glass jetons from sicily : new find evidence from the excavations at monte iato / christian weiss
TRANSCRIPT
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE
XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS
GLASGOW 2009
Edited by
Nicholas Holmes
GLASGOW 2011
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All rights reserved byThe International Numismatic Council
ISBN 978-1-907427-17-6
Distributed by Spink & Son Ltd, 69 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4ET
Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.
International Numismatic Council
British Academy
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE
XIV th INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS
GLASGOW 2009
II
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PrefaceEditor’s note
Inaugural lecture
‘A foreigner’s view of the coinage of Scotland’, by Nicholas MAYHEW
Antiquity: Greek
I Delfini (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO
Lessons from a (bronze) die study, by Donald T. ARIEL
Le monete incuse a leggenda Pal-Mol : una verifica della documentazione
disponibile, by Marta BARBATO
Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by RachelBARKAY
Remarks on monetary circulation in the chora of Olbia Pontica – the case ofKoshary, by Jarosław BODZEK
The ‘colts’ of Corinth revisited: a note on Corinthian drachms from Ravel’sPeriod V, by Lee L. BRICE
Not only art! The period of the ‘signing masters’ and ‘historical iconography’,by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO
Les monnaies pr éromaines de BB’T-BAB(B)A de Mauretanie, by LaurentCALLEGARIN & Abdelaziz EL KHAYARI
Mode iconografiche e determinazioni delle cronologie nell’occidente ellenistico,by Benedetto CARROCCIO
La phase postarcha ï que du monnayage de Massalia, by Jean-AlbertCHEVILLON
A new thesis for Siglos and Dareikos, by Nicolas A. CORFÙ
Heroic cults in northern Sicily between numismatics and archaeology, byAntonio CRISÀ
La politica estera tolemaica e l’area del Mar Nero: l’iconografia numismaticacome fonte storica, by Angela D’ARRIGO
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CONTENTS2
New light on the Larnaca hoard IGCH 1272, by Anne DESTROOPER-GEORGIADES
The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by Dimitar DRAGANOV
The ‘royal archer’ and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in theSeleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT
ὖ ὰ ῖ ῖ . Retour sur les critères quidéfinissent habituellement les ‘imitations’ Athéniennes, by Chr. FLAMENT
On the gold coinage of ancient Chersonese (46-133 AD), by N.A. FROLOVA
Propaganda on coins of Ptolemaic queens, by Agnieszka FULIŃSKA
Osservazioni sui rinvenimenti di monete dagli scavi archeologici dell’anticaCaulonia, by Giorgia GARGANO
La circulation monétaire à Argos d’apr ès les monnaies de fouille de l’ÉFA(École française d’Athènes), by Catherine GRANDJEAN
Silver denominations and standards of the Bosporan cities, by JeanHOURMOUZIADIS
Seleucid ‘eagles’ from Tyre and Sidon: preliminary results of a die-study, byPanagiotis P. IOSSIF
Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN
Parion history from coins, by Vedat KELEŞ
Regional mythology: the meanings of satyrs on Greek coins, by Ann-MarieKNOBLAUCH
The chronology of the Hellenistic coins of Thessaloniki, Pella and Amphipolis,by Theodoros KOUREMPANAS
The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by Constantine LAGOS
Évidence numismatique de l’existence d’Antioche en Troade, by Dincer SavasLENGER
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CONTENTS 3
Hallazgo de un conjunto monetal de Gadir en la necr ó polis Feno-Púnica delos cuarteles de Varela, Cádiz, España, by Urbano LÓPEZ RUIZ & Ana Mar í aRUIZ TINOCO
Gold and silver weight standards in fourth-century Cyprus: a resume, by Evangeline MARKOU
Göttliche Herrscherin – herrschende Göttin? Frauenbildnisse auf hellenistischenMünzen, by Katharina MARTIN
Melkart-Herakles y sus distintas advocaciones en la Bética costera, by ElenaMORENO PULIDO
Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend ‘ΚΟΣΩΝ’, by LucianMUNTEANU
‘Une monnaie grecque inédite: un triobole d’Argos en Argolide’, by EleniPAPAEFTHYMIOU
The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA
Le tr ésor des monnaies perses d’or trouvé à Argamum / Orgamé (Jurilovca, dép.de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMAŢCHI & V. IONIŢĂ
The imitations of late Thasian tetradrachms: chronology, classification anddating, by Ilya S. PROKOPOV
Moneta e discorso politico: emissioni monetarie in Cirenaica tra il 321 e il 258a.C., by Daniela Bessa PUCCINI
Tesoros sertorianos en España: problemas y nuevas perspectivas, by IsabelRODRÍGUEZ CASANOVA
‘Ninfa’ eponima grande dea? Caratteri e funzioni delle personificazioni cittadine,by Grazia SALAMONE
The coin finds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC – thirdcentury AD, by Ziad SAWAYA
Monetazione incusa magnogreca: destinazione e funzioni, by Rosa SCAVINO
Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by LaviniaSOLE
La moneta di Sibari: struttura e metrologia, by Emanuela SPAGNOLI
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CONTENTS4
Le stephanophoroi prima delle stephanophoroi, by Marianna SPINELLI
Weight adjustment al marco in antiquity, and the Athenian decadrachm, by CliveSTANNARD
The Magnesian hoard: a preliminary report, by Oğuz TEKIN
Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Górtyn, by Burkhard TRAEGER
Aspetti della circolazione monetaria in area basso adriatica, by AdrianaTRAVAGLINI & Valeria Giulia CAMILLERI
La polisemia di Apollo attraverso il documento monetale, by Maria DanielaTRIFIRÒ
Thraco-Macedonian coins: the evidence from the hoards, by Alexandros R.A.TZAMALIS
The pattern of findspots of coins of Damastion: a clue to its location, by Dubravka UJES MORGAN
The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by FranckWOJAN
The hoard of Cyzicenes from the settlement of Patraeus (Taman peninsula), by E.V. ZAKHAROV
Antiquity: Roman
The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN
