pp 440-463 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01149.x.

12.2-114Progress in the understanding of narrow di-rectional microwave scattering of agricultural fieldsWegmüller U, Santoro M, Mattia F, Balenzano A, Satalino G, Marzahn P, Fischer G, Ludwig R, Floury NSwitzerland, Italy, Germany, NetherlandsRemote Sensing , Agriculture , Modelling , Meteo-rology & Atmospheric SciencesDirectional microwave scattering, as investigated in this study, is characterized by a strong and nar-row scattering pattern that varies strongly for only

minor aspect angle changes. As was noted already in the past directional scattering is relevant for ap-plications and cannot just be ignored. The overall objective of our work was to better understand directional scattering. Suited space- and airborne SAR data over several agricultural sites together with related in- situ information were collected for this purpose. Directional scattering was iden-tified by comparison of backscattering acquired with only slightly different aspect angles as avail-able from ERS- ENVISAT pairs with significantly different Doppler Centroids or by comparing azi-muth spectrum sub-bands with slightly different Doppler Centroid. Major progress achieved in this work includes the much improved experimental evidence available and significant improvements in the understanding of the scatter phenomenon through the developed scatter model. Good prog-ress was also made in the detection of directional scattering. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2011, V115, N10, OCT 17, pp 2423-2433 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.04.026.

12.2-115Metabolic fluxes, carbon isotope fractionation and respiration - lessons to be learned from plant biochemistryWerner R A, Buchmann N, Siegwolf R T W, Kornexl B E, Gessler ASwitzerland, GermanyPlant SciencesNew Phytologist, 2011, V191, N1, JUL, pp 10-15.

12.2-116Feathermoss seedbeds facilitate black spruce seedling recruitment in the forest-tundra eco-tone (Labrador, Canada)Wheeler J A, Hermanutz L, Marino P MCanadaForestry , Plant Sciences , EcologyAs climate warms, conifers are expected to expand their ranges into alpine tundra where ecological factors such as seedbed availability, and post-dis-persal seed and seedling predation may control local recruitment. Seedbed composition may in-fluence microhabitat, nutrients, physical struc-ture, and predation level and, therefore, affect the success of conifer recruitment, thereby providing the template for future expansion. In the boreal forest, seedbed-seedling competition dominates such that seedbed removal increases black spruce recruitment. In the harsher climate of the Mealy Mountains boreal forest-tundra ecotone (Labra-dor, Canada) the Stress gradient hypothesis (SGH)

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predicts that facilitation may dominate seedbed- seedling interactions. This study investigated po-tential mechanisms of seedbed facilitation (tem-perature, water, nutrients, physical protection) in three conifer seedbeds (Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia spp., bare soil) and examined whether seed predation and/or seedling herbivory varied among seedbeds over three years. Seed emergence was low overall (<10% on all treatments), but high-est on Pleurozium (6.3%), followed by bare ground (4.6%) and Cladonia (0.3%). Facilitation was ob-served between Pleurozium and black spruce as seedling height increase (31%) and survival (55%) were highest; herbivory, seed predation and over-winter mortality were lowest compared to both Cladonia and bare ground seedbeds. Unlike in the closed canopy boreal forest, seedlings recruited poorly on bare soil as seedling height increase and survival were 20.5% and 26%. Temperature and water availability were similar across seedbeds, while nutrient availability was higher on Pleuro-zium. The physical structure of Pleurozium likely protects first to third-year seedlings from tempera-ture extremes and predators. As climate warms and seed availability increases, Pleurozium may facilitate black spruce recruitment and treeline expansion. Oikos, 2011, V120, N8, AUG, pp 1263-1271 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18966.x.

12.2-117Risk assessment, eradication, and biologi-cal control: global efforts to limit Australian acacia invasionsWilson J R U, Gairifo C, Gibson M R, Arianoutsou M, Bakar B B, Baret S, Celesti Grapow L, Di Tomaso J M, Dufour Dror J M, Küffer Christoph, et alSouth Africa, Portugal, Greece, Malaysia, Reunion, Italy, USA, Israel, Switzerland, Australia, France, KenyaPlant Sciences , Forestry , Biodiversity , EcologyAim: Many Australian Acacia species have been planted around the world, some are highly val-ued, some are invasive, and some are both highly valued and invasive. We review global efforts to minimize the risk and limit the impact of inva-sions in this widely used plant group. Location: Global. Methods: Using information from litera-ture sources, knowledge and experience of the authors, and the responses from a questionnaire sent to experts around the world, we reviewed: (1) a generalized life cycle of Australian acacias and how to control each life stage, (2) different man-agement approaches and (3) what is required to help limit or prevent invasions. Results: Relatively

few Australian acacias have been introduced in large numbers, but all species with a long and ex-tensive history of planting have become invasive somewhere. Australian acacias, as a group, have a high risk of becoming invasive and causing significant impacts as determined by existing as-sessment schemes. Moreover, in most situations, long-lived seed banks mean it is very difficult to control established infestations. Control has fo-cused almost exclusively on widespread invaders, and eradication has rarely been attempted. Clas-sical biological control is being used in South Af-rica with increasing success. Main conclusions: A greater emphasis on pro-active rather than reactive management is required given the dif-ficulties managing established invasions of Aus-tralian acacias. Adverse effects of proposed new introductions can be minimized by conducting detailed risk assessments in advance, planning for on-going monitoring and management, and ensuring resources are in place for long-term miti-gation. Benign alternatives (e.g. sterile hybrids) could be developed to replace existing utilized taxa. Eradication should be set as a management goal more often to reduce the invasion debt. In-troducing classical biological control agents that have a successful track-record in South Africa to other regions and identifying new agents (nota-bly vegetative feeders) can help mitigate existing widespread invasions. Trans-boundary sharing of information will assist efforts to limit future inva-sions, in particular, management strategies need to be better evaluated, monitored, published and publicised so that global best-practice procedures can be developed. Diversity and Distributions, 2011, V17, N5, SI, SEP, pp 1030-1046 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00815.x.

12.2-118Carbon sequestration potential of tropical pas-ture compared with afforestation in PanamaWolf S, Eugster W, Potvin C, Turner B L, Buchmann NSwitzerland, Canada, PanamaForestry , Plant Sciences , Agriculture , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesTropical forest ecosystems play an important role in regulating the global climate, yet deforesta-tion and land-use change mean that the tropical carbon sink is increasingly influenced by agro-ecosystems and pastures. Despite this, it is not yet fully understood how carbon cycling in the tropics responds to land-use change, particularly for pasture and afforestation. Thus, the objec-tives of our study were: (1) to elucidate the envi-ronmental controls and the impact of manage-

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ment on gross primary production (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE); (2) to estimate the carbon sequestration potential of tropical pasture com-pared with afforestation; and (3) to compare eddy covariance- derived carbon budgets with biomass and soil inventory data. We performed compara-tive measurements of NEE in a tropical C-4 pas-ture and an adjacent afforestation with native tree species in Sardinilla (Panama) from 2007 to 2009. Pronounced seasonal variation in GPP, TER and NEE were closely related to radiation, soil moisture, and C-3 vs. C-4 plant physiology. The shallow rooting depth of grasses compared with trees resulted in a higher sensitivity of the pas-ture ecosystem to water limitation and seasonal drought. During 2008, substantial amounts of

carbon were sequestered by the afforestation (-442 gCm(-2), negative values denote ecosystem carbon uptake), which was in agreement with biometric observations (-450 gCm(-2)). In con-trast, the pasture ecosystem was a strong carbon source in 2008 and 2009 (261 gCm(-2)), associated with seasonal drought and overgrazing. In addi-tion, soil carbon isotope data indicated rapid car-bon turnover after conversion from C-4 pasture to C-3 afforestation. Our results clearly show the potential for considerable carbon sequestration of tropical afforestation and highlight the risk of carbon losses from pasture ecosystems in a sea-sonal tropical climate. Global Change Biology, 2011, V17, N9, SEP, pp 2763-2780 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02460.x.

12.2-119Pyrogenic carbon soluble fraction is larger and more aromatic in aged charcoal than in fresh charcoalAbiven S, Hengartner P, Schneider M P W, Singh N, Schmidt M W ISwitzerlandPedology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Plant SciencesRecent studies show that pyrogenic matter is one of the most stable compounds in the soil but less inert than previously expected. One potential pathway yielding losses from soil is solubilisation of pyrogenic compounds. In batch experiments, we estimated the proportion and molecular com-position of soluble (<0.45 µm) and colloidal frac-tions (0.45-5 µm) extractable from a freshly pyrol-ysed charcoal and a 10 year old wildfire charcoal. These fractions represented a very small fraction (<2.7 g kg(-1)) of chars. The benzene polycarbox-ylic acids (BPCA) pattern indicated that 40-55 times more condensed structures were released from the aged char than from the fresh char. This study shows that the soluble fraction of the char is small, and tends to increase with the residence time in the soil. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 2011, V43, N7, JUL, pp 1615-1617 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.03.027.

12.2-120Stable carbon isotopes as indicators for envi-ronmental change in palsa peatsAlewell C, Giesler R, Klaminder J, Leifeld J, Rollog MSwitzerland, SwedenEcology , Pedology , Cryology / Glaciology , HydrologyPalsa peats are unique northern ecosystems formed under an arctic climate and character-ized by a high biodiversity and sensitive ecology. The stability of the palsas are seriously threat-ened by climate warming which will change the permafrost dynamic and induce a degradation of the mires. We used stable carbon isotope depth profiles in two palsa mires of Northern Sweden to track environmental change during the forma-tion of the mires. Soils dominated by aerobic deg-radation can be expected to have a clear increase of carbon isotopes (delta C-13) with depth, due to preferential release of C-12 during aerobic min-eralization. In soils with suppressed degradation due to anoxic conditions, stable carbon isotope depth profiles are either more or less uniform indicating no or very low degradation or depth profiles turn to lighter values due to an enrich-ment of recalcitrant organic substances during anaerobic mineralisation which are depleted in C-13. The isotope depth profile of the peat in the

1.3 Soil and Litosphere

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water saturated depressions (hollows) at the yet undisturbed mire Storflaket indicated very low to no degradation but increased rates of anaerobic degradation at the Stordalen site. The latter might be induced by degradation of the permafrost cores in the uplifted areas (hummocks) and subsequent breaking and submerging of the hummock peat into the hollows due to climate warming. Carbon isotope depth profiles of hummocks indicated a turn from aerobic mineralisation to anaero-bic degradation at a peat depth between 4 and 25 cm. The age of these turning points was C-14 dated between 150 and 670 yr and could thus not be caused by anthropogenically induced climate change. We found the uplifting of the hummocks due to permafrost heave the most likely explana-tion for our findings. We thus concluded that dif-ferences in carbon isotope profiles of the hollows might point to the disturbance of the mires due to climate warming or due to differences in hydrol-ogy. The characteristic profiles of the hummocks are indicators for micro-geomorphic change dur-ing permafrost up heaving. Biogeosciences, 2011, V8, N7, JUL, pp 1769-1778 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1769-2011.

12.2-121Soil Processes and Functions in Critical Zone Observatories: Hypotheses and Experimental DesignBanwart S, Bernasconi S M, Bloem J, Blum W, Brandao M, Brantley S, Chabaux F, Duffy C, Kram P, Lair G, et alEngland, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria, Italy, USA, France, Sweden, Czech Republic, Greece, Iceland, Wales, Bulgaria, Peoples R ChinaPedology , HydrologyEuropean Union policy on soil threats and soil protection has prioritized new research to ad-dress global soil threats. This research draws on the methodology of Critical Zone Observatories (CZOs) to focus a critical mass of international, multi disciplinary expertise at specific field sites. These CZOs were selected as part of an experimen-tal design to study soil processes and ecosystem function along a hypothesized soil life cycle-from incipient soil formation where new parent mate-rial is being deposited, to highly degraded soils that have experienced millennia of intensive land use. Further CZOs have been selected to broaden the range of soil environments and data sets to test soil process models that represent the stages of the soil life cycle. The scientific methodology for this research focuses on the central role of soil structure and soil aggregate formation and stabil-ity in soil processes. Research methods include

detailed analysis and mathematical modeling of soil properties related to aggregate formation and their relation to key processes of reactive trans-port, nutrient transformation, and C and food web dynamics in soil ecosystems. Within this program of research, quantification of soil pro-cesses across an international network of CZOs is focused on understanding soil ecosystem services including their quantitative monetary valuation within the soil life cycle. Further experimental de-sign at the global scale is enabled by this type of international CZO network. One example is a pro-posed experiment to study soil ecosystem services along planetary-scale environmental gradients. This would allow scientists to gain insight into the responses of soil processes to increasing hu-man pressures on Earth’s critical zone that arise through rapidly changing land use and climate. Vadose Zone Journal, 2011, V10, N3, AUG, pp 974-987 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2010.0136.

12.2-122Chemical and Biological Gradients along the Damma Glacier Soil Chronosequence, Switzer-landBernasconi S M, Bauder A, Bourdon B, Brunner I, Bünemann E, Christl I, Derungs N, Edwards P, Farinotti D, Frey B, Frossard E, Furrer G, Gierga M, Goeransson H, Guelland K, Hagedorn F, Hajdas I, Hindshaw R, Ivy Ochs S, Jansa J, Jonas T, Kiczka M, Kretzschmar R, Lemarchand E, Luster J, Magnus-son J, Mitchell E A D, Venterink H O, Plötze M, Reynolds B, Smittenberg R H, Stähli M, Tamburini F, Tipper E T, Wacker L, Welc M, Wiederhold J G, Zeyer J, Zimmermann S, Zumsteg ASwitzerlandPedology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Microbiol-ogy , EcologySoils are the product of a complex suite of chemi-cal, biological, and physical processes. In spite of the importance of soils for society and for sustain-ing life on earth, our knowledge of soil formation rates and of the influence of biological activity on mineral weathering and geochemical cycles is still limited. In this paper we provide a description of the Damma Glacier Critical Zone Observatory and present a first synthesis of our multi disciplinary studies of the 150-yr soil chronosequence. The aim of our research was to improve our understanding of ecosystem development on a barren substrate and the early evolution of soils and to evaluate the influence of biological activity on weathering rates. Soil pH, cation exchange capacity, biomass, bacterial and fungal populations, and soil or-ganic matt er show clear gradients related to soil

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age, in spite of the extreme heterogeneity of the ecosystem. The bulk mineralogy and inorganic geochemistry of the soils, in contrast, are inde-pendent of soil age and only in older soils (>100 yr) is incipient weathering observed, mainly as a decreasing content in albite and biotite by coin-cidental formation of secondary chlorites in the clay fraction. Further, we document the rapid evo-lution of microbial and plant communities along the chronosequence. Vadose Zone Journal, 2011, V10, N3, AUG, pp 867-883 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2010.0129.

12.2-123Alpine grassland soils contain large proportion of labile carbon but indicate long turnover timesBudge K, Leifeld J, Hiltbrunner E, Fuhrer JSwitzerlandPedology , Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric SciencesAlpine soils are expected to contain large amounts of labile carbon (C) which may become a further source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) as a re-sult of global warming. However, there is little data available on these soils, and understanding of the influence of environmental factors on soil organic matter (SOM) turnover is limited. We extracted 30 cm deep cores from five grassland sites along a small elevation gradient from 2285 to 2653 ma.s.l. in the central Swiss Alps. Our aim was to determine the quantity, allocation, degree of stabilization and mean residence time (MRT) of SOM in relation to site factors such as soil pH, vegetation, and SOM composition. Soil fractions obtained by size and density fractionation revealed a high proportion of labile C in SOM, mostly in the uppermost soil lay-ers. Labile C in the top 20 cm across the gradient ranged from 39.6-57.6% in comparison to 7.2-29.6% reported in previous studies for lower elevation soils (810-1960 m a.s.l.). At the highest elevation, MRTs measured by means of radiocarbon dating and turnover modelling, increased between frac-tions of growing stability from 90 years in free POM (fPOM) to 534 years in the mineral associated frac-tion (mOM). Depending on elevation and pH, plant community data suggested considerable variation in the quantity and quality of organic matter in-put, and these patterns could be reflected in the dynamics of soil C. C-13 NMR data confirmed a re-lationship of SOM composition to MRT. While low temperature in alpine environments is likely to be a major cause for the slow turnover rate observed, other factors such as residue quality and soil pH, as well as the combination of all factors, play an

important role in causing small scale variability of SOM turnover. Failing to incorporate this interplay of controlling factors into models may impair the performance of models to project SOM responses to environmental change. Biogeosciences, 2011, V8, N7, JUL, pp 1911-1923 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1911-2011.

12.2-124Turning sunlight into stone: the oxalate-car-bonate pathway in a tropical tree ecosystemCailleau G, Braissant O, Verrecchia E PSwitzerlandPedology , Ecology , Plant Sciences , Geochemistry & GeophysicsAn African oxalogenic tree, the iroko tree (Mili-cia excelsa), has the property to enhance carbon-ate precipitation in tropical oxisols, where such accumulations are not expected due to the acidic conditions in these types of soils. This uncommon process is linked to the oxalate-carbonate pathway, which increases soil pH through oxalate oxidation. In order to investigate the oxalate-carbonate path-way in the iroko system, fluxes of matter have been identified, described, and evaluated from field to microscopic scales. In the first centimeters of the soil profile, decaying of the organic matter allows the release of whewellite crystals, mainly due to the action of termites and saprophytic fungi. In ad-dition, a concomitant flux of carbonate formed in wood tissues contributes to the carbonate flux and is identified as a direct consequence of wood feed-ing by termites. Nevertheless, calcite biomineraliza-tion of the tree is not a consequence of in situ oxa-late consumption, but rather related to the oxalate oxidation inside the upper part of the soil. The con-sequence of this oxidation is the presence of car-bonate ions in the soil solution pumped through the roots, leading to preferential mineralization of the roots and the trunk base. An ideal scenario for the iroko biomineralization and soil carbon-ate accumulation starts with oxalatization: as the iroko tree grows, the organic matter flux to the soil constitutes the litter, and an oxalate pool is formed on the forest ground. Then, wood rotting agents (mainly termites, saprophytic fungi, and bacteria) release significant amounts of oxalate crystals from decaying plant tissues. In addition, some of these agents are themselves producers of oxalate (e. g. fungi). Both processes contribute to a soil pool of “available” oxalate crystals. Oxalate consumption by oxalotrophic bacteria can then start. Carbon-ate and calcium ions present in the soil solution represent the end products of the oxalate-carbon-ate pathway. The solution is pumped through the roots, leading to carbonate precipitation. The main

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pools of carbon are clearly identified as the organic matter (the tree and its organic products), the oxa-late crystals, and the various carbonate features. A functional model based on field observations and diagenetic investigations with delta C-13 signatures of the various compartments involved in the local carbon cycle is proposed. It suggests that the iroko ecosystem can act as a long-term carbon sink, as long as the calcium source is related to non-carbon-ate rocks. Consequently, this carbon sink, driven by the oxalate carbonate pathway around an iroko tree, constitutes a true carbon trapping ecosystem as defined by ecological theory. Biogeosciences, 2011, V8, N7, JUL, pp 1755-1767 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1755-2011.

12.2-125Modeling biogeochemical processes of phos-phorus for global food supplyDumas M, Frossard E, Scholz R WSwitzerlandModelling , Pedology , AgricultureHarvests of crops, their trade and consumption, soil erosion, fertilization and recycling of organic waste generate fluxes of phosphorus in and out of the soil that continuously change the worldwide spatial distribution of total phosphorus in arable soils. Furthermore, due to variability in the prop-erties of the virgin soils and the different histories of agricultural practices, on a planetary scale, the distribution of total soil phosphorus is very hetero-geneous. There are two key relationships that de-termine how this distribution and its change over time affect crop yields. One is the relationship be-tween total soil phosphorus and bioavailable soil phosphorus and the second is the relationship between bioavailable soil phosphorus and yields. Both of these depend on environmental variables such as soil properties and climate. We propose a model in which these relationships are described probabilistically and integrated with the dynamic feedbacks of P cycling in the human ecosystem. The model we propose is a first step towards evalu-ating the large-scale effects of different nutrient management scenarios. One application of par-ticular interest is to evaluate the vulnerability of different regions to an increased scarcity in P min-eral fertilizers. Another is to evaluate different regions’ deficiency in total soil phosphorus com-pared with the level at which they could sustain their maximum potential yield without external mineral inputs of phosphorus but solely by recy-cling organic matter to close the nutrient cycle. Chemosphere, 2011, V84, N6, SI, AUG, pp 798-805 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemo-sphere.2011.02.039.

12.2-126Heavy-Machinery Traffic Impacts Methane Emissions as Well as Methanogen Abundance and Community Structure in Oxic Forest SoilsFrey B, Niklaus P A, Kremer J, Lüscher P, Zimmer-mann SSwitzerland, GermanyPedology , Forestry , AgricultureTemperate forest soils are usually efficient sinks for the greenhouse gas methane, at least in the absence of significant amounts of methanogens. We demonstrate here that trafficking with heavy harvesting machines caused a large reduction in CH4 consumption and even turned well-aerated forest soils into net methane sources. In addition to studying methane fluxes, we investigated the responses of methanogens after trafficking in two different forest sites. Trafficking generated wheel tracks with different impact (low, moderate, se-vere, and unaffected). We found that machine passes decreased the soils’ macropore space and lowered hydraulic conductivities in wheel tracks. Severely compacted soils yielded high methano-genic abundance, as demonstrated by quantita-tive PCR analyses of methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) genes, whereas these sequences were unde-tectable in unaffected soils. Even after a year after traffic compression, methanogen abundance in compacted soils did not decline, indicating a sta-bility of methanogens here over time. Compacted wheel tracks exhibited a relatively constant com-munity structure, since we found several persist-ing mcrA sequence types continuously present at all sampling times. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a rather large methanogen diversity in the com-pacted soil, and most mcrA gene sequences were mostly similar to known sequences from wetlands. The majority of mcrA gene sequences belonged ei-ther to the order Methanosarcinales or Methano-microbiales, whereas both sites were dominated by members of the families Methanomicrobiaceae Fencluster, with similar sequences obtained from peatland environments. The results show that compacting wet forest soils by heavy machinery causes increases in methane production and re-lease. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2011, V77, N17, SEP, pp 6060-6068 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.05206-11.

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12.2-127Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metal contamination of coastal sediment and biota from TogoGnandi K, Bandowe B A M, Deheyn D D, Porrachia M, Kersten M, Wilcke WTogo, Switzerland, USA, GermanyGeochemistry & Geophysics , Geology , Marine & Freshwater BiologyThe state of contamination of tropical environ-ments, particularly in Africa, remains a relatively under explored subject. Here, we determined poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and trace metal concentrations in coastal sediment and biota sam-ples (fish and mussels) from Togo (West Africa). In the sediments, the Sigma 21 PAH concentrations ranged from <4 ng g(-1) to 257 ng g(-1), averaging 92 ng g(-1). Concentration ratios of low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) versus high molecular weight PAHs (>= 4 rings) were always lower than 1 (ranging from 0.08 to 0.46) indicating that high molecular weight PAHs were dominant in all sediment samples, and that PAHs originated mainly from anthropogenic com-bustion activities. The sediments were also analyzed for major elements and a total of 15 trace metals, which were found in elevated concentrations. The calculated enrichment factor (EF) values relative to the Earth’s crust show that the contamination is extremely severe for Cd (EF = 191), severe for Cr (EF = 18) and U (EF = 17.8), moderately severe for Zr (EF = 8.8), for Ni (EF = 6.8), Sr (EF = 5.9) and Ba (EF = 5.4), and moderate for V (EF = 3.6) and Zn (EF = 3.4). Sedi-ments sampled in areas affected by the dumping of phosphorite mine tailings showed particularly high concentrations of trace metals. Overall, concentra-tions of both PAHs and trace metals in sediment tend to increase from the coastline to the open sea (2 km offshore). This is attributable to the increas-ingly finer texture of coastal sediment found off-shore, which has a terrigenous origin and appears loaded with various contaminants through adsorp-tion processes. Such high loads of trace metals were also found in the biota (fish and mussels). The ratio of measured trace metal concentrations in biota to threshold limits set by the World Health Organiza-tion herein defined as relative health factor (RHF) was high. Average RHF values in fish were highest for Se (470), As (250), Ag (97), Ni (78), Mn (63), Fe (53), Pb (36), Cd (10), and Cr (7) while lowest for Cu (0.08) and Zn (0.03). Cd and Al did not bioaccumulate in the analyzed fish species. In mussels, the RHF values were highest for Fe (9,108), As (295), Pb (276), Se (273), Mn (186), Ni (71), Ag (70), Cd (14), and Cu (4). Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2011, V13, N7, JUL, pp 2033-2041 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1em10063g.

12.2-128Mineralisation, leaching and stabilisation of C-13-labelled leaf and twig litter in a beech forest soilKammer A, Hagedorn FSwitzerlandPedology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Forestry , Plant SciencesVery few field studies have quantified the different pathways of C loss from decomposing litter even though the partitioning of C fluxes is essential to understand soil C dynamics. Using 0.75 kg m(-2) of C-13-depleted leaf (delta C-13 = -40.8 parts per thousand) and 2 kg m (-2) of twig litter (delta C-13 = -38.4 parts per thousand), we tracked the litter-derived C in soil CO2 effluxes, dissolved organic C (DOC), and soil organic matter of a beech for-est in the Swiss Jura. Autotrophic respiration was reduced by trenching. Our results show that min-eralisation was the main pathway of C loss from decomposing litter over 1 yr, amounting to 24 and 31% of the added twig and leaf litter. Contrary to our expectations, the leaf litter C was miner-alised only slightly (1.2 times) more rapidly than the twig litter C. The leaching of DOC from twigs amounted to half of that from leaves throughout the experiment (2 vs. 4% of added litter C). Tracing the litter-derived DOC in the soil showed that DOC from both litter types was mostly removed (88-96%) with passage through the top centimetres of the mineral soil (0-5 cm) where it might have been stabilised. In the soil organic C at 0-2 cm depth, we indeed recovered 4% of the initial twig C and 8% of the leaf C after 1 yr. Much of the C-13-depleted litter remained on the soil surface throughout the experiment: 60% of the twig litter C and 25% of the leaf litter C. From the gap in the C-13-mass balance based on C mineralisation, DOC leaching, C input into top soils, and remaining litter, we inferred that another 30% of the leaf C but only 10% of twig C could have been transported via soil fauna to soil depths below 2 cm. In summary, over 1 yr, twig litter was mineralised more rapidly rela-tive to leaf litter than expected, and much less of the twig-derived C was transported to the mineral soil than of the leaf- derived C. Both findings pro-vide some evidence that twig litter could contrib-ute less to the C storage in these base-rich forest soils than leaf litter. Biogeosciences, 2011, V8, N8, AUG, pp 2195-2208 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2195-2011.

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12.2-129Iron speciation and isotope fractionation dur-ing silicate weathering and soil formation in an alpine glacier forefield chronosequenceKiczka M, Wiederhold J G, Frommer J, Voegelin A, Krämer S M, Bourdon B, Kretzschmar RSwitzerland, AustriaGeochemistry & Geophysics , PedologyThe chemical weathering of primary Fe-bearing minerals, such as biotite and chlorite, is a key step of soil formation and an important nutrient source for the establishment of plant and micro-bial life. The understanding of the relevant pro-cesses and the associated Fe isotope fractionation is therefore of major importance for the further development of stable Fe isotopes as a tracer of the biogeochemical Fe cycle in terrestrial environ-ments. We investigated the Fe mineral transforma-tions and associated Fe isotope fractionation in a soil chronosequence of the Swiss Alps covering 150 years of soil formation on granite. For this purpose, we combined for the first time stable Fe isotope analyses with synchrotron-based Fe- EX-AFS spectroscopy, which allowed us to interpret changes in Fe isotopic composition of bulk soils, size fractions, and chemically separated Fe pools over time in terms of weathering processes. Bulk soils and rocks exhibited constant isotopic com-positions along the chronosequence, whereas soil Fe pools in grain size fractions spanned a range of 0.4 parts per thousand in delta Fe-56. The clay fractions (<2 µm), in which newly formed Fe(III)-(hydr) oxides contributed up to 50% of the total Fe, were significantly enriched in light Fe isotopes, whereas the isotopic composition of silt and sand fractions, containing most of the soil Fe, remained in the range described by biotite/chlorite samples and bulk soils. Iron pools separated by a sequen-tial extraction procedure covered a range of 0.8 parts per thousand in delta Fe-56. For all soils the lightest isotopic composition was observed in a 1M NH2OH-HCl-25% acetic acid extract, targeting poorly-crystalline Fe(III)-(hydr) oxides, compared with easily leachable Fe in primary phyllosilicates (0.5 M HCl extract) and Fe in residual silicates. The combination of the Fe isotope measurements with the speciation data obtained by Fe-EXAFS spectros-copy permitted to quantitatively relate the differ-ent isotope pools forming in the soils to the min-eral weathering reactions which have taken place at the field site. A kinetic isotope effect during the Fe detachment from the phyllosilicates was identi-fied as the dominant fractionation mechanism in young weathering environments, controlling not only the light isotope signature of secondary Fe (III)-(hydr) oxides but also significantly contribut-

ing to the isotope signature of plants. The present study further revealed that this kinetic fraction-ation effect can persist over considerable reaction advance during chemical weathering in field sys-tems and is not only an initial transient phenom-enon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2011, V75, N19, OCT 1, pp 5559-5573 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.07.008.

12.2-130Temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon after land-use change in the temperate zone - car-bon response functions as a model approachPoeplau C, Don A, Vesterdal L, Leifeld J, van Wese-mael B, Schumacher J, Gensior AGermany, Denmark, Switzerland, BelgiumPedology , Plant Sciences , Forestry , EcologyLand-use change (LUC) is a major driving factor for the balance of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and the global carbon cycle. The temporal dynamic of SOC after LUC is especially important in temper-ate systems with a long reaction time. On the basis of 95 compiled studies covering 322 sites in the temperate zone, carbon response functions (CRFs) were derived to model the temporal dynamic of SOC after five different LUC types (mean soil depth of 30 +/- 6 cm). Grassland establishment caused a long lasting carbon sink with a relative stock change of 128 +/- 23% and afforestation on former cropland a sink of 116 +/- 54%, 100 years after LUC (mean +/- 95% confidence interval). No new equi-librium was reached within 120 years. In contrast, there was no SOC sink following afforestation of grasslands and 75% of all observations showed SOC losses, even after 100 years. Only in the forest floor, there was carbon accumulation of 0.38 +/- 0.04 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in afforestations adding up to 38 +/- 4 Mg ha-1 labile carbon after 100 years. Carbon loss after deforestation (-32 +/- 20%) and grassland conversion to cropland (-36 +/- 5%), was rapid with a new SOC equilibrium being reached after 23 and 17 years, respectively. The change rate of SOC in-creased with temperature and precipitation but decreased with soil depth and clay content. Sub-soil SOC changes followed the trend of the topsoil SOC changes but were smaller (25 +/- 5% of the total SOC changes) and with a high uncertainty due to a limited number of datasets. As a simple and robust model approach, the developed CRFs provide an easily applicable tool to estimate SOC stock changes after LUC to improve greenhouse gas reporting in the framework of UNFCCC. Global Change Biology, 2011, V17, N7, JUL, pp 2415-2427 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02408.x.

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12.2-131Mapping of erosion rates in marly badlands based on a coupling of anatomical changes in exposed roots with slope maps derived from Li DAR dataSaez J L, Corona C, Stoffel M, Rovera G, Astrade L, Berger FFrance, SwitzerlandPedology , Geomorphology , Remote Sensing , ForestryBlack marls form very extensive outcrops in the Alps and constitute some of the most eroded ter-rains, thus causing major problems of sedimenta-tion in artificial storage systems (e.g. reservoirs) and river systems. In the experimental catchments near Draix (France), soil erosion rates have been measured in the past at the plot scale through a detailed monitoring of surface elevation changes and at the catchment scale through continuous monitoring of sediment yield in traps at basin out-lets. More recently, erosion rates have been deter-mined by means of dendrogeomorphic techniques in three monitored catchments of the Draix basin. A total of 48 exposed roots of Scots pine have been sampled and anatomical variations in annual growth rings resulting from denudation analysed. At the plot scale, average medium-term soil erosion rates derived from exposed roots vary between 1.8 and 13.8mm yr(-1) (average: 5.9 mm yr(-1)) and val-ues are significantly correlated with slope angle. The dendrogeomorphic record of point-scale soil erosion rates matches very well with soil erosion rates measured in the Draix basins. Based on the point-scale measurements and dendrogeomor-phic results obtained at the point scale, a linear regression model involving slope angle was de-rived and coupled to high-resolution slope maps obtained from a LiDAR- generated digital elevation model so as to generate high-resolution soil ero-sion maps. The resulting regression model is sta-tistically significant and average soil erosion rates obtained from the areal erosion map (5.8, 5.2 and 6.2 mm yr(-1) for the Roubine, Moulin and Laval catchments, respectively) prove to be well in con-cert with average annual erosion rates measured in traps at the outlet of these catchments since 1985 (6.3, 4.1 and 6.4 mm yr(-1)). This contribution demonstrates that dendrogeomorphic analyses of roots clearly have significant potential and that they are a powerful tool for the quantification and mapping of soil erosion rates in areas where mea-surements of past erosion is lacking. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2011, V36, N9, JUL, pp 1162-1171 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.2141.

12.2-132An innovative device for determining the soil water retention curve under high suction at different temperaturesSalager S, Rizzi M, Laloui LSwitzerlandPedology , Hydrology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsTo characterise the water retention behaviour of fine soils, high suction values are applied. In this range of values, the vapour equilibrium technique is usually used. This paper presents an innovative device, a sorption bench that permits the determi-nation of the water retention curve of soil. With this new testing method, the time required for testing is significantly reduced. In addition, this apparatus enables the thermal conditions of a test to be controlled; thus, the applied suction can be better controlled, and the water retention curve for different temperatures can be determined. Another valuable aspect of the device is the ad-opted technical solution that permits weighing of the samples inside the desiccators at any time. Consequently, the water content kinetics can be defined without disturbing the drying or wetting processes. Acta Geotechnica, 2011, V6, N3, SEP, pp 135-142 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11440-011-0141-8.

12.2-133Charcoal quality does not change over a cen-tury in a tropical agro- ecosystemSchneider M P W, Lehmann J, Schmidt M W ISwitzerland, USAPedology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Agricul-tureCharcoal stocks were determined in a chrono-sequence of soils which have been converted to agricultural land use by slash-and-burn up to 100 years ago. With time, opposite to our assumptions, the charcoal chemical quality, as measured by molecular markers for pyrogenic carbon, did not change and charcoal stocks did not show a clear decrease. Our results indicate that charcoal may resist chemical degradation even when exposed to intense weathering in a tropical climate. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 2011, V43, N9, SEP, pp 1992-1994 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.05.020.

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12.2-134Has the Burden and Distribution of PCBs and PBDEs Changed in European Background Soils between 1998 and 2008? Implications for Sources and ProcessesSchuster J K, Gioia R, Moeckel C, Agarwal T, Buche-li T D, Breivik K, Steinnes E, Jones K CEngland, Switzerland, NorwayPedology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesBackground soils were collected from 70 locations on a latitudinal transect in the United Kingdom and Norway in 2008, ten years after they had first been sampled in 1998. The soils were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pes-ticides (OCs), to see whether there had been any change in the loadings or distributions of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The same transect has also been used to sample air between the mid-1990s and the present, so the air and soil spatial and temporal trends provide information on air-soil transfers, source-receptor relationships, long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), and re-cycling phenomena. Comparisons of the 2008 and 1998 data sets show a general decline for PBDEs in surface soil, and a smaller averaged net decline of PCBs. Changes between the years were observed for total POP concentrations in soil and also for correlations with site and sample characteris-tics assumed to affect those concentrations. POP concentrations were correlated to distance and strength of possible sources, a relationship that became weaker in the 2008 data. Fractionation, a commonly discussed process for the global cy-cling of POPs was also lost in the 2008 data. As in 1998, soil organic matter content continues to have a strong influence on the loadings of POPs in surface soils, but changes in the PCB loads were noted. These factors indicate an approach to air-surface soil equilibrium and a lessening of the in-fluence of primary sources on POP concentrations in soil between 1998 and 2008. Environmental Science Technology, 2011, V45, N17, SEP 1, pp 7291-7297 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200961p.

