glimcher decision making. signal detection theory with gaussian assumption without gaussian...
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GlimcherDecision Making
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Signal Detection Theory
•With Gaussian Assumption•Without Gaussian Assumption•Equivalent to Maximum Likelihood
w/o Cost Function
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Newsome Dot Task
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QuickTime™ and aVideo decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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•Max Likelihood for an Individual Neuron(w/o Gaussian Assumption)
•Monkey’s Choice Behavior
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Neurons vs Behavior
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So How Should You Set Criterion?(What is the Loss Function)
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More complicated theories of “Bias”
•Expected Value•Expected Utility•Prospect Theory
•Game Theory
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The rise (and fall?) of expected utility• Why EU?
– EV-maximization Σxxg(x) easily disproved • St. Petersburg paradox
…but EU is a simple generalization of EV– Axioms:
• Completeness of preference (including transitivity)• Continuity (“solvability”)
– If fgh then there exists p such that pf+(1-p)hg
• Cancellation (independence)– If fg then pf+(1-p)z pg+(1-p)z for all z, p>0
Paul: Explain EV and EU Here
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Cancellation is logically sensible but perceptually unnatural
• Allais common consequence problem:– A: (.33, $2.5 M; 0.1, $0; .67, $2.4M) or
(.33, $2.4 M; 0.1 $2.4M; .67, $2.4M) – B: (.33, $2.5 M; 0.1, $0; .67, $0) or
(.33, $2.4 M; 0.1 $2.4M; .67, 0)
– Majority choose $2.4 M in Aand $2.5 M in B
Violates Cancellation because .01 payoff is identical in both experiments so it can be cancelled, this reveals that preferences have reversed
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Many variants of expected utility
• Source: Camerer JRiskUnc 88, Edwards (Ed) Utility Theories, 92
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Useful tool: Marschak-Machina triangle for representing 3-outcome gambles
• Outcomes x3>x2>x1
• Each point is a gamble
• Theories dictate properties of indifference curves
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• EU is equivalent to– Linear indiff curves– Parallel
• Allais common consequence effect curves get steeper toward upper left
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Prospect theory, I • Key features:
– Reference-dependence, nonlinear w(p)
• Nonlinear weighting of probability– Zeckhauser bullet example, 6 5 and 1 0– Inflection (sensitivity), elevation (risk attitude)– KT (’92 JRU) w(p)=pγ//(pγ+(1-p)γ)1/γ
– Prelec (98 E’metrica) w(p)=1/exp((ln(1/p)γ) • Large overweighting on low probabilities• γ=.7 w(1/10)=.165, w(1/100)=.05, w(1/1,000,000)=.002
• Morgenstern 79 J Ec Lit:– [Like Newtonian mechanics] The domain of our axioms on utility theory
is also restricted…For example, the probabilities used must be within certain plausible ranges and not go to .01 or even less to .001, then be compared with other equally tiny numbers such as .02 etc.”
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Empirical weighting functions
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Prospect theory, I
• Key features:– Reference-dependence, nonlinear w(p)
• Reference-dependence– Extension of psychophysics (e.g. hot-cold)– U(x-r)
• Koszegi-Rabin u(x) + ωv(x-r)
– U(.) “reflects” (gamble over losses)– Loss-aversion
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Prospect theory value function: Note kink at zero and diminishing marginal sensitivity
(concave for x>0, convex for x<0)
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Do Classical Decision VariablesInfluence Brain Activity in LIP?
LIP
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Varying Movement Value
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What Influences LIP?
Related to Movement Desirability• Value/Utility of Reward• Probability of Reward• Overall Desirability (EU)
NB: Utility is used here without any intended reference to welfare
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Varying Movement Probability
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What Influences LIP?
Related to Movement Desirability• Value/Utility of Reward• Probability of Reward• Overall Desirability (EU)
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What Influences LIP?
Related to Movement Desirability• Value/Utility of Reward• Probability of Reward• Overall Desirability (EU)
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Is LIP a Decision Making Map?
A Map of Movement Desirabilities?
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Theory of Games:
By The Nash Equations:At Behavioral Equilibrium
EUworking=EUshirking
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Paul: Show Equilib Computation here
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Behavior FixedEU Changes
Behavior ChangesEU Fixed
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Along Indifference LinesBoth Actions Have Equal
Expected Utility
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Monkey Work of Shirk
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In Lottery Task:
Behavior Held Constant50% into Response Field
Expected Utility VariesHigh vs. Low
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In Strategic Game:
Behavior VariesNash Equilibrium
Expected Utility FixedOn Average EU1 = EU2
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LIP Tracks Average EU
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Local Fluctuations in EU?
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Perhaps
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LIP Codes Absolute or RelativeExpected Utility?
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Stochastic Decision Model
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Stochastic Decision Model
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Stochastic Decision Model