glasory (pak studies 3rd year)

8/14/2019 GLASORY (pak studies 3rd year)

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Apartheid : A South African word meaning "nogovernment". It relates to policy of racialsegregation(separation of Whites and non- Whites) practicedmainly in South Africa.

Armistice : A temporary cessation(termination) of fightingpending formal negotiations for peace.

Asylum : Refuge or protection requested by or granted to aforeign national in another country.

Autonomy : Right of Self- government; power to manageinternal affairs in a restricted sense as applied to a State ina federal order.

Balance of Power : This is an International states relationpolicy. The policy of preservation of equilibrium (balance) ofstrength or power among countries or groups with a view of

preventing them from becoming too powerful for the safety ofothers is called Balance of Power.

Blue Book : It denotes documents issued by the BritishParliament as well as report of Commissions and Committees.They are bound in blue paper covers.

Bolshevism : The political doctrine of Bolsheviks (in Russian,

Bolsheviki means majority within the party). It is the doctrineof Proletarian (lower class) Dictatorship as advocated inRussia by the Bolsheviks led by V. I. Lenin.


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Law : The Law is the body of rules and principles,governing the affairs of a community and enforced by apolitical authority; a legal system.

Diplomacy : Diplomacy is the art and practice ofconducting negotiations between representatives of groups ornations.

Constitution : A constitution is a system, often codified in awritten document, which establishes the rules and principlesby which an organization is governed. In the case of countries

this term refers specifically to a national constitution, whichdefines the fundamental political principles and establishes thepower and duties of each government.

Socialism : A political and economic doctrine aiming atsocialisation of the factors of production and state controlover the processes of distribution. Competition is to bereplaced by cooperation and rewards of labour are to be

apportioned equitably. Marxian socialists believe that such anorder is born out of a public upsurge culminating into arevolution. Others maintain that socialism is possible throughdemocratic methods. OR Socialism refers to a broad array ofdoctrines. As an economic system, socialism is usuallyassociated with state or collective ownership of the means ofproduction. This control, according to socialists, may beeither direct, exercised through popular collectives such as

workers' councils, or it may be indirect, exercised on behalfof the people by the state.

Secular : Secularity and secular are derived from the Latinword saeculum, an expression of time meaning one generationor century.


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Democracy : A political order wherein the government is runby the elected representatives of the people. The ancientGreek philosophers defined democracy as a rule by the people.In the modern times, however, the classic definition ofdemocracy by Abraham Lincoln (American President) as"government of the people, by the people, for the people" isuniversally acceptable.

State : A state is a set of institutions that possess theauthority to make the rules that govern a society, having

internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory.Autocracy : An autocracy is a form of government wherethe political power is held by a single individual. The termautocrat is derived from the Greek word autokratr (lit."self- ruler", "ruler of one's self"). Compare with oligarchy(rule by a minority, by a small group) and democracy (rule bythe majority, by the people).

Monarchy : Monarchy, (from the Greek monos, "one, " andarchein, "to rule")is a form of government that has a monarchas Head of State. A distinguishing characteristic of mostmonarchies is that the Head of State usually reigns for life;in a republic, the Head of State (often called the president)is normally elected for a certain amount of time. There arecurrently 29 extant monarchies in the world.

Glorious Revolution : The term Glorious Revolution refersto the generally popular overthrow of James II of England in1 688 by a conspiracy between some Parliamentarians and theDutch stadtholder William III of Orange- Nassau (William ofOrange). The revolution was the last successful invasion of


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England. The Revolution is closely tied in with the events ofthe Nine Years War on the continent of Europe.

Commonwealth : The English noun Commonwealth datesoriginally from the fifteenth century. The original phrase"common wealth" or "the common weal" comes from the oldmeaning of 'wealth' which is 'well- being'. The term literallymeant "common well- being". Thus commonwealth originallymeant a state governed for the common good as opposed to aauthoritarian state governed for the benefit of a given classof owners, including even despots. When capitalised,

"Commonwealth" normally refers to the 53 memberCommonwealth of Nations - formerly the "BritishCommonwealth" - a loose confederation of nations formerlymembers of the British Empire (with one exception:Mozambique).

Agent Provocateur : A person employed and smuggled into theterritory of the adversary to organize subversion while

outwardly posing as an adherent; it also relates to a personemployed to detect suspected offenders by tempting them toovert action.

Allegiance : Loyalty or duty of a subject to the sovereignor the government.

Ambassador : A diplomatic envoy of the highest order sent

by one Sovereign or State on mission to another Sovereign orState.