12.2-135Interactive effects of drought and N fertiliza-tion on the spatial distribution of methane assimilation in grassland soilsStiehl Braun P A, Hartmann A A, Kandeler E, Buchmann N, Niklaus P ASwitzerland, GermanyPedology , Ecology , Plant Sciences , Agriculture , MicrobiologySoil methanotrophic bacteria constitute the only globally relevant biological sink for atmospheric methane (CH4). Nitrogen (N) fertilizers as well as soil moisture regime affect the activity of these organisms, but the mechanisms involved are not well understood to date. In particular, virtually nothing is known about the spatial distribution of soil methanotrophs within soil structure and how this regulates CH4 fluxes at the ecosystem scale. We studied the spatial distribution of CH4 assimi-lation and its response to a factorial drought x N fertilizer treatment in a 3-year experiment repli-cated in two grasslands differing in management intensity. Intact soil cores were labelled with (CH4)-C-14 and methanotrophic activity mapped at a resolution of similar to 100 mm using an autoradiographic technique. Under drought, the main zone of CH4 assimilation shifted down the soil profile. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and cattle urine reduced CH4 assimilation in the top soil, but only when applied under drought, pre-sumably because NH4+ from fertilizers was not removed by plant uptake and nitrification under these conditions. Ecosystem-level CH4 fluxes mea-sured in the field did show no or only very small inhibitory effects, suggesting that deeper soil lay-ers fully compensated for the reduction in top soil CH4 assimilation. Our results indicate that the ecosystem-level CH4 sink cannot be inferred from measurements of soil samples that do not reflect the spatial organization of soils (e. g. stratification of organisms, processes, and mechanisms). The autoradiographic technique we have developed is suited to study methanotrophic activity in a relevant spatial context and does not rely on the genetic identity of the soil bacterial communities involved, thus ideally complementing DNA-based approaches. Global Change Biology, 2011, V17, N8, AUG, pp 2629-2639 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02410.x.

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12.2-136Dendrogeomorphic dating of rockfalls on low-latitude, high-elevation slopes: Rodadero, Iztaccihuatl volcano, MexicoStoffel M, Bollschweiler M, Vazquez Selem L, Franco Ramos O, Palacios DSwitzerland, Mexico, SpainGeomorphology , Geology , Forestry , Plant SciencesDynamics and rates of rockfalls have been repeat-edly studied in mountain environments with archival records as well as lichenometric, radio-carbon or dendrogeomorphic approaches. In this study, we test the potential of conifers growing at a low-latitude, high-elevation site as a dendrogeo-morphic tool to reconstruct to calendar dates as-sociated rockfall activity. Analysis is based on tree-ring records of Mexican mountain pine (Pinus hartwegii Lindl.) growing at timberline (similar to 4000m above sea level (a.s.l.)) and at the runout fringe of a north-northeast (NNE)-facing slope of the dormant Iztaccihuatl volcano (Mexico), which is subject to frequent rockfalls. The potential and limitations of tree-ring data are demonstrated based on 67 rockfall impacts dated in the incre-ment-ring series of 24 trees since AD 1836. While findings of this paper are site-specific, the study clearly shows the potential of dendrogeomorphic approaches in extra-Alpine, low-latitude environ-ments and for the understanding of rockfall pro-cesses in space and time. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2011, V36, N9, JUL, pp 1209-1217 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.2146.

12.2-137Pyrogenic carbon quantity and quality unchanged after 55 years of organic matter depletion in a ChernozemVasilyeva N A, Abiven S, Milanovskiy E Y, Hilf M, Rizhkov O V, Schmidt M W IFrance, Russia, SwitzerlandPedology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Plant SciencesChernozems typically have large stocks of or-ganic carbon and of fire- derived, pyrogenic car-bon (PyC). PyC had been considered to be slowly released but new results challenged this assump-tion, indicating that PyC can be lost within de-cades. We analyzed total soil organic carbon and PyC content (detectable as benzene polycarbox-ylic acids) in bulk samples, light and heavy frac-tions from a 55 year old bare fallow and a nearby steppe soil. Loss of PyC stock due to the long-term fallow management was much smaller (6%) than for soil organic carbon (33%), and we detected no

changes in the degree of aromatic condensation of PyC. Most (70%) of the PyC was associated with the heavy fraction, and less with the light fraction (30%) pointing to organo-mineral interactions as important stabilizing processes. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 2011, V43, N9, SEP, pp 1985-1988 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.05.015.

12.2-138Spatial statistical modeling of shallow land-slides-Validating predictions for different landslide inventories and rainfall eventsvon Ruette J, Papritz A, Lehmann P, Rickli C, Or DSwitzerlandGeomorphology , Modelling , HydrologyStatistical models that exploit the correlation between landslide occurrence and geomorphic properties are often used to map the spatial oc-currence of shallow landslides triggered by heavy rainfalls. In many landslide susceptibility studies, the true predictive power of the statistical model remains unknown because the predictions are not validated with independent data from other events or areas. This study validates statistical sus-ceptibility predictions with independent test data. The spatial incidence of landslides, triggered by an extreme rainfall in a study area, was modeled by logistic regression. The fitted model was then used to generate susceptibility maps for another three study areas, for which event- based landslide inventories were also available. All the study areas lie in the northern foothills of the Swiss Alps. The landslides had been triggered by heavy rainfall ei-ther in 2002 or 2005. The validation was designed such that the first validation study area shared the geomorphology and the second the triggering rainfall event with the calibration study area. For the third validation study area, both geomorphol-ogy and rainfall were different. All explanatory variables were extracted for the logistic regression analysis from high-resolution digital elevation and surface models (2.5 m grid). The model fitted to the calibration data comprised four explanato-ry variables: (i) slope angle (effect of gravitational driving forces), (ii) vegetation type (grassland and forest: root reinforcement), (iii) planform curva-ture (convergent water flow paths), and (iv) con-tributing area (potential supply of water). The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to quantify the predic-tive performance of the logistic regression model. The AUC values were computed for the suscep-tibility maps of the three validation study areas (validation AUC), the fitted susceptibility map of the calibration study area (apparent AUC: 0.80)

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Soil and Litosphere 79

and another susceptibility map obtained for the calibration study area by 20-fold cross-validation (cross-validation AUC: 0.74). The AUC values of the first and second validation study areas (0.72 and 0.69, respectively) and the cross-validation AUC matched fairly well, and all AUC values were dis-tinctly smaller than the apparent AUC. Based on the apparent AUC one would have clearly overrat-ed the predictive performance for the first two val-idation areas. Rather surprisingly, the AUC value of the third validation study area (0.82) was larger than the apparent AUC. A large part of the third validation study area consists of gentle slopes, and the regression model correctly predicted that no landslides occur in the flat parts. This increased the predictive performance of the model consid-erably. The predicted susceptibility maps were further validated by summing the predicted sus-ceptibilities for the entire validation areas and by comparing the sums with the observed number of landslides. The sums exceeded the observed counts for all the validation areas. Hence, the lo-gistic regression model generally over-estimated the risk of landslide occurrence. Obviously, a pre-dictive model that is based on static geomorphic properties alone cannot take a full account of the complex and time dependent processes in the sub-surface. However, such a model is still capable of distinguishing zones highly or less prone to shal-low landslides. Geomorphology, 2011, V133, N1-2, OCT 1, pp 11-22 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geo-morph.2011.06.010.

12.2-139Effects of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) rooting on the bacterial community structure in mixed-hardwood forest soils in SwitzerlandWirthner S, Frey B, Busse M D, Schütz M, Risch A CSwitzerland, USAPedology , Microbiology , Ecology , Forestry , Plant SciencesSoil disturbances are known to influence the soil bacterial community structure and therefore have the potential to affect forest ecosystem function-ing and productivity. Whereas most studies have focused on how disturbances originating from forest management practices alter these commu-nities, almost nothing is known about the effects of biotic natural disturbances, especially the ones caused by large animals. Our goal was to deter-mine how European wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) af-fect soil microbial biomass carbon and bacterial community structure by rooting (grubbing) in the soil when searching for food. We sampled micro-bial biomass carbon immediately and 24 months after the rooting event and determined bacterial community structure immediately, 11, 14 and 18 months after rooting on paired rooted and non-rooted study plots in four hardwood forest stands. In addition, we measured plant available total nitrogen, soil moisture and soil temperatures for each sampling interval. Wild boar rooting had no significant effect on microbial biomass carbon or soil bacterial community structure, diversity, rich-ness and evenness. However, we found that the bacterial community structure varied significant-ly with the sampling date. Correlations between bacterial community structure and different en-vironmental parameters, namely plant available total nitrogen, soil moisture, and soil temperature were found to be responsible for these seasonal differences. Thus, seasonal changes in bacterial community structure seem to override rooting ef-fects of wild boars at our study sites. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2011, V47, N5, SEP-OCT, pp 296-302 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2011.07.003.

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12.2-140Snow avalanche flow-regime transitions induced by mass and random kinetic energy fluxesBartelt P, Meier L, Buser OSwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , ModellingWe perform a linear-stability analysis of a system of ordinary differential equations describing the motion of dense flowing avalanches. The depth-averaged equations relate the mean translational velocity of the avalanche to the production of turbulent kinetic energy associated with the random motion of the snow granules. Flow fric-tion is described by an extended Voellmy model, where both the Coulomb and turbulent resis-tance are related to the random kinetic energy. We identify two snow avalanche flow regimes: (1) an unstable frictional flow regime characterized by low random kinetic energy production and (2) a stable, collisional flow regime at the avalanche front. Flow-regime transitions are governed by the production of random kinetic energy, which is controlled by mass. The unstable regime is char-acterized by a saddle point which the avalanche encounters at the onset of motion and deposi-tion. Depending on the release mass and/or mass growth, the avalanche head will either fluidize, leading to far-reaching avalanches, or starve and die out. At the tail of the avalanche this saddle point also controls the commencement of deposi-tion and therefore the stopping behaviour of ava-lanches. We discuss the conditions for flow-regime transitions and the enhanced mobility of snow avalanches. Annals of Glaciology, 2011, V52, N58, AUG, pp 159-164.

12.2-141Will snow-abundant winters still exist in the Swiss Alps in an enhanced greenhouse climate?Beniston M, Uhlmann B, Goyettea S, Lopez Moreno J ISwitzerland, SpainCryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingSnow cover and duration are very variable com-ponents of the alpine environment and are often poorly reproduced in climate models. Using joint probability temperature/precipitation distribu-tions to categorize cold/dry, cold/moist, warm/dry (WD) and warm/moist situations in winter, this study demonstrates that one particular mode (WD) exerts the strongest influence on snow.

When the number of WD days is low, snow in the Swiss Alps is abundant, and vice versa. Since the 1950s, there has been an increase in the WD events and a subsequent reduction in snow cover. Snow-abundant winters have nevertheless oc-curred in recent years, when WD days are low, despite winter temperatures that are more than 1 degrees C higher than those in the mid-1900s. The WD mode thus represents a form of proxy to snow amount and duration; its evolution in an enhanced greenhouse climate can help identify whether snow-abundant winters may still occur in a much warmer world. International Journal of Climatology, 2011, V31, N9, JUL, pp 1257-1263 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2151.

12.2-142Sensitivity of snow avalanche simulations to digital elevation model quality and resolutionBühler Y, Christen M, Kowalski J, Bartelt PSwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Modelling , Remote SensingDigital elevation models (DEMs), represent the three-dimensional terrain and are the basic input for numerical snow avalanche dynamics simula-tions. DEMs can be acquired using topographic maps or remote- sensing technologies, such as photogrammetry or lidar. Depending on the ac-quisition technique, different spatial resolutions and qualities are achieved. However, there is a lack of studies that investigate the sensitivity of snow avalanche simulation algorithms to the quality and resolution of DEMs. Here, we perform calcu-lations using the numerical avalance dynamics model RAMMS, varying the quality and spatial resolution of the underlying DEMs, while hold-ing the simulation parameters constant. We study both channelized and open-terrain avalanche tracks with variable roughness. To quantify the variance of these simulations, we use well-docu-mented large-scale avalanche events from Davos, Switzerland (winter 2007/08), and from our large-scale avalanche test site, Vallee de la Sionne (win-ter 2005 /06). We find that the DEM resolution and quality is critical for modeled flow paths, run-out distances, deposits, velocities and impact pres-sures. Although a spatial resolution of similar to 25 m is sufficient for large-scale avalanche model-ing, the DEM datasets must be checked carefully for anomalies and artifacts before using them for dynamics calculations. Annals of Glaciology, 2011, V52, N58, AUG, pp 72-80.

1.4 Cryosphere

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12.2-143Hazard assessment investigations due to recent changes in Triftgletscher, Bernese Alps, SwitzerlandCanassy P D, Bauder A, Dost M, Faeh R, Funk M, Margreth S, Mueller B, Sugiyama SSwitzerland, Germany, JapanCryology / Glaciology , ModellingThe details and the consequences of the recent retreat of Triftgletscher (Gadmertal, Bernese Alps, Switzerland) have been investigated. Geodetic volume changes indicate a strong decrease since 1929 while the position of the terminus remained practically unchanged until 1990. The role played by calving in the tongue retreat running from 2000 to 2006 is confirmed by means of a mass bal-ance model including a calving criterion. Results show that without calving, it would have taken two years longer for the lake to form than has been observed. The consequences of the ensuing tongue destabilization are surveyed, first with an ice avalanche model and second with a hydraulic study of the potential impulse wave triggered by the impact of the falling ice mass in the lake. Re-sults point out that ice avalanches with volumes greater that 1.10(6) m(3) will flow into the lake and that in the worst scenario, a discharge of 400 m(3) s(-1) is expected to reach the endangered area in Gadmertal 11 min after the break-off. In order to detect surface motion precursors to such ice ava-lanches, a photographic monitoring system was installed. The results indicate seasonal variations with peak velocity in summer and no significant change during the other months. Spectacular ve-locity increases were not observed so far. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2011, V11, N8, AUG, pp 2149-2162 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2149-2011.

12.2-144Seasonal development of spatial snow-depth variability across different scales in the Swiss AlpsEgli L, Griessinger N, Jonas TSwitzerland, GermanyCryology / Glaciology , Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe depth of snow cover is temporally and spa-tially heterogeneous at different scales in Alpine regions. For snow hydrology/climatology the spa-tial variability of snow depths is a key parameter for capturing the total amount of snow in a given area. Here a scale analysis of the spatial variability of snow depths during the accumulation period is investigated. The development of the variability is characterized by a parameter, beta, describing the

relationship between the standard deviation and the mean of snow depths. The analysis includes two datasets: (1) 141 snow-depth point measure-ments representing flat-field observations, and (2) snow precipitation from the numerical weather prediction model COSMO-7. The results reveal that beta is almost invariant at scales between 10 and 300 km. The COSMO-7 data exhibit the same scale invariance above 50 km, indicating that the spatial variability of snow depths is formed by the precipitation pattern at these scales. The scaling analysis of beta allows determination of the abso-lute accuracy of estimating the total amount of snow in a given area and helps to validate differ-ent snow models or remote-sensing techniques by ground truth verification. Annals of Glaciology, 2011, V52, N58, AUG, pp 216-222.

12.2-145Altitudinal dependency of snow amounts in two small alpine catchments: can catchment-wide snow amounts be estimated via single snow or precipitation stations?Grünewald T, Lehning MSwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Hydrology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote SensingThe spatial distribution and the local amount of snow in mountainous regions strongly depend on the spatial characteristics of snowfall, snow depo-sition and snow redistribution. Uniform attitudi-nal gradients can only represent a part of these influences but are without alternative for use in larger-scale models. How well altitudinal gradi-ents represent the true snow distribution has not been assessed. We analyse altitudinal characteris-tics of snow stored in two high-alpine catchments in Switzerland. Peak winter snow depths were monitored using high-resolution airborne laser scanning technology. These snow depths were transferred to snow water equivalent by apply-ing simple density estimations. From these data, altitudinal gradients were calculated for the total catchment areas and for selected sub-areas charac-terized by different accumulation patterns. These gradients were then compared with gradients resulting from automated snow depth measure-ments obtained from several snow stations on different height levels located in the catchments, and with estimations from climatological precipi-tation gradients. The analysis showed that neither precipitation gradients nor flat-field stations esti-mate catchment-wide snow amounts accurately. While the climatological gradient showed dif-ferent trends for different areas and years, the

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snow stations tended to overestimate mean snow amounts. Annals of Glaciology, 2011, V52, N58, AUG, pp 153-158.

12.2-146Wet-snow instabilities: comparison of mea-sured and modelled liquid water content and snow stratigraphyMitterer C, Hirashima H, Schweizer JSwitzerland, JapanCryology / Glaciology , Modelling , HydrologyWet-snow avalanches are difficult to forecast, as the change from stable to unstable snow condi-tions occurs rapidly in a wet snowpack, often in re-sponse to water production and movement. Snow stratigraphy plays a vital role in determining flux behaviour. Capillary barriers or melt freeze crusts can impede and divert water horizontally over large areas and thus may act as a failure layer for wet-snow avalanches. We present a comparison of measured and modelled liquid water content, theta(w), and snow stratigraphy during periods of wet- snow instabilities. Special attention is given to the reproducibility of capillary barriers, pond-ing of water on melt freeze crusts and the timing of first wetting and of water arrival at the bot-tom of the snowpack, because these factors are believed to play a major role in the formation of wet-snow avalanches. In situ measurements were performed in the vicinity of automatic weather stations or close to recent wet-snow avalanches in order to compare them with model results. The simulations are based on two different water flux models incorporated within the 1-D snow-cover model SNOWPACK. The comparison of the two model runs with observed theta(w) and stratig-raphy revealed that both water-transport models reproduced the ponding of water on melt freeze crusts. However, in both models melt freeze crusts were transformed to normal melt forms earlier than observed in nature, so still existing ponding was not captured by the models. Only one of the models was able to reproduce capillary barriers in agreement with observations. The time of the first wetting at the surface was well predicted, but the simulated arrival time of the wetting front at the bottom of the snowpack differed between the simulations; it was either too early or too late com-pared with the observation. Annals of Glaciology, 2011, V52, N58, AUG, pp 201-208.

12.2-147Self-potential investigation of moraine dam seepageMoore J R, Boleve A, Sanders J W, Glaser S DSwitzerland, USA, FranceCryology / Glaciology , Geology , Limnology , HydrologySelf-potential (SP) and electrical resistivity mea-surements are used to investigate seepage at a remote moraine dam in the Sierra Nevada of Cali-fornia. The site is a small terminal moraine im-pounding roughly 300,000 m(3) of water at similar to 3400 m a.s.l. Suspicious fine sediment in a small lake at the dam’s downstream toe prompted initial concerns that anomalous seepage may be eroding matrix material from the moraine. 235 individual SP measurements covering the surface of the dam were collected in order to investigate electrokinet-ic current sources resulting from seepage, while resistivity soundings probed moraine stratigraphy and suggest that the till contains interstitial ice. Contoured SP data reveal a non- uniform voltage distribution over the moraine dam and two dis-tinct negative SP anomalies. The first, located in the central area of the moraine, shows a broad negative SP zone around the crest and increas-ingly positive SP moving downhill towards both the upstream and downstream toes. This anomaly can be explained by shallow gravitational ground-water flow in the near subsurface combined with upward groundwater flux through evapotranspi-ration; numerical simulation of the combined ef-fect matches field data well. The second SP anom-aly has a tightly localized distribution and can be explained by vertically descending flow into a bedrock fault conduit. Our conceptual seepage model suggests that flow travels from Dana Lake first at the boundary of ice-filled moraine and bed-rock before converging on a concentrated channel in the subvertical fault zone. Positive SP near the dam abutments results from groundwater inflow from adjacent hillslopes. Combined analyses sug-gest that seepage erosion is not currently affecting the moraine dam, and that the sediment observed on the bed of the downstream toe lake is likely a remnant of past outflow events. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 2011, V74, N4, AUG, pp 277-286 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.06.014.

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12.2-148Internal structure and permafrost distribution in two alpine periglacial talus slopes, Valais, Swiss AlpsScapozza C, Lambiel C, Baron L, Marescot L, Rey-nard ESwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Geomorphology , Modelling , Geochemistry & GeophysicsIn order to determine the spatial extension and the characteristics of permafrost within alpine ta-lus slopes, two sites located in the western part of the Swiss Alps were studied using borehole drill-ing and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles. Three boreholes were drilled along an upslope-downslope transect in both talus slopes. In both sites, frozen sediments are present only in the two lowest boreholes, whereas the upper borehole does not present ice. This stratigraphy is confirmed by ground temperatures registered in the boreholes. In each site, three upslope-downslope ERT profiles were crossed with five, respectively four horizontal ERT profiles. All the upslope-downslope profiles show a difference in resistivities between the upper and lower parts of the slope, where a large resistive body with values higher than 35 k Omega m is present. In the up-permost part of the profiles, the resistivities are lower than 10-15 k Omega m. The borehole data allowed the stratigraphy obtained from the ERT inverted profiles to be validated, with regards to the distribution of frozen sediments as well as the depth of the detected structures. The results con-firm that, in the two studied sites, permafrost is present in the lower sections of the talus slopes, whereas it is absent in the upper parts. Finally, the analysis of the talus structure showed that the permafrost stratigraphy, and in particular the ice content, may be an important element of inter-pretation of the palaeoclimatic significance of an alpine talus slope. Geomorphology, 2011, V132, N3-4, SEP 15, pp 208-221 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geo-morph.2011.05.010.

12.2-149A sublimation technique for high-precision measurements of delta (CO2)-C-13 and mixing ratios of CO2 and N2O from air trapped in ice coresSchmitt J, Schneider R, Fischer HSwitzerland, GermanyCryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesIn order to provide high precision stable carbon isotope ratios (delta(CO2)-C-13 or delta C-13 of CO2) from small bubbly, partially and fully clathrated

ice core samples we developed a new method based on sublimation coupled to gas chromatog-raphy-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS). In a first step the trapped air is quantitatively re-leased from similar to 30 g of ice and CO2 together with N2O are separated from the bulk air compo-nents and stored in a miniature glass tube. In an off-line step, the extracted sample is introduced into a helium carrier flow using a minimised tube cracker device. Prior to measurement, N2O and organic sample contaminants are gas chromato-graphically separated from CO2. Pulses of a CO2/N2O mixture are admitted to the tube cracker and follow the path of the sample through the system. This allows an identical treatment and compari-son of sample and standard peaks. The ability of the method to reproduce delta C-13 from bubble and clathrate ice is verified on different ice cores. We achieve reproducibilities for bubble ice be-tween 0.05 parts per thousand and 0.07 parts per thousand and for clathrate ice between 0.05 parts per thousand and 0.09 parts per thousand (depen-dent on the ice core used). A comparison of our data with measurements on bubble ice from the same ice core but using a mechanical extraction device shows no significant systematic offset. In addition to delta C-13, the CO2 and N2O mixing ra-tios can be volumetrically derived with a precision of 2 ppmv and 8 ppbv, respectively. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2011, V4, N7, JUL, pp 1445-1461 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1445-2011.

12.2-150Spatial distribution of surface ablation in the terminus of Rhonegletscher, SwitzerlandSugiyama S, Yoshizawa T, Huss M, Tsutaki S, Nishimura DJapan, SwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe spatial pattern of glacier surface melt was measured with a resolution of 20-100 m within a region extending 1 km up-glacier from the termi-nus of Rhonegletscher, Switzerland. The melt rate was monitored from 6 July to 6 September 2009 using 44 ablation stakes. We also measured the surface albedo near the stakes to investigate the importance of this parameter for the melt-rate dis-tribution. The melt rate varied from 32.8 to 71.9 mm w.e. d(-1) in the study area. Our measurements suggest that the spatial variation of the melt rate can be explained by (1) shading of the ice surface by neighbouring mountains, (2) surface albedo and (3) effects of microclimate (e.g. radiation from side-walls) on the surface energy balance. The ob-served melt-rate distribution was compared to the

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results of a temperature-index melt model, which takes into account shading of direct solar illumi-nation but not the other two effects. The model reproduces some important features of the field data, but its spatial variations are generally less than the measured values. Our study shows the importance of albedo and other local conditions in the accurate estimation of the small-scale melt-rate distribution. Annals of Glaciology, 2011, V52, N58, AUG, pp 1-8.

12.2-151Drifting snow sublimation: A high-resolution 3-D model with temperature and moisture feedbacksZwaaftink C D Groot, Löwe H, Mott R, Bavay M, Lehning MSwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingThe snow transport model of Alpine3D is augment-ed with a drifting snow sublimation routine. Con-trary to other three-dimensional high- resolution snow transport models, Alpine3D now accounts for feedback mechanisms on the air temperature, humidity, and snow mass concentration in three

dimensions. Results show that the negative feed-backs of sublimation on the snow mass concentra-tion, temperature, and humidity are, in general, small but relevant on the slope scale. We analyzed the deposition on a leeward slope for simulations including sublimation and compared these to a reference simulation of the model without sub-limation. Including sublimation, but neglecting sublimation feedbacks, leads to a reduction in deposition of approximately 12% on this slope. In a simulation including sublimation and its feed-backs, the reduction in snow deposition on the same slope was 10%. The feedbacks thus reduced the loss of snow due to sublimation by 2%. The sublimation process is therefore quite important for a leeward slope influenced by drifting snow. However, we also show that the spatial variability is large and that drifting snow sublimation will mainly affect small regions within a catchment. Averaged over our model domain (2.4 km(2)) in the Swiss Alps, drifting snow sublimation causes a reduction in deposition of 2.3% during a 43 h test period, which is comparable to the sublimation loss from the snow cover during the same time. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2011, V116, AUG 19 ARTN: D16107, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015754.

12.2-152An operational hydrological ensemble predic-tion system for the city of Zurich (Switzer-land): skill, case studies and scenariosAddor N, Jaun S, Fundel F, Zappa MSwitzerlandHydrology , Water Resources , Urban Studies , Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe Sihl River flows through Zurich, Switzerland’s most populated city, for which it represents the largest flood threat. To anticipate extreme dis-charge events and provide decision support in case of flood risk, a hydrometeorological ensemble prediction system (HEPS) was launched operation-ally in 2008. This model chain relies on limited-area atmospheric forecasts provided by the deter-ministic model COSMO-7 and the probabilistic model COSMO-LEPS. These atmospheric forecasts are used to force a semi-distributed hydrological model (PREVAH), coupled to a hydraulic model (FLORIS). The resulting hydrological forecasts are eventually communicated to the stakeholders in-volved in the Sihl discharge management. This

fully operational setting provides a real frame-work with which to compare the potential of de-terministic and probabilistic discharge forecasts for flood mitigation. To study the suitability of HEPS for small-scale basins and to quantify the added-value conveyed by the probability informa-tion, a reforecast was made for the period June 2007 to December 2009 for the Sihl catchment (336 km(2)). Several metrics support the conclu-sion that the performance gain can be of up to 2 days lead time for the catchment considered. Brier skill scores show that overall COSMO- LEPS-based hydrological forecasts outperforms their COSMO-7-based counterparts for all the lead times and event intensities considered. The small size of the Sihl catchment does not prevent skillful discharge forecasts, but makes them particularly dependent on correct precipitation forecasts, as shown by comparisons with a reference run driven by ob-served meteorological parameters. Our evaluation stresses that the capacity of the model to provide confident and reliable mid- term probability fore-casts for high discharges is limited. The two most

1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems

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intense events of the study period are investigated utilising a novel graphical representation of prob-ability forecasts, and are used to generate high discharge scenarios. They highlight challenges for making decisions on the basis of hydrologi-cal predictions, and indicate the need for a tool to be used in addition to forecasts to compare the different mitigation actions possible in the Sihl catchment. No definitive conclusion on the model chain capacity to forecast flooding events endan-gering the city of Zurich could be drawn because of the under-sampling of extreme events. Further research on the form of the reforecasts needed to infer on floods associated to return periods of sev-eral decades, centuries, is encouraged. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011, V15, N7, JUL, pp 2327-2347 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2327-2011.

12.2-153Light-mediated N-15 fractionation in Carib-bean gorgonian octocorals: implications for pollution monitoringBaker D M, Kim K, Andras J P, Sparks J PUSA, SwitzerlandMarine & Freshwater Biology , Zoology , Geochem-istry & GeophysicsThe stable nitrogen isotope ratio (delta N-15) of coral tissue is a useful recorder of anthropogenic pollution in tropical marine ecosystems. However, little is known of the natural environmentally induced fractionations that affect our interpreta-tion of coral delta N-15 values. In symbiotic sclerac-tinians, light affects metabolic fractionation of N during photosynthesis, which may confound the identification of N pollution between sites of varied depth or turbidity. Given the superior-ity of octocorals for delta N-15 studies, our goal was to quantify the effect of light on gorgonian delta N-15 in the context of monitoring N pol-lution sources. Using field collections, we show that delta N-15 declined by 1.4‰ degrees over 20 m depth in two species of gorgonians, the common sea fan, Gorgonia ventalina, and the slimy sea plume, Pseudopterogorgia americana. An 8-week laboratory experiment with P. ameri-cana showed that light, not temperature causes this variation, whereby the lowest fractionation of the N source was observed in the highest light treatment. Finally, we used a yearlong recipro-cal depth transplant experiment to quantify the time frame over which delta N-15 changes in G. ventalina as a function of light regime. Over the year, delta N-15 was unchanged and in-creased slightly in the deep control colonies and shallow colonies transplanted to the deep site,

respectively. Within 6 months, colonies trans-planted from deep to shallow became enriched by 0.8‰ degrees, mirroring the enrichment ob-served in the shallow controls, which was likely due to the combined effect of an increase in the source delta N-15 and reduced fractionation. We conclude that light affects gorgonian delta N-15 fractionation and should be considered in sampling designs for N pollution monitoring. However, these fractionations are small relative to differences observed between natural and an-thropogenic N sources. Coral Reefs, 2011, V30, N3, SEP, pp 709-717 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0759-x.

12.2-154Three-dimensional high resolution fluvio-gla-cial aquifer analog: Part 1: Field studyBayer P, Huggenberger P, Renard P, Comunian ASwitzerlandHydrology , Water Resources , Geology , Remote SensingDescribing the complex structures that exist in many sedimentary aquifers is crucial for reliable ground-water flow and transport simulation. How-ever, hardly any aquifer can be inspected in such detail that all decimeter to meter heterogeneity is resolved. Aquifer analogs serve as surrogates to construct models of equivalent heterogeneity, and thus imitate those features relevant for flow or transport processes. Gravel pits found in exca-vation show excellent sections of the sedimen-tary sequence and thus offer direct insight into the structural and textural composition of the subsoil. This paper describes an approach to also inspect the third dimension: by mapping during the ongoing excavation it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional representation of the subsur-face within a short period of time. A detailed de-scription of a case study is presented and the find-ings from sedimentological, hydrogeological and geophysical analyses are compared. The gravel pit is located near the town of Herten in southwest Germany, where relatively young unconsolidated fluvio-glacial and fluvial sediments in the Rhine basin are mined. The excavated gravel body is built up by architectural elements typical for braided river deposits. The study generated a high-resolution data set of lithofacies, hydrofacies and ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles. It repre-sents the basis for a full three-dimensional geo-statistical reconstruction presented in the second part (Comunian et al., 2011). Journal of Hydrology, 2011, V405, N1-2, JUL 21, pp 1-9 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhy-drol.2011.03.038.

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12.2-155How will combined changes in water demand and climate affect water availability in the Zambezi river basin?Beck L, Bernauer TSwitzerlandModelling , Water Resources , HydrologyMany of the world’s large international river ba-sins, which are the principal sources of freshwater for billions of people and nature, are likely to expe-rience increasing stress over the coming decades. In many cases this stress will be due to changes both on the water supply (because of climatic changes) and demand side. Only few studies have examined the implications of water demand and climatic changes jointly. We combine a comprehensive set of water demand scenarios and climate change projections with a hydrological model to estimate future water availability in key parts of the Zam-bezi river basin (ZRB) until 2050. We focus on the ZRB because it is both substantively important and analytically challenging in terms of demonstrat-ing the value of our methodological approach: it is one of the largest freshwater catchments in Africa and worldwide; it has a complex hydrological and political geography; and it experiences only minor water stress today. The results show that our ap-proach is feasible and can produce valuable results. Our results indicate that current water abundance in most parts of the ZRB is unlikely to last. While, perhaps surprisingly, climatic changes are likely to have only relatively small effects on water avail-ability, population and economic growth as well as expansion of irrigated agriculture and water trans-fers are likely to have very important transbound-ary impacts. Such impacts involve drastically re-duced runoff in the dry season at key locations and changing (relative) shares of ZRB countries in the basin’s total runoff and water demand. These re-sults imply that effective governance mechanisms for water allocation and for dealing with flow vari-ability should be set up within the next few years in order to manage the situation cooperatively. Global Environmental Change Human and Policy Dimensions, 2011, V21, N3, SI, AUG, pp 1061-1072 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenv-cha.2011.04.001.

12.2-156Protection and Use of Bodies of Water - quo vadis?Boes R MSwitzerlandHydrology , Water Resources Wasserwirtschaft, 2011, V101, N9 p 3.

12.2-157Global distribution of a key trophic guild contrasts with common latitudinal diversity patternsBoyero L, Pearson R G, Dudgeon D, Graca M A S, Gessner M O, Albarino R J, Ferreira V, Yule C M, Boulton A J, Arunachalam M, et alSpain, Australia, Peoples R China, Portugal, Swit-zerland, Argentina, Malaysia, India, Brazil, France, USA, Colombia, Canada, Ecuador, PanamaMarine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity , EcologyMost hypotheses explaining the general gradient of higher diversity toward the equator are implicit or explicit about greater species packing in the tropics. However, global patterns of diversity with-in guilds, including trophic guilds (i.e., groups of organisms that use similar food resources), are poorly known. We explored global diversity pat-terns of a key trophic guild in stream ecosystems, the detritivore shredders. This was motivated by the fundamental ecological role of shredders as decomposers of leaf litter and by some records pointing to low shredder diversity and abundance in the tropics, which contrasts with diversity pat-terns of most major taxa for which broad-scale latitudinal patterns haven been examined. Given this evidence, we hypothesized that shredders are more abundant and diverse in temperate than in tropical streams, and that this pattern is related to the higher temperatures and lower availabil-ity of high- quality leaf litter in the tropics. Our comprehensive global survey (129 stream sites from 14 regions on six continents) corroborated the expected latitudinal pattern and showed that shredder distribution (abundance, diversity and assemblage composition) was explained by a com-bination of factors, including water temperature (some taxa were restricted to cool waters) and bio-geography (some taxa were more diverse in par-ticular biogeographic realms). In contrast to our hypothesis, shredder diversity was unrelated to leaf toughness, but it was inversely related to lit-ter diversity. Our findings markedly contrast with global trends of diversity for most taxa, and with the general rule of higher consumer diversity at higher levels of resource diversity. Moreover, they highlight the emerging role of temperature in un-derstanding global patterns of diversity, which is of great relevance in the face of projected global warming. Ecology, 2011, V92, N9, SEP, pp 1839-1848.

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12.2-158Combined estimation of effective electrical conductivity and permittivity for soil monitoringBrovelli A, Cassiani GItaly, SwitzerlandHydrology , Pedology , Modelling , Geochemistry & GeophysicsThe mapping of moisture content, composition, and texture of soils is attracting a growing in-terest, in particular with the goal of evaluating threats to soil quality, such as soil salinization. Fast noninvasive geophysical surveys are often used in this context. The aim of this work was to study constitutive models that can be used to pa-rameterize electrical conductivity and permittiv-ity starting from a unifying conceptual approach, and to evaluate whether the information carried by one measurement type can be used to identify soil parameters that are then used to predict the other geophysical quantity. To this end, a recently developed constitutive model was extended and modified to consider the grain surface conductiv-ity, a critical component in most natural situa-tions. The extended model was successfully tested against laboratory measurements. In addition, the new model was compared against five other equations that use similar soil parameterizations. It was concluded that only three out of the five selected models yield similar predictions, while the remaining two predict a different geophysi-cal response for the same soil texture. Following this analysis, a methodology was developed to estimate soil salinity starting from the simultane-ous measurements of bulk electrical conductivity and permittivity and validating this methodology against laboratory experiments. The method is valid in situations where the conductivity of the pore water remains approximately constant dur-ing the measurement period. Key features of the approach proposed to map soil salinization are (1) simplicity, (2) absence of fitting parameters, and (3) the fact that moisture content does not need to be measured or estimated independently. The methodology was tested on a large number of soil samples and proved robust and accurate. Water Resources Research, 2011, V47, AUG 11 ARTN: W08510, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010487.