Coin finds from the Dutch province of North-Holland (Noord-Holland).Chronological and geographical distribution and function of Roman coins fromthe Dutch part of Barbaricum, by Paul BELIËN
The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin finds from Kalkriese, by FrankBERGER
Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. first -fourth century AD, by Line BJERG
The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORIĆ-BREŠKOVIĆ
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427
436
441
447
461
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CONTENTS 5
Die Münzpr ägung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus(161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER
The denarius in the first century, by K. BUTCHER & M. PONTING
Coinage and coin circulation in Nicopolis of Epirus: a preliminary report, by Dario CALOMINO
La piazza porticata di Egnazia: la documentazione numismatica, by RaffaellaCASSANO, Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Alessandro CRISPINO
Dallo scavo al museo: un ripostiglio monetale di età antonina del IV municipiodi Roma (Italia), by Francesca CECI
I rinvenimenti dal Tevere: la monetazione della Diva Faustina, by AlessiaCHIAPPINI
Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during theTetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEÓN-REINA, F.J.FORTES, L.M. CABALÍN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA
L’Oriente Ligoriano: fonti, luoghi, mirabilia, by Arianna D’OTTONE
Le emissioni isiache: quale rapporto con il navigium Isidis?, by Sabrina DEPACE
A centre of aes rude production in southern Etruria : La Castellina
(Civitavecchia, Roma), by Almudena DOMÍNGUEZ-ARRANZ & Jean GRAN-AYMERICH
Perseus and Andromeda in Alexandria: explaining the popularity of the myth inthe culture of the Roman Empire, by Melissa Barden DOWLING
Les fractions du nummus frappées à Rome et à Ostie sous le r ègne de Maxence(306-312 ap. J.C.), by V. DROST
Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in theFlavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS
‘The restoration of memory: Minucius and his monument’ by Jane DeRoseEVANS
La circulation monétaire à Lyon de la fondation de la colonie à la mort deSeptime Sévère (43 av. – 211 apr. J.C.): premiers résultats, by Jonas FLUCK
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CONTENTS6
Le monnayage en orichalque romain: apport des expérimentations auxétudes numismatiques, by Arwen GAFFIERO, Arnaud SUSPÈNE, FlorianTÉREYGEOL & Bernard GRATUZE
New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO
Les bronzes d’Octave à la proue et à la tête de bélier (RPC 533) attribués àToulouse-Tolosa: nouvelles découvertes, by Vincent GENEVIÈVE
Crustumerium, Cisterna Grande (Rome, Italy): textile traces from a Romancoins hoard, by Maria Rita GIULIANI, Ida Anna RAPINESI, Francesco DIGENNARO, Daniela FERRO, Heli ARIMA, Ulla RAJANA & Francesca CECI
Deux médaillons d’Antonin le Pieux du territoire de Pautalia (Thrace), by Valentina GRIGOROVA-GENCHEVA
Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius:iconological considerations with special reference to the emperor’scorrespondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jürgen HAMER
The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrian’s eastern silver coinages, by F.HAYMANN
The coin-images of the later soldier-emperors and the creation of a Romanempire of late antiquity, by Ragnar HEDLUND
Coinage and currency in ancient Pompeii, by Richard HOBBS
Imitations in gold, by Helle W. HORSNÆS
Un geste de Caracalla sur une monnaie frappée à Pergame, by Antony HOSTEIN
New data on monetary circulation in northern Illyricum in the fifth century, by Vujadin IVANIŠEVIĆ & Sonja STAMENKOVIĆ
Die augusteischen Münzmeisterpr ägungen: IIIviri monetales im Spannungsfeldzwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit, by Alexa KÜTER
Imperial representation during the reign of Valentinian III, by Aládar KUUN
The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH
Le monnayage de Brutus et Cassius a pr ès la mort de César, by RaphaëlleLAIGNOUX
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CONTENTS 7
L’ultima emissione di Cesare Ottaviano: alcune considerazioni sulle recenti proposte cronologiche, by Fabiana LANNA
Claudius’s issue of silver drachmas in Alexandria: Serapis Anastole, by BarbaraLICHOCKA
La chronologie des émissions monétaires de Claude II: ateliers de Milan etSiscia, by Jérôme MAIRAT
La circulation monétaire à Strasbourg (France) et sur le Rhin supérieur aupremier siècle après J.-C., by Stéphane MARTIN
The double solidus of Magnentius, by Alenka MIŠKEC
A hoard of bronze coins of the third century BC found at Pratica di Mare(Rome), by Maria Cristina MOLINARI
Un conjunto de plomos monetiformes de procendencia hispana de la colecciónantigua del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), by Bartolomé MORASERRANO
Monete e ritualitá funeraria in epoca romana imperiale: il sepolcreto dei Fadieni (Ferrara – Italia), by Anna Lina MORELLI
Il database Monete al femminile, by Anna Lina MORELLI & Erica FILIPPINI
La trouvaille monétaire de Bex-Sous-Vent (VD, Suisse): une nouvelle analyse,
by Yves MUHLEMANN
Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Städte des Ostens: ein Projekt derKommission f ür alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLLÉ
Plomos monetiformes con leyenda ibérica Baitolo, hallados en la ciudad romanade Baetulo (Hispania Tarraconensis), by Pepita PADRÓS MARTÍ, DanielVÁZQUEZ & Francesc ANTEQUERA
I denari serrati della repubblica romana: alcune considerazioni, by AndreaPANCOTTI & Patrizia CALABRIA
Monetary circulation in late antique Rome: a fifth-century context coming fromthe N.E. slope of the Palatine Hill. A preliminary report, by Giacomo PARDINI
Securitas e suoi attributi: lo sviluppo di una iconografia, by Rossella PERA
Could the unof ficial mint called ‘Atelier II’ be identified with the of ficinae ofChâteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON
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CONTENTS8
Coin finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Cilicia Tracheia), by Annalisa POLOSA