Anarchy : Greek word meaning "no government". Itrelates to conditions in a country equivalent to absence ofgovernment or with a government, powerless to maintain


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order. The doctrine that advocates conditions of anarchy iscalled anarchism.

Mobilizing : Mobilize means: 1 : To make mobile or capableof movement. 2: To assemble, prepare, or put into operationfor or as if for war. 3: To assemble, marshal, or coordinatefor a purpose.

Amnesty : General Pardon shown to the convicts onspecial occasions or an exemption from prosecution orpunishment granted to political and other offenders.

Appeasement, Policy of : The act of gratifying onesadversary with concessions even by sacrificing principles. Thispolicy has topical reference to the British policy of appeasingHitler by granting him territorial concessions during the period1 935- 38.

Aristocracy : A word of Greek origin meaning government by

the best men. In modern times, however, it refers to thegovernment by a superior class, superior in birth and position.

Bamboo Curtain : First used by British's war- time PrimeMinister, Mr. Winston Churchill in an address in 1 946, theterm denotes the Soviet Union's efforts to seal off itself andits East European satellites from normal contacts with thenon- communist countries.

Iron Curtain : First used by British's war- time PrimeMinister, Mr. Winston Churchill in an address in 1 946, theterm denotes the Soviet Union's efforts to seal off itself andits East European satellites from normal contacts with thenon- communist countries. (also known as Bamboo Curtain)


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Bicameral system : A form of government in which LegislativeAssembly comprises two chambers, as the Upper House andLower House. In England Upper house is known as House ofthe Commons and Lower is House of Lords. In PakistanUpper house is known as Senate and lower house is known asNational Assembly.

Black Panthers : A terrorist organization of the AmericanNegroes whoes members wear black jackets, carry firearmsand resist white excesses by resaorting to racial violence.

Big Five : The five big participants in the II World Waragainst the Axis powers(this was name of alliance see Axispower). They are U.S.A., U.S.S.R., U.K., France and China.These nations continue to have a dominant voice in the UnitedNation. The first powers are called the Big Four.

Axis Powers : The Axis Powers were those nations opposed

to the Allies during the Second World War. The three majorAxis Powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and ImperialJapan, referred to themselves as the "Rome- Berlin- TokyoAxis" and were part of an alliance. At their zenith, the AxisPowers ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe,Asia, Africa and the Pacific Ocean, but the Second WorldWar ended with their total defeat.

Bilateral agreement : Bilateral means mutual or two-sided, therefore bilateral agreement means an agreementsigned by two countries by equal willingness.


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Blitzkrieg : A German word meaning lightning war, aviolent, lightning attack indented to bring about a speedy,sweeping victory.

Bourgeoisie : French name given initially to citizens ofFrench towns and subsequently to middle classes everywhere,generally belonging to the mercantile and trading communities.The word used in the Marxian terminology denotes the moderncapitalists.

Bureaucracy : Form of the government wherein the paid

officials exercise the controlling influence. These days, theclass of officials is also known as bureaucracy.

Cabinet system : A parliamentary process by which acouncil of ministers, loosely known as the Cabinet, is maderesponsible for the government of a country. In aparliamentary democracy, the majority party elects a leaderwho chooses his colleagues to form his council of Ministers.

The Cabinet must enjoy the majority support of theParliament, failing which it has to resign.

Casting Vote : The Vote of the chairman that decidesbetween the two parties of equal strength.

Caucus : American term for a meeting of party managers todevise strategy and select a candidate for election. The term

also denotes a powerful faction or a dominate group within aparty.

Charge'd Affaires : The senior most diplomat after the Headof the Mission who temporarily conducts the affairs of theMission during the absences of the Head of the Mission.


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Chauvinism : Aggressive partriotism with contempt towardsother nation.

Coalition : A combination or association of two partieswith the purpose of forming a composite government. In timesof war, a coalition of the party in power and the opposition isformed to forge unity of action.

Co- existence : Simultaneous Existence (and toleration) ofconflicting creeds, ideologies and systems. Co- existence may

be national or international and political, economic or religious.Collective responsibility : In a parliamentary democracy, thefact of the Cabinet being jointly answerable to thelegislature. Thus every member of the Cabinet (designated asMinister) is responsible for the action of the Cabinet, as theCabinet as a whole is responsible for the action of theMinister.

Cominform : Communist information Bureau, formed in 1 947by Russia and her satellites. It expelled Yugoslavia in 1 948for insisting on autonomy. The Bureau was liquidated in 1 956to reconcile Marshal Tito, President of Yugoslavia.