12.2-159Disconnected Surface Water and Groundwa-ter: From Theory to PracticeBrunner P, Cook P G, Simmons C TSwitzerland, AustraliaHydrology , Water Resources , GeologyWhen describing the hydraulic relationship be-tween rivers and aquifers, the term disconnected is frequently misunderstood or used in an incorrect way. The problem is compounded by the fact that there is no definitive literature on the topic of dis-connected surface water and groundwater. We aim at closing this gap and begin the discussion with a short introduction to the historical background of the terminology. Even though a conceptual illus-tration of a disconnected system was published by Meinzer (1923), it is only within the last few years that the underlying physics of the disconnection process has been described. The importance of disconnected systems, however, is not widely ap-preciated. Although rarely explicitly stated, many approaches for predicting the impacts of ground-water development on surface water resources assume full connection. Furthermore, manage-ment policies often suggest that surface water and groundwater should only be managed jointly if they are connected. However, although lowering the water table beneath a disconnected section of a river will not change the infiltration rate at that point, it can increase the length of stream that is disconnected. Because knowing the state of connec-tion is of fundamental importance for sustainable water management, robust field methods that al-low the identification of the state of connection are required. Currently, disconnection is identified by showing that the infiltration rate from a stream to an underlying aquifer is independent of the wa-ter table position or by identifying an unsaturated zone under the stream. More field studies are re-quired to develop better methods for the identifi-cation of disconnection and to quantify the impli-cations of heterogeneity and clogging processes in the streambed on disconnection. Ground Water, 2011, V49, N4, JUL-AUG, pp 460-467 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00752.x.

12.2-160Three-dimensional high resolution fluvio-glacial aquifer analog - Part 2: Geostatistical modelingComunian A, Renard P, Straubhaar J, Bayer PSwitzerlandHydrology , Water Resources , Geology , ModellingThe heterogeneity of sedimentary structures at the decimeter scale is crucial to the understand-

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ing of groundwater flow and transport. In a series of two papers, we provide a detailed analysis of a fluvio- glacial aquifer analog: the Herten site. The geological data along a series of 2D sections in a quarry, the corresponding GPR measurements, and their sedimentological interpretation are de-scribed in the companion paper. In this paper, we focus on the three- dimensional reconstruction of the heterogeneity. The resulting numerical model is provided as an electronic supplementary mate-rial for further studies. Furthermore, the geosta-tistical parameters derived from this analysis and the methodology described in the paper could be used in the future for the simulation of similar deposits where less data would be available. To build the 3D model, we propose a hierarchical simulation method which integrates various geo-statistical techniques. First, we model the subdi-vision of the domain into regions corresponding to main sedimentological structures (e.g. a sedi-mentation event). Within these volumes, we use multiple- point statistics to describe the internal heterogeneity. What is unusual here is that we do not try to use a complex training image for the multiple-point algorithm accounting for all the non- stationarity and complexity, but instead use a simple conceptual model of heterogeneity (ellipsoidal shapes as a training image) and con-strain the multiple point simulations within the regions by a detailed interpolation of orientation data derived from the 2D sections. This method produces realistic geological structures. The analy-sis of the flow and transport properties (hydraulic conductivity and tracer breakthrough curves) of the resulting model shows that it is closer to the properties estimated directly from the 2D geologi-cal observations rather than those estimated from a model of heterogeneity based on probability of transitions and not including the modeling of the large-scale structures. Journal of Hydrology, 2011, V405, N1-2, JUL 21, pp 10-23 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhy-drol.2011.03.037.

12.2-161Algorithm for Flow Direction Enforcement Us-ing Subgrid-Scale Stream Location DataDaniels M H, Maxwell R M, Chow F KSwitzerland, USAHydrology , Modelling , Water ResourcesProducing realistic surface water flow patterns can be difficult for hydrologic models when there is insufficient grid resolution as a result of com-putational constraints or when available digital elevation model (DEM) data are relatively coarse. This technical note describes an algorithm that

allows for more realistic overland flow by incorpo-rating subgrid-scale stream location data without increasing grid resolution. The algorithm takes stream location data from the National Hydrog-raphy Dataset (NHD), maps it to the hydrologic model horizontal grid coordinates, and produces a list of ordered points along the stream. Because the algorithm uses indexes to efficiently order points along the stream, large-scale meanders require special treatment, whereas small (grid) scale meanders are explicitly included in the algo-rithm logic. Slopes are ensured to be continuous along the stream’s path as defined on the model grid, distinguishing this approach from traditional “stream burning” algorithms. Stream coordinates on the model grid are calculated along with cor-responding elevation and slope values so that the stream can then be integrated into the DEM if desired. The algorithm’s flow routing capabilities are demonstrated by using an integrated surface water-groundwater model, ParFlow, under rain and recession conditions. This case study is performed by using the real topography of Owens Valley, Cali-fornia, and NHD flowline data for the Owens River. An approach using a DEM that has undergone stan-dard processing to fill sinks and a typical “stream burning” approach (similar to those often used in geographic information system (GIS) applications) fail to route flow out of the flood plain in ParFlow’s overland flow model that partitions and routes to-pography-driven flow along adjacent cells in one of four cardinal directions. In contrast, this approach, with the river elevations and continuous slopes integrated into the DEM, routes water to the river and out of the catchment, creating more realistic surface flow patterns in the region. Although the method is applied here to address problems associ-ated with a flat flood plain, it may also be applied to any area in which stream flow is discontinuous because of insufficient resolution of topography on a model grid. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2011, V16, N8, AUG, pp 677-683 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000340.

12.2-162Crenarchaea and phytoplankton coupling in sedimentary archives: Common trigger or metabolic dependence?Fietz S, Martinez Garcia A, Rueda G, Peck V L, Huguet C, Escala M, Rosell Mele ASpain, Switzerland, EnglandMarine & Freshwater Biology , Oceanography , LimnologyThe concentrations of chlorins (chlorophyll trans-formation products indicative of phytoplankton

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production) and crenarchaeol (a marker for Cre-narchaea abundance) are significantly positively correlated (Spearman’s rank correlation coeffi-cient r(s) > 0.75) in four core records from fresh-water (Lake Baikal) and marine settings (Southern, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans). This suggests a close relationship between Crenarchaea abundance and phytoplankton production. Degradation and transport mechanisms, as well as a common en-vironmental trigger, may in part account for our observations, but these mechanisms alone cannot fully explain them. Instead our findings point to a metabolic dependence of Crenarchaea on resourc-es released by phytoplankton, such as organic car-bon or ammonium. Limnology and Oceanography, 2011, V56, N5, SEP, pp 1907-1916 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.5.1907.

12.2-163Impacts of extreme air temperatures on cyano-bacteria in five deep peri-Alpine lakesGallina N, Anneville O, Beniston MSwitzerland, FranceLimnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Micro-biology , Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant SciencesCyanobacteria are of major interest in freshwater ecosystems, since they are able to produce toxins with potentially negative impacts on the environ-ment, health and thus on economics and society. It is therefore important for water management authorities to assess the manner in which cya-nobacteria may evolve under climate change, es-pecially in the Alpine Region where warming is projected by climate models to be more important than the global average. In this study, air tempera-ture extremes under current climate were used as a proxy for future “average” climate forced by enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations. The impacts of extreme temperature events on cya-nobacteria were analyzed in five deep peri-Alpine lakes, covering the entire trophic gradient and using a synoptic approach. Extreme air tempera-tures were observed to alter the biomass of the cyanobacteria community. In general, extreme hot events are associated with high biomass while extreme cold events are characterised by low biomass. However, the assessed air temperature extremes did not lead to a dominance of cyano-bacteria over the other phytoplankton groups, which also showed responses in relative biomass change during extreme events. Both extreme hot and extreme cold events were seen to generate a loss of diversity among cyanobacteria. In addition, the use of extreme events as a proxy to “average”

future climates is a useful approach to enhance possible impacts of Attire global warming on the biota in freshwater systems. The outcomes of a synoptic approach provide general responses and are a useful tool for further modelling purposes. Journal of Limnology, 2011, V70, N2, pp 186-196 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3274/JL11-70-2-04.

12.2-164Attribution of Autumn/Winter 2000 flood risk in England to anthropogenic climate change: A catchment-based studyKay A L, Crooks S M, Pall P, Stone D AEngland, Switzerland, South AfricaHydrology , Water Resources , Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesAlthough no single weather-related event can be directly attributed to climate change, new tech-niques make it possible to estimate how much the chance of an event has been altered by anthro-pogenic emissions. This paper looks at the floods that occurred in England in Autumn/Winter 2000, by using large ensembles of 1-year climate model simulations representing April 2000-March 2001. These represent an industrial climate and four estimates of an hypothetical non- industrial climate (without historical greenhouse gas emis-sions), and are used to drive hydrological models for eight catchments in England. The simulated flows are used to assess the impact of historical emissions on the chance of occurrence of extreme floods in each catchment, through calculation of the fraction of attributable risk (FAR). Combining results for the four non-industrial climates, posi-tive median values of FAR indicate that, for all but one catchment, emissions are likely to have led to an increased chance of flooding in the October-De-cember period. Definitive conclusions are difficult however, as there are wide bands of uncertainty in FAR, with distributions generally spanning no attributable difference in risk (FAR 0). One catch-ment shows a decreased flood chance (negative median FAR), due to its high permeability, but an analysis of the effect of antecedent conditions shows that a longer period of climate data than 1 year is probably required to obtain more repre-sentative values of FAR for such catchments. The inclusion of snowfall/snowmelt is also shown to be important for floods over the October-March period, as the reduced likelihood of snowmelt-induced floods in the warmer temperatures of the industrial climate moderates the increased flood chance due to other sources of flooding. Journal of Hydrology, 2011, V406, N1-2, AUG 18, pp 97-112 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.06.006.

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12.2-165Quantifying Remediation Effectiveness under Variable External Forcing Using Contaminant Rating CurvesKirchner J W, Austin C M, Myers A, Whyte D CUSA, SwitzerlandHydrology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsRemediation efforts are typically assessed through before-and-after comparisons of contaminant concentrations or loads. These comparisons can be misleading when external drivers, such as weather conditions, differ between the pre- and postremediation monitoring periods. Here, we show that remediation effectiveness may be better assessed by comparing pre- and postremediation contaminant rating curves, which permit “all else equal” comparisons of pre- and postremediation contaminant concentrations and loads under at any specified external forcing. We illustrate this approach with a remediation case study at an abandoned mercury mine in Northern California. Measured mercury loads in the stream draining the mine site were a factor of 1000 smaller after the remediation than before, superficially suggest-ing that the cleanup was 99.9% effective, but rain-storms were weaker and less frequent during the postremediation monitoring period. Our analysis shows that this difference in weather conditions alone reduced mercury loads at our site by a factor of 73-85, with a further factor of 12.6-14.5 being at-tributable to the remediation itself, implying that the cleanup was 92-93% (rather than 99.9%) ef-fective. Our results illustrate the need to account for external confounding drivers when assessing remediation efforts, particularly in systems with highly episodic forcing. Environmental Science Technology, 2011, V45, N18, SEP 15, pp 7874-7881 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2014874.

12.2-166Propagation of Seasonal Temperature Signals into an Aquifer upon Bank InfiltrationMolina Giraldo N, Bayer P, Blum P, Cirpka O AGermany, SwitzerlandHydrology , Water ResourcesInfiltrating river water carries the temperature signal of the river into the adjacent aquifer. While the diurnal temperature fluctuations are strongly dampened, the seasonal fluctuations are much less attenuated and can be followed into the aqui-fer over longer distances. In one-dimensional mod-el with uniform properties, this signal is propa-gated with a retarded velocity, and its amplitude decreases exponentially with distance. Therefore, time shifts in seasonal temperature signals be-

tween rivers and groundwater observation points may be used to estimate infiltration rates and near-river groundwater velocities. As demonstrat-ed in this study, however, the interpretation is nonunique under realistic conditions. We analyze a synthetic test case of a two-dimensional cross section perpendicular to a losing stream, account-ing for multi-dimensional flow due to a partially penetrating channel, convective-conductive heat transport within the aquifer, and heat exchange with the underlying aquitard and the land sur-face. We compare different conceptual simplifica-tions of the domain in order to elaborate on the importance of different system elements. We find that temperature propagation within the shallow aquifer can be highly influenced by conduction through the unsaturated zone and into the under-lying aquitard. In contrast, regional groundwater recharge has no major effect on the simulated results. In our setup, multi-dimensionality of the flow field is important only close to the river. We conclude that over-simplistic analytical models can introduce substantial errors if vertical heat ex-change at the aquifer boundaries is not accounted for. This has to be considered when using seasonal temperature fluctuations as a natural tracer for bank infiltration. Ground Water, 2011, V49, N4, JUL-AUG, pp 491-502 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00745.x.

12.2-167Intrinsic biodegradation potential of aromatic hydrocarbons in an alluvial aquifer - Potentials and limits of signature metabolite analysis and two stable isotope-based techniquesMorasch B, Hunkeler D, Zopfi J, Temime B, Höhener PSwitzerland, FranceHydrology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsThree independent techniques were used to assess the biodegradation of monoaromatic hydrocar-bons and low-molecular weight polyaromatic hy-drocarbons in the alluvial aquifer at the site of a former cokery (Flemalle, Belgium). Firstly, a stable carbon isotope-based field method allowed quan-tifying biodegradation of monoaromatic com-pounds in situ and confirmed the degradation of naphthalene. No evidence could be deduced from stable isotope shifts for the intrinsic biodegrada-tion of larger molecules such as methylnaphtha-lenes or acenaphthene. Secondly, using signature metabolite analysis, various intermediates of the anaerobic degradation of (poly-) aromatic and heterocyclic compounds were identified. The dis-covery of a novel metabolite of acenaphthene in

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groundwater samples permitted deeper insights into the anaerobic biodegradation of almost per-sistent environmental contaminants. A third method, microcosm incubations with C-13-labeled compounds under in situ-like conditions, comple-mented techniques one and two by providing quantitative information on contaminant biodeg-radation independent of molecule size and sorp-tion properties. Thanks to stable isotope labels, the sensitivity of this method was much higher compared to classical microcosm studies. The C-13- microcosm approach allowed the determina-tion of first-order rate constants for C-13-labeled benzene, naphthalene, or acenaphthene even in cases when degradation activities were only small. The plausibility of the third method was checked by comparing C-13- microcosm-derived rates to field-derived rates of the first approach. Further advantage of the use of C-13-labels in microcosms is that novel metabolites can be linked more eas-ily to specific mother compounds even in complex systems. This was achieved using alluvial sedi-ments where C-13-acenaphthyl methylsuccinate was identified as transformation product of the anaerobic degradation of acenaphthene. Water Research, 2011, V45, N15, OCT 1, pp 4459-4469 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wa-tres.2011.05.040.

12.2-168Hydrological storage and transmission charac-teristics of an alpine talusMuir D L, Hayashi M, Mcclymont A FCanada, SwitzerlandHydrology , Water ResourcesAlpine watersheds are the source region of some of the largest rivers in North America and else-where. Understanding of hydrological processes in alpine watersheds is important for understand-ing the response of river basins to meteorological forcing. Talus units in alpine watersheds have been suggested in the literature as potential res-ervoirs of groundwater, but relatively little is known about hydrological processes in talus. To develop conceptual understanding of alpine talus and determine its storage capacity and hydraulic properties, we investigated a talus unit in the Lake O’Hara watershed in the Canadian Rockies using ground-penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography, measurements of talus discharge, tracer tests, and isotopic hydrograph separation. The study talus, consisting mainly of quartzite and carbonate rock fragments, had very high hy-draulic conductivity (0.01-0.03 m s(-1)) and fast hy-drograph recession (exponential decay coefficient of 1 d(-1)), suggesting that its storage capacity is

limited to a time scale of less than a week. Ground-water flow through the talus occurs in a relatively thin (0.01-0.1 m) saturated zone at the base of the talus, which appears to have discrete flow paths rather than a single continuous sheet. A late-ly-ing snowpack, located at the top of the talus and cliff ledges above, sustains baseflow discharging from the talus, which provides moisture to alpine meadows downstream. Although this study in-dicates limited storage capacity of talus, further research is required to examine the storage and transmission characteristics of talus consisting of different types of geological materials or formed in different environments. Hydrological Processes, 2011, V25, N19, SI, SEP 15, pp 2954-2966 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8060.

12.2-169Evaluation of bedload transport predictions using flow resistance equations to account for macro-roughness in steep mountain streamsNitsche M, Rickenmann D, Turowski J M, Badoux A, Kirchner J WSwitzerlandHydrology , Water Resources , Modelling , Geomor-phologySteep mountain streams typically feature mac-ro-roughness elements like boulders, step-pool sequences, and a varying channel width. Flow resistance because of such roughness elements ap-pears to be an important control on bedload trans-port rates. Many commonly used bedload trans-port equations overestimate the transport in steep streams by orders of magnitude. Few approaches take into account the typical macro-roughness ele-ments, and systematic tests of these models with field observations are lacking. In the present study several approaches were considered that allow cal-culating the contribution of macro-roughness ele-ments to flow resistance. These approaches were combined with bedload transport equations and the predictions were compared to field measure-ments of discharge, transported bedload volumes, and channel characteristics in 13 Swiss mountain streams. The streams have channel slopes rang-ing from 2% to 19%, and catchment areas of 0.5 to 170 km(2). For six streams there were time series of sediment yields, mostly measured annually, and for the other seven streams sediment volume estimates were available for large flood events in 2000 and 2005. All tested equation combinations achieved an improvement in bedload prediction compared to a reference equation that was uncor-rected for macro-roughness. The prediction accu-racy mainly depended on the size and density of

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the macro-roughness and on flow conditions. The best performance overall was achieved by an em-pirical approach accounting for macro-roughness, on the basis of an independent data set of flow re-sistance measurements. Water Resources Research, 2011, V47, AUG 16 ARTN: W08513, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010645.

12.2-170A hydraulic mixing-cell method to quantify the groundwater component of streamflow within spatially distributed fully integrated surface water-groundwater flow modelsPartington D, Brunner P, Simmons C T, Therrien R, Werner A D, Dandy G C, Maier H RAustralia, Switzerland, CanadaHydrology , Modelling , Water ResourcesThe complexity of available hydrological mod-els continues to increase, with fully integrated surface water-groundwater flow and transport models now available. Nevertheless, an accurate quantification of streamflow generation mecha-nisms within these models is not yet possible. For example, such models do not report the ground-water component of streamflow at a particular point along the stream. Instead, the groundwater component of streamflow is approximated either from tracer transport simulations or by the sum of exchange fluxes between the surface and the subsurface along the river. In this study, a hydrau-lic mixing-cell (HMC) method is developed and tested that allows to accurately determine the groundwater component of streamflow by using only the flow solution from fully integrated sur-face water groundwater flow models. By using the HMC method, the groundwater component of streamflow can be extracted accurately at any point along a stream provided the subsurface/sur-face exchanges along the stream are calculated by the model. A key advantage of the HMC method is that only hydraulic information is used, thus the simulation of tracer transport is not required. Two numerical experiments are presented, the first to test the HMC method and the second to demon-strate that it quantifies the groundwater compo-nent of streamflow accurately. Environmental Modelling Software, 2011, V26, N7, JUL, pp 886-898 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.02.007.

12.2-171Freshwater biodiversity under climate warm-ing pressure: Identifying the winners and los-ers in temperate standing waterbodiesRosset V, Oertli B

SwitzerlandMarine & Freshwater Biology, Biodiversity ,Ecology , Plant Sciences , ZoologyClimate warming is affecting the biodiversity all around the world, resulting in the expansion or contraction of the geographical range of species, and leading to colonisation (winners) and extinc-tion (losers) events in ecosystems. It is crucial for the conservation of biodiversity to identify these potential winners and losers. We focus here on small standing waterbodies in Switzerland and on five taxonomic groups: vascular plants, snails, bee-tles, dragonflies and amphibians. We first assessed the sensitivity of each species to climate warming through their thermal preferences, using current altitudinal and latitudinal distribution, as a surro-gate for temperature. We then evaluated the resil-ience of species to perturbations through five eco-logical and biogeographical criteria applicable to the perturbation “warming”: dispersal ability, de-gree of habitat specialisation, geographical extent in the study area, future trend in geographical extent, and future trend of habitat availability for species. Potential winners and losers of a warm-ing climate could be quantified through their thermal preferences. The proportion of potential losers ranged from zero species for snails to 33% of the regional species pool for dragonflies. The set of potential winners was much larger, ranging from 53% for amphibians to 61% for dragonflies. A multimetric index combining the five resilience criteria enabled the further prioritisation of the species along a gradient of extinction risk. This potential threat from climate warming is not re-flected by the current Red Lists of dragonflies and amphibians, suggesting that conservation man-agement could gain from a complementary label indicating the degree of sensitivity to warming. Biological Conservation, 2011, V144, N9, SEP, pp 2311-2319 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.06.009.

12.2-172Radon and CO2 as natural tracers to investi-gate the recharge dynamics of karst aquifersSavoy L, Surbeck H, Hunkeler DSwitzerlandHydrology , Geology , Pedology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsThis study investigated the use of radon (Rn-222), a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 3.8 days, and CO2 as natural tracers to evaluate the recharge dynamics of karst aquifer under varying hydrologi-cal conditions. Dissolved Rn-222 and carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured continuously in an under-ground stream of the Milandre test site, Switzerland.

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Estimated soil water Rn-222 activities were higher than baseflow Rn-222 activities, indicating elevated Rn-222 production in the soil zone compared to limestone, consistent with a Ra-226 enrichment in the soil zone compared to limestone. During small flood events, Rn-222 activities did not vary while an immediate increase of the CO2 concentration was observed. During medium and large flood events, an immediate CO2 increase and a delayed Rn-222 activ-ity increase to up to 4.9 Bq/L and 11 Bq/L, respectively occurred. The detection of elevated Rn-222 activi-ties during medium and large flood events indicate that soil water participates to the flood event. A soil origin of the Rn-222 is consistent with its delayed increase compared to discharge reflecting the travel time of Rn-222 from the soil to the saturated zone of the system via the epikarst. A three-component mix-ing model suggested that soil water may contribute 4-6% of the discharge during medium flood events and 25-43% during large flood events. For small flood events, the water must have resided at least 25 days below the soil zone to explain the background Rn-222 activities, taking into account the half-life of Rn-222 (3.8 days). In contrast to Rn-222, the CO2 in-crease occurred simultaneously with the discharge increase. This observation as well as the CO2 increase during small flood events, suggests that the elevat-ed CO2 level is not due to the arrival of soil water as for Rn-222. A possible explanation for the CO2 trend is that baseflow water in the stream has lower CO2 levels due to gas loss compared to water stored in low permeability zones. During flood event, the stored water is more rapidly mobilised than during baseflow with less time for gas loss. The study dem-onstrates that Rn-222 and CO2 provides value infor-mation on the dynamics of groundwater recharge of karst aquifer, which can be of high interest when evaluating the vulnerability of such systems to con-tamination. Journal of Hydrology, 2011, V406, N3-4, SEP 6, pp 148-157 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhy-drol.2011.05.031.

12.2-173Evaluation of TRMM Multi-satellite Precipi-tation Analysis (TMPA) performance in the Central Andes region and its dependency on spatial and temporal resolutionScheel M L M, Rohrer M, Huggel C, Villar D Santos, Silvestre E, Huffman G JSwitzerland, Germany, Peru, USAHydrology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote Sensing , ModellingClimate time series are of major importance for base line studies for climate change impact and ad-aptation projects. However, for instance, in moun-

tain regions and in developing countries there ex-ist significant gaps in ground based climate records in space and time. Specifically, in the Peruvian An-des spatially and temporally coherent precipitation information is a prerequisite for ongoing climate change adaptation projects in the fields of water resources, disasters and food security. The present work aims at evaluating the ability of Tropical Rain-fall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multi- satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) to estimate precipita-tion rates at daily 0.25 degrees x 0.25 degrees scale in the Central Andes and the dependency of the es-timate performance on changing spatial and tem-poral resolution. Comparison of the TMPA product with gauge measurements in the regions of Cuzco, Peru and La Paz, Bolivia were carried out and ana-lysed statistically. Large biases are identified in both investigation areas in the estimation of daily precipitation amounts. The occurrence of strong precipitation events was well assessed, but their intensities were underestimated. TMPA estimates for La Paz show high false alarm ratio. The depen-dency of the TMPA estimate quality with changing resolution was analysed by comparisons of 1-, 7-, 15- and 30-day sums for Cuzco, Peru. The correla-tion of TMPA estimates with ground data increases strongly and almost linearly with temporal aggre-gation. The spatial aggregation to 0.5 degrees, 0.75 degrees and 1 degrees grid box averaged precipita-tion and its comparison to gauge data of the same areas revealed no significant change in correlation coefficients and estimate performance. In order to profit from the TMPA combination product on a daily basis, a procedure to blend it with daily pre-cipitation gauge measurements is proposed. Differ-ent sources of errors and uncertainties introduced by the sensors, sensor-specific algorithm aspects and the TMPA processing scheme are discussed. This study reveals the possibilities and restrictions of the use of TMPA estimates in the Central Andes and should assist other researchers in the choice of the best resolution- accuracy relationship accord-ing to requirements of their applications. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011, V15, N8, AUG, pp 2649-2663 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2649-2011.

12.2-174Spring coccolithophore production and disper-sion in the temperate eastern North Atlantic OceanSchiebel R, Brupbacher U, Schmidtko S, Nausch G, Waniek J J, Thierstein H RFrance, Switzerland, GermanyOceanography , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Plant Sciences

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Production and dispersion of coccolithophores are assessed within their ecologic and hydro-graphic context across enhanced spring chloro-phyll production in the surface eastern North At-lantic. Within a 4 day period from 12 to 16 March 2004, a N-S transect from 47 degrees N to 33 de-grees N was sampled along 20 degrees W. Water samples from defined depths down to 200 m were analyzed for coccolithophores from 0.45 µm poly-carbonate filters by scanning electron microscopy. At 47 degrees N coccolithophores flourished when euphotic conditions allowed new production at deep mixing, low temperatures, and high nutri-ent concentrations. Emiliania huxleyi flourished at high turbulence during an early stage of the phytoplankton succession and contributed half of the total coccolithophore assemblage, with up to 150 x 10(3) cells L-1 and up to 12 x 10(9) cells m(-2) when integrated over the upper 200 m of the water column. Maximum chlorophyll concentra-tions occurred just north of the Azores Front, at 37 degrees N-39 degrees N, at comparatively low numbers of coccolithophores. To the south, at 35 degrees N-33 degrees N, coccolithophores were abundant within calm and stratified Subtropical Mode Waters, and E. huxleyi was the dominant species again. Although the cell densities of cocco-lithophores observed here remained below those typical of plankton blooms visible from satellite images, the depth-integrated total mass makes them significant producers of calcite and contrib-utors to the total carbon sedimentation at a much wider range of ecological conditions during late winter and early spring than hitherto assumed. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2011, V116, AUG 25 ARTN: C08030, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006841.

12.2-175Towards improved instrumentation for assessing river-groundwater interactions in a restored river corridorSchneider P, Vogt T, Schirmer M, Doetsch J, Linde N, Pasquale N, Perona P, Cirpka O ASwitzerland, GermanyHydrology , Water ResourcesRiver restoration projects have been launched over the last two decades to improve the ecologi-cal status and water quality of regulated rivers. As most restored rivers are not monitored at all, it is difficult to predict consequences of restora-tion projects or analyze why restorations fail or are successful. It is thus necessary to implement efficient field assessment strategies, for example by employing sensor networks that continuously measure physical parameters at high spatial and

temporal resolution. This paper focuses on the design and implementation of an instrumenta-tion strategy for monitoring changes in bank filtration, hydrological connectivity, groundwa-ter travel time and quality due to river restora-tion. We specifically designed and instrumented a network of monitoring wells at the Thur River (NE Switzerland), which is partly restored and has been mainly channelized for more than 100 years. Our results show that bank filtration - espe-cially in a restored section with alternating river-bed morphology - is variable in time and space. Consequently, our monitoring network has been adapted in response to that variability. Although not available at our test site, we consider long-term measurements - ideally initiated before and continued after restoration - as a fundamental step towards predicting consequences of river restoration for groundwater quality. As a result, process-based models could be adapted and eval-uated using these types of high-resolution data sets. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011, V15, N8, AUG, pp 2531-2549 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2531-2011.

12.2-176Dynamic controls on erosion and deposition on debris-flow fansSchürch P, Densmore A L, Rosser N J, Mcardell B WEngland, SwitzerlandGeomorphology , Hydrology , Remote SensingDebris flows are among the most hazardous and unpredictable of surface processes in mountain-ous areas. This is partly because debris-flow ero-sion and deposition are poorly understood, re-sulting in major uncertainties in flow behavior, channel stability, and sequential effects of multi-ple flows. Here we apply terrestrial laser scanning and flow hydrograph analysis to quantify erosion and deposition in a series of debris flows at Illgra-ben, Switzerland. We identify flow depth as an important control on the pattern and magnitude of erosion, whereas deposition is governed more by the geometry of flow margins. The relationship between flow depth and erosion is visible both at the reach scale and at the scale of the entire fan. Maximum flow depth is a function of debris-flow front discharge and pre-flow channel cross-section geometry, and this dual control gives rise to com-plex interactions with implications for long-term channel stability, the use of fan stratigraphy for reconstruction of past debris-flow regimes, and the predictability of debris-flow hazards. Geology, 2011, V39, N9, SEP, pp 827-830 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G32103.1.

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12.2-177Stochastic modeling of salt accumulation in the root zone due to capillary flux from brackish groundwaterShah S H H, Vervoort R W, Suweis S, Guswa A J, Rinaldo A, van der Zee S E A T MNetherlands, Australia, Switzerland, Italy, USAHydrology , Water Resources , Pedology , Plant SciencesGroundwater can be a source of both water and salts in semiarid areas, and therefore, capillary pressure-induced upward water flow may cause root zone salinization. To identify which condi-tions result in hazardous salt concentrations in the root zone, we combined the mass balance equations for salt and water, further assuming a Poisson-distributed daily rainfall and brackish groundwater quality. For the water fluxes (leach-ing, capillary upflow, and evapotranspiration), we account for osmotic effects of the dissolved salt mass using Van’t Hoff’s law. Root zone salinity depends on salt transport via capillary flux and on evapotranspiration, which concentrates salt in the root zone. Both a wet climate and shallow groundwater lead to wetter root zone conditions, which in combination with periodic rainfall en-hances salt removal by leaching. For wet climates, root zone salinity (concentrations) increases as groundwater is more shallow (larger groundwa-ter influence). For dry climates, salinity increases as groundwater is deeper because of a drier root zone and less leaching. For intermediate climates, opposing effects can push the salt balance either way. Root zone salinity increases almost linearly with groundwater salinity. With a simple analyti-cal approximation, maximum concentrations can be related to the mean capillary flow rate, leach-ing rate, water Water Resources Research, 2011, V47, SEP 7 ARTN: W09506, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009790.

12.2-178The burial efficiency of organic carbon in the sediments of Lake KinneretSobek S, Zurbrügg R, Ostrovsky ISwitzerland, IsraelLimnology , Hydrology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , GeologyEven though lake sediments constitute a signifi-cant long-term carbon sink, studies on the regu-lation of carbon burial in lakes sediments have, to date, been surprisingly few. We investigated to what degree the organic carbon (OC) being depos-ited onto the bottom of Lake Kinneret (Israel) is buried in the sediment at four different sites with

varying degrees of oxygenation and varying sup-ply of allochthonous particles from the River Jor-dan. For estimation of the OC burial efficiency (OC BE), i.e., the ratio between buried and deposited OC, we calculated OC burial from dated sediment cores, and calculated OC deposition using three different approaches. Calculation of OC deposi-tion from sediment trap-derived mass deposition rates multiplied with the OC content of surface sediment yielded OC BE values that were at odds with published values for sediments dominated by autochthonous OC sources. Calculation via sed-iment trap data on organic matter flux collected within the Lake Kinneret monitoring program, as well as calculation of OC deposition as the sum of OC burial plus OC mineralization, returned fairly congruent estimates of OC BE (range 10-41%), but only if the sediment trap data were corrected for the proportion of resuspended particles in the traps. Differences in OC BE between sites were small, indicating that OC source (common to all sites) was a more important regulator of OC BE in Lake Kinneret than oxygen exposure or mineral particles characteristics. Aquatic Sciences, 2011, V73, N3, AUG, pp 355-364 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-011-0183-x.

12.2-179Is Chytridiomycosis an Emerging Infectious Disease in Asia?Swei A, Rowley J J L, Rödder D, Diesmos M L L, Diesmos A C, Briggs C J, Brown R, Cao T T, Cheng T L, Chong R A, Stöck M, et alUSA, Australia, Germany, Philippines, Vietnam, Peoples R China, Indonesia, South Korea, Cambo-dia, Laos, Switzerland, SpainMarine & Freshwater Biology , Zoology , Biodiver-sityThe disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fun-gus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has caused dramatic amphibian population declines and extinctions in Australia, Central and North America, and Europe. Bd is associated with >200 species extinctions of amphibians, but not all species that become infected are susceptible to the disease. Specifically, Bd has rapidly emerged in some areas of the world, such as in Australia, USA, and throughout Central and South Ameri-ca, causing population and species collapse. The mechanism behind the rapid global emergence of the disease is poorly understood, in part due to an incomplete picture of the global distribution of Bd. At present, there is a considerable amount of geographic bias in survey effort for Bd, with Asia being the most neglected continent. To date, Bd

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surveys have been published for few Asian coun-tries, and infected amphibians have been reported only from Indonesia, South Korea, China and Ja-pan. Thus far, there have been no substantiated reports of enigmatic or suspected disease-caused population declines of the kind that has been at-tributed to Bd in other areas. In order to gain a more detailed picture of the distribution of Bd in Asia, we undertook a widespread, opportunistic survey of over 3,000 amphibians for Bd through-out Asia and adjoining Papua New Guinea. Sur-vey sites spanned 15 countries, approximately 36 degrees latitude, 111 degrees longitude, and over 2000 m in elevation. Bd prevalence was very low throughout our survey area (2.35% overall) and infected animals were not clumped as would be expected in epizootic events. This suggests that Bd is either newly emerging in Asia, endemic at low prevalence, or that some other ecological factor is preventing Bd from fully invading Asian amphib-ians. The current observed pattern in Asia differs from that in many other parts of the world. Plos One, 2011, V6, N8, AUG 16 ARTN: e23179, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023179.

12.2-180Social-ecological interactions, management panaceas, and the future of wild fish popula-tionsvan Poorten B T, Arlinghaus R, Daedlow K, Haertel Borer S SCanada, Germany, SwitzerlandMarine & Freshwater Biology , Zoology , Ecology , EconomicsWe explored the social and ecological outcomes associated with emergence of a management panacea designed to govern a stochastic renew-able natural resource. To that end, we constructed a model of a coupled social-ecological system of recreational fisheries in which a manager sup-ports naturally fluctuating stocks by stocking fish in response to harvest-driven satisfaction of resource users. The realistic assumption of users remembering past harvest experiences when ex-ploiting a stochastically fluctuating fish popula-tion facilitates the emergence of a stocking-based management panacea over time. The social ben-efits of panacea formation involve dampening natural population fluctuations and generating stability of user satisfaction. It also maintains the resource but promotes the eventual replacement of wild fish by hatchery-descended fish. Our analy-ses show this outcome is particularly likely when hatchery- descended fish are reasonably fit (e.g.,

characterized by similar survival relative to wild fish) and/or when natural recruitment of the wild population is low(e.g., attributable to habitat dete-rioration), which leaves the wild population with little buffer against competition by stocked fish. The potential for release-based panacea formation is particularly likely under user-based manage-ment regimes and should be common in a range of social-ecological systems (e.g., fisheries, forest-ry), whenever user groups are entitled to engage in release or replanting strategies. The net result will be the preservation of a renewable resource through user-based incentives, but the once natu-ral populations are likely to be altered and to host nonnative genotypes. This risks other ecosystem services and the future of wild populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, V108, N30, JUL 26, pp 12554-12559.