El poblamiento romano en el área del Mar Menor (Ager Carthaginensis): unaaproximación a partir de los recientes hallazgos numismáticos, by AlfredoPORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Elvira NAVARRO SANTA-CRUZ
The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins: reflections oncultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites, by VagnerCarvalheiro PORTO
The male couple: iconography and semantics, by Mariangela PUGLISI
Countermarks on the Republican and Augustan brass coins in the south-easternAlps, by Andrej RANT
A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo
della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI
L’image du pouvoir impériale de Trajan et son évolution idéologique: étude desfrappes monétaires aux types d’Hercule, Jupiter et Soleil, by Laurent RICCARDI
The inflow of Roman coins to the east-of-the-Vistula Mazovia ( Mazowsze) andPodlachia ( Podlasie), by Andrzej ROMANOWSKI
Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the finds from the Basilica Hilariana,by Alessia ROVELLI
Communicating a consecratio: the deification coinage of Faustina I, by ClareROWAN
An alleged hoard of third-century Alexandrian tetradrachms, by Adriano SAVIO& Alessandro CAVAGNA
Some notes on religious embodiments in the coinage of Roman Syria andMesopotamia, by Philipp SCHWINGHAMMER
Roman provincial coins in the money circulation of the south-eastern Alpinearea and western Pannonia, by Andrej ŠEMROV
Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (1): introduzione, by Patrizia SERAFIN
Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (2): la moneta di Vespasiano tra tradizione edinnovazione, by Alessandra SERRA
A hoard of denarii and early Roman Messene, by Kleanthis SIDIROPOULOS
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CONTENTS 9
La ‘corona radiata’ sui ritratti dei bronzi imperiali alessandrini, by GiovanniMaria STAFFIERI
The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica inthe second and first centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD
Monete della zecca di Frentrum, Larinum e Pallanum, by Napoleone STELLUTI
Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors – Greek imperialissues, by Yannis STOYAS
Les monnaies d’or d’Auguste: l’apport des analyses élémentaires et le problèmede l’atelier de N î mes, by Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND &Michel AMANDRY
The popularity of the enthroned type of Asclepius on Peloponnesian coins of
imperial times, by Christina TSAGKALIA
Gold and silver first tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. ScottVANHORN
Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., byDaniela WILLIAMS
Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA
Antiquity: Celtic
La moneda ibérica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior : consideraciones sobresu cronologí a y función, by Marta CAMPO
Les bronzes à la gueule de loup du Berry: essai de typochronologie, by PhilippeCHARNOTET
Les imitations de l’obole de Marseille de LTD1/LTD2A (IIe s. / Ier s. av. J.C.)entre les massifs des Alpes et du Jura, by Anne GEISER
Le monnayage à la légende TOGIRIX: une nouvelle approche, by Anne GEISER& Julia GENECHESI
Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armuña deTajuña, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLÈS
Données expérimentales sur la fabrication de quinaires gaulois fourrés, by Katherine GRUEL, Dominique LACOSTE, Carole FRARESSO, MichelPERNOT & François ALLIER
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CONTENTS10
Pre-Roman coins from Sotin, by Mato ILKIĆ
Les monnaies gauloises trouvées à Paris, by Sté phane MARTIN
Die keltischen Münzen vom Oberleiserberg (Nieder österreich), by Jiři MILITKÝ
New coin finds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany)and Rheinau (Switzerland) – a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?,by Michael NICK
Le dépôt monétaire gaulois de Laniscat (Côtes-d’Armor): 547 monnaies de bastitre. Étude préliminaire, by Sylvia NIETO-PELLETIER, Bernard GRATUZE &Gérard AUBIN
Antiquity: general
La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. AR ÉVALOGONZÁLEZ
Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Münzen und Gemmen,by Angela BERTHOLD
Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by AlessandraBOTTARI
Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches toreading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL
The collection of ancient coins in the Ossoliński National Institute in Lvov(1828-1944), by Adam DEGLER
Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum,by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI
Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG project, by Marici Martins MAGALHÃES
La catalogazione delle emissioni di Commodo nel Codice Ligoriano, by RosaMaria NICOLAI
The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by Isabelle A. PAFFORD
Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at theUniversalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER
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CONTENTS 11
Monete ed anelli: cronologia, tipologie, fruitori, by Claudia PERASSI
Il volume 21 delle Antichit á Romane di Pirro Ligorio ‘Libri delle Medaglie daCesare a Marco Aurelio Commodo’ , by Patrizia SERAFIN
Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the Çorum Museum, by D. ÖzlemYALCIN
Mediaeval and modern western (mediaeval)
The exchanges in the city of London, 1344-1358, by Martin ALLEN
Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe,by Anne-Francine AUBERSON
Die Pegauer Brakteatenpr ägung Abt Siegfrieds von Rekkin (1185-1223):
Kriterien zu deren chronologischer Einordnung, by Jan-Erik BECKER
Die recutting in the eleventh-century Polish coinage, by Mateusz BOGUCKI
Le retour à l’or au treizième siècle: le cas de Montpellier (...1244-1246...), by Marc BOMPAIRE & Pierre-Joan BERNARD
Le monete a leggenda ΠAN e le emissioni arabo-bizantine. I dati dello scavo diAntinoupolis / El Sheikh Abada, by Daniele CASTRIZIO
Scavi di Privernum e Fossanova (Latina, Italia): monete tardoantiche,
medioevale e moderne, by Francesca CECI & Margherita CANCELLIERI