Comintern : The Third International, formed in 1 919 atMoscow to spread Marxian socialism in the world. Stalin

dissolved this organization in 1 943 as a friendly gesturetowards the Allies.

Confederation : Alliance of countries for specificpurposes but States continue to retain their individualindependence.


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Cold War : The extremely aggressive propaganda campaignwaged between two power blocs and having potentialities ofculminating into a shooting war any time. This campaign maybe accompanied by a mad struggle for power and prestige.

Constituent assembly : A constituent assembly is a bodyelected with the purpose of drafting, and in some cases,adopting a constitution. OR Body of elected representativeswho have assembled to fram a constitution for country.

Coup detat : Sudden change of government, forciblyeffected by a ruler, the Army or a political party.

Counsul : An official accredited by a State to protect thecommercial interests of her nationals in a foreign country.

Contraband : Goods and war material which are forbiddenunder the international law to be supplied by the neutral

State to the belligerents.

De facto recognition : Recognition accorded to a country infact, whether valid in a law or not.

Demagogy : The art of provoking and appealing to theprejudices of the people by false, unscrupulous orators.

Dialectical Materialism : The doctrine developed by Marx andEngels and based largely on the logic of dialectic propoundedby the German philosopher Hegel. According to him, progressresults from the interaction of two conflicting half- truths;one concept (thesis) yoking its opposite (antithesis) and thetwo interacting to form new concept (synthesis). According to


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Marx, historical change is the result of the conflict betweenthe classes. The workers' struggle is seen as thesis, thecapital's antagonism as antithesis and the resultingcompromise as synthesis.

Dictatorship : A political order wherein supreme power arevested in an official or a part leader- turned- ruler.

Affidavit : A written statment, confirmed by oath, foruse as evidence in legal proceedings.

Legislative Assembly : A Legislative Assembly in Britishconstitutional thought is the second- to- top or third- to- toptier of a government led by a Governor- General, Governor ora Lieutenant- Governor, inferior to an Executive Council andequal to or inferior to a Legislative Council.Politicians electedto a Legislative Assembly are usually referred to as a Memberof the Legislative Assembly (MLA).

Despotism : Despotism is a form of government by a singleauthority, either an individual (ie. autocracy) or tightly knitgroup (ie. oligarchy), which rules with absolute political power.On its classical form, a despotism is a state where one singleman wields all the power and authority, and everyone else isconsidered as his slave.

The Nine Years War : The Nine Years War can also refer

to a conflict in Ireland, 1 5941 603; see Nine Years War. Thewar was fought to resist French expansionism along the Rhine,as well as, on the part of England, to safeguard the resultsof the Glorious Revolution from a possible French- backedrestoration of James II of England.


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Anarchism : As political doctrine, anarchism does not meandisorder or absence of normalcy. According to this doctrine,the State or government is evil and should be abolished andreplaced by free association of groups with no laws orrestrictions. The instinctive desire on the part of the peopleto act together for their mutual benefit will ensure order insuch a State.

Balfour Declaration : The policy statement of the BritishForeign Secretary, Mr. A. J. Balfour in 1 917, pledgingBritish support for the establishment of a Jewish State on

the Palestinian land is called Balfour Declaration.Ballot : Secret voting or the votes so recorded.

Buffer State : The word "buffer" means a shock- absorbingobject, interposed between two bodies about to come intocontact. A Buffer State is therefore, a small neutral Statebetween two large States (generally not on good terms)

helping in minimising the chances of hostilities.

By- election : A mid- term to a seat rendered vacant bydeath, resignation or the unseating of member.

Communism : A socio- economic theory, based on Marxiandoctrines and ultimately aiming at a classless society in whichthe principle from each according to his abilities, to each

according to his needs will be consistently applied. In theeconomic field all resources of the nation will be communallyowned and production and distribution will be state- directed.Socialism is the transitional phase leading ultimately to thegoal of communism.


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Concordat : An agreement between the Pope, in hisspiritual capacity, and a State, as the temporal authority,regulating points of conflict between the Church and theState.

Cut motion : A motion or resolution, moved by a legislator,calling for a token cut (as small as a rupee) but occasioningdiscussion on the performance and budgetary demands of aMinistry or department.

Sovereignty : It is the supreme and ultimate power of a

State to impose its will upon all persons, associations andthings within its jurisdiction. Freedom from external control isan essential element of sovereignty. OR Sovereignty is theexclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. g. legislative,

judicial, and/or executive) authority over a geographic region,group of people, or oneself.