12.2-181The Cauvery river basin in Southern India: major challenges and possible solutions in the 21st centuryVanham D, Weingartner R, Rauch WAustria, SwitzerlandHydrology , Water ResourcesIndia is facing major challenges in its water re-sources management (WRM) sector. Water shortag-es are attributed to issues such as an explosion in population, rapid urbanization and industrializa-tion, environmental degradation and inefficient water use, all aggravated by changing climate and its impacts on demand, supply and water quality. This paper focuses on the contemporary and fu-ture situation in the Cauvery river basin in South-ern India, shared by different states, predomi-nantly Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. As water issues largely fall under the authority of the states, inter-state water disputes have a long tradition in the Cauvery river basin. Future changes in precipita-tion during the two monsoon seasons will only increase these tensions. Both states depend on the arrival of these monsoon rains to water their crops and to replenish the groundwater. The paper iden-tifies the major challenges and general possible solutions for sustainable WRM within the river ba-sin. It synthesises the relevant literature, describes practices that should be addressed in the scope of integrated WRM - including water availability in-crease and demand management - and stresses the need for further quantitative analyses. Water Science and Technology, 2011, V64, N1, pp 122-131 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.554.

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12.2-182Tree type and forest management effects on the structure of stream wood following wildfiresVaz P G, Warren D R, Pinto P, Merten E C, Robinson C T, Rego F CPortugal, USA, SwitzerlandForestry , Ecology , Plant Sciences , HydrologyWildfires are an increasingly common distur-bance influencing wood recruitment to streams, and thereby affecting their physical and biologi-cal condition. Mediterranean countries such as Portugal, where more than 25% of the land area has burned since 1990, are ideal areas to study im-pacts of wildfire effects on streams. We evaluated the physical structure of 2206 downed wood piec-es (DWP) across 27 first- to third-order streams in central Portugal, all of which had experienced re-cent wildfires. The streams flowed through mono-specific upland forests of Eucalyptus, Maritime pines, or Cork oaks and were fringed by a mixture of riparian tree species. DWP structure differed between tree types and between burned and un-burned pieces. Post-fire timber-production forests (Maritime pines and Eucalyptus) contributed a higher quantity of thinner, longer and straighter DWP to streams than Cork oak stands. Pieces from Maritime pines had more rootwads and branches than DWP from the other tree types. Pieces from Cork oak and riparian species generally had a bent form, were shorter and had no rootwads. Burned DWP in streams were often from riparian trees. Rel-ative to unburned DWP, the burned DWP occurred more frequently, were larger and straighter, had branches less often, and were more decayed. With more complex branches, rootwads, and a larger diameter, inputs from burned Maritime pine for-ests are more likely to change stream hydraulics and habitat complexity, relative to inputs from Eucalyptus forests with their simpler structure. This study shows that, less than a decade after wildfires, structure of downed wood in and near streams is strongly influenced by wildfire, but also still reflects intrinsic species characteristics and respective silviculture practices, even after the effects of fire have been accounted for. Under an anticipated shift in landscape cover with higher shrubland proportions and more mixing of Mari-time pine and Eucalyptus forests, our results sug-gest that instream large wood will become scarcer and more structurally homogeneous. Forest Ecology and Management, 2011, V262, N3, AUG 1, pp 561-570 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.026.

12.2-183Calibration of hydrological models using flow-duration curvesWesterberg I K, Guerrero J L, Younger P M, Beven K J, Seibert J, Halldin S, Freer J E, Xu C YSweden, Honduras, England, Switzerland, NorwayHydrology , Water Resources , ModellingThe degree of belief we have in predictions from hydrologic models will normally depend on how well they can reproduce observations. Calibra-tions with traditional performance measures, such as the Nash- Sutcliffe model efficiency, are challenged by problems including: (1) uncertain discharge data, (2) variable sensitivity of differ-ent performance measures to different flow mag-nitudes, (3) influence of unknown input/output errors and (4) inability to evaluate model perfor-mance when observation time periods for dis-charge and model input data do not overlap. This paper explores a calibration method using flow-duration curves (FDCs) to address these problems. The method focuses on reproducing the observed discharge frequency distribution rather than the exact hydrograph. It consists of applying limits of acceptability for selected evaluation points (EPs) on the observed uncertain FDC in the extended GLUE approach. Two ways of selecting the EPs were tested - based on equal intervals of discharge and of volume of water. The method was tested and compared to a calibration using the tradition-al model efficiency for the daily four-parameter WAS-MOD model in the Paso La Ceiba catchment in Honduras and for Dynamic TOPMODEL evaluat-ed at an hourly time scale for the Brue catchment in Great Britain. The volume method of selecting EPs gave the best results in both catchments with better calibrated slow flow, recession and evapora-tion than the other criteria. Observed and simu-lated time series of uncertain discharges agreed better for this method both in calibration and pre-diction in both catchments. An advantage with the method is that the rejection criterion is based on an estimation of the uncertainty in discharge data and that the EPs of the FDC can be chosen to reflect the aims of the modelling application, e. g. using more/less EPs at high/low flows. While the method appears less sensitive to epistemic in-put /output errors than previous use of limits of acceptability applied directly to the time series of discharge, it still requires a reasonable represen-tation of the distribution of inputs. Additional constraints might therefore be required in catch-ments subject to snow and where peak-flow tim-ing at sub-daily time scales is of high importance. The results suggest that the calibration method

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can be useful when observation time periods for discharge and model input data do not overlap. The method could also be suitable for calibration to regional FDCs while taking uncertainties in the hydrological model and data into account. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011, V15, N7, JUL, pp 2205-2227 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2205-2011.

12.2-184Spatial Distribution of Cryptic Species Di-versity in European Freshwater Amphipods (Gammarus fossarum) as Revealed by Pyrose-quencingWestram A M, Jokela J, Baumgartner C, Keller ISwitzerlandMarine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity , ZoologyIn order to understand and protect ecosystems, lo-cal gene pools need to be evaluated with respect to their uniqueness. Cryptic species present a chal-lenge in this context because their presence, if unrecognized, may lead to serious misjudgement of the distribution of evolutionarily distinct ge-netic entities. In this study, we describe the cur-rent geographical distribution of cryptic species of the ecologically important stream amphipod Gammarus fossarum (types A, B and C). We use a novel pyrosequencing assay for molecular species identification and survey 62 populations in Swit-zerland, plus several populations in Germany and eastern France. In addition, we compile data from previous publications (mainly Germany). A clear transition is observed from type A in the east (Dan-ube and Po drainages) to types B and, more rarely, C in the west (Meuse, Rhone, and four smaller French river systems). Within the Rhine drainage, the cryptic species meet in a contact zone which spans the entire G. fossarum distribution range from north to south. This large-scale geographical sorting indicates that types A and B persisted in separate refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. Within the contact zone, the species rarely co-occur at the same site, suggesting that ecological processes may preclude long-term coexistence. The clear phylogeographical signal observed in this study implies that, in many parts of Europe, only one of the cryptic species is present. Plos One, 2011, V6, N8, AUG 31 ARTN: e23879, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023879.

12.2-185Diatom frustules show increased mechanical strength and altered valve morphology under iron limitationWilken S, Hoffmann B, Hersch N, Kirchgessner N, Dieluweit S, Rubner W, Hoffmann L J, Merkel R, Peeken IGermany, Netherlands, Switzerland, New ZealandMarine & Freshwater Biology , Oceanography , Plant SciencesIron limitation often results in increased cellular silica contents of diatoms, suggesting that diatoms grow thicker and possibly mechanically stron-ger frustules when limited. We performed stabil-ity measurements for six diatom species grown under iron-limitation and iron-sufficient condi-tions. Frustule strength increased in all species when grown under iron limitation, with this ef-fect being statistically significant for four of them. Valve morphology and silica content of the pen-nate Fragilariopsis kerguelensis and the centric Coscinodiscus wailesii changed under iron limi-tation but only valve morphology changes were significant; F. kerguelensis grew thicker costae while C. wailesii had smaller pores, especially in the outer part of the valves. These morphological changes are clearly in agreement with increased mechanical strength. Increased cellular silica con-centrations in diatoms grown under iron limita-tion do result in increased frustule strength, most likely improving their protection against grazers. Limnology and Oceanography, 2011, V56, N4, JUL, pp 1399-1410 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.4.1399.

12.2-186Riparian soil temperature modification of the relationship between flow and dissolved or-ganic carbon concentration in a boreal streamWinterdahl M, Futter M, Kohler S, Laudon H, Seib-ert J, Bishop KSweden, SwitzerlandHydrology , Pedology , Modelling , Water Re-sourcesDischarge is often strongly correlated to the tem-poral variability of dissolved organic carbon con-centrations ((DOC)) in watercourses. One recently proposed way to model this is the riparian flow- concentration integration model (RIM) concept that accounts for the role of flow pathway control on (DOC) dynamics in streams. However, in boreal systems, there is also commonly a seasonal pat-tern, which cannot be explained by variability in discharge alone. The objectives with this study

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were to (1) demonstrate RIM as a tool for studying variability in stream water chemistry, (2) investi-gate factors related to stream water DOC variabili-ty, and (3) modify RIM to account for these factors. RIM was used with 14 years of daily discharge and almost 500 stream measurements of (DOC) from a forested boreal headwater stream. We used the calibrated RIM to account for discharge influences and then investigated variables that could be re-lated to DOC variability (air and soil temperature, soil moisture, precipitation, antecedent flow and stream sulfate). Five alternative formulations of RIM, with temporally varying soil concentration profiles based on the variability in soil tempera-ture and/or antecedent flow, were evaluated. The model where only the effects of riparian soil tem-perature on dynamics in DOC depth profiles were included performed best overall. This dynamic RIM improved the Nash- Sutcliffe to 0.58 compared to 0.42 for the flow-only formulation and reduced the median absolute error from 3.0 to 2.1 mg L (-1). This study demonstrates that RIM is a simple way of modeling stream DOC and exploring controls on stream water chemistry. Water Resources Research, 2011, V47, AUG 27 ARTN: W08532, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010235.

12.2-187Estimating the potential impact of vegetation on the water cycle requires accurate soil water parameter estimationWolf ASwitzerlandHydrology , Pedology , Plant Sciences , Modelling , EcologyIt is well known that vegetation dynamics at the catchment scale depends on the prevailing weather and soil moisture conditions. Soil mois-

ture, however, is not equally distributed in space due to differences in topography, weather pat-terns, soil properties and the type and amount of vegetation cover. To elucidate the complex in-teraction between vegetation and soil moisture, the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS (Smith et al., 2001), which provides estimations of veg-etation dynamics, but does not consider lateral water fluxes was coupled with the hydrological TOPMODEL (cf. Beven, 2001) in order to be able to evaluate the importance of these lateral fluxes. The new model LG-TM was calibrated and validat-ed in two climatically different mountain catch-ments. The estimations of runoff were good, when monthly and weekly time scales were con-sidered, although the low flow periods at winter time were somewhat underestimated. The uncer-tainty in the climate induced change vegetation carbon storage caused by the uncertainty in soil parameters was up to 3-5 kg C m(-2) (depending on elevation and catchment), compared to the total change in vegetation carbon storage of 5-9 kg C m(-2). Therefore accurate estimates of the parameters influencing the water holding capac-ity of the soil, for example depth and porosity, are necessary when estimating future changes in vegetation carbon storage. Similarly, changes in plant transpiration due to climatic changes could be almost double as high (88 mm m(-2)) in the not calibrated model compared to the new model version (ca 50 mm m(-2) transpiration change). The uncertainties in these soil proper-ties were found to be more important than the lateral water exchange between grid cells, even in steep topography at least for the temporal and spatial resolution used here. Ecological Modelling, 2011, V222, N15, AUG 10, pp 2595-2605 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.04.031.

Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Energy Balance100

12.2-188Projections of UV radiation changes in the 21st century: impact of ozone recovery and cloud effectsBais A F, Tourpali K, Kazantzidis A, Akiyoshi H, Bekki S, Braesicke P, Chipperfield M P, Dameris M, Eyring V, Rozanov E, et alGreece, Japan, France, England, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, USA, Canada, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingMonthly averaged surface erythemal solar irradi-ance (UV-Ery) for local noon from 1960 to 2100 has been derived using radiative transfer calculations and projections of ozone, temperature and cloud change from 14 chemistry climate models (CCM), as part of the CCMVal-2 activity of SPARC. Our calcu-lations show the influence of ozone depletion and recovery on erythemal irradiance. In addition, we in-vestigate UV-Ery changes caused by climate change due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The latter include effects of both stratospheric ozone and cloud changes. The derived estimates provide a global picture of the likely changes in erythemal irradiance during the 21st century. Uncertainties arise from the assumed scenarios, different param-eterizations - particularly of cloud effects on UV-Ery - and the spread in the CCM projections. The calcula-tions suggest that relative to 1980, annually mean UV-Ery in the 2090s will be on average similar to 12% lower at high latitudes in both hemispheres, similar to 3% lower at mid latitudes, and marginally higher (similar to 1 %) in the tropics. The largest reduction (similar to 16 %) is projected for Antarctica in Octo-ber. Cloud effects are responsible for 2-3% of the re-duction in UV-Ery at high latitudes, but they slightly moderate it at mid-latitudes (similar to 1 %). The year of return of erythemal irradiance to values of certain milestones (1965 and 1980) depends largely on the return of column ozone to the correspond-ing levels and is associated with large uncertainties mainly due to the spread of the model projections. The inclusion of cloud effects in the calculations has only a small effect of the return years. At mid and high latitudes, changes in clouds and stratospheric ozone transport by global circulation changes due to greenhouse gases will sustain the erythemal ir-radiance at levels below those in 1965, despite the removal of ozone depleting substances. At northern high latitudes (60 degrees - 90 degrees), the projected decreases in cloud transmittance towards the end of the 21st century will reduce the yearly average sur-face erythemal irradiance by similar to 5% with re-spect to the 1960s. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, V11, N15, AUG, pp 7533-7545 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7533-2011.

12.2-189Predicting space climate changeBarnard L, Lockwood M, Hapgood M A, Owens M J, Davis C J, Steinhilber FEngland, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Paleontol-ogyThe recent decline in the open magnetic flux of the Sun heralds the end of the Grand Solar Maxi-mum (GSM) that has persisted throughout the space age, during which the largest-fluence So-lar Energetic Particle (SEP) events have been rare and Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) fluxes have been relatively low. In the absence of a predictive mod-el of the solar dynamo, we here make analogue forecasts by studying past variations of solar ac-tivity in order to evaluate how long-term change in space climate may influence the hazardous en-ergetic particle environment of the Earth in the future. We predict the probable future variations in GCR flux, near-Earth interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), sunspot number, and the probability of large SEP events, all deduced from cosmogenic isotope abundance changes following 24 GSMs in a 9300-year record. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, V38, AUG 19 ARTN: L16103, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048489.

12.2-190A unified approach to orbital, solar, and lunar forcing based on the Earth’s latitudinal insola-tion/temperature gradientDavis B A S, Brewer SSwitzerland, USAMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , PaleontologyWidespread empirical evidence suggests that ex-traterrestrial forcing influences the Earth’s cli-mate, but how this could occur remains unclear. Here we describe a new approach to this problem that unifies orbital, solar and lunar forcing based on their common control of the Earth’s latitudinal insolation gradient (LIG). The LIG influences the climate system through differential solar heating between the tropics and the poles that gives rise to the latitudinal temperature gradient (LTG), which drives the Earth’s atmospheric: and (wind driven) ocean circulation. We use spectral analy-sis of recent changes in the Earth’s LTG to sup-port earlier work on orbital timescales (Davis and Brewer, 2009) that suggests the climate system may be unusually sensitive to changes in the LIG. Identification of LIG forcing of the LTG is possible because the LIG varies according to seasonally specific periodicities based on obliquity in sum-

1.6 Energy Balance

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mer (41 kyr orbital and 18.6 yr lunar cycle), and precession (21 kyr orbital cycle) and total solar ir-radiance (11 yr solar cycle) in winter. We analyse changes in the Northern Hemisphere LTG over the last 120 years and find significant (99%) peaks in spectral frequencies corresponding to 11 years in winter and 18.6 years in summer, consistent with LIG forcing. The cross-seasonal and multi-frequency nature of the LIG signal, and the dif-fuse effect of the LTG driver on the climate system

may account for the complexity of the response to extraterrestrial forcing as seen throughout the climatic record. This hypersensitivity of the LTG to the LIG appears poorly reproduced in climate models, but would be consistent with the contro-versial theory that the LTG is finely balanced to maximise entropy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2011, V30, N15-16, JUL, pp 1861-1874 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.016.

12.2-191Sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 and climate to explosive volcanic eruptionsFrölicher T L, Joos F, Raible C CSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Geochemis-try & Geophysics , Modelling , Pedology , OceanographyImpacts of low-latitude, explosive volcanic erup-tions on climate and the carbon cycle are quan-tified by forcing a comprehensive, fully coupled carbon cycle-climate model with pulse-like strato-spheric aerosol optical depth changes. The model represents the radiative and dynamical response of the climate system to volcanic eruptions and simulates a decrease of global and regional atmo-spheric surface temperature, regionally distinct changes in precipitation, a positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, and a decrease in at-mospheric CO2 after volcanic eruptions. The vol-canic-induced cooling reduces overturning rates in tropical soils, which dominates over reduced litter input due to soil moisture decrease, result-ing in higher land carbon inventories for several decades. The perturbation in the ocean carbon inventory changes sign from an initial weak car-bon sink to a carbon source. Positive carbon and negative temperature anomalies in subsurface wa-ters last up to several decades. The multi-decadal decrease in atmospheric CO2 yields a small addi-tional radiative forcing that amplifies the cooling and perturbs the Earth System on longer time scales than the atmospheric residence time of vol-canic aerosols. In addition, century-scale global warming simulations with and without volcanic eruptions over the historical period show that the ocean integrates volcanic radiative cooling and responds for different physical and biogeochemi-cal parameters such as steric sea level or dissolved oxygen. Results from a suite of sensitivity simula-

tions with different magnitudes of stratospheric aerosol optical depth changes and from global warming simulations show that the carbon cycle-climate sensitivity gamma, expressed as change in atmospheric CO2 per unit change in global mean surface temperature, depends on the magnitude and temporal evolution of the perturbation, and time scale of interest. On decadal time scales, modeled gamma is several times larger for a Pina-tubo-like eruption than for the industrial period and for a high emission, 21st century scenario. Biogeosciences, 2011, V8, N8, AUG, pp 2317-2339 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2317-2011.

12.2-192Impacts of land cover and climate data selec-tion on understanding terrestrial carbon dynamics and the CO2 airborne fractionPoulter B, Frank D C, Hodson E L, Zimmermann N ESwitzerland, FranceGeochemistry & Geophysics , Ecology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling , Plant SciencesTerrestrial and oceanic carbon cycle processes re-move similar to 55% of global carbon emissions, with the remaining 45%, known as the “airborne fraction”, accumulating in the atmosphere. The long-term dynamics of the component fluxes con-tributing to the airborne fraction are challenging to interpret, but important for informing fossil-fu-el emission targets and for monitoring the trends of biospheric carbon fluxes. Climate and land-cov-er forcing data for terrestrial ecosystem models are a largely unexplored source of uncertainty in terms of their contribution to understanding air-borne fraction dynamics. Here we present results using a single dynamic global vegetation model forced by an ensemble experiment of climate (CRU, ERA-Interim, NCEP-DOE II), and diagnostic land-cover datasets (GLC2000, GlobCover, MODIS).

1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles

102 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Coupled Systems | Past Global Changes

For the averaging period 1996-2005, forcing un-certainties resulted in a large range of simulated global carbon fluxes, up to 13% for net primary production (52.4 to 60.2 Pg C a(-1)) and 19% for soil respiration (44.2 to 54.8 Pg C a(-1)). The sensitivity of contemporary global terrestrial carbon fluxes to climate strongly depends on forcing data (1.2-5.9 Pg C K-1 or 0.5 to 2.7 ppmv CO2 K-1), but weak-ening carbon sinks in sub-tropical regions and strengthening carbon sinks in northern latitudes are found to be robust. The climate and land-cover combination that best correlate to the inferred carbon sink, and with the lowest residuals, is from observational data (CRU) rather than reanalysis climate data and with land-cover categories that have more stringent criteria for forest cover (MO-DIS). Since 1998, an increasing positive trend in re-sidual error from bottom-up accounting of global sinks and sources (from 0.03 (1989-2005) to 0.23 Pg C a(-1) (1998-2005)) suggests that either modeled drought sensitivity of carbon fluxes is too high, or that carbon emissions from net land-cover change is too large. Biogeosciences, 2011, V8, N8, AUG, pp 2027-2036 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2027-2011.

12.2-193Drought and ecosystem carbon cyclingvan der Molen M K, Dolman A J, Ciais P, Eglin T, Gobron N, Law B E, Meir P, Peters W, Phillips O L, Reichstein M, Seneviratne S I, et alNetherlands, France, Italy, USA, Scotland, England, Germany, Austria, Japan, SwitzerlandEcology , Plant Sciences , Forestry , Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , HydrologyDrought as an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle interacts with the carbon cycle differ-ently than the ‘gradual’ climate change. During drought plants respond physiologically and struc-turally to prevent excessive water loss according to species-specific water use strategies. This has consequences for carbon uptake by photosynthe-sis and release by total ecosystem respiration. Af-ter a drought the disturbances in the reservoirs of moisture, organic matter and nutrients in the soil and carbohydrates in plants lead to longer-term ef-fects in plant carbon cycling, and potentially mor-tality. Direct and carry-over effects, mortality and consequently species competition in response to drought are strongly related to the survival strat-egies of species. Here we review the state of the art of the understanding of the relation between soil moisture drought and the interactions with the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystems. We argue that plant strategies must be given an adequate role in global vegetation models if the effects of drought on the carbon cycle are to be described in a way that justifies the interacting processes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2011, V151, N7, JUL 15, pp 765-773 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.01.018.

12.2-194Erosion rates and mechanisms of knickzone retreat inferred from Be-10 measured across strong climate gradients on the northern and central Andes Western EscarpmentAbbühl L M, Norton K P, Jansen J D, Schlunegger F, Aldahan A, Possnert GSwitzerland, Sweden, U Arab EmiratesPaleontology , Geology , GeomorphologyA steep escarpment edge, deep gorges and distinct knickzones in river profiles characterize the land-

scape on the Western Escarpment of the Andes be-tween similar to 5 degrees S and similar to 18 de-grees S (northern Peru to northern Chile). Strong north-south and east-west precipitation gradients are exploited in order to determine how climate affects denudation rates in three river basins span-ning an otherwise relatively uniform geologic and geomorphologic setting. Late Miocene tectonics uplifted the Meseta/Altiplano plateau (similar to 3000 m a.s.l.), which is underlain by a series of Tertiary volcanic-volcanoclastic rocks. Streams on

2 Past Global Changes

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this plateau remain graded to the Late Miocene base level. Below the rim of the Meseta, streams have responded to this ramp uplift by incising deeply into fractured Mesozoic rocks via a series of steep, headward retreating knickzones that grade to the present-day base level defined by the Pacific Ocean. It is found that the Tertiary units on the plateau function as cap- rocks, which aid in the parallel retreat of the sharp escarpment edge and upper knickzone tips. Be-10-derived catchment de-nudation rates of the Rio Piura (5 degrees S), Rio Pisco (13 degrees S) and Rio Lluta (18 degrees S) average similar to 10 mm ky(-1) on the Meseta /Alti-plano, irrespective of precipitation rates; whereas, downstream of the escarpment edge, denudation rates range from 10 mm ky(-1) to 250 mm ky(-1) and correlate positively with precipitation rates, but show no strong correlation with hillslope angles or channel steepness. These relationships are explained by the presence of a cap-rock and climate-driven fluvial incision that steepens hill-slopes to near-threshold conditions. Since escarp-ment retreat and the precipitation pattern were established at least in the Miocene, it is speculat-ed that the present-day distribution of morphol-ogy and denudation rates has probably remained largely unchanged during the past several mil-lions of years as the knickzones have propagated headward into the plateau. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2011, V36, N11, SEP, pp 1464-1473 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.2164.

12.2-195Pollen-based continental climate reconstruc-tions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesisBartlein P J, Harrison S P, Brewer S, Connor S, Davis B A S, Gajewski K, Guiot J, Harrison Prentice T I, Henderson A, Peyron O, et alUSA, England, Australia, Portugal, Switzerland, Canada, France, Indonesia, Finland, Estonia, Peoples R ChinaPaleontology , Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingSubfossil pollen and plant macrofossil data de-rived from C-14-dated sediment profiles can pro-vide quantitative information on glacial and inter-glacial climates. The data allow climate variables related to growing-season warmth, winter cold, and plant-available moisture to be reconstructed. Continental-scale reconstructions have been made for the mid-Holocene (MH, around 6 ka) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, around 21 ka), allowing comparison with palaeoclimate simulations cur-

rently being carried out as part of the fifth Assess-ment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The synthesis of the available MH and LGM climate reconstructions and their uncertainties, obtained using modern-analogue, regression and model- inversion techniques, is presented for four temperature variables and two moisture variables. Reconstructions of the same variables based on surface-pollen assemblages are shown to be accurate and unbiased. Reconstructed LGM and MH climate anomaly patterns are coher-ent, consistent between variables, and robust with respect to the choice of technique. They support a conceptual model of the controls of Late Qua-ternary climate change whereby the first-order ef-fects of orbital variations and greenhouse forcing on the seasonal cycle of temperature are predict-ably modified by responses of the atmospheric cir-culation and surface energy balance. Climate Dynamics, 2011, V37, N3-4, AUG, pp 775-802 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0904-1.

12.2-196Modelling prehistoric land use and carbon budgets: A critical reviewBoyle J F, Gaillard M J, Kaplan J O, Dearing J AEngland, Sweden, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Modelling , Geochemistry & Geo-physicsAn evaluation of modelled estimates for C release following early land clearance at the global level based on new model assumptions suggests that earlier studies may have underestimated its mag-nitude, chiefly because of underestimation of the mid-Holocene global population. Alternative in-formation sources for population and land utilisa-tion support both a greater total CO2 release and a greater Neolithic contribution. Indeed, we show that the quantity of terrestrial C release due to early farming, even using the most conservative assumptions, greatly exceeds the net terrestrial C release estimated by inverse modelling of ice core data by Elsig et al. (Elsig J, Schmitt J, Leuenberg-er D, Schneider R, Eyer M, Leuenberger M et al. ( 2009) Stable isotope constraints on Holocene car-bon cycle changes from an Antarctic ice core. Na-ture 461: 507-510), though uncertainty about past global population estimates precludes calculation of a precise value. Holocene, 2011, V21, N5, SI, AUG, pp 715-722 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683610386984.

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12.2-197Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of small carbonate samples (20 to 100 µg) with a Gas-Bench II preparation deviceBreitenbach S F M, Bernasconi S MSwitzerlandPaleontology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsRapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2011, V25, N13, JUL 15, pp 1910-1914 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.5052.

12.2-198Rapid extensive erosion of the North Alpine foreland basin at 5-4 MaCederbom C E, van der Beek P, Schlunegger F, Sinclair H D, Oncken OGermany, France, Switzerland, ScotlandPaleontology , Geology , GeomorphologyAn extensive low-temperature thermochronology study of the Swiss part of the North Alpine Fore-land Basin has been conducted with the aim of deciphering the late Neogene basin development. Apatite fission-track (AFT) ages from wells located in the distal and weakly deformed Plateau Molas-se reveal rapid, km-scale erosion with an onset in early Pliocene times. The distribution of erosion implies that there was a strong gradient in late Miocene deposition rates along the strike of the basin, with an increase towards the northeast. Ad-ditionally, renewed tectonic activity and km-scale out-of-sequence thrusting during Plio-Pleistocene times is indicated by AFT data from wells within the thrusted, proximal Subalpine Molasse. Several different mechanisms driving late Neogene basin erosion and accelerated erosional discharge from the European Alps have been considered in the literature. Based on our AFT results, we reevalu-ate previously published hypotheses, and suggest that a change in climate and/or drainage reorgan-isation coincided and possibly interacted with preexisting tectonic and geodynamic forces in the Alpine region. Basin Research, 2011, V23, N5, OCT, pp 528-550 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00501.x.

12.2-199Regional Be-10 production rate calibration for the past 12 ka deduced from the radiocarbon-dated Grotlandsura and Russenes rock ava-lanches at 69 degrees N, NorwayFenton C R, Hermanns R L, Blikra L H, Kubik P W, Bryant C, Niedermann S, Meixner A, Goethals M MGermany, Norway, Switzerland, ScotlandPaleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology , Geomorphology

Two rock avalanches in Troms County - the Gret-landsura and Russenes - were selected as CRONUS-EU natural cosmogenic Be-10 production-rate calibration sites because they (a) preserve large boulders that have been continuously exposed to cosmic irradiation since their emplacement; (b) contain boulders with abundant quartz phe-nocrysts and veins with low concentrations of naturally-occurring Be-9 (typically < 1.5 ppb); and (c) have reliable minimum radiocarbon ages of 11,424 +/- 108 cal yr BP and 10,942 +/- 77 cal yr BP (1 sigma), respectively. Quartz samples (n = 6) from these two sites contained between 4.28 x 10(4) and 5.06 x 10(4) at Be-10/g using the 1.387 Myr Be-10 half-life. Determination of these concentrations accounts for topographic and self-shielding, and effects on nuclide production due to isostatic re-bound are shown to be negligible. Persistent, con-stant snow and moss cover cannot be proven, but if taken into consideration they may have reduced Be-10 concentrations by 10%. Using the Be-10 half-life of 1.387 Myr and the Stone scaling scheme, and accounting for snow- and moss-cover, we cal-culate an error-weighted mean total Be-10 produc-tion rate of 4.12 +/- 0.19 at/g/yr (1 sigma). A corre-sponding error-weighted mean spallogenic Be-10 production rate is 3.96 +/- 0.16 at/g/yr (1 sigma), respectively. These are in agreement within un-certainty with other Be-10 production rates in the literature, but are significantly, statistically lower than the global average Be-10 production rate. This research indicates, like other recent studies, that the production of cosmogenic Be-10 in quartz is lower than previously established by other pro-duction-rate calibration projects. Similarly, our findings indicate that regional cosinogenic pro-duction rates should be used for determining ex-posure ages of landforms in order to increase the accuracy of those ages. As such, using the total Be-10 production rate from our study, we determine an error-weighted mean surface-exposure age of a third rock avalanche in Troms County (the Holen avalanche) to be 7.5 +/- 0.3 kyr (1 sigma). This age suggests that the rock avalanche occurred shortly after the 8.2 kyr cooling event, just as the radio-carbon ages of the Gretlandsura and Russenes avalanches confirm field evidence that those rock-slope failures occurred shortly after deglaciation. Quaternary Geochronology, 2011, V6, N5, OCT, pp 437-452 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.qua-geo.2011.04.005.

105Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Past Global Changes

12.2-200Ostracod recovery after Permian-Triassic boundary mass-extinction: The south Tibet recordForel M B, Crasquin S, Brühwiler T, Goudemand N, Bucher H, Baud A, Randon CFrance, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity , ZoologyLower to Middle Triassic ostracods from the Tu-long section, south Tibet, are described here for the first time. Samples from the first two stages of the Early Triassic (Griesbachian and Dienerian) are barren of ostracods; the following stage (Smi-thian) revealed low diversity ostracod faunas: a substantial diversification in taxa began at the base of the fourth stage (Spathian) and devel-oped into the first stage of the Middle Triassic (Anisian). Furthermore, exploration of additional feeding modes is developed in the Spathian and Anisian, with notable occurrence of filter-feeding taxa. High abundance of filter-feeding ostracods in Spathian and lower Anisian units indicates that benthic habitats became oligotrophic. These habitats typically harbored ostracod faunas of Mesozoic affinities, suggesting that the evolution-ary turnover of ostracods was fostered by the de-clining input of nutrients from the Spathian on. Marked faunal similarities with other Tethyan areas, mainly the northern part of Tethys, are ob-served during Spathian and Anisian times. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2011, V308, N1-2, SI, JUL 15, pp 160-170 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.02.013.

12.2-201200 years of European temperature variability: insights from and tests of the proxy surrogate reconstruction analog methodFranke J, Fidel Gonzalez R J, Frank D, Graham N ESwitzerland, Spain, USAPaleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci-ences , ModellingSpatially resolved climate reconstructions are commonly derived from long instrumental series and proxy data via linear regression based ap-proaches that use the main modes of the climate system. Such reconstructions have been shown to underestimate climate variability and are based upon the assumption that the main modes of climate variability are stationary back in time. Climate models simulate physically consistent climate fields but cannot be taken to represent the real past climate trajectory because of their necessarily simplified scope and chaotic internal

variability. Here, we present sensitivity tests of, and a 200-year temperature reconstruction from, the PSR (Proxy Surrogate Reconstruction) method. This method simultaneously capitalizes on the individual strengths of instrumental/proxy data based reconstructions and model simulations by selecting the model states (analogs) that are most similar with proxy/instrumental data available at specific places and specific moments of time. Sen-sitivity experiments reveal an optimal PSR config-uration and indicate that 6,500 simulation years of existing climate models provide a sufficient pool of possible analogs to skillfully reconstruct monthly European temperature fields during the past 200 years. Reconstruction verification based upon only seven instrumental stations indicates potential for extensions back in time using sparse proxy data. Additionally the PSR method allows evaluation of single time series, in this case the homogeneity of instrumental series, by iden-tifying inconsistencies with the reconstructed climate field. We present an updated European temperature reconstruction including newly ho-mogenized instrumental records performed with the computationally efficient PSR method that proves to capture the total variance of the target. Climate Dynamics, 2011, V37, N1-2, JUL, pp 133-150 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0802-6.

12.2-202The Rhone Glacier was smaller than today for most of the HoloceneGöhring B M, Schäfer J M, Schlüchter C, Lifton N A, Finkel R C, Jull A J T, Akcar N, Alley R BUSA, SwitzerlandGeochemistry & Geophysics, Cryology / Glaciology, PaleontologyWe present the development and application of the novel in situ cosmogenic C-14/Be-10 chronom-eter to recently exposed proglacial bedrock of the Rhone Glacier, Switzerland. Results show that during the Holocene, the glacier was smaller than today for 6500 +/- 2000 yr and larger than today for 4500 +/- 2000 yr. This pattern is consistent with limited data from other techniques for glaciers in the Alps and Scandinavia, but in contrast to gla-ciers from the Southern Alps of New Zealand, em-phasizing the high sensitivity of large mountain glaciers to small climate changes. The C-14/Be-10 chronometer also shows that abrasion rates be-neath the Rhone Glacier increased with ice speed. Geology, 2011, V39, N7, JUL, pp 679-682 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G32145.1.

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12.2-203Support for global climate reorganization dur-ing the “Medieval Climate Anomaly”Graham N E, Ammann C M, Fleitmann D, Cobb K M, Luterbacher JUSA, Switzerland, GermanyPaleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingWidely distributed proxy records indicate that the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; similar to 900-1350 AD) was characterized by coherent shifts in large-scale Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns. Although cooler sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equato-rial Pacific can explain some aspects of medieval circulation changes, they are not sufficient to ac-count for other notable features, including wide-spread aridity through the Eurasian sub-tropics, stronger winter westerlies across the North Atlan-tic and Western Europe, and shifts in monsoon rainfall patterns across Africa and South Asia. We present results from a full-physics coupled climate model showing that a slight warming of the tropi-cal Indian and western Pacific Oceans relative to the other tropical ocean basins can induce a broad range of the medieval circulation and climate changes indicated by proxy data, including many of those not explained by a cooler tropical Pacific alone. Important aspects of the results resemble those from previous simulations examining the climatic response to the rapid Indian Ocean warming during the late twentieth century, and to results from climate warming simulations- es-pecially in indicating an expansion of the North-ern Hemisphere Hadley circulation. Notably, the pattern of tropical Indo-Pacific sea surface temper-ature (SST) change responsible for producing the proxy- model similarity in our results agrees well with MCA-LIA SST differences obtained in a recent proxy-based climate field reconstruction. Though much remains unclear, our results indicate that the MCA was characterized by an enhanced zonal Indo-Pacific SST gradient with resulting changes in Northern Hemisphere tropical and extra-tropical circulation patterns and hydroclimate regimes, linkages that may explain the coherent regional climate shifts indicated by proxy records from across the planet. The findings provide new perspectives on the nature and possible causes of the MCA-a remarkable, yet incompletely under-stood episode of Late Holocene climatic change. Climate Dynamics, 2011, V37, N5-6, SEP, pp 1217-1245 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0914-z.