La aportación de los hallazgos monetarios a ‘la crisis del siglo XIV’ en Cataluña,by Maria CLUA I MERCADAL
Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE
Donative pennies in Viking-age Scandinavia?, by Fr édéric ELFVER
Carolingian capitularies as a source for the monetary history of the Frankishempire, by Hubert EMMERIG
Ulf Candidatus, by G. EMSØY
Münzen des Moskauer Grossf ürstentums. Das Geld von Dmitrij IvanowitschDonskoj (1359-1389) (ü ber die Ver öffentlichung der ersten Ausgabe des ‘Korpusder russischen Münzen des 14-15. Jhs.’), by P. GAIDUKOV & I. GRISHIN
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CONTENTS12
Brakteatenpr ägungen in Mähren in der zweiten Hälfte des dreizehntenJahrhunderts, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ Monetisation in medieval Scandinavia, by Svein H. GULLBEKK
A mancus apparently marked on behalf of King Offa: genuine or fake?, by Wolfgang HAHN
Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 1000-1250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON
Was pseudo-Byzantine coinage primarily of municipal origin?, by CharlieKARUKSTIS
Interpreting single finds in medieval England – the secondary lives of coins, byRichard KELLEHER
Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & MarcinWOŁOSZYN
Die fr üheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Münze?, by IvarLEIMUS
Coinage and money in the ‘years of insecurity’: the case of late ByzantineChalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS
Nota sulla circolazione monetaria tardoantica nel Lazio meridionale: i reperti di
S. Ilario ad bivium, by Flavia MARANI
The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and itsimplications, by Michael MATZKE
Ü berlegungen zum ‘Habsburger Urbar’ als Quelle f ür Währungsgeschichte, by Samuel NUSSBAUM
Schilling Kennisbergisch slages of Grand Master Louis of Ehrlichshausen, by Borys PASZKIEWICZ
Un diner de Jaime I el conquistador en el Mar Menor: evidencias de presenciaaragonesa en el Campo de Cartagena durante la Baja Edad Media, by Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Alfonso ROBLES FERNÁNDEZ
L’atelier de faux-monnayeur de Rovray (VD, Suisse), by Carine RAEMYTOURNELLE
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1458
1464
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1492
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CONTENTS 13
La ubicación de las casas de moneda en le Europa medieval. El caso del reino deLeón, by Antonio ROMA VALDÉS
New perspectives on Norwegian Viking-age hoards c. 1000: the Bore hoardrevisited, by Elina SCREEN
The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fifth and sixth centuries inKlapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav ŠEPAROVIĆ
A model for the analysis of coins lost in Norwegian churches, by Christian J.SIMENSEN
A clippe from Femern, by Jørgen SØMOD
The convergence of coinages in the late medieval Low Countries, by PeterSPUFFORD
A perplexing hoard of Lusignan coins from Polis, Cyprus, by Alan M. STAHL,Gerald POIRIER & Nan YAO
OTTO / ODDO and ADELHEIDA / ATHALHET - onomatological aspectsof German coin types of the tenth and eleventh centuries, by SebastianSTEINBACH
Bulles de plomb et les monnaies en Pologne au XIIe siècle, by StanislawSUCHODOLSKI
Palaeologian coin findings of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia and their reflections.by Ceren ÜNAL
The hoard of Tetí n (Czech Republic) in the light of currency conditions inthirteenth-century Bohemia, by Roman ZAORAL & Jiři MILITKÝ
The circulation of foreign coins in Poland in the fifteenth century, by MichalZAWADZKI
Mediaeval and modern Western (modern)
Die neuzeitliche Münzstätte im Schloss Haldenstein bei Chur Gr, Schweiz, by Rahel C. ACKERMANN
The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST
Four ducats coins of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) of Austria: their use in jewellery and some hitherto unpublished imitations, by Aleksandar N. BRZIC
1580
1591
1597
1605
1614
1620
1625
1633
1640
1649
1664
1671
1679
1687
1693
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CONTENTS14
A king as Hercules in the modern Polish coinage, by Witold GARBAZCEWSKI
The monetary areas in Piedmont during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries: astarting point for new investigations, by Luca GIANAZZA
Coin hoards in the United States, by John M. KLEEBERG
The transfer of minting techniques to Denmark in the nineteenth century, by Michael MÄRCHER
Patrimonio Numismático Iberoamericano: un proyecto del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, by Carmen MARCOS ALONSO & Paloma OTERO MORÁN
Moneda local durante la guerra civil española: billete emitido por elayuntamiento de San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, by Federico MARTÍNEZPASTOR & Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ
Coins and monetary circulation in the Legnica-Brzeg duchy: rudimentary problems, by Robert PIE ŃKOWSKI
Representaciones del café en el acervo de numismática del Museu Paulista -USP , by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO
Freiburg im Üechtland und die Münzreformen der französischen K önige (1689-1726), by Nicole SCHACHER
La aparición de la marca de valor en la moneda valenciana, ¿1618 o 1640? Una
nueva hipótesis de trabajo, by Juan Antonio SENDRA IBÁÑEZ
Devotion and coin-relics in early modern Italy, by Lucia TRAVAINI
The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins fromJáchymov (Joachimsthal) in the first half of the sixteenth century, by PetrVOREL
The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to theEnglish Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV
Oriental and African coinages
The meaning of the character寳 bao in the legends of Chinese cash coins, by Vladimir A. BELYAEV & Sergey V. SIDOROVICH
Three unpublished Indo-Sasanian coin hoards, Government Museum, Mathura,by Pratipal BHATIA
1704
1713
1719
1725
1734
1744
1748
1752
1758
1765
1774
1778
1783
1789
1796
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CONTENTS 15
Oriental coins in the Capitoline Museums (Rome): further researches onStanzani Collection history, by Arianna D’OTTONE
The king, the princes and the Raj, by Sanjay GARG