Adjourment Motion : A motion moved by a member in the

legislature to adjourn consideration of the business in handand instead discuss a matter of urgent public importance ofwhich he simultaneously gives a notice.

Nomenclature : 1 : Nomenclature is a system of namesused in an art or a science. 2: Nomenclature is also aprocedure of assigning names to the kinds and groups oforganisms listed in a taxonomic classification.

Legitimize : Legitimize means to make something legallyright or to justify something in legal terms.


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Delegitimize : Delegitimize means to make something legallywrong or to revoke the legal or legitimate status ofsomething.

Blockade : Closing of ports and coasts of a country (inwar) to prevent ships from reaching or leaving it. Themeasure is generally against neutral ships trading with theenemy.

Condominium : Joint rule over a country by two or moreother States. The Sudan was jointly administred by Britain

and Egypt from 1899 to 1955.Envoy : A diplomatic emissary accredited to a country andholding a status below that of an Ambassador.

Espionage : A well- planned and well- directed system ofspying laid by a government or its agency in a foreign country.

Fascism : A narrow political creed developed in Italy byMussolini. A reaction against socialism and democraticequalitarianism, it meant end of parliamentary government,concentration of power in the autocrat, anti- Semitism,aggressive nationalism and denial of collective bargaining tothe labour and of right to declare lockouts to themanagement.

Civil- Disobedience : Non- cooperation towards anddisobedience of the authority of the government

Collective Security : The doctrine that all nations shouldcollectively ensure safety of individual nations; the securityalliances like NATO, SEATO, CENTO, AND Warsaw Pact are


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described as such alliances but, in reality, they are bastionsof aggressive power.

Credentials : Credential is literally meaning of the letter ofintroduction. It refers to the letter of authority and otherdocuments regarding the appointment of an envoy to anothercountry which he presents to the Head of the State of thecountry, he is accredited to, before formally getting down tohis official work.

Cross Voting : The act or practice of some individuals or

groups, both ruling and in opposition, to vote against thedirections of the party they belong to. Thus some from theruling group vote for opposition and vice versa.

Laissez- faire : French phrase meaning "Let alone". It isthe individualist doctrine envisaging no interference bygovernment in politics or commerce.

Diarchy (Dyarchy) : A system of government wherein theexecutive is divided into two sections one consisting of electedrepresentatives responsible to the legislature and the othercomprising nominated officials or others responsible to theHead of the State.

Federal Government (Federalism) : A system of governmentin which autonomous states unite and agree to surrender a

part of their authority for certain purposes but for othersthey are independent. The division of power is laid down inthe Constitution. The central subjects generally includedefence, external affairs and communications whereassubjects of local importance are given over to the federalunits.


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Electorial college : Electoral College is a body of electorschosen to elect President or Nazim.

People's republic : Peoples Republic is a politicalorganization founded and controlled by a national CommunistParty.

Fixed- term elections : A Fixed- term election is an electionthat occurs on a set date, and cannot be changed by theincumbent politician. Fixed- term elections are common for

mayors and presidents, but less common for prime ministersand other members of a parliamentary system of government.

Parliament : 1 . A national representative body havingsupreme legislative powers within the state. 2. Parliament Thenational legislature of various countries, especially that of theUnited Kingdom, made up of the House of Lords and theHouse of Commons.

Upper & Lower Houses : In Pakistan National Assembly islower house and Senate is upper house. The members of theNational Assembly are directly elected and executive is takenfrom the lower house. Lower house is broadly representativeof the population. The upper house is representative of thefederation and has equal representation of federating units.

Achhut Community : Achhut Community is a term which refersto all the untouchables, lower class communities and Pariahs.

Feudalism : A socio- economic order in which feudal lordswere granted absolute rights in land return for certain


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services to the king including the raising and providing ofsolding of solidier in time of war.

Floor Crossing : The act or practice of a person or apolitical group, under democracy, to cross over to theopposition with the intent of toppling the ministry system,etc.

Franchise : Right of voting at public elections.

Fundamental Rights : The basic rights of an individual,

especially in a civilized society. These include freedom ofexpression and religion, rights to equality, liberty andproperty and right of constitutional remedies. Thefundamental rights have been embodied in most of the world'swritten constitutions.

Gallup Poll : An opinion poll devised and put into vogue byG. H. Gallup, American journalist. Trends in public opinion are

gauged and broad conclusions are deduced with the help ofthis device by interviewing representative sets of people.