12.2-204Diatom-inferred wind activity at Lac du Som-met, southern Quebec, Canada: A multiproxy paleoclimate reconstruction based on diatoms, chironomids and pollen for the past 9500 yearsHausmann S, Larocque Tobler I, Richard P J H, Pienitz R, St Onge G, Fye FUSA, Switzerland, CanadaPaleontology , Limnology , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , Geology , Plant SciencesPaleo surface wind for southern Quebec was in-ferred quantitatively for the past 9500 years from diatom assemblages archived in the sediment of the shallow mountain Lac du Sommet using bi-weekly sediment trap samples along an elevation gradient in the study area. The wind reconstruc-tion was compared with diatom-inferred dissolved organic carbon concentration, chironomid-in-ferred mean August air temperature, pollen, grain size and loss-on-ignition. Increased lake circula-tion, interpreted as indicating stronger surface winds, was inferred from diatoms around 8700, 4500, 3000 to 2000 cal. yr BP and during the past 250 years. Increased lake stratification was diatom- inferred from 7500 to 5000 cal. yr BP and between 1500 and 500 cal. yr BP. Diatom-inferred paleow-inds were congruent with the regional fire history. In general, diatom production was significantly correlated with diatom-inferred lake circulation. Diatom-inferred lake circulation and diatom pro-duction were not correlated with the pollen as-semblage changes, diatom-inferred dissolved or-ganic carbon and chironomid-inferred August air temperature, which were highly intercorrelated. After the disappearance of the meltwater in the St Lawrence River valley, the chironomids reflected a warming trend that lasted until about 5000 cal. yr BP, trees replaced shrubs and diatom- inferred dissolved organic carbon increased from 4 mg/l to 6 mg/l. Diatom-inferred lake circulation exhibited periodicities of 200 and 900 years, whereas chiron-omid-inferred August air temperatures indicated a distinct (significant) 200 year periodicity. Holocene, 2011, V21, N6, SEP, pp 925-938 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611400199.

12.2-205Terrestrial ecosystems on North Gondwana following the end-Permian mass extinctionHermann E, Hochuli P A, Bucher H, Brühwiler T, Hautmann M, Ware D, Roohi GSwitzerland, PakistanPaleontology , Plant Sciences , Ecology , BiodiversityThe impact of the end-Permian mass extinction on terrestrial ecosystems is still highly controver-

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sial. Here, new high-resolution palynological data from biostratigraphically well-dated Upper Permian to Middle Triassic successions of the Salt Range and Surghar Range (Pakistan) are presented. Our results reveal seven successive floral phases between the Late Permian and the Middle Triassic. At the onset of the Mesozoic, the flora is characterised by high abundances of lycopods associated with pterido-sperms and conifers. This association prevails up to the middle Smithian and is followed by a prominent spore spike similar to the global spore spike reported from the Permian-Triassic boundary. Like that of the end-Permian, the middle Smithian spore spike is as-sociated with a negative isotope excursion and is suc-ceeded by a major marine faunal extinction event in the late Smithian. The recurrent patterns observed at the Permian- Triassic boundary and in the mid-dle-upper Smithian suggest a common cause such as massive ejections of volcanic gases. The increasing abundance of conifers still associated with common lycopods in the Spathian suggests fading volcanical-ly induced environmental perturbations and stabi-lisation of terrestrial ecosystems ca. 2.1 My after the end-Permian event. Gondwana Research, 2011, V20, N2-3, SEP, pp 630-637 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.01.008.

12.2-206Holocene carbon emissions as a result of an-thropogenic land cover changeKaplan J O, Krumhardt K M, Ellis E C, Ruddiman W F, Lemmen C, Klein Goldewijk KSwitzerland, USAPaleontology , Plant Sciences , Agriculture , Land-scape Studies , ModellingHumans have altered the Earth’s land surface since the Paleolithic mainly by clearing woody vegetation first to improve hunting and gathering opportuni-ties, and later to provide agricultural cropland. In the Holocene, agriculture was established on nearly all continents and led to widespread modification of terrestrial ecosystems. To quantify the role that humans played in the global carbon cycle over the Holocene, we developed a new, annually resolved inventory of anthropogenic land cover change from 8000 years ago to the beginning of large-scale indus-trialization (ad 1850). This inventory is based on a simple relationship between population and land use observed in several European countries over pre-industrial time. Using this data set, and an alterna-tive scenario based on the HYDE 3.1 land use data base, we forced the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model in a series of continuous simulations to evalu-ate the impacts of humans on terrestrial carbon stor-age during the preindustrial Holocene. Our model

setup allowed us to quantify the importance of land degradation caused by repeated episodes of land use followed by abandonment. By 3 ka BP, cumulative carbon emissions caused by anthropogenic land cov-er change in our new scenario ranged between 84 and 102 Pg, translating to c. 7 ppm of atmospheric CO2. By ad 1850, emissions were 325-357 Pg in the new scenario, in contrast to 137-189 Pg when driv-en by HYDE. Regional events that resulted in local emissions or uptake of carbon were often balanced by contrasting patterns in other parts of the world. While we cannot close the carbon budget in the cur-rent study, simulated cumulative anthropogenic emissions over the preindustrial Holocene are con-sistent with the ice core record of atmospheric delta 13CO2 and support the hypothesis that anthropo-genic activities led to the stabilization of atmospher-ic CO2 concentrations at a level that made the world substantially warmer than it otherwise would be. Holocene, 2011, V21, N5, SI, AUG, pp 775-791.

12.2-207Southern Ocean dust-climate coupling over the past four million yearsMartinez Garcia A, Rosell Mele A, Jaccard S L, Geibert W, Sigman D M, Haug G HSwitzerland, Germany, Spain, USA, ScotlandPaleontology , Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , GeologyDust has the potential to modify global climate by influencing the radiative balance of the atmo-sphere and by supplying iron and other essential limiting micronutrients to the ocean. Indeed, dust supply to the Southern Ocean increases during ice ages, and ‘iron fertilization’ of the subantarc-tic zone may have contributed up to 40 parts per million by volume (p. p. m. v.) of the decrease (80-100 p. p. m. v.) in atmospheric carbon dioxide ob-served during late Pleistocene glacial cycles. So far, however, the magnitude of Southern Ocean dust deposition in earlier times and its role in the devel-opment and evolution of Pleistocene glacial cycles have remained unclear. Here we report a high-resolution record of dust and iron supply to the Southern Ocean over the past four million years, derived from the analysis of marine sediments from ODP Site 1090, located in the Atlantic sector of the subantarctic zone. The close correspondence of our dust and iron deposition records with Ant-arctic ice core reconstructions of dust flux covering the past 800,000 years indicates that both of these archives record large-scale deposition changes that should apply to most of the Southern Ocean, vali-dating previous interpretations of the ice core data. The extension of the record beyond the interval covered by the Antarctic ice cores reveals that, in

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contrast to the relatively gradual intensification of glacial cycles over the past three million years, Southern Ocean dust and iron flux rose sharply at the Mid-Pleistocene climatic transition around 1.25 million years ago. This finding complements previ-ous observations over late Pleistocene glacial cycles, providing new evidence of a tight connection be-tween high dust input to the Southern Ocean and the emergence of the deep glaciations that charac-terize the past one million years of Earth history. Nature, 2011, V476, N7360, AUG 18, pp 312-U141 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10310.

12.2-208Contrasting rainfall patterns over North Amer-ica during the Holocene and Last Interglacial as recorded by sediments of the northern Gulf of MexicoMontero Serrano J C, Bout Roumazeilles V, Carlson Anders E, Tribovillard N, Bory A, Meunier G, Sion-neau T, Flower B P, Martinez P, Billy I, Riboulleau ASwitzerland, France, USAPaleontology , Hydrology , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , Geochemistry & GeophysicsThe comparison of geochemical and mineral-ogical characteristics of terrigenous sediments deposited in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) during the Holocene and Last Interglacial (LIG) is used to document the impact of slight differ-ences in insolation and ice-sheet retreat rates on moisture transfer and precipitation patterns over central North America. The records indicate dis-tinct sedimentological signatures over the two time periods, which likely reflect a modification of the main detrital provenance during the LIG compared to the Holocene. Here we postulate that the observed differences in the terrigenous sup-ply during the LIG relative to the Holocene reflect a northeast migration of the main precipitation belt over the Mississippi River watershed likely in response to deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet prior to the peak in boreal summer inso-lation and the overall greater increase in boreal summer insolation relative to the Holocene. These combined effects allowed more northward migra-tion of the Jet Stream, Atlantic Warm Pool and Intertropical Convergence Zone than during the Holocene, which may have also forced the Ber-muda High farther to the northeast of its present position, thereby pumping more moisture from the GoM and the Caribbean region into both the Upper Mississippi River and northeast Great Lakes area. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, V38, JUL 29 ARTN: L14709, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048194.

12.2-209Multiproxy summer and winter surface air temperature field reconstructions for southern South America covering the past centuriesNeukom R, Luterbacher J, Villalba R, Küttel M, Frank D, Jones P D, Grosjean M, Wanner H, von Gunten L, et alSwitzerland, Germany, Argentina, USA, England, Chile, NetherlandsPaleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesWe statistically reconstruct austral summer (win-ter) surface air temperature fields back to AD 900 (1706) using 22 (20) annually resolved predictors from natural and human archives from south-ern South America (SSA). This represents the first regional-scale climate field reconstruction for parts of the Southern Hemisphere at this high temporal resolution. We apply three different re-construction techniques: multivariate principal component regression, composite plus scaling, and regularized expectation maximization. There is generally good agreement between the results of the three methods on interannual and decadal timescales. The field reconstructions allow us to describe differences and similarities in the tem-perature evolution of different sub-regions of SSA. The reconstructed SSA mean summer tempera-tures between 900 and 1350 are mostly above the 1901-1995 climatology. After 1350, we reconstruct a sharp transition to colder conditions, which last until approximately 1700. The summers in the eighteenth century are relatively warm with a subsequent cold relapse peaking around 1850. In the twentieth century, summer temperatures reach conditions similar to earlier warm periods. The winter temperatures in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were mostly below the twen-tieth century average. The uncertainties of our re-constructions are generally largest in the eastern lowlands of SSA, where the coverage with proxy data is poorest. Verifications with independent summer temperature proxies and instrumental measurements suggest that the interannual and multi- decadal variations of SSA temperatures are well captured by our reconstructions. This new da-taset can be used for data/model comparison and data assimilation as well as for detection and at-tribution studies at sub-continental scales. Climate Dynamics, 2011, V37, N1-2, JUL, pp 35-51 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0793-3.

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12.2-210Cosmogenic Be-10-derived denudation rates of the Eastern and Southern European AlpsNorton K P, von Blanckenburg F, Dibiase R, Schlunegger F, Kubik P WUSA, Germany, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology , GeomorphologyDenudation rates from cosmogenic Be-10 mea-sured in quartz from recent river sediment have previously been used in the Central Alps to argue that rock uplift occurs through isostatic response to erosion in the absence of ongoing convergence. We present new basin-averaged denudation rates from large rivers in the Eastern and Southern Eu-ropean Alps together with a detailed topographic analysis in order to infer the forces driving ero-sion. Denudation rates in the Eastern and South-ern Alps of 170-1,400 mm ky(-1) are within a simi-lar range to those in the Central Alps for similar lithologies. However, these denudation rates vary considerably with lithology, and their variabil-ity generally increases with steeper landscapes, where correlations with topographic metrics also become poorer. Tertiary igneous rocks are associ-ated with steep hillslopes and channels and low denudation rates, whereas pre-Alpine gneisses usually exhibit steep hillslopes and higher denu-dation rates. Molasse, flysch, and schists display lower mean basin slopes and channel gradients, and, despite their high erodibility, low erosion rates. Exceptionally low denudation rates are also measured in Permian rhyolite, which has high mean basin slopes. We invoke geomorphic inheri-tance as a major factor controlling erosion, such that large erosive glaciers in the late Quaternary cold periods were more effective in priming land-scapes in the Central Alps for erosion than in the interior Eastern Alps. However, the difference in tectonic evolution of the Eastern and Central Alps potentially adds to differences in their geomor-phic response; their deep structures differ signifi-cantly and, unlike the Central Alps, the Eastern Alps are affected by ongoing tectonic influx due to the slow motion and rotation of Adria. The result is a complex pattern of high mountain erosion in the Eastern Alps, which has evolved from one con-fined to the narrow belt of the Tauern Window in late Tertiary time to one affecting the entire un-derthrust basement, orogenic lid, and parts of the Southern Alps today. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2011, V100, N5, JUL, pp 1163-1179 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0626-y.

12.2-211Amorphous organic matter - Experimental data on formation and the role of microbesPacton M, Gorin G E, Vasconcelos CSwitzerlandPaleontology , Plant Sciences , MicrobiologyThe origin of microscopically-amorphous organic matter (AOM) is problematic. It has been extensive-ly studied because it is the dominant kerogen con-stituent in petroleum source rocks. Although mi-crobes are widespread in natural environments, they are commonly associated only with marine AOM derived from phytoplankton. In this study, we have selected terrestrial and marine samples with various microbial inputs in order to deci-pher the role of microbes in AOM composition. A specially-tailored laboratory device has been used for determining the effect of oxygen- and light-de-pleted conditions on recent microbial mats for a duration of three years. This experiment aimed at reproducing conditions existing in nature at the water- sediment interface. This research has per-mitted the characterization of AOM according to its biological origin. Two different types of AOM have been observed, i.e., gelified and granular types. They are related respectively to microbial reworking of terrestrial fragments and primary microbial populations. Moreover, bacterial bod-ies constitute the ubiquitous, strongly fluorescent material, whereas extracellular polymeric sub-stances (EPS) surround bacteria and show a weak-er fluorescence. Consequently, this study on mod-ern OM has unravelled the amorphization process of specific organic particles leading to AOM clas-sically encountered in fossil sediments. This has considerable implications for palaeoenvironmen-tal reconstructions associated with the origin and preservation of OM. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2011, V166, N3-4, AUG, pp 253-267 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2011.05.011.

12.2-212Reworked microfossils as a paleogeographic toolPirkenseer C, Spezzaferri S, Berger J PSwitzerlandPaleontology , Geology , Zoology , Marine & Fresh-water BiologyThe abundant occurrence of reworked microfos-sils within the paleogeographically restricted Up-per Rhine Graben of central Europe represents a unique opportunity to investigate their inherent information, allowing new insights into the pa-leogeographic framework and past sedimentary pathways. In the late Rupelian and early Chattian

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a transgression-regression cycle linked to the global Ru2- Ru3 sequences affected the entire Upper Rhine Graben basin, leading to the deposition of a thick marine to lacustrine series. The occurrences of abun-dant reworked planktonic foraminifera are grouped into several events that are linked to intervals of increased clastic input during regressive phases. The biostratigraphic ranges of the reworked taxa indicate Late Cretaceous, Ypresian, Lutetian, and Bartonian-Priabonian ages for the sediment sources. The reworking originated from related west alpine source deposits via a northward- draining fluviatile system. A fast uplift of Priabonian and older deposits within the alpine realm during the late Rupelian is accordingly inferred, confirming the increased rate of the mesoalpine orogeny at that time. The careful analysis of reworked microfossil assemblages thus provides a valid tool for future paleogeographic, tec-tonic, and provenance studies. Geology, 2011, V39, N9, SEP, pp 843-846 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G32049.1.

12.2-213Chondritic-like xenon trapped in Archean rocks: A possible signature of the ancient atmospherePujol M, Marty B, Burgess RFrance, EnglandPaleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesAncient sedimentary rocks may have retained a record of the past atmospheric composition. We present evidence for the geological preservation of remnants of the Archean atmosphere. Hydro-thermal quartz containing fluid inclusions from a core drilled in 3.5 Ga-old terrains at North Pole, (Western Australia), has a Ar-Ar plateau age of 3.0 +/- 0.2 Ga. An Archean age is confirmed indepen-dently by Ba-130-Xe-130 dating of fluid inclusions. Xenon trapped in the present sample and in 3.5 Ga-old barite from the same locality (Pujol et al., 2009: Srinivasan, 1976) presents an isotopic com-position intermediate between the atmospheric composition and that of chondritic, or solar, xe-non. In contrast, the stable isotopes of neon and krypton are isotopically atmospheric. This obser-vation suggests that the well known but unex-plained enrichment of heavy Xe isotopes in the at-mosphere relative to cosmochemical (chondritic or solar) end-members was progressive, and not complete >= 3 Ga ago. This Xe isotopic fraction-ation might have taken place during prolongated irradiation of the atmosphere by the ancient Sun. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2011, V308, N3-4, AUG 15, pp 298-306 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.053.

12.2-214Impact of climate variability in the western Mediterranean during the last 20,000 years: oceanic and atmospheric responsesRodrigo Gamiz M, Martinez Ruiz F, Jimenez Espejo F J, Gallego Torres D, Nieto Moreno V, Romero O, Ariztegui ASpain, Netherlands, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci-ences , Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophys-ics , GeologyEolian input fluctuations and paleoceanographic conditions in the western Mediterranean have been reconstructed by using a multi-proxy approach to infer climate variability for the last 20,000 yr. A sediment core from the East Alboran Sea basin provides high- resolution geochemical, mineral-ogical and grain size distribution records from the last Glacial Maximum onward. The accurate chro-nology obtained, closely related with the North Greenland Ice core Project, has provided a detailed paleoclimate reconstruction at the centennial-mil-lennial time scale. Mineral and chemical compo-sitions as well as sediment grain size distribution have been used to establish both fluvial and eolian input variations, deep-water current intensity, and ventilation and productivity conditions at the time of deposition. During the cold period Greenland Stadial-2a, the analyzed proxies evidence signifi-cant climate oscillations. Redox proxies, showing marked Mn/Al and Fe/Al peaks, as well as granu-lometric parameters, support major changes in thermohaline circulation, with active circulation triggered by the Western Mediterranean Deep Wa-ter formation. Ba/Al ratios and the presence of au-thigenic barite point to high productivity during the Last Heinrich event. At this time, Zr/Al, Si/Al and Ti/Al ratios as well as quartz and palygorskite contents also corroborate dryer conditions in the Alboran borderlands, with a major reorganization of atmospheric circulation at the beginning of the deglaciation and during the Last Heinrich event. In contrast, a decreasing trend in the Zr/Al ratio and increasing Mg/Al, K/Al and illite + chlorite/ka-olinite ratios would indicate enhanced river runoff and supporting lower eolian dust input and wet-ter periods during the Bolling -Allerod. Short-term and abrupt climate oscillations such as the Intra-Allerod Cold Period are likewise reflected by minor yet conspicuous changes in eolian proxies. During the Younger Dryas, we distinguish an initial cold and dry phase, with major westerlies intensity, thermohaline reactivation, and high productivity levels, and a second wetter phase characterized by sporadic rainfalls over poorly vegetated surround-ing continental areas. Then, during the Holocene,

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alternating phases of major humidity and aridity were recorded by major fluctuations in detrital in-put. These are also correlated with recurrent forest cover declines reported from pollen records, with a noteworthy early decline in the African Humid Period. During the Holocene, an initial demise of the Last Organic-Rich Layer is also evidenced, ten-tatively associated with aspiration forces promoted by intense thermohaline circulation through the Gibraltar Strait. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2011, V30, N15-16, JUL, pp 2018-2034 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.011.

12.2-215The last erosional stage of the Molasse Basin and the AlpsSchlunegger F, Mosar JSwitzerlandPaleontology , Geology , GeomorphologyWe present a synoptic overview of the Miocene-present development of the northern Alpine fore-land basin (Molasse Basin), with special attention to the pattern of surface erosion and sediment discharge in the Alps. Erosion of the Molasse Basin started at the same time that the rivers originat-ing in the Central Alps were deflected toward the Bresse Graben, which formed part of the European Cenozoic rift system. This change in the drainage direction decreased the distance to the marine base level by approximately 1,000 km, which in turn de-creased the average topographic elevation in the Molasse Basin by at least 200 m. Isostatic adjust-ment to erosional unloading required ca. 1,000 m of erosion to account for this inferred topographic lowering. A further inference is that the resulting increase in the sediment discharge at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary reflects the recycling of Molasse units. We consider that erosion of the Molasse Ba-sin occurred in response to a shift in the drainage direction rather than because of a change in paleo-climate. Climate left an imprint on the Alpine land-scape, but presumably not before the beginning of glaciation at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. Similar to the northern Alpine foreland, we do not see a strong climatic fingerprint on the pattern or rates of exhumation of the External Massifs. In particular, the initiation and acceleration of im-brication and antiformal stacking of the foreland crust can be considered solely as a response to the convergence of Adria and Europe, irrespective of erosion rates. However, the recycling of the Molasse deposits since 5 Ma and the associated reduction of the loads in the foreland could have activated base-ment thrusts beneath the Molasse Basin in order to restore a critical wedge. In conclusion, we see the

need for a more careful consideration of both tec-tonic and climatic forcing on the development of the Alps and the adjacent Molasse Basin. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2011, V100, N5, JUL, pp 1147-1162 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0607-1.

12.2-216Quantitative inter-annual and decadal June-Ju-ly-August temperature variability ca. 570 BC to AD 120 (Iron Age-Roman Period) reconstructed from the varved sediments of Lake Silvaplana, SwitzerlandStewart M M, Larocque Tobler I, Grosjean MSwitzerlandPaleontology , Limnology , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , Geochemistry & GeophysicsAnnually resolved June-July-August (JJA) tempera-tures from ca. 570 BC to AD 120 (+/- 100 a; approxi-mately 690 varve years) were quantified from bio-genic silica and chironomids (Type II regression; Standard Major Axis calibration-in-time) preserved in the varved sediments of Lake Silvaplana, Switzer-land. Using 30 a (climatology) moving averages and detrended standard deviations (mean variability change, MVC), moving linear trends, change points and wavelets, reconstructed temperatures were par-titioned into a warmer (+0.3 degrees C; ca. 570-351 BC), cooler (-0.2 degrees C; ca. 350-16 BC) and moder-ate period (+0.1 degrees C; ca. 15 BC to AD 120) rela-tive to the reconstruction average (10.9 degrees C; reference AD 1950-2000 = 9.8 degrees C). Warm and variable JJA temperatures at the Late Iron Age- Ro-man Period transition (approximately 50 BC to AD 100 in this region) and a cold anomaly around 470 BC (Early-Late Iron Age) were inferred. Inter-annual and decadal temperature variability was greater from ca. 570 BC to AD 120 than the last millennium, whereas multi-decadal and lower-frequency tem-perature variability were comparable, as evident in wavelet plots. Using MVC plots of reconstructed JJA temperatures from ca. 570 BC to AD 120, we verified current trends and European climate model out-puts for the 21st century, which suggest increased inter-annual summer temperature variability and extremes in a generally warmer climate (heterosce-dasticity; hotspot of variability). We compared these results to MVC plots of instrumental and recon-structed temperatures (from the same sediment core and proxies but a different study) from AD 1177 to AD 2000. Our reconstructed JJA temperatures from ca. 570 BC to AD 120 showed that inter-annual JJA temperature variability increased rapidly above a threshold of similar to 10 degrees C mean JJA tem-perature. This increase accelerated with continued warming up >11.5 degrees C. We suggest that the Ro-

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man Period serves with respect to inter-annual vari-ability as an analogue for warmer 21st-century JJA temperatures in the Alps. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2011, V26, N5, JUL, pp 491-501 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1480.

12.2-217The largest floods in the High Rhine basin since 1268 assessed from documentary and instru-mental evidenceWetter O, Pfister C, Weingartner R, Luterbacher J, Reist T, Trösch JSwitzerland, GermanyHydrology , Water Resources , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , ModellingThe magnitudes of the largest known floods of the River Rhine in Basel since 1268 were assessed using a hydraulic model drawing on a set of pre-instrumen-tal evidence and daily hydrological measurements from 1808. The pre-instrumental evidence, consist-ing of flood marks and documentary data describ-ing extreme events with the customary reference to specific landmarks, was “calibrated” by comparing it with the instrumental series for the overlapping period between the two categories of evidence (1808-1900). Summer (JJA) floods were particularly fre-quent in the century between 1651-1750, when pre-cipitation was also high. Severe winter (DJF) floods have not occurred since the late 19th century de-spite a significant increase in winter precipitation. Six catastrophic events involving a runoff greater than 6000 m (3) s(-1) are documented prior to 1700. They were initiated by spells of torrential rainfall of up to 72 h (1480 event) and preceded by long periods of substantial precipitation that saturated the soils, and/or by abundant snowmelt. All except two (1999 and 2007) of the 43 identified severe events (SEs: de-fined as having runoff > 5000 and < 6000 m (3) S-1) occurred prior to 1877. Not a single SE is document-ed from 1877 to 1998. The intermediate 121-year-long “flood disaster gap” is unique over the period since 1268. The effect of river regulations (1714 for the River Kander; 1877 for the River Aare) and the building of reservoirs in the 20th century upon peak runoff were investigated using a one-dimensional hydraulic flood-routing model. Results show that anthropogenic effects only partially account for the “flood disaster gap” suggesting that variations in cli-mate should also be taken into account in explain-ing these features. Hydrological Sciences Journal Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques, 2011, V56, N5, JUL, pp 733-758 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2011.583613.

12.2-218Reduced Interannual Rainfall Variability in East Africa During the Last Ice AgeWolff C, Haug G H, Timmermann A, Sinninghe Damste J S, Brauer A, Sigman D M, Cane M A, Verschuren DGermany, Switzerland, USA, Netherlands, BelgiumPaleontology , Hydrology , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , Limnology , GeologyInterannual rainfall variations in equatorial East Af-rica are tightly linked to the El Nino Southern Oscil-lation (ENSO), with more rain and flooding during El Nino and droughts in La Nina years, both hav-ing severe impacts on human habitation and food security. Here we report evidence from an annually laminated lake sediment record from southeastern Kenya for interannual to centennial-scale changes in ENSO-related rainfall variability during the last three millennia and for reductions in both the mean rate and the variability of rainfall in East Africa dur-ing the Last Glacial period. Climate model simula-tions support forward extrapolation from these lake sediment data that future warming will intensify the interannual variability of East Africa’s rainfall. Science, 2011, V333, N6043, AUG 5, pp 743-747 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1203724.

12.2-219The ancient Chinese notes on hydrogeologyZhou Y, Zwahlen F, Wang YSwitzerland, Peoples R ChinaPaleontology , Hydrology , GeologyThe ancient Chinese notes on hydrogeology are summarized and interpreted, along with records of some related matters, like groundwater exploration and utilization, karst springs, water circulation, water conservation and saline-land transforma-tion, mine drainage, and environmental hydrogeol-ogy. The report focuses only on the earliest record-ed notes, mostly up until the Han Dynasty (206 BC - AD 25). Besides the references cited, the discussion in this report is based mainly on archaeological material, the preserved written classic literature, and some assumptions and/or conclusions that have been handed down in legends to later ages. Although most material relates to ancient China, the lessons learned may have practical significance worldwide. Compared to other contemporary parts of the world, ancient China, without doubt, took the lead in the field of groundwater hydrology. The great achievements and experience of the Chinese ancestors should provide motivation and inspira-tion for hydrogeologists to carry out their scientific research and exploration passionately and actively. Hydrogeology Journal, 2011, V19, N5, AUG, pp 1103-1114 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0682-1.

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12.2-220Information Preferences and Corresponding Consumption Behavior in Common Pool Resource ManagementBrucks W M, Mosler H JSwitzerlandSocial Sciences , Economics , ModellingFor the purpose of managing a common pool re-source (CPR), it may be crucial to know what kind of information is important to the actors involved. The present study tests a set of hypotheses from the social ecological relevance (SER) model of de-cision-making in commons dilemma situations. The results showed that (1) information about the resource increased in importance with decreasing resource availability, (2) this increase was more pronounced in the presence of high ecological uncertainty, and (3) individuals attributing the availability of the resource to the group attached more importance to information on others’ be-havior. These findings were reflected by the re-sults on consumption behavior, as (1) the average consumption decreased with decreasing resource availability, (2) it decreased more pronounced in the presence of high ecological uncertainty, and (3) individuals attributing the availability of the resource to the group were more inclined to fol-low the group’s consumption than individuals at-tributing to the resource. Social Psychology, 2011, V42, N4, pp 261-270 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000057.

12.2-221Nanotoxicology: a perspective and discussion of whether or not in vitro testing is a valid alternativeClift M J D, Gehr P, Rothen Rutishauser BSwitzerlandHuman & Public Health , Toxicology , ModellingDespite the many proposed advantages related to nanotechnology, there are increasing concerns as to the potential adverse human health and en-vironmental effects that the production of, and subsequent exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) might pose. In regard to human health, these concerns are founded upon the plethora of knowledge gained from research relating to the effects ob-served following exposure to environmental air pollution. It is known that increased exposure to environmental air pollution can cause reduced respiratory health, as well as exacerbate pre-ex-isting conditions such as cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Such disease states have also been associated with ex-posure to the NP component contained within environmental air pollution, raising concerns as

to the effects of NP exposure. It is not only expo-sure to accidentally produced NPs however, which should be approached with caution. Over the past decades, NPs have been specifically engineered for a wide range of consumer, industrial and techno-logical applications. Due to the inevitable expo-sure of NPs to humans, owing to their use in such applications, it is therefore imperative that an un-derstanding of how NPs interact with the human body is gained. In vivo research poses a beneficial model for gaining immediate and direct knowl-edge of human exposure to such xenobiotics. This research outlook however, has numerous limita-tions. Increased research using in vitro models has therefore been performed, as these models provide an inexpensive and high-throughput al-ternative to in vivo research strategies. Despite such advantages, there are also various restric-tions in regard to in vitro research. Therefore, the aim of this review, in addition to providing a short perspective upon the field of nanotoxicology, is to discuss (1) the advantages and disadvantages of in vitro research and (2) how in vitro research may provide essential information pertaining to the human health risks posed by NP exposure. Archives of Toxicology, 2011, V85, N7, JUL, pp 723-731 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0560-6.

12.2-222Make it strategic! Financial investment logic is not enoughCooremans CSwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , EconomicsProfitability is not the main driver of capital in-vestment decision- making; financial evaluation tools often play a secondary role in corporate in-vestment choices; businesses do not follow capi-tal finance theory prescriptions, contrary to what mainstream claims; the strategic character of in-vestments has a heavier decisional weight than profitability. These findings are based on a review of different streams of literature (mainly organi-zational finance and strategic decision-making) which is described in the second part of the paper, after a first part summarizing the main stances of mainstream energy economics and the main findings of the alternative literature on energy-efficiency investments. Yet, what is a strategic in-vestment? To fill the existing conceptual gap, we propose a definition of strategic investment and a new theoretical framework to analyze invest-ment projects. An example of applying this frame-work to an energy-efficiency project is described. The partial influence of financial factors and the

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importance of strategic factors in investment de-cisions entail several implications for energy- ef-ficiency practitioners, scholars, and public pro-gram developers, which are described in the last part of the paper. Energy Efficiency, 2011, V4, N4, NOV, pp 473-492 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-011-9125-7.

12.2-223Convergence in per capita CO2 emissions: A robust distributional approachCriado C O, Grether J MSwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , EconomicsThis paper investigates the convergence hypoth-esis for per capita CO2 emissions with a panel of 166 world areas covering the period 1960-2002. The analysis is based on the evolution of the spa-tial distributions over time. Robust measures of dispersion, asymmetry, peakedness and two non-parametric distributional tests - shape equality and multimodality - are used to assess spatial time dif-ferences. A robust normal reference bandwidth is also applied to estimate Markov’s transition laws and its subsequent ergodic (long- run) distribu-tions. Our results point toward non-stationary, flattening and right-skewed spatial distributions before the oil price shocks of the 1970s and more stable and symmetric shapes between 1980 and 2000 at the world level and for many country groupings (similar income, geographic neighbors, institutional partners). In the latter period, group-specific convergence patterns emerge with the clearest single-peaked and compact density shapes being reached in the wealthy, well-integrated and European countries during the last years of the panel. No significant multimodality is formally de-tected in the world distribution over the whole pe-riod. The Markov analysis suggests more divergence and larger per capita emissions for the world in the long run, with a doubling in median emissions and stable pollution gaps during the first 50 years of the transition. A variety of steady state distributions are identified in the country subsets. Resource and Energy Economics, 2011, V33, N3, SEP, pp 637-665 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2011.01.003.

12.2-224Optimal containment and policy differentia-tion under unilateral climate policyCsordas S, Krysiak F CSwitzerlandPolitical Sciences , EconomicsWithout a broad international agreement, climate policy is less effective, owing to carbon leakage.

We investigate whether this negative effect can be addressed by partially containing the policy’s effects to intermediate goods sectors, such as elec-tricity or transportation services. We use a three-sector model to study a policy that taxes emissions caused by intermediate goods production while subsidizing the intermediate good. We character-ize the optimal containment policy for combating carbon leakage and show that it complements the concept of policy differentiation.Canadian Journal of Economics Revue Cana-dienne D Economique, 2011, V44, N3, AUG, pp 814-837 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2011.01656.x.

12.2-225Determinants of pollution: what do we really know?Gassebner M, Lamla M J, Sturm J ESwitzerland, GermanyEconomics , Energy & FuelsThe recent literature proposes many variables as significant determinants of pollution. This pa-per gives an overview of this literature and asks which of these factors have an empirically robust impact on water and air pollution. We apply Ex-treme Bound Analysis (EBA) on a panel of up to 120 countries covering the period 1960-2001. We find supportive evidence of the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve for water pollution. Furthermore, mainly variables capturing the eco-nomic structure of a country affect air and water pollution. Oxford Economic Papers New Series, 2011, V63, N3, JUL, pp 568-595 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpq029.

12.2-226International emission permit markets with refundingGersbach H, Winkler RSwitzerlandEconomics , International Relations , Political SciencesWe propose a blueprint for an international emis-sion permit market such as the EU trading scheme. Each country decides on the amount of permits it wants to offer. A fraction of these permits is freely allocated, the remainder is auctioned. Revenues from the auction are collected in a global fund and reimbursed to member countries in fixed pro-portions. We show that international permit mar-kets with refunding lead to outcomes in which all countries tighten the issuance of permits and are better off compared to standard international permit markets. If the share of freely allocated

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permits is sufficiently small, we obtain approxi-mately socially optimal emission reductions. European Economic Review, 2011, V55, N6, AUG, pp 759-773 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euro-ecorev.2011.02.002.

12.2-227Market Power, Permit Allocation and Efficiency in Emission Permit MarketsHintermann BSwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , EconomicsMarket power in permit markets has been exam-ined in some detail following the seminal work of Hahn (Q J Econ 99(4):753-765, 1984), but the effect of free allocation on price manipulation with market power in both product and permit market has not been fully addressed. I show that in this case, the threshold of free allocation above which a dominant firm will set the permit price above its marginal abatement costs is below its op-timal emissions in a competitive market, and that overall efficiency cannot be achieved by means of permit allocation alone. In addition to being of general economic interest, this issue is relevant in the context of the EU ETS. I find that the larg-est German, UK and Nordpool power generators received free allowances in excess of the derived threshold. Conditional on having price-setting power in both the electricity and permit markets, these firms would have found it profitable to ma-nipulate the permit price upwards despite being net permit buyers. Environmental Resource Economics, 2011, V49, N3, JUL, pp 327-349 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-010-9435-9.

12.2-228Network Structures within Policy Processes: Coalitions, Power, and Brokerage in Swiss Climate PolicyIngold KSwitzerlandPolitical Sciences , Modelling , Social SciencesThe Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) is a prominent approach to investigate the formation of coalition and their impact on policy outputs. Although the ACF combines both the network structures of a political process with actors’ val-ues and belief systems, most empirical tests focus mainly on beliefs rather than network structures. Considering a relational approach makes par-ticular sense when one wants to investigate the structural patterns of a subsystem and to assess coalition formation and maintenance. The author therefore proceeds by taking two steps to study

the existence of coalitions, power relations, and policy preferences: first, social network analysis frames the empirical study of network structures, based on the assumption that common beliefs are reflected in relations among actors involved in policy processes. Second, using a sophisticated mathematical algorithm, the multicriteria analy-sis furnishes a systematic evaluation of the elite’s belief system. This methodological combination constitutes the added value of this research and allows for testing to establish if common beliefs are reflected in network structures. Policy Studies Journal, 2011, V39, N3, AUG, pp 435-459 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00416.x.