The first evidence of a mint at Miknāsa: two unpublished Almoravid coins, adirham and a dinar, of the year 494H/1100, by Tawfiq IBRAHIM
L’âge d’or de la numismatique en Chine: l’exemple du Catalogue des Monnaies Anciennes de Li Zuoxian, by Lyce JANKOWSKI
Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage.Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by Keiichiro KATO
The gold reform of Ghazan Khan, by Judith KOLBAS
A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER
Latest contributions to the numismatic history of Central Asia (late eighteenth –nineteenth century), by Vladimir NASTICH
Silver fragments of unique Būyid and Ḥamdānid coins and their role in the Kelč hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVÁK
Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde,
by A.V. PACHKALOV
Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVI e au XIXe siècles, by Josette RIVALLAIN
Les imitations des dirhems carrés almohades: apport des analyses élémentaires,by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND
À propos du monnayage de Kiến Phúc (1883-1884), by François THIERRY
Glass jetons from Sicily: new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato,by Christian WEISS
Medals
Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by Kathleen ADLER
1807
1813
1821
1826
1832
1841
1847
1852
1862
1869
1874
1884
1890
1897
1907
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CONTENTS16
Numismatic memorials of breeding trotting horses (based on the collection ofthe numismatic department of the Hermitage), by L.I. DOBROVOLSKAYA
De retrato a arquetipo: anotaciones sobre la difusión de la efigie de Juan VIIIPaleólogo en la peninsula Ibérica, by Albert ESTRADA-RIUS
Titon du Tillet e le medaglie del Parnasse François, by Paola GIOVETTI
Bedrohung und Schutz der Erde: Positionen zur Umweltproblematik in derdeutschen Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart, by Rainer GRUND
The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by JanPELSDONK
Twentieth-century British campaign medals: a continuation of the nineteenthcentury?, by Phyllis STODDART and Keith SUGDEN
‘Shines with unblemished honour’: some thoughts on an early nineteenth-century medal, by Tuukka TALVIO
General numismatics
Dall’iconografia delle monete antiche all’ideologia della nazione future. Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di D’Annunzio sulla nuova monetazione
Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO
Didaktisch-methodische Aspekte der Numismatik in der Schule, by Szymon
BERESKA
The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by François deCALLATAŸ
Le monete di Lorenzo il Magnifico in un manoscritto di Angelo Poliziano, by Fiorenzo CATALLI
Coinage and mapping, by Thomas FAUCHER
Classicism and coin collections in Brazil, by Maria Beatriz BorbaFLORENZANO
A prosopography of the mint of ficials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by Luca GIANAZZA
Elementary statistical methods in numismatic metrology, by DagmarGROSSMANNOVÁ & Jan T. STEFAN
1920
1931
1937
1945
1959
1965
1978
1985
1993
1999
2004
2012
2017
2022
2027
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CONTENTS 17
Les collections numismatiques du Musée archéologique de Dijon (France), byJacques MEISSONNIER
Bank of Greece: the numismatic collections, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU
Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public,by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU
Re-discovering coins: publication of the numismatic collections in Bulgarianmuseums – a new project, by Evgeni PAUNOV, Ilya PROKOPOV & SvetoslavaFILIPOVA
„Census of Ancient Coins Known in the Renaissance“, by Ulrike PETER
Le sel a servi de moyen d’échange, by J.A. SCHOONHEYT
The international numismatic library situation and the foundation of theInternational Numismatic Libraries’ Network (INLN), by Ans TER WOERDS
The Golden Fleece in Britain, by R.H. THOMPSON
Das Museum August Kestner in Hannover: Neues aus der Münzsammlung, by Simone VOGT
From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI
Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra PieridesCollection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU
Index of Contributors
2036
2044
2046
2047
2058
2072
2082
2089
2100
2102
2112
2118
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1 Amari 1880-81, pp. 86f, 91f, 189, 262.
2 Balog 1975.
3 Balog 1971-73.
4 E.g. De Luca 1997, pp. 205-207; Isler 1992, pp. 115f.; Andronico
2003, p. 83; Spatafora 2003, p. 83; De Luca 2007, pp. 359-62.
5 There are indeed some towns particularly in the east of the island,
where Muslim communities resisted for a longer time against the Norman
troops. But it was still during the reign of al-Mustanṣir, when Sicily was
completely in Norman hands.
6 M 230 (2.01g), M 696 (2.44g), M 1755 (4.95g), M 1993 (5.47g), M
2472 (5.27g), M 3315 (5.26g), M 3317 (5.21g), M 3569 (2.38g).
7 M 3074 ( aẓ-Ẓāhir, fragmented), M 403 (al-Mustanṣir, 5.59g).8 Sicilian finds usually tend to be much more affected by glass corrosion
than the ones from excavations in Egypt.
GLASS JETONS FROM SICILY: NEW FIND EVIDENCE
FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT MONTE IATO
CHRISTIAN WEISS
Introduction
Monte Iato lies in the hinterland of Palermo, about 30 km south of the capital of the island.
Archaeological excavations and written sources provide a large amount of information about the
site from prehistoric to medieval times: Iato - or Ğāṭū, as Arabian sources call it1 - was a town
on top of the mountain, perfectly secured as a natural fortress. This was surely the reason why it
served as a centre for Muslim rebels against Hohenstaufen authorities. In 1246 AD Frederick II
captured Iato after a long siege. The town was destroyed and the remaining Muslim population
was transferred to mainland Lucera. As it was forbidden to settle at Monte Iato thereafter, it turned
out to be a perfect place for long term excavations. So, although the main focus of the excavations
lies in documenting the classical period, it has become the largest medieval excavation project inSicily too.