Genocide : Willful extermination of a racial, ethnic,religious or a political group. This has been made aninternational crime by a UN Convention of 1948. Genocide wassystematically practiced by the Nazi regime in Germany andmillions of Jews were done to death by various means. It was

practiced by Mujibur Rehman with Indian help in EastPakistan.

Good offices : A pacific and conciliatory role played by athird party to help compose the difference between twogroups or nations antagonist to each other.


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Local elections : Rules for, and experience with, localelections vary widely across jurisdictions. In those electoralsystems that roughly follow the Westminster model, aterminology has evolved with roles such as Mayor or Wardento describe the executive of a city or town or region, andReeve, Alderman or Councillor to describe the legislators whodeliberate decisions. However, job descriptions vary so widelyacross jurisdictions that these terms do not effectivelydescribe the various ways in which local election campaignsand means of election vary.

Four Freedoms : In his message to the Congress in June,1 941 , President Roosevelt of the USA, pleaded for fourfreedoms to form the basis of civilied society. They arefreedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship,freedom from want and freedom from fear.

Deadlock : Completely standstill situation wherein further

negotions are impossible.

Embargo : Temporary stoppage of a particular trade;originally it related to the denial of freedom of movement toships.

Episcopacy : The government of Church by bishops orgovernment of religious leaders.

Extradition : Extradition is handing over by one governmentto another of a fugitive from justice.


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Guided Democracy : The 'Guided Democracy' is a politicalsystem in which the free play of democratic practices hasbeen subjected to certain limitations.

Gold Standard : Gold Standard is a state of affairsinwhich a country keeps the value of a defined weight of goldat an equality with each other.

Hansard : Varbatim record of the day- to- dayproceeedings of the British Parliament. It is named afterThomas Curson Hansard, an English printer, who began to

issue accounts of Parliamentary debates in 1803. In 1908,the government tok over this responsibility but retained thename given to these reports.

Hierarchy : It denotes a body, religious or secular,organised on ranks, order or gardes.

Hot line : A direct telephone line between the White

House(USA) and the Kremlin (USSR), established in 1963,making personal contract at the top possible between the twocountries in a time of crisis and thus avoiding accidental wars.A similar Hot line was also established between Moscow andParis in November, 1 966 "in order to strengthen mutualcontacts at highest level".

Impeachment : Formal accusation and prosecution by a

legislature against the Head of State or high public officialsfor serious misconduct or crime against the State orConstitution.

Imperial Preference : The system whereby some goodsfrom the countries within the British Empire were exempt


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from the paymant of duties while others were granted tariffconcessions.

Imperialism : An urge of nation to organize economic andpolitical penetration in othercountries culminating in empirebuilding. During the last 200 years, many European nationsacquired, administered and developed less advanced territoriesfor purposes of trade, prestige and domination.

Lobbying : Play of influence and pressure by somelegislators over the others in the lobbies of the legislature in

connection with important legislative business.Lynching : System of extra legal punishment inflicted onNegroes by the Whites in the 1 8th century in America andEurope. It was widely prevalent in the areas where racialantagonism was strong and authority weak. The name is takenfrom the Virginian farmer Charles Lynch who was the leaderof those who took summary vegeance on black men for

offences against the whites.

Mandate : The system of trusteeship established by theLeague of Nations for the seized German and Turkish coloniesor territories. Under this system, Britain governedTanganyika, Palestine and Jordan and France governed Syriaas mandated territories.

Money Bills : Bills involving financial commitments on thepart of the government such as the annual budget, etc.

National Anthem : The official song of a nation which isplayed on state ceremonial occasions.


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Nationalism : The doctrine of social philosophy in which thegood of the nation is paramount. In its narrow sense, it maymean excessive or aggressive zeal for the welfare andadvancement of the country, even at the cost of otherpeople's interests.

Naturalisation : The process by which an alien is grantedcitizenship of a country.

Nazism : The political ideology of the National SocialistGerman Workers Party, led by Adolf Hitler till 1945. It was

steeped in the glorification of German race (the purestAryans), strong nationalism, anti- Semitism and establish of apan- German empire. Jews and Communist were the "greatestenemies" of Nazism.

Neutrality : An attitude (or policy) of strict impartialityand non- alignment towards the warring nations or ideologicallyantagonistic countries.

Open Door Policy : It refers to the policy of equalcommercial and industrial rights for all nations.