12.2-229Environmental policy, innovation and perfor-mance: New insights on the Porter HypothesisLanoie P, Laurent Lucchetti J, Johnstone N, Ambec SCanada, Switzerland, FranceEconomics , Political SciencesJaffe and Palmer (1997) present three distinct variants of the so- called Porter Hypothesis. The “weak” version of the hypothesis posits that en-vironmental regulation will stimulate environ-mental innovations. The “narrow” version of the hypothesis asserts that flexible environmental policy regimes give firms greater incentive to in-novate than prescriptive regulations, such as technology-based standards. Finally, the “strong” version posits that properly designed regulation may induce cost-saving innovation that more than compensates for the cost of compliance. In this pa-per, we test the significance of these different vari-ants of the Porter Hypothesis using data on the four main elements of the hypothesised causality chain (environmental policy, research and devel-opment, environmental performance, and com-mercial performance). The analysis draws upon a database that includes observations from approxi-mately 4,200 facilities in seven OECD countries. In general, we find strong support for the “weak” ver-sion, qualified support for the “narrow” version, but no support for the “strong” version. Journal of Economics Management Strategy, 2011, V20, N3, FAL, pp 803-842 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2011.00301.x.

12.2-230Exposure to Moderate Air Pollution during Late Pregnancy and Cord Blood Cytokine Se-cretion in Healthy NeonatesLatzin P, Frey U, Armann J, Kieninger E, Fuchs O, Röösli M, Schaub BSwitzerland, Germany

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Medicine , Human & Public Health , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesBackground/Objectives: Ambient air pollution can alter cytokine concentrations as shown in vitro and following short-term exposure to high air pollution levels in vivo. Exposure to pollution during late pregnancy has been shown to affect fe-tal lymphocytic immunophenotypes. However, ef-fects of prenatal exposure to moderate levels of air pollutants on cytokine regulation in cord blood of healthy infants are unknown. Methods: In a birth cohort of 265 healthy term-born neonates, we as-sessed maternal exposure to particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less (PM10), as well as to indoor air pollution during the last tri-mester, specifically the last 21, 14, 7, 3 and 1 days of pregnancy. As a proxy for traffic-related air pol-lution, we determined the distance of mothers’ homes to major roads. We measured cytokine and chemokine levels (MCP-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 beta, TNF- alpha and GM-CSF) in cord blood serum using LU-MINEX technology. Their association with pollu-tion levels was assessed using regression analysis, adjusted for possible confounders. Results: Mean (95%-CI) PM10 exposure for the last 7 days of preg-nancy was 18.3 (10.3-38.4 µg/m(3)). PM10 exposure during the last 3 days of pregnancy was signifi-cantly associated with reduced IL-10 and during the last 3 months of pregnancy with increased IL-1 beta levels in cord blood after adjustment for relevant confounders. Maternal smoking was associated with reduced IL-6 levels. For the other cytokines no association was found. Conclusions: Our results suggest that even naturally occurring prenatal exposure to moderate amounts of indoor and outdoor air pollution may lead to changes in cord blood cytokine levels in a population based cohort. Plos One, 2011, V6, N8, AUG 3 ARTN: e23130, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023130.

12.2-231Debt for brands: tracking down a bias in financing photovoltaic projects in GermanyLüdeke Freund F, Loock MSwitzerland, GermanyEconomics , Energy & FuelsWhat kinds of PV project configurations do lend-ers prefer to finance? Recent developments in the field of renewable energy project finance have re-inforced the need for investigation, as fundraising has become more challenging and project evalu-ation by banks more demanding. To contribute to the limited research in this field, we focus on photovoltaic projects and report from an Adap-

tive Choice-Based Conjoint experiment with Ger-man experts in project finance. We find a bias which we call “debt for brands”. Simulations re-veal that debt investors prefer projects with pre-mium brand technology (modules, inverters) to low-cost technology. Although we assumed that lenders prefer projects with the highest Debt Ser-vice Cover Ratio (DSCR), they favor projects with lower DSCR, as long as those projects include pre-mium brand technology. We find that, if premium brands were engaged, lenders would also choose projects with higher risk. Our findings have im-plications for renewable energy project finance in practice and research. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2011, V19, N12, AUG, pp 1356-1364.

12.2-232Analyzing policy support instruments and regulatory risk factors for wind energy deployment-A developers’ perspectiveLüthi S, Prässler TSwitzerland, GermanyEnergy & Fuels , Political SciencesA transition to a renewable energy system is high on the policy agenda in many countries. A promis-ing energy source for a low-carbon energy future is wind. Policy-makers can attract wind energy development by providing attractive policy frame-works. This paper argues that apart from the level of financial support, both the risks stemming from the regulatory environment (legal security, administrative process and grid access) and the ability to finance projects play a critical role in determining the attractiveness of the develop-ment environment. It sheds light on how project developers trade off these different aspects and to what extent the attractiveness of a certain policy framework increases with the introduction of spe-cific measures. Conjoint analysis is employed to provide empirical evidence on the preference of wind energy developers in the EU and the US. The analysis shows that developers’ preferences are very similar across the studied regions and for dif-ferent types of developers. Which policy measures could be most valuable depends on the specific existing environment. In some southeastern Euro-pean countries, a reduction of administrative pro-cess duration may yield the highest utility gains, whereas, in the US, improvements in grid access regulation and an increase in remuneration levels may be more effective. Energy Policy, 2011, V39, N9, SEP, pp 4876-4892 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.en-pol.2011.06.029.

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12.2-233The economic valuation of biodiversity as an abstract goodMeinard Y, Grill PFrance, SwitzerlandEconomics , Biodiversity , Social Sciences , EcologyThe notion of an economic valuation of biodiver-sity raises major philosophical and practical chal-lenges, especially due to the fact that biodiversity is an abstract good. Insights from political philosophy and philosophy of language can help to clarify the reliability and scope of the current economic meth-ods that can be used for the purpose of valuing it. The analogy with another abstract good, justice, in-deed shows that thinking about abstract goods is a very specific exercise. If they do not take account of this specificity, applications of hedonic and contin-gent valuation methods can hardly claim to be rel-evant to value biodiversity. Rawls’ theory of justice provides for the conceptual tools to overcome this problem. A reinterpretation, based on the theory of counterfactuals, allows generalizing this account of justice to outline a theory of thinking about ab-stract goods. This new framework emphasizes the importance of the institutional context in deter-mining the reliability of thinking about abstract goods. It points toward substantial reforms of the methodology of economic valuation. Specifically, it suggests reinterpreting valuation as a dynamic expressive process, where initial steps aim at re-inforcing the reliability of later steps through an institutional transformation and stabilization of preferences for abstract goods. Ecological Economics, 2011, V70, N10, AUG 15, pp 1707-1714 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecole-con.2011.05.003.

12.2-234Climate business for poverty reduction? The role of the World BankMichaelowa A, Michaelowa KSwitzerlandPolitical Sciences , International Relations , Economics , Energy & FuelsThe World Bank is increasingly active in the area of climate change mitigation. While it justifies this en-gagement with its poverty reduction objective and its capacity to pave the way for new business activi-ties in developing countries, critics blame the World Bank as a “climate profiteer” and as an unfair com-petitor in private markets. Our econometric analy-sis of over 2,000 projects registered until May 2010 under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol allows us to compare the activi-ties of the Bank with those of other, primarily pri-vate actors. The results indicate that hardly any of

the CDM projects can be considered as strongly pro-poor. Nevertheless, in comparison to the rest of the CDM projects, the Bank’s portfolio shows a relatively clearer orientation towards poor countries. Within these countries, however, the Bank does not show any particular pro-poor focus, and tends to imple-ment those projects that are commercially most at-tractive. Moreover, there is no evidence of the Bank phasing out its activities once the market becomes fully operational, which goes against its professed pioneering and catalytic role in carbon markets. Review of International Organizations, 2011, V6, N3-4, SEP, pp 259-286 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11558-011-9103-z.

12.2-235How natural disturbance triggers political con-flict: Bark beetles and the meaning of landscape in the Bavarian ForestMüller MSwitzerlandLandscape Studies , Forestry , Political SciencesThe incidence of natural disturbance in forests is in-creasing globally as a consequence of global warm-ing. The concomitant large- scale transformation of landscapes can have profound social impacts and trigger political conflict that hampers resource man-agement. This paper explores the link between land-scape transformations and political conflict using the example of the bark beetle epidemic in Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. For a significant part of the local population, the bark beetle represented a threat to their homeland and the post-disturbance landscape of dead wood reflected the dominance of outside interests in land management. This resent-ment sparked the formation of a local political move-ment, which was successful in pressing for changes in the current land management policy that were based on the ideal of a green forest landscape that needed to be protected by human intervention. An alterna-tive interpretation of the post-disturbance landscape, however, welcomed it as a step towards authentic wilderness and opposed interventions to control the bark beetle. These contrasting understandings of the post-disturbance landscape underpin the protracted political conflict over the appropriate management of natural disturbance that has been smouldering for more than 20 years. The article concludes that it is vi-tal to understand the cultural meaning of landscapes before adopting a disturbance management policy in order to avoid paralysing political conflict and social unrest. Global Environmental Change Human and Policy Dimensions, 2011, V21, N3, SI, AUG, pp 935-946 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenv-cha.2011.05.004.

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12.2-236‘Cittaslow’ eco-gastronomic heritage as a tool for destination developmentNilsson J H, Svard A C, Widarsson A, Wirell TSweden, SwitzerlandEconomics , Social SciencesSlow Food has gained considerable attention as a social movement trying to counteract increasing globalisation in eating habits and food production. Cittaslow, a network of towns, are working with qualitative local urban development, based on sim-ilar principles as Slow Food. The ‘slow’ movements could be expected to have influences on tourism de-velopment. This possible connection has been ne-glected in the scientific tourism literature. Based on a study in three Cittaslow towns in Northern Italy, this article concentrates on how destination devel-opment is conducted in a Cittaslow context, unveil-ing some contradictions between the commercial sides of tourism and the non-commercial ethos of the Cittaslow movement. The studied towns were involved in various efforts in the field of sustain-able planning, thereby also improving destination specific resources and local identity. One example is their focus on ‘slow’ events, mainly based on lo-cal gastronomy. Tourism marketing was, however, only of secondary importance; which mirrors some scepticism towards mass tourism and commerciali-sation, and even against marketing as such. Despite this, the Cittaslow concept may have an indirect potential for tourism development by improving product development and increased visibility. The risks involved concern gentrification and overex-ploitation. Current Issues in Tourism, 2011, V14, N4, pp 373-386.

12.2-237In-vitro cell exposure studies for the assess-ment of nanoparticle toxicity in the lung-A dialog between aerosol science and biologyPaur H R, Cassee F R, Teeguarden J, Fissan H, Diabate S, Aufderheide M, Kreyling W G, Hanninen O, Kasper G, Riediker M, Rothen Rutishauser B, Schmid OGermany, Netherlands, USA, Finland, SwitzerlandHuman & Public Health , Toxicology , Medicine , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban StudiesThe introduction of engineered nanostructured materials into a rapidly increasing number of industrial and consumer products will result in enhanced exposure to engineered nanoparticles. Workplace exposure has been identified as the most likely source of uncontrolled inhalation of engineered aerosolized nanoparticles, but re-

lease of engineered nanoparticles may occur at any stage of the lifecycle of (consumer) products. The dynamic development of nanomaterials with possibly unknown toxicological effects poses a challenge for the assessment of nanoparticle in-duced toxicity and safety. In this consensus docu-ment from a workshop on in-vitro cell systems for nanoparticle toxicity testing(1) an overview is given of the main issues concerning exposure to airborne nanoparticles, lung physiology, biologi-cal mechanisms of (adverse) action, in-vitro cell exposure systems, realistic tissue doses, risk as-sessment and social aspects of nanotechnology. The workshop participants recognized the large potential of in-vitro cell exposure systems for reli-able, high- throughput screening of nanoparticle toxicity. For the investigation of lung toxicity, a strong preference was expressed for air-liquid in-terface (ALI) cell exposure systems (rather than submerged cell exposure systems) as they more closely resemble in-vivo conditions in the lungs and they allow for unaltered and dosimetrically accurate delivery of aerosolized nanoparticles to the cells. An important aspect, which is frequently overlooked, is the comparison of typically used in-vitro dose levels with realistic in-vivo nanoparticle doses in the lung. If we consider average ambient urban exposure and occupational exposure at 5 mg/m(3) (maximum level allowed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)) as the boundaries of human exposure, the correspond-ing upper-limit range of nanoparticle flux deliv-ered to the lung tissue is 3 x 10(-5)-5 x 10(-3) µg/h/cm(2) of lung tissue and 2-300 particles/h/(epitheli-al) cell. This range can be easily matched and even exceeded by almost all currently available cell ex-posure systems. The consensus statement includes a set of recommendations for conducting in-vitro cell exposure studies with pulmonary cell systems and identifies urgent needs for future develop-ment. As these issues are crucial for the introduc-tion of safe nanomaterials into the marketplace and the living environment, they deserve more at-tention and more interaction between biologists and aerosol scientists. The members of the work-shop believe that further advances in in-vitro cell exposure studies would be greatly facilitated by a more active role of the aerosol scientists. The tech-nical know-how for developing and running ALI in-vitro exposure systems is available in the aero-sol community and at the same time biologists/toxicologists are required for proper assessment of the biological impact of nanoparticles. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2011, V42, N10, OCT, pp 668-692 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaero-sci.2011.06.005.

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12.2-238Understanding and Integrating Local Percep-tions of Trees and Forests into Incentives for Sustainable Landscape ManagementPfund J L, Watts J D, Boissiere M, Boucard A, Bullock R M, Ekadinata A, Dewi S, Feintrenie L, Levang P, Rantala S, Sheil D, Heethom Sunderland T C, Urech Z LIndonesia, Laos, USA, Kenya, SwitzerlandLandscape Studies , Social Sciences , Forestry , Biodiversity , AgricultureWe examine five forested landscapes in Africa (Cam-eroon, Madagascar, and Tanzania) and Asia (Indone-sia and Laos) at different stages of landscape change. In all five areas, forest cover (outside of protected areas) continues to decrease despite local people’s recognition of the importance of forest products and services. After forest conversion, agroforestry systems and fallows provide multiple functions and valued products, and retain significant biodiversity. But there are indications that such land use is transi-tory, with gradual simplification and loss of complex agroforests and fallows as land use becomes increas-ingly individualistic and profit driven. In Indonesia and Tanzania, farmers favor monocultures (rubber and oil palm, and sugarcane, respectively) for their high financial returns, with these systems replac-ing existing complex agroforests. In the study sites in Madagascar and Laos, investments in agroforests and new crops remain rare, despite government attempts to eradicate swidden systems and their multifunctional fallows. We discuss approaches to assessing local values related to landscape cover and associated goods and services. We highlight discrep-ancies between individual and collective responses in characterizing land use tendencies, and discuss the effects of accessibility on land management. We conclude that a combination of social, economic, and spatially explicit assessment methods is neces-sary to inform land use planning. Furthermore, any efforts to modify current trends will require clear in-centives, such as through carbon finance. We specu-late on the nature of such incentive schemes and the possibility of rewarding the provision of ecosystem services at a landscape scale and in a socially equi-table manner. Environmental Management, 2011, V48, N2, AUG, pp 334-349.

12.2-239The role of technology transfer for the devel-opment of a local wind component industry in ChilePueyo A, Garcia R, Mendiluce M, Morales DSpain, Chile, SwitzerlandEconomics , Political Sciences , Energy & Fuels

This paper contributes to the debate about climate change technology transfer by analysing barriers and enablers for a Chilean company starting up the production of wind blades. Literature on the role of technology transfer for the development and deployment of local renewable energy tech-nologies in developing countries often refers to success stories in Brazil. India and China. Instead, this case study highlights the different challenges faced by smaller emerging economies. The paper argues that successful technology transfer in a smaller economy like Chile requires: a minimum internal demand and access to regional markets to attract foreign knowledge providers; a focus in the types of technologies where the recipient country or company have a competitive advantage; and ac-tive learning processes by the recipient company. Lessons are drawn for improving the design and implementation of technology-push and market-pull policies in small or medium emerging econo-mies. Energy Policy, 2011, V39, N7, SI, JUL, pp 4274-4283 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.en-pol.2011.04.045.

12.2-240Winter Tourism and Climate Change in the Alps: An Assessment of Resource Consump-tion, Snow Reliability, and Future Snowmaking PotentialRixen C, Teich M, Lardelli C, Gallati D, Pohl M, Pütz M, Bebi PSwitzerlandEconomics , Cryology / Glaciology , Energy & Fuels , Water ResourcesThe winter tourism industry is facing considerable challenges with climate change; it is increasingly responding with investments in snowmaking fa-cilities. We present a study on 3 tourism destina-tions in the Swiss Alps that addressed resource consumption of snowmaking, snow reliability, and future snowmaking potential in a warmer climate. The energy consumption of snowmaking in the ski resorts was in the lower range of what could be expected from literature values. It com-prised similar to 0.5% of the respective munici-pality’s energy consumption and was moderate compared with other tourism-related activities. Water consumption, however, was in the higher range with regard to what was expected from lit-erature values and was also high compared with other water uses (eg 36% compared with drinking water consumption in one community). Natural snow cover was partly critical for winter sports at low elevations at similar to 1200 masl, but uncriti-cal at higher elevations above 2000 masl. Snow

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cover will become even more critical in a warmer climate but will probably still be sufficient above 2000 masl until 2050. Snowmaking may become critical at lower elevations in the early months of the season (November and December) due to warmer temperatures that can be expected in the coming decades. But, at higher elevations, the potential for snowmaking will probably remain sufficient. Our study provides straightforward and feasible approaches to assess resource con-sumption and snow cover. Careful consideration of resource consumption and snow cover can fos-ter technical and economical advances as well as more sustainable development in mountains re-gions. Snow production can represent a valuable adaptation strategy at high-altitude destinations. However, given the increasing economic competi-tion and the changing climate, it will be crucial to use specific regional strengths to provide high-quality winter and summer tourism activities. Mountain Research and Development, 2011, V31, N3, AUG, pp 229-236 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00112.1.

12.2-241Relationship between tourism demand in the Swiss Alps and hot summer air temperatures associated with climate changeSerquet G, Rebetez MSwitzerlandEconomics , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesWe quantified the impacts of hot summer air temperatures on tourism in the Swiss Alps by analysing the relationship between temperature and overnight stays in 40 Alpine resorts. Several temperature thresholds were tested to detect the relationship between them and summer tour-ism. Our results reveal significant correlations between the number of nights spent in mountain resorts and hot temperatures at lower elevations. The relationship between hot temperatures and overnight stays is more important in June and to a lesser extent in August than in July. This is probably because holidays and the peak of domes-tic tourist demand in summer usually take place between the beginning of July and mid-August so that long-term planned stays dominate more dur-ing these months compared to June. The alpine resorts nearest to cities are most affected by hot temperatures. This is probably because reactions to hot episodes take place on a short- term basis as heat waves remain relatively rare. Our results sug-gest that alpine tourist resorts could benefit from hotter temperatures at lower elevations under future climates. Tourists already react on a short-term basis to hot days and spend more nights in

hotels in mountain resorts. If heat waves become more regular, it seems likely that tourists will choose to stay at alpine resorts more frequently and for longer periods. Climatic Change, 2011, V108, N1-2, SEP, pp 291-300 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-0012-6.

12.2-242Stakeholder Engagement and Environmental Strategy - the Case of Climate ChangeSprengel D C, Busch TSwitzerlandSocial Sciences , EconomicsMany management studies analyze stakeholder pressures and corresponding corporate strategies in the context of the natural environment. This study investigates the role of the sources of stake-holder pressures and additional contextual fac-tors for choosing an environmental strategy. By focusing on climate change as an important eco-logical challenge, four general response strategies to greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction pressures are empirically derived and discussed. The analysis is based on a global survey that includes 141 compa-nies across eight different GHG emission-intensive industries. It is found that organizations’ response strategies do not relate to individual stakeholder groups, but rather the organization’s level of pol-lution measured as its GHG intensity is identified to have an influence on the environmental strat-egy. We discuss important implications for stake-holder theory as well as policy makers and suggest areas for future research. Business Strategy and the Environment, 2011, V20, N6, SEP, pp 351-364 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.684.

12.2-243New and additional to what? Assessing op-tions for baselines to assess climate finance pledgesStadelmann M, Roberts J T, Michaelowa ASwitzerland, USAEconomics , Political Sciences , International Rela-tionsAll major climate policy agreements - the UN Framework Convention, the Kyoto Protocol and recently the Cancun Agreements - have stated that climate finance for developing countries will be ‘new and additional’. However, the term ‘new and additional’ has never been properly defined. Agreeing to a system to measure a baseline from which ‘new and additional’ funding will be cal-culated will be central to building trust and real-izing any post-Kyoto agreement. We explore eight

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different options for a baseline, and assess each according to several criteria: novelty to existing pledges, additionality to development assistance, environmental effectiveness, distributional conse-quences, and institutional and political feasibility. Only two baseline options do well on these criteria and are therefore viable: ‘new sources only’ and ‘above pre-defined business as usual level of devel-opment assistance’. Climate and Development, 2011, V3, N3, SEP, pp 175-192 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2011.599550.

12.2-244In vitro Assessment of the Pulmonary Toxicity and Gastric Availability of Lead-Rich Particles from a Lead Recycling PlantUzu G, Sauvain J J, Baeza Squiban A, Riediker M, Hohl Sanchez Sandoval M, Val S, Tack K, Denys S, Pradere P, Dumat CFrance, SwitzerlandHuman & Public Health , Medicine , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban Studies , ToxicologyEpidemiological studies in urban areas have linked increasing respiratory and cardiovascular patholo-gies with atmospheric particulate matter (PM) from anthropic activities. However, the biological fate of metal-rich PM industrial emissions in urban areas of developed countries remains understudied. Lead toxicity and bioaccessibility assessments were there-fore performed on emissions from a lead recycling plant, using complementary chemical acellular tests and toxicological assays, as a function of PM size (PM10-2.5, PM2.5-1 and PM1) and origin (fur-nace, refining and channeled emissions). Process PM displayed differences in metal content, granulom-etry, and percentage of inhalable fraction as a func-tion of their origin. Lead gastric bioaccessibility was relatively low (maximum 25%) versus previous stud-ies; although, because of high total lead concentra-tions, significant metal quantities were solubilized in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Regardless of origin, the finest PM1 particles induced the most significant pro- inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, this biological response correlated with pro-oxidant potential assay results, suggesting some biological predictive value for acellular tests. Pulmonary effects from lead-rich PM could be driven by thiol complexation with ei-ther lead ions or directly on the particulate surface. Finally, health concern of PM was discussed on the basis of pro-inflammatory effects, accellular test re-sults, and PM size distribution. Environmental Science Technology, 2011, V45, N18, SEP 15, pp 7888-7895 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200374c.

12.2-245The role of landscape amenities in regional development: Evidence from Swiss municipality dataWaltert F, Schulz T, Schläpfer FSwitzerlandLandscape Studies , EconomicsSeveral recent regional and migration studies have identified landscape amenities as poten-tially important drivers of migration and local economic change in the United States. To date, these empirical approaches have rarely been ap-plied to European data in spite of an impressive European cultural landscape heritage. Here, we apply a regional adjustment model to data from 2467 municipalities in Switzerland to examine how landscape amenities and related policies af-fected regional development along with fiscal, demographic and infrastructure variables in the period from 1995 to 2005. In the population equa-tion, the coefficients of the standard variables show a consistent pattern that parallels the find-ings of earlier work. Moreover, we find that popu-lation was positively affected by closeness to major lakes and by abundance of open space. However evidence on positive effects of traditional land-scape elements such as extensive orchards and vineyards is limited. Furthermore, municipali-ties with national heritage townscapes grew less than those without, while the density of hiking trails had no significant effect. In the employment equation, employment was consistently affected by demographic factors and accessibility but not by the landscape amenity variables, except that employment grew less in municipalities that are part of an inventory of nationally significant land-scapes. The lack of measurable local benefits from nationally significant landscapes and townscapes suggests that policies to preserve these amenities should be implemented and financed by the na-tional government. Land Use Policy, 2011, V28, N4, OCT, pp 748-761 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landuse-pol.2011.01.002.

12.2-246Compensatory density feedback of Oncome-lania hupensis populations in two different environmental settings in ChinaYang G J, Zhou X N, Sun L P, Wu F, Zhong B, Qiu D C, Utzinger J, Bradshaw C J APeoples R China, Switzerland, AustraliaHuman & Public Health , Medicine , ZoologyBackground: The most recent strategy for schisto-somiasis control in the People’s Republic of China aims to reduce the likelihood of environmental

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contamination of schistosome eggs. Despite con-siderable progress, it is believed that achieve-ments would be further consolidated with addi-tional intermediate host snail control measures. We provide an empirical framework for discern-ing the relative contribution of intrinsic effects (density feedback) from other extrinsic drivers of snail population dynamics. Methods: We set up experiments in two study locations to collect reproduction data of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host snail of Schistosoma japoni-cum. We applied a set of four population dynam-ic models that have been widely used to study phenomenological time-series data to examine the properties of demographic density feedback patterns from abundance data. We also con-trasted the obtained results with the component feedback of density on survival rate to determine whether adult survival was the principal driver of the demographic feedback observed. Results: Demographic density feedback models (Ricker- and Gompertz- logistic) accounted for > 99% of Akaike’s information criterion model weight, with the Gompertz ranking highest in all O. hu-pensis population groups. We found some evi-dence for stronger compensatory feedback in the O. hupensis population from Sichuan compared to a Jiangsu population. Survival rates revealed strong component feedback, but the log-linear relationships (i.e. Gompertz) had less support in the demographic feedback analysis. Conclu-sions: Our findings indicate that integrated schistosomiasis control measures must continue

to reduce parasite abundance further because in-termediate host snail populations tend to grow exponentially at low densities, especially O. hu-pensis populations in mountainous regions. We conclude that density feedback in adult survival is the principal component contribution to the demographic phenomenon observed in the pop-ulation fitness (r)-abundance relationship. Parasites Vectors, 2011, V4, JUL 13 ARTN: 133, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-4-133.

12.2-247How Green are Communities? Explaining Differences between Swiss Municipalities in Environmental Stewardship on FarmlandZingg E, Mann S, Ferjani ASwitzerlandSocial Sciences , AgricultureWhile a lot of research has explained on-farm fac-tors for the adoption of environmental steward-ship, this paper focuses on local factors that ex-plain both the subscription to agri-environmental programmes and the prevalence of organic farms. It is shown and explained that a high yield poten-tial decreases the likeliness of adopting environ-mental stewardship practices and farming organi-cally, whereas it is increased by a strong tourism sector and local residents’ pro- environment pref-erences. The results indicate the high relevance of local social expectations for farming decisions. Regional Studies, 2011, V45, N9, AUG, pp 1245-1251 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.485981.

12.2-248Fuel cell/battery passive hybrid power source for electric powertrainsBernard J, Hofer M, Hannesen U, Toth A, Tsukada A, Büchi F N, Dietrich PSwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , Engineering , ModellingThe concept of passive hybrid. i.e. the direct elec-trical coupling between a fuel cell system and a battery without using a power converter, is pre-sented as a feasible solution for powertrain ap-plications. As there are no DC/DC converters, the passive hybrid is a cheap and simple solution and the power losses in the electronic hardware are eliminated. In such a powertrain topology where

the two devices always have the same voltage, the active power sharing between the two energy sources can not be done in the conventional way. As an alternative, control of the fuel cell power by adjusting its operating pressure is elaborated. Only pure H-2/O-2 fuel cell systems are considered in this approach. Simulation and hardware in the loop (HIL) results for the powertrain show that this hybrid power source is able to satisfy the pow-er demand of an electric vehicle while sustaining the battery state of charge. Journal of Power Sources, 2011, V196, N14, SI, JUL 15, pp 5867-5872 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.03.015.

4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies

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12.2-249Innovative Hybrid Cycle Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Inverted Gas Turbine with CO2 SeparationFacchinetti E, Favrat D, Marechal FSwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , EngineeringDecentralized power generation and cogeneration of heat and power is an attractive way toward a more rational conversion of fossil or biofuel. In small-scale power production fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid cycles are an emerging candidate to reach higher or com-parable efficiency than large-scale power plants. The present contribution introduces an innovative concept of hybrid cycle that allows targeting high efficiency together with carbon dioxide separation and maintaining the fuel cell operating under atmo-spheric condition. The system consists in a planar module of solid oxide fuel cell operating at atmo-spheric pressure, an oxy-combustion unit, and two separated gas turbine units driven in an inverted Brayton cycle. A thermodynamic optimization ap-proach, based on the system energy integration, is used to analyze several design options. Optimiza-tion results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid system enables higher energy conversion efficiency with respect to an equivalent state of the art pressur-ized hybrid system, whilst avoiding fuel cell pressur-ization technical problems, and enabling the carbon dioxide separation. The potential of designs achiev-ing 80% First Law efficiency is shown. Fuel Cells, 2011, V11, N4, SI, AUG, pp 565-572 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201000130.

12.2-250High-temperature thermal storage using a packed bed of rocks - Heat transfer analysis and experimental validationHänchen M, Brückner S, Steinfeld ASwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , EngineeringHigh-temperature thermal storage in a packed bed of rocks is considered for air-based concentrated so-lar power plants. The unsteady 1D two-phase energy conservation equations are formulated for combined convection and conduction heat transfer, and solved numerically for charging/discharging cycles. Valida-tion is accomplished in a pilot-scale experimental setup with a packed bed of crushed steatite (mag-nesium silicate rock) at 800 K. A parameter study of the packed bed dimensions, fluid flow rate, particle diameter, and solid phase material was carried out to evaluate the charging/discharging characteristics, daily cyclic operation, overall thermal efficiency and capacity ratio. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2011, V31, N10, JUL, pp 1798-1806 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.10.034.

12.2-251SOFC and MCFC: Commonalities and opportu-nities for integrated researchMcphail S J, Aarva A, Devianto H, Bove R, Moreno AItaly, Finland, SwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , EngineeringThe present article explores the key issues for re-search and development that are common to cur-rent state-of-the-art MCFC and SOFC technologies. By analyzing overlapping aspects regarding mate-rials, operating conditions and applications of the two types of hightemperature fuel cell (HTFC), the most pressing common challenges are set forth. Similarities between the MCFC and SOFC exist es-pecially on the anode side, given their utilization of nickel as the oxidation catalyst and their suit-ability for conversion of hydrocarbon fuel. Cata-lyst deactivation due to contaminant poisoning and carbon deposition thereby emerges as the cru-cial problem to overcome. A brief review of these mechanisms is given and of relevant studies in the field of HTFCs. The implications on the HTFC cata-lyst material given by this review are summarized and put forward as lines of research that can be undertaken jointly by players both in MCFC and SOFC development. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, V36, N16, AUG, pp 10337-10345 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.09.071.

12.2-252Effects of spectrum on the power rating of amorphous silicon photovoltaic devicesMonokroussos C, Bliss M, Qiu Y N, Hibberd C J, Betts T R, Tiwari A N, Gottschalg REngland, SwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , Engineering , ModellingThe effects of different spectra on the laboratory based performance evaluation of amorphous sili-con solar cells is investigated using an opto-elec-trical model which was developed specifically for this purpose. The aim is to quantify uncertainties in the calibration process. Two main uncertain-ties arise from the differences in the test spectrum and the standard spectrum. First, the mismatch between reference cells and the measured device, which is shown to be voltage dependent in the case of amorphous silicon devices. Second, the fill factor of the device is affected by different spectra. Different cell structures and states (specifically dif-ferent i-layer thickness and levels of degradation) for the different light sources are investigated in this work. These sources are different solar simula-tors, LED sources, Tungsten as well as the standard terrestrial AM1.5G radiation. It is shown that the performance cannot be evaluated by short circuit current alone. The voltage dependent quantum ef-

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ficiency of p-i-n devices can introduce a mismatch in the P-MPP of 1% for 250 nm i-layer devices in as prepared state, rising to up to 4% for the 600 nm i-layer devices at degraded state. Progress in Photovoltaics, 2011, V19, N6, SEP, pp 640-648 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.1080.

12.2-253A model for enhanced coal bed methane re-covery aimed at carbon dioxide storagePini R, Storti G, Mazzotti MSwitzerland, ItalyEnergy & Fuels , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Engi-neering , ModellingNumerical simulations on the performance of CO2 storage and enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM) recovery in coal beds are presented. For the calcu-lations, a one-dimensional mathematical model is used consisting of mass balances describing gas flow and sorption, and a geomechanical rela-tionship to account for porosity and permeability changes during injection. Important insights are obtained regarding the gas flow dynamics dur-ing displacement and the effects of sorption and swelling on the ECBM operation. In particular, initial faster CH4 recovery is obtained when N-2 is added to the injected mixture, whereas pure CO2 allows for a more effective displacement in terms of total CH4 recovery. Moreover, it is shown that coal swelling dramatically affects the gas injectiv-ity, as the closing of the fractures associated with it strongly reduces coal’s permeability. As a matter of fact, injection of flue gas might represent a use-ful option to limit this problem. Adsorption Journal of the International Adsorption Society, 2011, V17, N5, 2, SI, OCT, pp 889-900 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10450-011-9357-z.

12.2-254Identification of the Hydropower Potential of SwitzerlandSchröder USwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , Water Resources , HydrologyThe theoretical hydroelectric potential of each stream in Switzerland with a length >500 m has been calculated in detail with the use of spatial data and GIS-based analysis tools. Taking into ac-count existing hydro power plants and protected areas, the theoretical hydroelectric potential is still about 7 160 MW. However, factors such as technical feasibility and economical benefit will decrease the hydroelectric potential which can be developed with small hydro power plants signifi-cantly. Wasserwirtschaft, 2011, V101, N7-8, pp 19-23.

12.2-255Experimental analysis of model predictive control for an energy efficient building heat-ing systemSiroky J, Oldewurtel F, Cigler J, Privara SCzech Republic, SwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , Engineering , ModellingLow energy buildings have attracted lots of atten-tion in recent years. Most of the research is focused on the building construction or alternative energy sources. In contrary, this paper presents a general methodology of minimizing energy consumption using current energy sources and minimal retro-fitting, but instead making use of advanced con-trol techniques. We focus on the analysis of energy savings that can be achieved in a building heat-ing system by applying model predictive control (MPC) and using weather predictions. The basic formulation of MPC is described with emphasis on the building control application and tested in a two months experiment performed on a real building in Prague, Czech Republic. Applied Energy, 2011, V88, N9, SEP, pp 3079-3087 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apener-gy.2011.03.009.

12.2-256Assessment of existing H-2/O-2 chemical reac-tion mechanisms at reheat gas turbine condi-tionsWeydahl T, Poyyapakkam M, Seljeskog M, Haugen N E LNorway, SwitzerlandEngineering , Energy & Fuels , ModellingThis paper provides detailed comparisons of chemical reaction mechanisms of H-2 applicable at high preheat temperatures and pressures rel-evant to gas turbine and particularly Alstom’s reheat gas turbine conditions. It is shown that the available reaction mechanisms exhibit large differences in several important elementary reac-tion coefficients. The reaction mechanisms are assessed by comparing ignition delay and lami-nar flame speed results obtained from CHEMKIN with available data, however, the amount of data at these conditions is scarce and a recommended candidate among the mechanisms can presently not be selected. Generally, the results with the GRI-Mech and Leeds mechanisms deviate from the Davis, Li, O Conaire, Konnov and San Diego mech-anisms, but there are also significant deviations between the latter five mechanisms that altogeth-er are better adapted to hydrogen. The differences in ignition delay times between the dedicated hy-drogen mechanisms (6 Conaire, Li and Konnov) range from approximately a maximum factor of 2

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for the H-2-air cases, to more than a factor 5 for the H-2/O-2/AR cases. The application of the computed ignition delay time to reheat burner development is briefly discussed. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, V36, N18, SEP, pp 12025-12034 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.06.063.