Sicilian glass jetons
The Sicilian glass jetons can be seen as a distinct group of material within the glass jetons, as
at least the post-Fāṭimid ones were produced on the island itself. In 1975 an overview of the then
known Sicilian types was presented by Balog;2 shortly after his general corpus of Fāṭimid glass
jetons was released.3 Since then only a few new Sicilian finds have been published.4
The excavations at Monte Iato provided a large quantity of glass jetons from the Fāṭimid, but
mostly from the post-Fāṭimid period, i.e. from Norman and Hohenstaufen times. Up until 2008,
137 jetons or fragments of such had been found at the site of Monte Iato, of which only ten can bedated securely to the period when Sicily was under Fāṭimid, specifically under Kalbid rule. Eighty-
one jetons seem to date from post-Fāṭimid times, while the remaining 46 are illegible or at least
not attributable to a specific type.
Fāṭimid jetons
For the Fāṭimid period, which for Sicily lasted only until 1072, when the capital Palermo was
conquered by the Normans,5 there are no surprises at Monte Iato: most of the jetons – that is eight
out of ten – can be attributed to al-Ḥākim,6 while aẓ-Ẓāhir and al-Mustanṣir are represented by one
jeton each.7 This corresponds with Balog’s catalogue, where 35 out of 44 jetons are attributed to
the same caliph. Most of the types are well known from North Africa and may have been producedin Egypt, but a Sicilian workshop should also be taken into consideration, as some of the dies seem
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CHRISTIAN WEISS2
9 The only jeton that doesn’t fit well into the system is Balog 1975, p.
131, no. 1, with 3.6g, attributed by Balog to al- Az ī z (Balog 1975, p.131).
This specimen, MN Siracusa Inv. 17743, is exceptional for more than one
reason (form, legend, weight) and would merit a re-examination.
10 Balog 1975, p. 135, no. 18, and p. 136, no. 21. They belong to
different types and were probably both produced in Egypt. The first type
corresponds to the obverse of the following no. 19 (2.47g) and to Balog
1971-73, p. 225, no. 80 (three jetons: Balog 1 (2.85g), Balog 2 (2.65g)
and Launois 1969, no. 46 (1.81g)), most of them belonging to the dirham
weight standard. The jeton of the other type seems to be the only known
specimen of the type.
to be carved in a rather rough style compared with examples from Egypt belonging to the same
types. However, many of the published specimens from North Africa are not shown in plaster casts
but by photograph, which makes die analysis often dif ficult or almost impossible.
The weights of the not fragmented Fāṭimid specimens from Iato (Fig. 1, black columns) can be
divided into two groups. They correspond well with the double dirham and the dirham standard,
if we take glass corrosion into account.8 Including the weights from Balog’s catalogue (Fig. 1,
white columns), this weight attribution becomes clearer.9 Besides jetons of the dirham unit and its
double, Balog’s catalogue contains also a jeton with a weight of around 1 g that corresponds to the
quarter dinar. A heavier weight, represented in Balog’s catalogue by two specimens in the name of
al-Ḥākim, seem to belong to a different unit, maybe to the double mi ṯ qāl.10
Fig. 1.
post-Fāṭimid jetons
With 60% of the total, the majority of the glass jetons from Monte Iato are not attributable to
the Fāṭimid period. Besides an astonishing quantity of jetons in the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ (10 out of a
total of 81 jetons), they consist of various anonymous types, often with pious mottoes, sometimes
also just imitating Kufic script. There exist also anepigraphic types, the best known one showing
an eagle and dating to Hohenstaufen times. Concerning the post-Fāṭimid jetons, I will now con-
centrate on three types, which are among the most frequently encountered jetons at Monte Iato, butwhich have not yet had the attention they deserve.
When Balog made his corpus of Sicilian glass jetons in 1975, his list of Fāṭimid issues didn’t
end with al-Mustanṣir, although the Norman conquest of the island had been completed in 1092,
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GLASS JETONS FROM SICILY:
NEW FIND EVIDENCE FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT MONTE IATO 3
11 Balog 1975, p. 129.
12 Balog was convinced that the jetons of al-Ḥāfiẓ were produced in
Egypt too. Nevertheless, he attributes his type no. 40 – which he believes
to be a counterfeit of a jeton of al-Ḥāfiz (Balog 1975, p. 129) – to Sicily.13 Balog 1975, pp. 138f., no. 30f. He also described a third type which he
thought to be a counterfeit that copies an unknown jeton of al-Ḥāfiẓ (Ibid.).14 Balog 1975, p. 138: MN Siracusa Inv. 43566 (4.05g), Monte Iato
M 404 (1.80g), Coll. D’Angelo no. 19 (1.74g). Arabic legend on three
horizontal lines: al-Imām / al-Ḥāfiẓ li-D ī n Allāh / am ī r al-mūmin ī n.15 Balog 1975, p. 136, no. 22: BC Palermo no. 19 (2.03g), MN Siracusa
Inv. 17742 (2.10g), MN Siracusa Inv. 6670 (no weight), Coll. Cardella no.
5 (2.03g).
16 M 365 (1.74g), M 548 (3.45g), M 878 (3.50g), M 2474 (1.43g), M
2725 (3.79g), M 3447 (fragmented).
17 M 3212 (fragmented).
18 M 1143 (fragmented), M 3651 (fragmented).
with its capital Palermo already captured in 1072. He also listed jetons of al-Āmir, al-Ḥāfiẓ and
one probably belonging to al-Āḍid. While the jetons of al-Āmir and al-Āḍid may have come
from Egyptian traveller merchants or the like,11 as each of those caliphs is represented only once
in the material, the ones bearing the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ can’t be explained in this way, as they are
too numerous and the types to which they belong are only known in Sicily.12 Balog mentioned
four specimens, belonging to two different types.13 One type, Balog’s no. 31, is known through
only one jeton, preserved in the collection of the Biblioteca Comunale di Palermo, unfortunately
without more detailed provenance.
For the other type, Balog’s no. 30, he listed three jetons (subtype A1): one from the National
Museum in Syracuse, one from the Monte Iato excavations and one from a private collection
in Palermo.14 There can be added four more jetons, as Balog’s no. 22, which he attributed to al-
Ḥākim,15 seems to belong as a subtype (A2) to the same type of al-Ḥāfiẓ too. In addition to these
seven jetons already known to Balog, we can add nine newer finds from Monte Iato, of which six
belong to subtype A1,16 one to subtype A2,17 and two to an unpublished subtype A3 with a charac-
teristic line of pearls in the middle.18
The weights of the Sicilian jetons in the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ differ clearly from those of the Sicil-
ian Fāṭimid period: they do not fit into the double dirham or dirham standards, but point to a weightof slightly above 2g and its double (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
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CHRISTIAN WEISS4
An anonymous type was known to Balog only as a single fragmented piece from Monte Iato.19
Since then, seven additional jetons of the same type, all of them unbroken, have been found at
Monte Iato.20 Another one, found in excavations at Agrigento, seems to be of the same type.21 The
legend baraka, in carefully carved Kufic script, doesn’t suggest any specific time or dynasty. The
archaeological contexts point to late Norman times, most probably to the last quarter of the twelfth
century AD.
In contrast to the jetons in the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ, the weights of this type fit well into the dirham
system, two being double dirham weights and six belonging to the dirham standard (Fig. 3).22
Fig. 3.
Another anonymous type has been found quite often at Monte Iato: Jakob Georg Christian
Adler, a German Priest and Orientalist, published this type for the first time in 1782 in his studies
of the oriental coins in Cardinal Stephano Borgia’s library. It seems that this publication wasn’t
known to Balog in 1975, when he mentioned the fragmented first find from Monte Iato of this
type.23 Now six additional jetons of the same type have been found at Monte Iato,24 and another
one in the year 2002 during excavations at Piazza Italia in Reggio Calabria. 25 Three more jetons
of the type can be found in collections in France, unfortunately all without provenance: two of
them in the Bibliothèque nationale de Paris,26 one in the Louvre.27 The legend in Nasḫi script is not
readable with certainty. Noujaim-Le Garrec suggests ‘rabbī All āh al-azziyah adl ’ , reorganizing
the words and adding missing glyphs.28 Either way, the legend doesn’t give us any hints about theissuing authority and thus remains anonymous. The archaeological contexts at Monte Iato lead to
19 Balog 1975, p. 142, no. 36 (M 297, fragmented).
20 M 863 (2.73g), M 1145 (2.67g), M 1423 (2.54g), M 1498 (5.60g), M
2723 (5.40g), M 2883 (2.17g), M 2984 (2.44g).
21 De Luca 2007, pp. 361f., no. 7 (Inv. 89.48, 2.42g ).22 The fragmented jeton, inv. M 297, used to be most probably a double
dirham weight, as the preserved part of it weighs 2.71g.
23 Balog 1975, p. 143f., no. 41 (M 334, fragmented).
24 M 437 (4.04g), M 523 (fragmented), M 879 (7.44g), M 1992
(fragmented), M 2726 (1.77g), M 3213 (1.91g)
25 Andronico 2003, p. 83, no. 217 and Plate 29.
26 Launois 1959, p. 42, no. 110f.
27 Noujaim-Le Garrec 2004, p. 213, no. 322 (as Mamlūk).
28 Ibid.
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GLASS JETONS FROM SICILY:
NEW FIND EVIDENCE FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT MONTE IATO 5
29 Balog 1971-72, pp. 188-95.
a dating in earliest Hohenstaufen times. The type has more than once been found together with
denari of Henry VI.
The weights fit into the same system as the Sicilian jetons in the name of al-Ḥāf iẓ. In addition
to the standard of slightly above 2g and its double of the al-Ḥāfiẓ-type, here we have to add another
weight of about 7.5g or heavier (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4.
Conclusion
In Fāṭimid times Sicilian glass jetons are strongly connected with Egyptian ones: they seem to
obey the same weight standards and belong to the same types that are known for Egyptian glass
jetons of this time. It may even be that they were made in Egypt and imported to the island.
During Norman times, an additional standard of slightly above 2g, and its double at least from
about the reign of Roger II, can be observed. It seems to correlate with the dinar and its half at first
glance, if we take strong glass corrosion into account. But then, some doubts remain: the weight for
quarter dinars, the only gold denomination in Sicily, is missing, and while half dinar weights have nev-
er been seen in Fāṭimid Egypt, they would be forming the largest group of weights in Sicily. Although
the new weight standard appears for the first time in Norman times, it can’t be attributed to a new Nor-
man coin weight standard because for western Sicily the standard remains the same until the reign of
William I. But new weights such as 10 ḫarr ū ba or 20 ḫarr
ū ba could be imaginable, as the ḫarr
ū ba has
been the only true silver (or billon) denomination since late Aghlabid times in western Sicily.
Another hypothesis would be that these types were not coin weights but market weights – for
example for spices – and therefore obeyed another, local weight standard. More find evidence and
further studies are certainly needed here.
An interpretation of glass jetons as fiduciary coins, as Balog suggested for the issues of al-
Ḥākim and the following caliphs,29 seems – at least for post-Fāṭimid Sicily – not very convincing.