12.2-257Separation of CO2 from air by temperature-vacuum swing adsorption using diamine-func-tionalized silica gelWurzbacher J A, Gebald C, Steinfeld ASwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , EngineeringA temperature-vacuum swing (TVS) process, capa-ble of extracting pure CO2 from dry and humid at-mospheric air, is experimentally analyzed. Adsorp-tion/desorption cycles utilizing a packed bed of a sorbent material made of diamine-functionalized commercial silica gel are performed under equilib-rium and non-equilibrium (short-cycle) conditions. Thereby, the CO2 capture capacity of the material

is determined over a wide range of operational pa-rameters, namely 10-150 mbar(abs) desorption pres-sure, 74-90 degrees C desorption temperature, and 0-80% relative humidity during adsorption. Up to 158 ml of CO2 (6.8 ml per gram sorbent) with a pu-rity of up to 97.6% is recovered per cycle. Adsorp-tion isotherms of the sorbent material are experi-mentally determined by thermogravimetry and fitted to isotherm models, which are successfully applied to predict desorption capacities achieved in the TVS process. Under dry conditions, desorption pressures above 100 mbar(abs) lead to strongly de-creasing CO2 capture capacities below 0.03 mmol g(-1). Under humid conditions with 40% relative hu-midity during adsorption, the desorption pressure can be raised to 150 mbar(abs) with capture capaci-ties remaining above 0.2 mmol g(-1). Stable perfor-mance of the sorbent material in the TVS process is demonstrated over 40 consecutive adsorption /desorption cycles. Energy Environmental Science, 2011, V4, N9, SEP, pp 3584-3592 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01681d.

12.2-258Efficient simulations of detailed combustion fields via the lattice Boltzmann methodChiavazzo E, Karlin I V, Gorban A N, Boulouchos KItaly, Switzerland, EnglandEngineering , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Model-ling , Energy & FuelsPurpose - The paper aims to be a first step toward the efficient, yet accurate, solution of detailed combustion fields using the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method, where applications are still limited due to both the stiffness of the governing equations and the large amount of fields to solve. Design/meth-odology/approach - The suggested methodology for model reduction is developed in the setting of slow invariant manifold construction, including details of the while. The simplest LB equation is used in order to work out the procedure of cou-pling of the reduced model with the flow solver. Findings - The proposed method is validated with the 2D simulation of a premixed laminar flame

in the hydrogen-air mixture, where a remarkable computational speedup and memory saving are demonstrated. Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen detailed LB model, the flow field may be described with unsatisfactory accura-cy: this motivates further investigation in this di-rection in the near future. Practical implications - A new framework of simulation of reactive flows is available, based on a coupling between accurate reduced reaction mechanism and the LB represen-tation of the flow phenomena. Hence, the paper includes implications on how to perform accurate reactive flow simulations at a fraction of the cost required in the detailed model. Originality/value - This paper meets an increasing need to have ef-ficient and accurate numerical tools for modelling complex phenomena, such as pollutant formation during combustion. International Journal of Numerical Methods For Heat Fluid Flow, 2011, V21, N5, pp 494-517 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615531111135792.

5 General Topics

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12.2-259Towards a global criteria based framework for the sustainability assessment of bioetha-nol supply chains: Application to the Swiss dilemma: Is local produced bioethanol more sustainable than bioethanol imported from Brazil?Corbiere Nicollier T, Blanc I, Erkman SSwitzerland, FranceEnergy & Fuels , Economics , Social Sciences , Politi-cal Sciences , EcologyBiofuels are considered as a promising substitute for fossil fuels when considering the possible re-duction of greenhouse gases emissions. However limiting their impacts on potential benefits for re-ducing climate change is shortsighted. Global sus-tainability assessments are necessary to determine the sustainability of supply chains. We propose a new global criterion based framework enabling a comprehensive international comparison of bio-ethanol supply chains. The interest of this frame-work is that the selection of the sustainability in-dicators is qualified on three criterions: relevance, reliability and adaptability to the local context. Sustainability issues have been handled along en-vironmental, social and economical issues. This new framework has been applied for a specific is-sue: from a Swiss perspective, is locally produced bioethanol in Switzerland more sustainable than imported from Brazil? Thanks to this framework integrating local context in its indicator defini-tion, Brazilian production of bioethanol is shown as energy efficient and economically interesting for Brazil. From a strictly economic point of view, bioethanol production within Switzerland is not justified for Swiss consumption and questionable for the environmental issue. The social dimension is delicate to assess due to the lack of reliable data and is strongly linked to the agricultural policy in both countries. There is a need of establishing minimum sustainability criteria for imported bio-ethanol to avoid unwanted negative or leakage ef-fects. Ecological Indicators, 2011, V11, N5, SEP, pp 1447-1458 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.03.018.

12.2-260Impact assessment at the bioenergy-water nexusFingerman K R, Berndes G, Orr S, Richter B D, Vugteveen PUSA, Sweden, Switzerland, NetherlandsEnergy & Fuels , Hydrology , Water ResourcesBioenergy expansion can significantly impact water resources in the region in which it occurs.

Investment, policy, and resource management decisions related to bioenergy should therefore take this critical consideration into account. Wa-ter resource impacts can defy easy quantification because water consumption varies spatially and temporally, different water sources are not nec-essarily commensurable, and impact depends on the state of the resource base that is drawn upon. This perspective offers an assessment framework that operators and policy-makers can use in evalu-ating projects to avoid or mitigate detrimental ef-fects. We adapt water footprint (WF) and life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques to the bioenergy con-text, describing comprehensive life cycle inven-tory (LCI) approaches that account for blue and green water use as well as for pollution effects, varying sources, coproduct allocation, and spatial heterogeneity. Impact assessment requires that characterization (weighting) factors be derived so that consumption values can be summed and compared across resources and locations. We rec-ommend that characterization draw on metrics of water stress, accounting for environmental flow requirements, climatic variability, and non- lin-earity of water stress effects. Finally, we describe some location-specific impacts of concern that may not be revealed through common analytical approaches and may warrant closer consideration. Biofuels Bioproducts Biorefining, 2011, V5, N4, SI, JUL-AUG, pp 375-386 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.294.

12.2-261Balancing societies’ priorities: An ecologist’s perspective on sustainable developmentKoh L PSwitzerland, SingaporeSocial Sciences , Ecology , Energy & Fuels , EconomicsRising global demands for water, food and energy are intensifying land-use conflicts, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, and exacerbating threats to natural ecosystems and wildlife. It is imperative that we develop ways to balance our growing consumptive needs with environmental protection, particularly in the tropics where popu-lation growth has been most rapid, the people are poorest, and biodiversity is richest and yet most threatened globally. Environmental and social sci-entists can help by developing decision- support tools that will enable decision-makers to evaluate the consequences and tradeoffs of pursuing al-ternative development options in relation to the biophysical, socioeconomic, and technical con-straints and considerations within individual so-cieties and landscapes. Ultimately, scientists play

127Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | General Topics

a crucial role in helping decision-makers achieve a careful balance of the various priorities within each society, which is needed to ensure sustain-able development for the benefit of both humans and the environment. Basic and Applied Ecology, 2011, V12, N5, AUG, pp 389-393 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2011.05.004.

12.2-262Lessons from seven sustainability indicator programs in developing countries of AsiaKrank S, Wallbaum HSwitzerlandSocial SciencesSustainability indicator programs in developing countries are the poor cousin of ecological indi-cator research. While an enormous number of indicators for the monitoring of sustainable de-velopment exists, few meta-evaluations on these measurements have been conducted in develop-ing countries. Yet, researchers developing new programs face the question: how shall we design our monitoring instrument to respond to the lo-cal challenges. By presenting a qualitative meta-performance evaluation of seven sustainability indicator programs on the municipal level in de-veloping countries of Asia, we identify crucial success factors in this contribution. The research draws on 41 expert interviews in Indonesia, Thai-land, China, and India, as well as on program-related documents. In the presented case studies, local contexts are intended to be diverse: obtained results should map success factors in different settings. A context-related list of good-practice fac-tors is derived from the interview material via a Qualitative Content Analysis and assessed against the data. We identify crucial strengths and weak-nesses of sustainability indicator programs in six dimensions and link the success factors to their contexts. The results include innovative approach-es to indicator types, data collection and data quality control, and a correlation between the anchoring of programs in approved development plans and long-term implementation. The results can provide valuable guidance to users of existing sustainability indicator programs and planners of new programs. Ecological Indicators, 2011, V11, N5, SEP, pp 1385-1395 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.02.017.

12.2-263What more can plant scientists do to help save the green stuff?Mcneely J ASwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Biodiversity , International RelationsThe Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) was the first such effort under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and had gone through a 3-year process to reach the level of maturity that enabled it to be approved by consensus by all Gov-ernments present at the key session in The Hague in April 2002. It provided a model for subsequent CBD workplans, with targets, and undoubtedly contributed to the 2010 target of reducing the rate of biodiversity loss. In the event, few of the targets were achieved, because of numerous constraints at both policy and implementation levels. Even so, the GSPC stands as an important milestone in the global effort to conserve biodiversity. However, few plant scientists can be satisfied that the essen-tial steps are being taken to ensure the conserva-tion of plants, although, of course, plant scientists are only one part of the complex effort that will be required. This paper offers some suggestions that might be worth consideration, building on the ba-sic principle in politics that a strong constituency is necessary to victory. In other words, although plant scientists play a crucial role, plant conser-vation is too important to leave in their hands alone; far broader support is required, includ-ing from the private sector, agriculture, forestry, trade, economics, tourism and even the military. Although botanical science provides a solid foun-dation, other branches of science are also impor-tant, ranging from anthropology to zoology. The legal profession also has important contributions to make (as well as the ability to hamper progress - for example through using issues such as access and benefit sharing to limit the exchange of ge-netic materials for even noncommercial use). 2010 was the United Nations Year of Biodiversity, and the GSPC targets reached their due date. It there-fore seems timely to add some additional perspec-tives to the effort to update the GSPC. This paper suggests ways to reach a far broader constitu-ency, provides tools to those who are expected to achieve the targets, and suggests ways to build a strong international constituency to conserve the world’s botanical wealth. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, V166, N3, SI, JUL, pp 233-239 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01151.x.

128 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | General Topics

12.2-264Sharing the Benefits of Biodiversity: A New International Protocol and its Implications for Research and DevelopmentOliva M JSwitzerlandBiodiversity , International RelationsEquitable sharing of the benefits of biodiversity is one of the main objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Yet understanding of the CBD rules and principles on access and benefit sharing, as well as how they apply to biodiversity-based research and development remains limited. In October 2010, the CBD adopted additional rules on access and benefit sharing. These rules known as the Nagoya Protocol - provide clarification on several important issues, including the applica-bility of access and benefit sharing to research on biochemical compounds and processes. As a result, the Nagoya Protocol constitutes an impor-tant opportunity for institutions, organizations, and companies committed to ethical practices re-garding biodiversity. Planta Medica, 2011, V77, N11, JUL, pp 1221-1227 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1279978.

12.2-265Comparing chemical environmental scores using USEtox((TM)) and CDV from the European EcolabelSaouter E G, Perazzolo C, Steiner L DSwitzerlandToxicology , Modelling , EngineeringPurpose: USEtox (TM) (Rosenbaum et al. 2008) is a new model which can be used to calculate char-acterization factors for human and ecotoxicity impact categories used in life cycle assessment. The French ADEME-AFNOR (http://affichage-envi-ronnemental.afnor.org/) is currently considering this model to develop a new environmental label-ling standard for consumer goods. The objective of this short study is to compare USEtox (TM) impact scores with critical dilution volume (CDV) scores from the European Ecolabel (http://ec.europa.eu /environment/ecolabel), a well-established tool widely used in Europe aiming at discriminating environmental friendly products. Material and methods: The same range of chemicals (high scores to low scores) listed in both the USEtox (TM) database and the EU Ecolabel detergent ingredi-ent database (DID-list) were used for the compari-son. The DID-list is a reference list, which contains agreed and verified fate and ecotoxicity data. The

ranking was made based on two different ranking parameters, one from each model: the environ-mental impact score from USEtox (TM) and the CDV from the EU Ecolabel. Additionally, a Spear-man’s rank correlation (rho) coefficient was calcu-lated. Results and discussion: Sixty-nine chemicals common in personal care and cleaning products were selected for the comparison between USE-tox (TM) and EU Ecolabel methods. A “fair” agree-ment was found between the two models with a Spearman correlation coefficient rho of 0.74, but a significant number of chemicals was ranked rather differently. The presence of outliers (i.e., different ranking) may be explained by several factors, which include the use of discrete versus continuous values to estimate the substance’s deg-radation constant. Another factor could be that the substances are grouped under classes in the DID-list, thus having average parameter values. The main factor though probably lays in the dif-ferent sources of the physico- chemical, fate and ecotoxicity data within the two model databases and the different way they are used for the rank-ing parameter calculation. Conclusions: Provided there is scientific consensus (and full transparen-cy) on the raw data, both USEtox (TM) and EU Eco-label methods are relevant for ranking chemicals based on their physico- chemical and toxicological properties, and therefore for calculating product environmental impact scores related to their haz-ard. However, the presence of a number of chemi-cals with different ranking scores creates the risk of inconsistent consumer product information when either the CDV (EU ecolabel) or USEtox (TM) (French “Affichage Environnemental”) is used for environmental labelling. To date, and for sake of consistency with an existing and used labelling scheme, the CDV appears much easier to imple-ment with less uncertainty to calculate ecotoxic-ity impact score of products. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2011, V16, N8, SI, SEP, pp 795-802 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-011-0314-6.

12.2-266Toward Sustainability of Complex Urban Systems through Techno-Social Reality MiningTrantopoulos K, Schläpfer M, Helbing DSwitzerland, USAUrban Studies , Modelling Environmental Science Technology, 2011, V45, N15, AUG 1, pp 6231-6232 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2020988.

129Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | General Topics

12.2-267Classifying railway stations for strategic trans-port and land use planning: Context matters!Zemp S, Stauffacher M, Lang D J, Scholz R WSwitzerland, GermanyEconomicsThe classification of railway stations is a potential-ly powerful tool for strategic transport and land use planning. Existing classifications rely strongly on the indicator “passenger frequency”, which focuses on transport related issues, blending per-formance with preconditions at a given site. We argue that a classification system for strategic planning should focus on the demands and condi-tions of the site within which the railway station must function, i.e. system context. Here, we pres-ent such a classification system: a cluster analysis of the 1700 Swiss railway stations relying solely on context factors. The resulting classes vary pri-marily in density (of land use and transport ser-vices) and use (commuting, leisure time, tourism). Common geographic patterns and class-specific dynamics are discernable. These results indicate that classification based on the relevant demands and conditions given by context leads to clearly in-terpretable classes and supports multi-perspective strategic planning for railway stations. The sys-tematic approach allows for a better understand-ing of the interrelations between railway stations and their context. Journal of Transport Geography, 2011, V19, N4, JUL, pp 670-679 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.08.008.

130 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Aarva A 12.2-251Abbatt J P D 12.2-36Abbühl L M 12.2-194Abiven S 12.2-119 , 12.2-137Addor N 12.2-152Adler P B 12.2-45Adolf C 12.2-70Aerts R 12.2-81Aeschimann D 12.2-46Agarwal T 12.2-134Ahmadov R 12.2-26Akcar N 12.2-202Akiyoshi H 12.2-188Aksoyoglu S 12.2-1 , 12.2-2Alastuey A 12.2-22 , 12.2-27 , 12.2-28Albarino R J 12.2-157Aldahan A 12.2-194Alewell C 12.2-120Alexander L V 12.2-7Alia R 12.2-77Alkemade R 12.2-110Allan E 12.2-69Allen G 12.2-15Alley R B 12.2-202Almeida J 12.2-18Amato F 12.2-22Ambec S 12.2-229Amelchanka S L 12.2-102Ammann C 12.2-78Ammann C M 12.2-203Ammann M 12.2-35 , 12.2-42Amori G 12.2-95Andras J P 12.2-153Anneville O 12.2-163Appel K 12.2-30Arain Altaf M 12.2-16Araujo M B 12.2-54Arianoutsou M 12.2-117Ariztegui A 12.2-214Arlettaz R 12.2-47Arlinghaus R 12.2-180Armann J 12.2-230Armengot L 12.2-97Arneth A 12.2-16Arteta J 12.2-15Artinano B 12.2-28Arunachalam M 12.2-157Ashrafi S 12.2-47Askew A P 12.2-86Assmann T 12.2-99Astrade L 12.2-131Aufderheide M 12.2-237Austin C M 12.2-165Badeck F W 12.2-52Badoux A 12.2-169

Baeza Squiban A 12.2-244Baillie J E M 12.2-51 , 12.2-93 , 12.2-94Bais A F 12.2-188Baisero D 12.2-48 , 12.2-82 , 12.2-94 , 12.2-95Bakar B B 12.2-117Baker D M 12.2-153Baker I 12.2-104Bakkenes M 12.2-110Balenzano A 12.2-114Baltensperger U 12.2-1 , 12.2-2 , 12.2-18 , 12.2-21 , 12.2-30Bandowe B A M 12.2-127Banwart S 12.2-121Baret S 12.2-117Barmpadimos I 12.2-1 , 12.2-2Barnard L 12.2-189Baron L 12.2-148Bartelt P 12.2-140 , 12.2-142Bartlein P J 12.2-195Bärtsch Ritter N 12.2-40Baud A 12.2-200Bauder A 12.2-122 , 12.2-143Baumgärtner A 12.2-12Baumgartner C 12.2-184Bavay M 12.2-151Bayer P 12.2-154 , 12.2-160 , 12.2-166Bayley S 12.2-81Bebi P 12.2-240Becagli S 12.2-13Beck A 12.2-47Beck L 12.2-155Bekki S 12.2-188Bellantone V 12.2-13Beniston M 12.2-141 , 12.2-163Bergamini A 12.2-101Berger F 12.2-131Berger J P 12.2-212Bermejo V 12.2-84Bernard J 12.2-248Bernardet L 12.2-8Bernasconi S M 12.2-121 , 12.2-122 , 12.2-197Bernauer T 12.2-155Berndes G 12.2-260Berner A 12.2-97Bernhofer C 12.2-16Betts T R 12.2-252Beven K J 12.2-183Beyerle G 12.2-3Bianchi F 12.2-18Billy I 12.2-208Binet P 12.2-64

Index of Authors

131Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Bininda Emonds O R P 12.2-93Birrer S 12.2-98Bishop K 12.2-186Blanc I 12.2-259Blasi C 12.2-91Blikra L H 12.2-199Bliss M 12.2-252Bloem J 12.2-121Blum P 12.2-166Blum W 12.2-121Boes R M 12.2-156Boissiere M 12.2-238Boitani L 12.2-48 , 12.2-82 , 12.2-94 , 12.2-95 , 12.2-110Boleve A 12.2-147Bollschweiler M 12.2-136Bonal D 12.2-16Bontadina F 12.2-47Borer E T 12.2-45Bory A 12.2-208Bosshard C 12.2-49Both S 12.2-99Boucard A 12.2-238Boulouchos K 12.2-258Boulton A J 12.2-157Bourdon B 12.2-122 , 12.2-129Bout Roumazeilles V 12.2-208Bove R 12.2-251Boyero L 12.2-157Boyle J F 12.2-196Bradshaw C J A 12.2-246Braesicke P 12.2-188Bragazza L 12.2-81Braissant O 12.2-124Brandao M 12.2-121Brantley S 12.2-121Brauer A 12.2-218Braun S 12.2-84Breitenbach S F M 12.2-197Breivik K 12.2-134Brewer S 12.2-190 , 12.2-195Briggs C J 12.2-179Brock C 12.2-50Brooks T 12.2-93Brooks T M 12.2-94Brovelli A 12.2-158Brovkin V 12.2-31Brown J M 12.2-8Brown R 12.2-179Brückner S 12.2-250Brucks W M 12.2-220Brühwiler T 12.2-200 , 12.2-205Brülheide H 12.2-99Brunner D 12.2-17 , 12.2-41Brunner I 12.2-122

Brunner P 12.2-159 , 12.2-170Brupbacher U 12.2-174Bryant C 12.2-199Bubier J 12.2-81Bucheli T D 12.2-134Bucher H 12.2-200 , 12.2-205Büchi F N 12.2-248Buchmann B 12.2-14Buchmann N 12.2-115 , 12.2-118 , 12.2-135Budge K 12.2-123Bühler Y 12.2-142Büker P 12.2-84Bukowiecki N 12.2-30Bullock R M 12.2-238Bünemann E 12.2-122Burczyk J 12.2-77Burgess R 12.2-213Burslem D F R P 12.2-72Busch T 12.2-242Buser O 12.2-140Busse M D 12.2-139Buttler A 12.2-64 , 12.2-81 , 12.2-89Cabeza M 12.2-94Cacciani M 12.2-13Cailleau G 12.2-124Calanca P 12.2-108Calcagno V 12.2-63Calisto M 12.2-12Calvo E 12.2-84Canassy P D 12.2-143Cane M A 12.2-218Cao T T 12.2-179Carlson Anders E 12.2-208Carranza T 12.2-51Cassee F R 12.2-237Cassiani G 12.2-158Cavers S 12.2-77Ceburnis D 12.2-4Cederbom C E 12.2-198Celesti Grapow L 12.2-117Cescatti A 12.2-16Chabaux F 12.2-121Chemel C 12.2-15Chen J 12.2-16Chen L 12.2-5Cheng T L 12.2-179Chiapusio G 12.2-64Chiavazzo E 12.2-258Chiozza F 12.2-95 , 12.2-110Chipperfield M P 12.2-15 , 12.2-188Chirico R 12.2-30Chong R A 12.2-179Chow F K 12.2-161Christen M 12.2-142

132 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Christl I 12.2-122Ciais P 12.2-193Cigler J 12.2-255Cirpka O A 12.2-166 , 12.2-175Clauss T 12.2-29Claussen M 12.2-31Clevers J G P W 12.2-19Clift M J D 12.2-221Cobb K M 12.2-203Collen B 12.2-51Comunian A 12.2-154 , 12.2-160Conedera M 12.2-60Connolly J 12.2-63Connor S 12.2-195Cook P G 12.2-159Cooper N 12.2-51Cooremans C 12.2-222Corbiere Nicollier T 12.2-259Corona C 12.2-131Costa L 12.2-52Cots N 12.2-28Crasquin S 12.2-200Criado C O 12.2-223Crooks K R 12.2-94Crooks S M 12.2-164Csencsics D 12.2-70Csordas S 12.2-224Cui J 12.2-6Curtius J 12.2-18Cusack M 12.2-22Cziczo D J 12.2-36D’amato F 12.2-15Daedlow K 12.2-180Dall’osto M 12.2-27Dameris M 12.2-188Dandy G C 12.2-170Daniels F J A 12.2-113Daniels M H 12.2-161Danielsson H 12.2-84David A 12.2-18Davis B A S 12.2-190 , 12.2-195Davis C J 12.2-189Davison A C 12.2-57Dawes M A 12.2-53de La Rosa J 12.2-27de Maziere M 12.2-6de Mott P J 12.2-29de Palma A 12.2-51de Ridder N 12.2-62de Wit A 12.2-62Dearing J A 12.2-196Decarlo P F 12.2-21 , 12.2-30Degen B 12.2-77Deheyn D D 12.2-127Deinet S 12.2-51Dekker S C 12.2-31

Denning A S 12.2-104Densmore A L 12.2-176Denys S 12.2-244Derungs N 12.2-122Dessens O 12.2-15Devianto H 12.2-251Dewi S 12.2-238Di Iorio T 12.2-13Di Marco M 12.2-95Di Sarra A 12.2-13Di Tomaso J M 12.2-117Diabate S 12.2-237Dibiase R 12.2-210Dieluweit S 12.2-185Diesmos A C 12.2-179Diesmos M L L 12.2-179Dietrich P 12.2-248Dijkstra H A 12.2-31Dils B 12.2-6Dittman B 12.2-50Doetsch J 12.2-175Dolman A J 12.2-88 , 12.2-193Dommen J 12.2-18Don A 12.2-130Donat M G 12.2-7Dorn S 12.2-85Dörnbrack A 12.2-8 , 12.2-32Dost M 12.2-143Doudee D 12.2-58Doyle J D 12.2-8Dudgeon D 12.2-157Duffy C 12.2-121Dufour Dror J M 12.2-117Dullinger S 12.2-54Dumas M 12.2-125Dumat C 12.2-244Dunne E 12.2-18Duplissy J 12.2-18Durka W 12.2-75Dutra E 12.2-9Duval S M 12.2-102Edwards P 12.2-71 , 12.2-122Egli L 12.2-144Egli S 12.2-74Eglin T 12.2-193Egorova T 12.2-12Ehrhart S 12.2-18Eisele H 12.2-40Eitzinger J 12.2-108Ekadinata A 12.2-238Ellis E C 12.2-206Emberson L 12.2-84Emili E 12.2-10Engler R 12.2-54Entling M H 12.2-55Epstein H E 12.2-113

133Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Erkman S 12.2-259Escala M 12.2-162Eugster W 12.2-118Eyring V 12.2-188Facchinetti E 12.2-249Facchini M C 12.2-4Faeh R 12.2-143Fahrni S 12.2-4Falcucci A 12.2-48 , 12.2-82 , 12.2-95 , 12.2-110Farinotti D 12.2-122Favrat D 12.2-249Feichter J 12.2-24Feintrenie L 12.2-238Feldmeyer Christe E 12.2-56Fenton C R 12.2-199Ferjani A 12.2-247Fernandez Camacho R 12.2-27Ferreira V 12.2-157Ferrez J 12.2-57Fidel Gonzalez R J 12.2-201Fietz S 12.2-162Filaus E 12.2-8Finger A 12.2-58Fingerman K R 12.2-260Finkel R C 12.2-202Finkeldey R 12.2-77Fischer G 12.2-114Fischer H 12.2-149Fischer M 12.2-75 , 12.2-109Fissan H 12.2-237Flechsig U 12.2-30Fleitmann D 12.2-203Fliessbach A 12.2-50Floury N 12.2-114Flower B P 12.2-208Fluch S 12.2-77Flynn D F B 12.2-59Fontinha S 12.2-101Forel M B 12.2-200Fox N 12.2-11Franchin A 12.2-18Franco Ramos O 12.2-136Frank D 12.2-201 , 12.2-209Frank D C 12.2-192Franke J 12.2-201Freer J E 12.2-183Frey B 12.2-122 , 12.2-126 , 12.2-139Frey U 12.2-230Fridley J D 12.2-86Frölicher T L 12.2-191Frommer J 12.2-129Frossard E 12.2-49 , 12.2-122 , 12.2-125Fua D 12.2-13Fuchs O 12.2-230

Fuhrer J 12.2-123Fundel F 12.2-152Funk M 12.2-143Funke B 12.2-12Furger M 12.2-22 , 12.2-30 , 12.2-40Furrer G 12.2-122Futter M 12.2-186Fye F 12.2-204Gabersek S 12.2-8Gaggiotti O E 12.2-83Gagne S 12.2-18Gaillard M J 12.2-196Gairifo C 12.2-117Gajewski K 12.2-195Gallati D 12.2-240Gallego Torres D 12.2-214Gallina N 12.2-163Gamisans J 12.2-66Garbaras A 12.2-4Garcia R 12.2-239Gärtner H 12.2-112Gassebner M 12.2-225Gebald C 12.2-257Gebrehiwot K 12.2-105Gehr P 12.2-221Geibert W 12.2-207Genovesi P 12.2-79Gensior A 12.2-130Gerbig C 12.2-26Gersbach H 12.2-226Gessler A 12.2-115Gessner M O 12.2-157Getto D 12.2-103Ghazoul J 12.2-58 , 12.2-72 , 12.2-74Gianini M F D 12.2-30Gibbons W 12.2-22Gibson M R 12.2-117Gierga M 12.2-122Giesinger B 12.2-3Giesler R 12.2-120Gilbert D 12.2-64Gioia R 12.2-134Giorgini D 12.2-110Gittlemann J L 12.2-93Glaser S D 12.2-147Glättli M 12.2-109Gnandi K 12.2-127Gobron N 12.2-193Goemoery D 12.2-77Goeransson H 12.2-122Goethals M M 12.2-199Göhring B M 12.2-202Gomez Amo J L 12.2-13Gomez Moreno F J 12.2-28Gonzalez Fernandez I 12.2-84

134 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Gonzalez Y 12.2-27Gorban A N 12.2-258Gorin G E 12.2-211Goryachkin S V 12.2-31Gottschalg R 12.2-252Goudemand N 12.2-200Goudet J 12.2-83Goyettea S 12.2-141Graca M A S 12.2-157Grace J B 12.2-45Graham N E 12.2-201 , 12.2-203Granath G 12.2-81Grenyer R 12.2-93Grether J M 12.2-223Griessinger N 12.2-144Grill P 12.2-233Grime J P 12.2-86Grosjean M 12.2-209 , 12.2-216Grosvernier P 12.2-81Grubisic V 12.2-8Grünewald T 12.2-145Grünhage L 12.2-84Grunwaldt L 12.2-3Guelland K 12.2-122Guerrero J L 12.2-183Gugerli F 12.2-71 , 12.2-77Guglietta D 12.2-60Guiot J 12.2-195Guisan A 12.2-54 , 12.2-61 , 12.2-82Gunnarsson U 12.2-81Guswa A J 12.2-177Haertel Borer S S 12.2-180Hagedorn F 12.2-53 , 12.2-122 , 12.2-128Haider S 12.2-18Hajdas I 12.2-122Halldin S 12.2-183Hänchen M 12.2-250Handa I T 12.2-53Hannesen U 12.2-248Hanninen O 12.2-237Hapgood M A 12.2-189Härdtle W 12.2-99Harmens H 12.2-84Harpole W S 12.2-45 , 12.2-63Härri S A 12.2-69Harrison Prentice T I 12.2-195Harrison R M 12.2-27Harrison S P 12.2-195Hartmann A A 12.2-135Hartmann S 12.2-29Hättenschwiler S 12.2-53Haug G H 12.2-207 , 12.2-218Haugen N E L 12.2-256Hausmann S 12.2-204

Hautier Y 12.2-45Hautmann M 12.2-205Hayashi M 12.2-168Hayes F 12.2-84Hector A 12.2-45 , 12.2-63Heethom Sunderland T C 12.2-238Hein L 12.2-62Heise S 12.2-3Helbing D 12.2-266Henderson A 12.2-195Hengartner P 12.2-119Henne S 12.2-6 , 12.2-17Herich H 12.2-14Heringa M F 12.2-30Hermann E 12.2-205Hermanns R L 12.2-199Hermanutz L 12.2-116Hersch N 12.2-185Hertel D 12.2-106Hibberd C J 12.2-252Hiernaux P 12.2-62Hilf M 12.2-137Hillebrand H 12.2-45Hiltbrunner E 12.2-123Hindshaw R 12.2-122Hintermann B 12.2-227Hirashima H 12.2-146Hochuli P A 12.2-205Hodson E L 12.2-192Hofer M 12.2-248Hoffmann B 12.2-185Hoffmann L J 12.2-185Hoffmann M 12.2-93 , 12.2-95Hofmann M 12.2-94Höhener P 12.2-167Hohl Sanchez Sandoval M 12.2-244Holderegger R 12.2-71Hoyle C R 12.2-15 , 12.2-37Huffman G J 12.2-173Huggel C 12.2-173Huggenberger P 12.2-154Hüglin C 12.2-2 , 12.2-14 , 12.2-27Huguet C 12.2-162Hülsbergen K J 12.2-50Hunkeler D 12.2-167 , 12.2-172Huss M 12.2-150Huthwelker T 12.2-42Ickes L 12.2-18Iglesias A 12.2-108Ingensand H 12.2-112Ingold K 12.2-228Isaksen I S A 12.2-37Isbell F 12.2-63Ivy Ochs S 12.2-122Jaccard S L 12.2-207

135Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Jackman C H 12.2-12Jain M 12.2-59Jandl G 12.2-49Jansa J 12.2-111 , 12.2-122Jansen J D 12.2-194Jassey V E J 12.2-64Jaun S 12.2-152Jayanegara A 12.2-65Jeanmonod D 12.2-66Jenni L 12.2-98Jennings S G 12.2-4Jiang Q 12.2-8Jimenez Espejo F J 12.2-214Jocher M 12.2-78Johannessen O M 12.2-5Johnson M T J 12.2-67Johnstone N 12.2-229Jokela J 12.2-184Jonas T 12.2-122 , 12.2-144Jones K C 12.2-134Jones M M 12.2-68Jones P D 12.2-209Jones T S 12.2-69Joos F 12.2-191Jueriado I 12.2-70Jull A J T 12.2-202Jung M 12.2-16Kabat P 12.2-31Kade A N 12.2-113Kaiser Bunbury C N 12.2-58Kaiser Weiss A 12.2-11Kamm U 12.2-71Kammer A 12.2-128Kämpfer N 12.2-38Kandeler E 12.2-135Kaplan J O 12.2-196 , 12.2-206Karlin I V 12.2-258Karlsson P E 12.2-84Karsanaev S A 12.2-88Kasper G 12.2-237Kay A L 12.2-164Kazantzidis A 12.2-188Keller C A 12.2-17Keller I 12.2-184Keller J 12.2-1 , 12.2-2Kersebaum K C 12.2-108Kersten M 12.2-127Kery M 12.2-98Kessler M 12.2-68 , 12.2-76 , 12.2-103 , 12.2-106Kettle C J 12.2-58 , 12.2-72Khiaosa Ard R 12.2-73Kiczka M 12.2-122 , 12.2-129Kiemle C 12.2-32Kieninger E 12.2-230Kieser J 12.2-12

Kim K 12.2-153Kipfer T 12.2-74Kirchgessner N 12.2-185Kirchner J W 12.2-165 , 12.2-169Kirkby J 12.2-18Kirshbaum D J 12.2-8Klaminder J 12.2-120Klein Goldewijk K 12.2-206Kleinn C 12.2-105Kloss L 12.2-75Kluge J 12.2-76Knicker H 12.2-49Knoth O 12.2-8Kobayashi M J 12.2-100Koch S 12.2-8Koch T 12.2-26Koch W 12.2-50Koh L P 12.2-261Kohler S 12.2-186Köhler W 12.2-3Kohv K 12.2-70König R 12.2-3Koop T 12.2-35Kornexl B E 12.2-115Kowalski J 12.2-142Kram P 12.2-121Krämer S M 12.2-129Krank S 12.2-262Krauss J 12.2-69Kremer A 12.2-77Kremer J 12.2-126Krepelova A 12.2-42Kretschmer R 12.2-26Kretzschmar R 12.2-122 , 12.2-129Kreuzer M 12.2-49 , 12.2-65 , 12.2-73 , 12.2-102Kreyling W G 12.2-237Krivolutsky A 12.2-12Krumhardt K M 12.2-206Krysiak F C 12.2-224Kubik P W 12.2-199 , 12.2-210Küchler M 12.2-56Kudoh H 12.2-100Kuerten A 12.2-18Küffer Christoph 12.2-117Kuhn U 12.2-78Kupc A 12.2-18Kuss P 12.2-113Küttel M 12.2-209Lair G 12.2-121Laloui L 12.2-132Lambertini M 12.2-79Lambiel C 12.2-148Lamla M J 12.2-225Lang D J 12.2-267Lanoie P 12.2-229

136 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Lanz V A 12.2-1Lardelli C 12.2-240Larocque Tobler I 12.2-204 , 12.2-216Latzin P 12.2-230Laudon H 12.2-186Laurent Lucchetti J 12.2-229Laurent V C E 12.2-19Lavrie J V 12.2-26Law B E 12.2-193Le Lay G 12.2-54Leape J 12.2-79Leckebusch G C 12.2-7Leemans R 12.2-62Lefohn A S 12.2-20Lehmann J 12.2-133Lehmann P 12.2-138Lehning M 12.2-145 , 12.2-151Leiber F 12.2-65 , 12.2-73Leifeld J 12.2-120 , 12.2-123 , 12.2-130Leinert S 12.2-4Leinweber P 12.2-49Leithold G 12.2-50Lemarchand E 12.2-122Lemmen C 12.2-206Leuenberger M 12.2-41Leuzinger S 12.2-80Levang P 12.2-238Lienemann P 12.2-30Lifton N A 12.2-202Liira J 12.2-70Limbach S 12.2-20Limpens J 12.2-81Linde N 12.2-175Liniger M A 12.2-104Lobo C 12.2-101Lockwood M 12.2-189Loh J 12.2-51Lohmann U 12.2-43 , 12.2-44Loock M 12.2-231Lopez Moreno J I 12.2-141Lopez Puertas M 12.2-12Loreau M 12.2-63Löwe H 12.2-151Lüdeke Freund F 12.2-231Ludwig R 12.2-114Luis L 12.2-101Lüscher P 12.2-126Luster J 12.2-122Luterbacher J 12.2-203 , 12.2-209 , 12.2-217Lüthi D 12.2-43 , 12.2-44Lüthi S 12.2-232Mäder P 12.2-97Magnusson J 12.2-122Mahieu E 12.2-6