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CHRISTIAN WEISS6
30 These (sub-)types in the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ seem all to be made in
Sicily. Two jetons of a similar subtype are known from the ANS collection,
but they have other ornaments in exergue (Balog 1973, p. 202, no. 400 (=
ANS Inv. 1917.216.4071 and Inv. 1911.27.64). Another similar subtype
is preserved in the British Museum (Lane-Poole no. 322 (= BM Inv. OR
3657) and two additional specimens of the same subtype), but the L ām-
Alif of ‘al-Imām’ differs much from the Sicilian ones, the spacing between
the characters and even the arrangement of the lines as well. As the
word ‘Allāh’ starts in the third line of the legend, they have to be seen as
examples of another, similar type (I would like to express my gratitude
to Miss Vesta Curtis, curator of oriental coins at the British Museum,
for supporting me with scans of jetons missing on Lane-Poole’s plates).
Besides this, the weights do not fit, as North African types of al-Ḥāfiẓ
follow the same weight as those bearing the protocol of earlier caliphs.
31 To explain the types as counterfeits (of glass coins) by the Muslim
inhabitants of Sicily, who wanted to underline their support for al-Ḥāfiẓ,
seems at first glance a possible explanation, as almost all of the written
sources that mention medieval Iato draw a picture of a Muslim stronghold,
rebelling against Christian authorities from the end of Muslim rule in the
1070s (Malaterra 3, 20) until 1246, when the remaining population of the
conquered city was transferred to mainland Lucera. But for the first half of
the 12th century AD there exist – as an exception to the rule – only mentions
of a well integrated Iato, being part of the royal demesne of Roger II, with
a prison cave for the personal enemies of the king (Idr ī s ī 7, 45) and serving
the Christian governor Georg of Antioch as a spring board into further
careers (Cusa 1868-82, pp. 515-17, no. 45).
32 There have been suggested other purposes like talismans and gaming
pieces too. But for such a function, it wouldn’t have been necessary to obey
any weight standards carefully at all.
33 Bates 1993, p. 540.
34 Lévy-Provençal 1947, p. 88 )French translation); Lévi-Provençal
1955, p. 40 (edition of the Arabic text).
35 The term am ī n is described likewise by Ibn A bdūn in the same treatise
(Lévy-Provençal 1947, p. 119).
36 One may ask if this ḥisba treatise has ever been more than a theoretical
text, as glass weights have never been found in Spanish excavations so far.
Ibn Abdūn may have been inspired by the situation in the Maghreb, where
he was raised.
37 Balog mentioned a rate of 30% (Balog 1971-72, pp. 194f.), and even
if Novák reduced this to 18% for his own research (Novák 2006, p. 31),
it’s still an astounding quantity. For Sicilian issues, Balog identified all the
jetons with imitational Kufic or Nasḫi as counterfeits (Balog 1975, p. 129).
But for almost all of them, not even an approximately similar of ficial issue
can be found, be it in Sicily or in Egypt.
Up to now, no known glass jeton can be recognized as an of ficial issue of Norman authorities. On
the other hand, it’s hard to believe that the Norman kings could have tolerated unof ficial issuing of
coins. But this would have been the case, as the post-Fātimid types were made in Sicily, for they
are not known from northern Africa.
Also, the issuing of glass jetons in the name of al-Ḥāfiẓ30 does not fit into that theory. Even
though Roger II cultivated good relations with al-Ḥāfiẓ, coins made in Sicily bearing the name of
the caliph couldn’t have been tolerated.31
Adding the fact that written sources only talk about glass weights, but never about glass coins,
I’m convinced that the glass jetons of Fāṭimid and post-Fāṭimid times from Monte Iato were used
as glass weights – be it coin weights only or market weights too.32
The lack of issues in the name of Norman rulers and the abundance of different anonymous
types could be explained by a decentralized manufacture, a phenomenon that has been observed
by Bates for Egypt for the time after 1230 AD as well.33 This would mean, that, with the decline
of Kalbid power in Sicily, the former products of a central Dār al-iyār (or assay of fice) – be it in
Egypt only or in Palermo too – were displaced by regionally or even locally manufactured glass
weights with anonymous legends. This would also fit with a ḥisba treatise for Sevilla, written by
Ibn Abdūn around 1100 AD, where it says that weights shall be made out of glass or iron and shall be marked on one side by the stamp of the am ī n.34 As ‘am ī n’ was used as a title for the head of
a trade guild in the Muslim west,35 this ḥisba passage may perhaps point to an emission of glass
weights by one, or more probably several, local workshops in Sicily too.36
This would also explain why so called ‘forgeries’ of glass weights,37 bearing illegible Pseudo-
Kufic ‘legends’, can be found in an astonishing variety and quantity, but without any similarity to
known originals. Instead of defining them as forgeries of as yet undiscovered of ficial issues, they
could simply be regarded as local imitations, nevertheless serving their purpose as commonly ac-
cepted weights.
If this hypothesis were right, a change in politics would have been made again in early Ho-
henstaufen times, when all the different denominations of glass weights showed the Hohenstaufen
eagle and seem to have been manufactured in a central Hohenstaufen workshop again.
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GLASS JETONS FROM SICILY:
NEW FIND EVIDENCE FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT MONTE IATO 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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D’Angelo, F. (2003), ‘Alcuni aspetti dei pesi monetali islamici in vetro’, in: Fontana, M.V. /Genito, B. (eds.), Studi in onore di Umberto Scerrato per il suo settantacinquesimo compleanno, pp. 225-30.
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De Luca, M.A. (1997), ‘Reperti con iscrizioni arabe’, in: Molinari, A. (ed.), Segesta II, il castelloe la moschea (scavi 1989-1995), pp. 205-207.
De Luca, M.A. (2007), ‘Monete e gettoni di epoca araba e normanna’, in: A.A.V.V., Agrigentodal Tardo Antico al Medioevo: Campagne di scavo nell’area della necropoli paleocristiana. Anni1986-1999, pp. 351-64.
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Spatafora, F. (2003), Monte Maranfusa. Un insediamento nella media Valle del Belice, Palermo.
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PLATE I