Maier H R 12.2-170Maiorano L 12.2-48 , 12.2-82 , 12.2-95 , 12.2-110Mann S 12.2-247Marecal V 12.2-15Marechal F 12.2-249Marescot L 12.2-148Margolis H A 12.2-16Margreth S 12.2-143Marino P M 12.2-116Marquardt S 12.2-65Marsh D R 12.2-12Martinez Garcia A 12.2-162 , 12.2-207Martinez P 12.2-208Martinez Ruiz F 12.2-214Martins S 12.2-101Marton Lefevre J 12.2-79Marty B 12.2-213Marzahn P 12.2-114Matatiken D 12.2-58Mathijs E 12.2-105Mathot S 12.2-18Mattia F 12.2-114Mätzler C 12.2-34 , 12.2-38Maximov T C 12.2-88Maxwell R M 12.2-161Mazzoleni S 12.2-60Mazzotti M 12.2-253Mcardell B W 12.2-176Mcclymont A F 12.2-168Mcglinn D 12.2-92Mcneely J A 12.2-263Mcphail S J 12.2-251Mcrae L 12.2-51Meier L 12.2-140Meinard Y 12.2-233Meir P 12.2-193Meirmans P G 12.2-83Meixner A 12.2-199Meloni D 12.2-13Mendiluce M 12.2-239Mentel T F 12.2-29Merbold L 12.2-16Merkel R 12.2-185Merten E C 12.2-182Metzger A 12.2-18Meunier G 12.2-208Michaelowa A 12.2-234 , 12.2-243Michaelowa K 12.2-234Michalak G 12.2-3Milanovskiy E Y 12.2-137Mildenberger K 12.2-29Mills G 12.2-84Minginette P 12.2-18Minguillon M C 12.2-30Miranda P M A 12.2-9

137Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Mirotchnick N 12.2-59Mitchell E A D 12.2-81 , 12.2-122Mitter Meier R A 12.2-79Mitterer C 12.2-146Mody K 12.2-85Moeckel C 12.2-134Mohr C 12.2-21 , 12.2-28 , 12.2-30Molina Giraldo N 12.2-166Monokroussos C 12.2-252Montero Serrano J C 12.2-208Moore J R 12.2-147Morales D 12.2-239Morasch B 12.2-167Moreno A 12.2-251Moreno T 12.2-22 , 12.2-27 , 12.2-28Moretti M 12.2-90 , 12.2-91Mosar J 12.2-215Moser B 12.2-74 , 12.2-86Mosler H J 12.2-220Mott R 12.2-151Muecke R 12.2-40Mueller B 12.2-143Muhlbauer A 12.2-43Muir D L 12.2-168Müller C B 12.2-69Müller M 12.2-235Müller M D 12.2-23Müller Schärer H 12.2-107Murk A 12.2-38Muys B 12.2-105Myers A 12.2-165Myhre G 12.2-37Naeem S 12.2-59Nausch G 12.2-174Neftel A 12.2-78Neininger B 12.2-26Neteler M 12.2-92Neukom R 12.2-209Neutel A M 12.2-31Newbery D M 12.2-87Niedermann S 12.2-199Niedermeier D 12.2-29Nieto Moreno V 12.2-214Niklaus P A 12.2-126 , 12.2-135Nilsson J H 12.2-236Nishimura D 12.2-150Nitsche M 12.2-169Norghauer J M 12.2-87Normand S 12.2-54Norton K P 12.2-194 , 12.2-210Nufer M 12.2-2O’doherty S 12.2-17O‘donnell D 12.2-24O’dowd C D 12.2-4

O’halloran L R 12.2-45Oberholzer H R 12.2-50Oberson A 12.2-49Oderbolz D 12.2-1Oderbolz D C 12.2-2Oertli B 12.2-171Ohmura A 12.2-5Oldewurtel F 12.2-255Olesen J E 12.2-108Oliva M J 12.2-264Olschewski R 12.2-105Oltmans S J 12.2-20Oncken O 12.2-198Onnela A 12.2-18Or D 12.2-138Orlowsky B 12.2-25Orr S 12.2-260Ostrovsky I 12.2-178Ovaskainen O 12.2-55Owens M J 12.2-189Pacton M 12.2-211Palacios D 12.2-136Pall P 12.2-164Pallutt B 12.2-50Palmer M I 12.2-59Pandolfi M 12.2-22 , 12.2-28Papritz A 12.2-138Parmentier F J W 12.2-88Partington D 12.2-170Pasquale N 12.2-175Paur H R 12.2-237Pearman P B 12.2-54Pearson R G 12.2-157Peck V L 12.2-162Peeken I 12.2-185Peltonen Sainio P 12.2-108Perazzolo C 12.2-265Perona P 12.2-175Perron N 12.2-4Perrone M R 12.2-13Peter T 12.2-15Peters W 12.2-193Petitta M 12.2-10Petters M D 12.2-29Pey J 12.2-22 , 12.2-27 , 12.2-28Peyron O 12.2-195Pfahl S 12.2-32Pfister C 12.2-217Pfund J L 12.2-238Phillips O L 12.2-193Piedallu C 12.2-54Pienitz R 12.2-204Pillai D 12.2-26Pini R 12.2-253Pinti V 12.2-13

138 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Pinto P 12.2-182Pirkenseer C 12.2-212Pleijel H 12.2-84Plötze M 12.2-122Poeplau C 12.2-130Pohl M 12.2-89 , 12.2-240Popp C 12.2-10Porrachia M 12.2-127Pöschl U 12.2-35Possnert G 12.2-194Pottier J 12.2-82Potvin C 12.2-118Poulain L 12.2-29Poulter B 12.2-52 , 12.2-192Poyyapakkam M 12.2-256Pradere P 12.2-244Prässler T 12.2-232Pressey R L 12.2-94 , 12.2-110Prévôt A 12.2-28Prévôt A S H 12.2-1 , 12.2-2 , 12.2-4 , 12.2-21 , 12.2-22 , 12.2-27 , 12.2-30Privara S 12.2-255Psomas A 12.2-82Pueyo A 12.2-239Pujol M 12.2-213Pütz M 12.2-240Qiu D C 12.2-246Qiu Y N 12.2-252Querol X 12.2-22 , 12.2-27 , 12.2-28Quincey P 12.2-27Rahbek C 12.2-61Raible C C 12.2-191Ramonet M 12.2-4Randin C F 12.2-54Randon C 12.2-200Rantala S 12.2-238Rasmann S 12.2-67Rasolofo N 12.2-46Rauch W 12.2-181Raynolds M K 12.2-113Rebetez M 12.2-57 , 12.2-241Reche C 12.2-22 , 12.2-27 , 12.2-28Reddmann T 12.2-12Rego F C 12.2-182Reich P B 12.2-63Reichstein M 12.2-16 , 12.2-193Reimann S 12.2-17Reinicke F 12.2-50Reist T 12.2-217Reitz P 12.2-29Remeikis V 12.2-4Renard P 12.2-154 , 12.2-160

Renggli D 12.2-7Reynard E 12.2-148Reynolds B 12.2-122Riboulleau A 12.2-208Riccobono F 12.2-18Richard A 12.2-22 , 12.2-28 , 12.2-30Richard P J H 12.2-204Richardson A D 12.2-16Richter B D 12.2-260Richter R 12.2-21Rickenmann D 12.2-169Rickli C 12.2-138Ricotta C 12.2-60 , 12.2-90 , 12.2-91 , 12.2-92Riediker M 12.2-237 , 12.2-244Rietkerk M 12.2-31Rinaldi M 12.2-4Rinaldo A 12.2-177Risch A C 12.2-45 , 12.2-139Rixen C 12.2-53 , 12.2-89 , 12.2-96 , 12.2-240Rizhkov O V 12.2-137Rizzi M 12.2-132Roberts J T 12.2-243Robinson C T 12.2-182Robinson J G 12.2-79Rocchini D 12.2-92Rödder D 12.2-179Rödenbeck C 12.2-26Rodrigo Gamiz M 12.2-214Rodrigues A S L 12.2-93 , 12.2-94Rodriguez S 12.2-27Rohrer M 12.2-173Rollog M 12.2-120Romero O 12.2-214Rondinini C 12.2-48 , 12.2-82 , 12.2-94 , 12.2-95 , 12.2-110Rondo Linda 12.2-18Roohi G 12.2-205Röösli M 12.2-230Rose M 12.2-79Rosell Mele A 12.2-162 , 12.2-207Rosser N J 12.2-176Rosset V 12.2-171Rotach P 12.2-71Rothacher M 12.2-3Rothen Rutishauser B 12.2-221 , 12.2-237Rotter R 12.2-108Roux Fouillet P 12.2-96Rovera G 12.2-131Rowley J J L 12.2-179Rozanov E 12.2-12 , 12.2-188Rubner W 12.2-185Ruddiman W F 12.2-206

139Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Rudich Y 12.2-42Rudin M 12.2-98Rueda G 12.2-162Ruokolainen K 12.2-106Russo M R 12.2-15Rutishauser M 12.2-47Rutishauser T 12.2-104Saez J L 12.2-131Safi K 12.2-93Salager S 12.2-132Salmi S M 12.2-12Sanchez de La Campa A M 12.2-27Sanders J W 12.2-147Sans F X 12.2-97Santini S 12.2-112Santoro M 12.2-114Santulli G 12.2-95Saouter E G 12.2-265Satalino G 12.2-114Sauvain J J 12.2-244Savoy L 12.2-172Scapozza C 12.2-148Schaepman M 12.2-62Schaepman M E 12.2-19Schaepman Strub G 12.2-88Schäfer J M 12.2-202Schäfler A 12.2-32Schär C 12.2-9 , 12.2-43 , 12.2-44Schaub B 12.2-230Schaub M 12.2-98Scheel M L M 12.2-173Scheidegger C 12.2-70Scherer Lorenzen M 12.2-63Scherrer S C 12.2-33Schiebel R 12.2-174Schipper J 12.2-93 , 12.2-95Schirmer M 12.2-175Schläpfer D R 12.2-109Schläpfer F 12.2-245Schläpfer M 12.2-266Schlüchter C 12.2-202Schlunegger F 12.2-194 , 12.2-198 , 12.2-210 , 12.2-215Schlüssel A 12.2-66Schmid B 12.2-63 , 12.2-99 , 12.2-111Schmid O 12.2-237Schmidli J 12.2-8Schmidt M W I 12.2-119 , 12.2-133 , 12.2-137Schmidt T 12.2-3Schmidtko S 12.2-174Schmitt J 12.2-149Schmutz W 12.2-11Schneebeli M 12.2-34

Schneider J 12.2-29Schneider M P W 12.2-119 , 12.2-133Schneider P 12.2-175Schneider R 12.2-149Schobesberger S 12.2-18Scholz R W 12.2-125 , 12.2-267Schröder U 12.2-254Schuldt A 12.2-99Schulz F 12.2-50Schulz T 12.2-245Schumacher J 12.2-130Schürch P 12.2-176Schuster J K 12.2-134Schütz M 12.2-45 , 12.2-139Schweizer J 12.2-146Seabloom E W 12.2-45Seguin B 12.2-108Seibert J 12.2-183 , 12.2-186Seljeskog M 12.2-256Seneviratne S I 12.2-25 , 12.2-31 , 12.2-39 , 12.2-193Serquet G 12.2-241Shadwick D 12.2-20Shah S H H 12.2-177Shapiro M 12.2-20Sheil D 12.2-238Shimizu K K 12.2-100Shiraiwa M 12.2-35Siebert S F 12.2-103Siegwolf R T W 12.2-115Sierau B 12.2-29Sigman D M 12.2-207 , 12.2-218Silvestre E 12.2-173Sim Sim M 12.2-101Simmons C T 12.2-159 , 12.2-170Simpson D 12.2-84Sinclair H D 12.2-198Singh N 12.2-119Sinnhuber M 12.2-12Sinninghe Damste J S 12.2-218Sintermann J 12.2-78Sionneau T 12.2-208Siroky J 12.2-255Skjelvag A O 12.2-108Slowik J G 12.2-36Smittenberg R H 12.2-122Sobek S 12.2-178Soliva C R 12.2-73 , 12.2-102Sovde O A 12.2-37Sparks J P 12.2-153Spezzaferri S 12.2-212Spindler C 12.2-29Spirig C 12.2-78Spoerndli C 12.2-85Sprengel D C 12.2-242Sprenger M 12.2-40

140 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

St Onge G 12.2-204Stadelmann M 12.2-243Stähli M 12.2-122Stähli O 12.2-38Stämpfli K 12.2-55Stauffacher M 12.2-267Stech M 12.2-101Steinbacher M 12.2-6Steiner L D 12.2-265Steinfeld A 12.2-250 , 12.2-257Steinhilber F 12.2-189Steinnes E 12.2-134Stewart M M 12.2-216Stiegel S 12.2-103Stiehl Braun P A 12.2-135Stiller G P 12.2-12Stiperski I 12.2-8Stöck M 12.2-179Stöckli R 12.2-39 , 12.2-104Stoffel M 12.2-131 , 12.2-136Stohl A 12.2-40Stone D A 12.2-164Storti G 12.2-253Stratmann F 12.2-29Straubhaar J 12.2-160Stroude R 12.2-89Stuart S 12.2-94Stuart S N 12.2-79 , 12.2-93 , 12.2-95Sturm J E 12.2-225Sugiyama S 12.2-143 , 12.2-150Sullivan R C 12.2-29Sun L P 12.2-246Surbeck H 12.2-172Suweis S 12.2-177Svard A C 12.2-236Swei A 12.2-179Szeidl L 12.2-91Szidat S 12.2-4Szyska B 12.2-68Tack K 12.2-244Tamburini F 12.2-122Tapley B D 12.2-3Teeguarden J 12.2-237Teich M 12.2-240Temime B 12.2-167Teuling A J 12.2-39Therrien R 12.2-170Theurillat J P 12.2-46 , 12.2-54Thierstein H R 12.2-174Thomas R Q 12.2-80Thome K 12.2-11Thompson R 12.2-26Thonhofer J 12.2-103Thonicke K 12.2-52Thuiller W 12.2-54

Tilahun M 12.2-105Tilman D 12.2-63Timmermann A 12.2-218Tipper E T 12.2-122Tiwari A N 12.2-252Tognelli M F 12.2-95Toivonen J M 12.2-106Toth A 12.2-248Tourpali K 12.2-188Toussaint M L 12.2-64Trantopoulos K 12.2-266Treier U A 12.2-107Tribovillard N 12.2-208Trickl T 12.2-40Trnka M 12.2-108Trösch J 12.2-217Tsagkogeorgas G 12.2-18Tsigaridis K 12.2-24Tsukada A 12.2-248Tsutaki S 12.2-150Turner B L 12.2-118Turowski J M 12.2-169Uglietti C 12.2-41Uhlmann B 12.2-141Ulbrich U 12.2-7Urech Z L 12.2-238Utzinger J 12.2-246Uzu G 12.2-244Val S 12.2-244Valentin T 12.2-58van Bodegom P M 12.2-31van den Berg L J L 12.2-81van der Beek P 12.2-198van der Heijden M G A 12.2-111van der Molen M K 12.2-88 , 12.2-193van der Zee S E A T M 12.2-177van Huissteden J 12.2-88van Kleunen M 12.2-109van Nes E H 12.2-31van Poorten B T 12.2-180van Ruijven J 12.2-63van Veen F J F 12.2-69van Wesemael B 12.2-130Vanham D 12.2-181Vasconcelos C 12.2-211Vasilyeva N A 12.2-137Vaz P G 12.2-182Vazquez Selem L 12.2-136Venterink H O 12.2-122Verhoef W 12.2-19Verrecchia E P 12.2-124Verronen P T 12.2-12Verschuren D 12.2-218Versick S 12.2-12Vervoort R W 12.2-177Vesterdal L 12.2-130

141Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors

Viana M 12.2-27 , 12.2-28Villalba R 12.2-209Villar D Santos 12.2-173Vinceti B 12.2-77Visconti P 12.2-48 , 12.2-94 , 12.2-95 , 12.2-110Viterbo P 12.2-9Vittoz P 12.2-54Voegelin A 12.2-129Vogt T 12.2-175Vollmer M K 12.2-17von Blanckenburg F 12.2-210von Clarmann T 12.2-12von Gunten L 12.2-209von Ruette J 12.2-138Vonlanthen C M 12.2-113Vosper S 12.2-8Vugteveen P 12.2-260Vyushkova T Y 12.2-12Wacker L 12.2-4 , 12.2-122Wagg C 12.2-111Wagner B 12.2-112Waldman B 12.2-79Walker D A 12.2-113Wallbaum H 12.2-262Waltert F 12.2-245Walther H 12.2-18Wang H 12.2-5Wang Y 12.2-219Waniek J J 12.2-174Wanner H 12.2-209Ware D 12.2-205Warren D R 12.2-182Watts J D 12.2-238Wegmüller U 12.2-114Weigelt A 12.2-63Weingartner E 12.2-18Weingartner R 12.2-181 , 12.2-217Welc M 12.2-122Werner A D 12.2-170Werner R A 12.2-115Wernli H 12.2-20 , 12.2-32Westerberg I K 12.2-183Westram A M 12.2-184Wetter O 12.2-217Wettstein H R 12.2-49Wex H 12.2-29Weydahl T 12.2-256Wheeler J A 12.2-116Whyte D C 12.2-165Wickert J 12.2-3Widarsson A 12.2-236Widmer I 12.2-70Wiederhold J G 12.2-122 , 12.2-129Wielicki B 12.2-11Wiesinger K 12.2-50

Wieters N 12.2-12Wilcke W 12.2-127Wild S 12.2-7Wildi O 12.2-56Wilken S 12.2-185Wilsey B J 12.2-63Wilson J R U 12.2-117Wimmer D 12.2-18Winkler R 12.2-11 , 12.2-226Winterdahl M 12.2-186Wipf S 12.2-53 , 12.2-96Wirell T 12.2-236Wirthner S 12.2-139Wissing J M 12.2-12Wohlgemuth T 12.2-74 , 12.2-92Wolf A 12.2-187Wolf S 12.2-118Wolff C 12.2-218Woolliams E 12.2-11Wu F 12.2-246Wunderle S 12.2-10Wurzbacher J A 12.2-257Xu C Y 12.2-183Yang G J 12.2-246Yoshizawa T 12.2-150Young D 12.2-11Younger P M 12.2-183Yule C M 12.2-157Zappa M 12.2-152Zavaleta E S 12.2-63Zebisch M 12.2-10Zelenay V 12.2-42Zemp S 12.2-267Zeyer J 12.2-122Zhong B 12.2-246Zhong S 12.2-8Zhou H 12.2-99Zhou X N 12.2-246Zhou Y 12.2-219Zimmer J 12.2-50Zimmermann N E 12.2-54 , 12.2-82 , 12.2-192Zimmermann S 12.2-122 , 12.2-126Zingg E 12.2-247Zopfi J 12.2-167Zubler E M 12.2-43 , 12.2-44Zumbrunn T 12.2-53Zumsteg A 12.2-122Zurbrügg R 12.2-178Zwaaftink C D Groot 12.2-151Zwahlen F 12.2-219

142 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines

Agriculture 12.2-49 , 12.2-50 , 12.2-62 , 12.2-65 , 12.2-73 , 12.2-75 , 12.2-78 , 12.2-85 , 12.2-97 , 12.2-102 , 12.2-108 , 12.2-114 , 12.2-118 , 12.2-125 , 12.2-126 , 12.2-133 , 12.2-135 , 12.2-206 , 12.2-238 , 12.2-247

Biodiversity 12.2-45 , 12.2-46 , 12.2-47 , 12.2-48 , 12.2-51 , 12.2-54 , 12.2-56 , 12.2-58 , 12.2-59 , 12.2-61 , 12.2-63 , 12.2-66 , 12.2-68 , 12.2-69 , 12.2-70 , 12.2-71 , 12.2-75 , 12.2-76 , 12.2-79 , 12.2-82 , 12.2-83 , 12.2-85 , 12.2-86 , 12.2-90 , 12.2-91 , 12.2-92 , 12.2-93 , 12.2-94 , 12.2-95 , 12.2-98 , 12.2-99 , 12.2-101 , 12.2-103 , 12.2-106 , 12.2-107 , 12.2-109 , 12.2-110 , 12.2-111 , 12.2-117 , 12.2-157 , 12.2-171 , 12.2-179 , 12.2-184 , 12.2-200 , 12.2-205 , 12.2-233 , 12.2-238 , 12.2-263 , 12.2-264

Cryology / Glaciology 12.2-5 , 12.2-9 , 12.2-96 , 12.2-120 , 12.2-140 , 12.2-141 , 12.2-142 , 12.2-143 , 12.2-144 , 12.2-145 , 12.2-146 , 12.2-147 , 12.2-148 , 12.2-149 , 12.2-150 , 12.2-151 , 12.2-202 , 12.2-240

Ecology 12.2-31 , 12.2-45 , 12.2-47 , 12.2-48 , 12.2-51 , 12.2-52 , 12.2-53 , 12.2-54 , 12.2-55 , 12.2-56 , 12.2-59 , 12.2-60 , 12.2-61 , 12.2-62 , 12.2-63 , 12.2-64 , 12.2-67 , 12.2-68 , 12.2-69 , 12.2-72 , 12.2-74 , 12.2-75 , 12.2-76 , 12.2-79 , 12.2-80 , 12.2-81 , 12.2-82 , 12.2-83 , 12.2-85 , 12.2-86 , 12.2-87 , 12.2-90 , 12.2-91 , 12.2-92 , 12.2-93 , 12.2-94 , 12.2-95 , 12.2-96 , 12.2-98 , 12.2-99 , 12.2-100 , 12.2-101 , 12.2-103 , 12.2-104 , 12.2-105 , 12.2-106 , 12.2-107 , 12.2-109 , 12.2-110 , 12.2-111 , 12.2-113 , 12.2-116 , 12.2-117 , 12.2-120 , 12.2-122 , 12.2-124 , 12.2-130 , 12.2-135 , 12.2-139 , 12.2-157 , 12.2-171 , 12.2-180 , 12.2-182 , 12.2-187 , 12.2-192 , 12.2-193 , 12.2-205 , 12.2-233 , 12.2-259 , 12.2-261

Economics 12.2-180 , 12.2-220 , 12.2-222 , 12.2-223 , 12.2-224 , 12.2-225 , 12.2-226 , 12.2-227 , 12.2-229 , 12.2-231 , 12.2-233 , 12.2-234 , 12.2-236 , 12.2-239 , 12.2-240 , 12.2-241 , 12.2-242 , 12.2-243 , 12.2-245 , 12.2-259 , 12.2-261 , 12.2-267

Energy & Fuels 12.2-2 , 12.2-14 , 12.2-17 , 12.2-27 , 12.2-28 , 12.2-222 , 12.2-223 , 12.2-225 , 12.2-227 , 12.2-231 , 12.2-232 , 12.2-234 , 12.2-239 , 12.2-240 , 12.2-248 , 12.2-249 , 12.2-250 , 12.2-251 , 12.2-252 , 12.2-253 , 12.2-254 , 12.2-255 , 12.2-256 , 12.2-257 , 12.2-258 , 12.2-259 , 12.2-260 , 12.2-261

Engineering 12.2-248 , 12.2-249 , 12.2-250 , 12.2-251 , 12.2-252 , 12.2-253 , 12.2-255 , 12.2-256 , 12.2-257 , 12.2-258 , 12.2-265

Index of Disciplines

143Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines

Forestry 12.2-19 , 12.2-52 , 12.2-57 , 12.2-58 , 12.2-68 , 12.2-70 , 12.2-71 , 12.2-72 , 12.2-74 , 12.2-76 , 12.2-77 , 12.2-80 , 12.2-84 , 12.2-85 , 12.2-87 , 12.2-99 , 12.2-101 , 12.2-103 , 12.2-105 , 12.2-106 , 12.2-112 , 12.2-116 , 12.2-117 , 12.2-118 , 12.2-126 , 12.2-128 , 12.2-130 , 12.2-131 , 12.2-136 , 12.2-139 , 12.2-182 , 12.2-193 , 12.2-235 , 12.2-238

Geochemistry & Geophysics 12.2-49 , 12.2-81 , 12.2-119 , 12.2-122 , 12.2-124 , 12.2-127 , 12.2-128 , 12.2-129 , 12.2-132 , 12.2-133 , 12.2-134 , 12.2-137 , 12.2-148 , 12.2-153 , 12.2-158 , 12.2-165 , 12.2-167 , 12.2-172 , 12.2-178 , 12.2-191 , 12.2-192 , 12.2-196 , 12.2-197 , 12.2-199 , 12.2-202 , 12.2-208 , 12.2-210 , 12.2-213 , 12.2-214 , 12.2-216 , 12.2-253 , 12.2-258

Geology 12.2-127 , 12.2-136 , 12.2-147 , 12.2-154 , 12.2-159 , 12.2-160 , 12.2-172 , 12.2-178 , 12.2-194 , 12.2-198 , 12.2-199 , 12.2-204 , 12.2-207 , 12.2-210 , 12.2-212 , 12.2-213 , 12.2-214 , 12.2-215 , 12.2-218 , 12.2-219

Geomorphology 12.2-131 , 12.2-136 , 12.2-138 , 12.2-148 , 12.2-169 , 12.2-176 , 12.2-194 , 12.2-198 , 12.2-199 , 12.2-210 , 12.2-215

Human & Public Health 12.2-221 , 12.2-230 , 12.2-237 , 12.2-244 , 12.2-246

Hydrology 12.2-5 , 12.2-16 , 12.2-25 , 12.2-32 , 12.2-34 , 12.2-43 , 12.2-62 , 12.2-120 , 12.2-121 , 12.2-132 , 12.2-138 , 12.2-145 , 12.2-146 , 12.2-147 , 12.2-152 , 12.2-154 , 12.2-155 , 12.2-156 , 12.2-158 , 12.2-159 , 12.2-160 , 12.2-161 , 12.2-164 , 12.2-165 , 12.2-166 , 12.2-167 , 12.2-168 , 12.2-169 , 12.2-170 , 12.2-172 , 12.2-173 , 12.2-175 , 12.2-176 , 12.2-177 , 12.2-178 , 12.2-181 , 12.2-182 , 12.2-183 , 12.2-186 , 12.2-187 , 12.2-193 , 12.2-208 , 12.2-217 , 12.2-218 , 12.2-219 , 12.2-254 , 12.2-260

International Relations 12.2-226 , 12.2-234 , 12.2-243 , 12.2-263 , 12.2-264

Landscape Studies 12.2-60 , 12.2-206 , 12.2-235 , 12.2-238 , 12.2-245

Limnology 12.2-147 , 12.2-162 , 12.2-163 , 12.2-178 , 12.2-204 , 12.2-216 , 12.2-218

Marine & Freshwater Biology 12.2-127 , 12.2-153 , 12.2-157 , 12.2-162 , 12.2-163 , 12.2-171 , 12.2-174 , 12.2-179 , 12.2-180 , 12.2-184 , 12.2-185 , 12.2-200 , 12.2-212

Medicine 12.2-230 , 12.2-237 , 12.2-244 , 12.2-246

144 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 12.2-1 , 12.2-2 , 12.2-3 , 12.2-4 , 12.2-5 , 12.2-6 , 12.2-7 , 12.2-8 , 12.2-9 , 12.2-10 , 12.2-11 , 12.2-12 , 12.2-13 , 12.2-14 , 12.2-15 , 12.2-16 , 12.2-17 , 12.2-18 , 12.2-19 , 12.2-20 , 12.2-21 , 12.2-22 , 12.2-23 , 12.2-24 , 12.2-25 , 12.2-26 , 12.2-27 , 12.2-28 , 12.2-29 , 12.2-30 , 12.2-31 , 12.2-32 , 12.2-33 , 12.2-34 , 12.2-35 , 12.2-36 , 12.2-37 , 12.2-38 , 12.2-39 , 12.2-40 , 12.2-41 , 12.2-42 , 12.2-43 , 12.2-44 , 12.2-52 , 12.2-53 , 12.2-57 , 12.2-78 , 12.2-84 , 12.2-88 , 12.2-108 , 12.2-114 , 12.2-118 , 12.2-123 , 12.2-134 , 12.2-141 , 12.2-144 , 12.2-145 , 12.2-149 , 12.2-150 , 12.2-151 , 12.2-152 , 12.2-163 , 12.2-164 , 12.2-173 , 12.2-188 , 12.2-189 , 12.2-190 , 12.2-191 , 12.2-192 , 12.2-193 , 12.2-195 , 12.2-201 , 12.2-203 , 12.2-204 , 12.2-207 , 12.2-208 , 12.2-209 , 12.2-213 , 12.2-214 , 12.2-216 , 12.2-217 , 12.2-218 , 12.2-230 , 12.2-237 , 12.2-241 , 12.2-244

Microbiology 12.2-122 , 12.2-135 , 12.2-139 , 12.2-163 , 12.2-211

Modelling 12.2-1 , 12.2-5 , 12.2-8 , 12.2-9 , 12.2-10 , 12.2-12 , 12.2-13 , 12.2-15 , 12.2-16 , 12.2-19 , 12.2-20 , 12.2-23 , 12.2-24 , 12.2-25 , 12.2-26 , 12.2-31 , 12.2-33 , 12.2-35 , 12.2-37 , 12.2-40 , 12.2-41 , 12.2-43 , 12.2-44 , 12.2-48 , 12.2-51 , 12.2-57 , 12.2-61 , 12.2-77 , 12.2-80 , 12.2-82 , 12.2-88 , 12.2-95 , 12.2-98 , 12.2-104 , 12.2-105 , 12.2-108 , 12.2-110 , 12.2-112 , 12.2-114 , 12.2-125 , 12.2-138 , 12.2-140 , 12.2-141 , 12.2-142 , 12.2-143 , 12.2-144 , 12.2-146 , 12.2-148 , 12.2-150 , 12.2-151 , 12.2-152 , 12.2-155 , 12.2-158 , 12.2-160 , 12.2-161 , 12.2-163 , 12.2-164 , 12.2-169 , 12.2-170 , 12.2-173 , 12.2-183 , 12.2-186 , 12.2-187 , 12.2-188 , 12.2-191 , 12.2-192 , 12.2-193 , 12.2-195 , 12.2-196 , 12.2-201 , 12.2-203 , 12.2-206 , 12.2-217 , 12.2-220 , 12.2-221 , 12.2-228 , 12.2-248 , 12.2-252 , 12.2-253 , 12.2-255 , 12.2-256 , 12.2-258 , 12.2-265 , 12.2-266

Oceanography 12.2-162 , 12.2-174 , 12.2-185 , 12.2-191 , 12.2-207 , 12.2-214

Paleontology 12.2-189 , 12.2-190 , 12.2-194 , 12.2-195 , 12.2-196 , 12.2-197 , 12.2-198 , 12.2-199 , 12.2-200 , 12.2-201 , 12.2-202 , 12.2-203 , 12.2-204 , 12.2-205 , 12.2-206 , 12.2-207 , 12.2-208 , 12.2-209 , 12.2-210 , 12.2-211 , 12.2-212 , 12.2-213 , 12.2-214 , 12.2-215 , 12.2-216 , 12.2-218 , 12.2-219

Pedology 12.2-49 , 12.2-50 , 12.2-53 , 12.2-74 , 12.2-89 , 12.2-96 , 12.2-97 , 12.2-111 , 12.2-112 , 12.2-113 , 12.2-119 , 12.2-120 , 12.2-121 , 12.2-122 , 12.2-123 , 12.2-124 , 12.2-125 , 12.2-126 , 12.2-128 , 12.2-129 , 12.2-130 , 12.2-131 , 12.2-132 , 12.2-133 , 12.2-134 , 12.2-135 , 12.2-137 , 12.2-139 , 12.2-158 , 12.2-172 , 12.2-177 , 12.2-186 , 12.2-187 , 12.2-191

145Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines

Plant Sciences 12.2-16 , 12.2-19 , 12.2-31 , 12.2-45 , 12.2-46 , 12.2-49 , 12.2-50 , 12.2-53 , 12.2-54 , 12.2-56 , 12.2-57 , 12.2-58 , 12.2-59 , 12.2-62 , 12.2-63 , 12.2-64 , 12.2-65 , 12.2-66 , 12.2-67 , 12.2-68 , 12.2-69 , 12.2-70 , 12.2-71 , 12.2-72 , 12.2-74 , 12.2-75 , 12.2-76 , 12.2-77 , 12.2-80 , 12.2-81 , 12.2-83 , 12.2-84 , 12.2-85 , 12.2-86 , 12.2-87 , 12.2-88 , 12.2-89 , 12.2-92 , 12.2-96 , 12.2-97 , 12.2-99 , 12.2-100 , 12.2-101 , 12.2-103 , 12.2-104 , 12.2-105 , 12.2-106 , 12.2-107 , 12.2-108 , 12.2-109 , 12.2-111 , 12.2-112 , 12.2-113 , 12.2-115 , 12.2-116 , 12.2-117 , 12.2-118 , 12.2-119 , 12.2-123 , 12.2-124 , 12.2-128 , 12.2-130 , 12.2-135 , 12.2-136 , 12.2-137 , 12.2-139 , 12.2-163 , 12.2-171 , 12.2-174 , 12.2-177 , 12.2-182 , 12.2-185 , 12.2-187 , 12.2-192 , 12.2-193 , 12.2-195 , 12.2-204 , 12.2-205 , 12.2-206 , 12.2-211 , 12.2-263

Political Sciences 12.2-224 , 12.2-226 , 12.2-228 , 12.2-229 , 12.2-232 , 12.2-234 , 12.2-235 , 12.2-239 , 12.2-243 , 12.2-259

Remote Sensing 12.2-3 , 12.2-5 , 12.2-6 , 12.2-10 , 12.2-13 , 12.2-16 , 12.2-19 , 12.2-32 , 12.2-34 , 12.2-38 , 12.2-60 , 12.2-62 , 12.2-92 , 12.2-104 , 12.2-114 , 12.2-131 , 12.2-142 , 12.2-145 , 12.2-154 , 12.2-173 , 12.2-176

Social Sciences 12.2-220 , 12.2-228 , 12.2-233 , 12.2-236 , 12.2-238 , 12.2-242 , 12.2-247 , 12.2-259 , 12.2-261 , 12.2-262

Toxicology 12.2-221 , 12.2-237 , 12.2-244 , 12.2-265

Urban Studies 12.2-2 , 12.2-14 , 12.2-21 , 12.2-22 , 12.2-27, 12.2-28 , 12.2-30 , 12.2-152 , 12.2-237 , 12.2-244 , 12.2-266

Water Resources 12.2-152 , 12.2-154 , 12.2-155 , 12.2-156 , 12.2-159 , 12.2-160 , 12.2-161 , 12.2-164 , 12.2-166 , 12.2-168 , 12.2-169 , 12.2-170 , 12.2-175 , 12.2-177 , 12.2-181 , 12.2-183 , 12.2-186 , 12.2-217 , 12.2-240 , 12.2-254 , 12.2-260

Zoology 12.2-47 , 12.2-48 , 12.2-49 , 12.2-51 , 12.2-55 , 12.2-65 , 12.2-69 , 12.2-73 , 12.2-78 , 12.2-82 , 12.2-85 , 12.2-87 , 12.2-93 , 12.2-94 , 12.2-95 , 12.2-98 , 12.2-102 , 12.2-110 , 12.2-153 , 12.2-171 , 12.2-179 , 12.2-180 , 12.2-184 , 12.2-200 , 12.2-212 , 12.2-246

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