Ordinance : A decree or Act promulgated by the Head ofthe State in a state of emergency, or when the legislature isnot in session. Such ordinances are valid only for a specificperiood after which they must be a approved by the

legislature.

Pacifism : Doctrine of elimination of war by individual andcollective action. The pacifists strongly oppose the wilfulkilling of human beings and adocate obstruction of all effortsat militarism.


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Parole : A prisoner's word of honour that, if released, hewill not attempt escape, will return to custody and (in case ofa military prisoner) will not take up arms against the captorsfor a specific period.

Pilgrim Fathers : The English Puritan separatists who sailedto America in 1 620 in the Mayflower and founded thePlymouth colony, Massachusetts.

Plenipotentiary, Envoy : A diplomatic official who has been

invested with full and special powers with regard to hisassignment.

Polycentralism : The doctrine that all socialist countriesand all communist parties have equal rights, with nonepossessing the privilage or riht to impose its particularexperience on others.

Power Politics : Political activity aimed mainly atcapturing power or retaining it in disregard to the welfare andgood of the people.

Priviliege Motion : A motion moved by a legislator to drawattention of the House towards a matter involving breach ofprivilege of the House or any of its members.

Protectorate : A dependent (in certain cases weak) Statewhich looks to another (strong) State for its protection andfor the conduct of its foreign relations.


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Protocol : Diplomatic etiquette; original draft of termsand treaty (between two governments) agreed to in conferenceand signed by the parties.

Quorum : A fixed minimum of members (in legislature andother elected bodies) whose presence is essential for theproceedings to be held valid.

Referendum : The Swiss practice of referring constitutionalamendments and other important legislation of controversialnature to the direct vote of the people. The verdict of the

people is binding on the government.Responsible government : A system of government in whichthe excutive is answerable for all its actions to the electedlegislature.

Rule of Law : A political order in which all peopleirrespective of their religion, colour or profession, are equal in

the eye of law. No man will be punished bodily or in any othermanner except for a clear breach of law, established in theodinary legal manner.

Sabotage : Wanton destruction of machinery or otherfactors of production by the workers. It also means senselessdemage of public utility services or important defenceinstallations by paid agents of the enemy.

Sanctions : Penalty or reward imposed for disobedience orobedience (as the case may be) attached to a law. This isdone to enforce obedience to any rule of conduct.


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Secularism : The system under which there is no statereligion yet all religions and faiths enjoy equality oftreatment. In the strict literal sense, secularism denotes asystem that rejects belief in God, religion and future life.

Self- determination : The term means the right of anation to decide its own form of government and its politicaldesting.

Single transferable vote : A phenomenon in which amember of the electioral college possesses one vote but as

many prefernces as the number of candidates. By exercisinghis preference, the elector is said to have transferred hisvote to another person.

Skinheads : Close- cropped, heavy- booted white youngstersin Britain (mostly coming from the nation's slums) who providean antithesis to the "hippy cult". Of late, these elementshave been terrorizing the coloured immigrants, especially the

Asians, in Britain.

Spoils system : The widely prevalent practice in theU. S. A. to apportion important offices to the loyal members ofthe party in power.

Court Martial : A Service Court for trying members ofthe Armed Forces, both officers and men, in accordance with

the military law for offences or violations of the militarydiscipline.

Fifth Column : Body of anti- national spies who, in the time ofwar, sympathise with the enemy and work for it by organisingsubversion to hinder the national effort.


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Fillbuster : Pirates and adventurers who either plunderedthe newly established colonies or organised armed attacks intofriendly countries. In modern times, it refers to theobstructionist activities in the legislative bodies (especially inthe U. S)

Habeas Corpus : Act of British Parliament passed in 1 679.Under the Act, if a person is kept in prison without trial theCourts are empowered to issue a writ to the jailor to producethe person and bring him for proper trial. It also provides

facilities to the prisoner for a speedy trial and release onbail.

Manifesto : A pre- election declaration of policy by apolitical party detailing its future programmes, if voted topower.

Mediation : Efforts by intermediaries to help compose

differences between two antagonists.

Plebiscite : Derived from a Greek word, it denotes vote ofthe entire electorate on a distinct or important issue.

Syndicalism : A doctrine of French origin which , during thedays of early 20th century, aimed at the elimination of thecaptalists, and control and management of industry by the

syndicates comprising the workers.

Territorial Waters : A belt of sea surrounding the coastsof a country over which that country has jurisdiction. Thegenerally accepted territorial waters limit is three miles


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though some countries are know to have arbitrarily increasedthis limit.

Theocracy : Domination of religion in country.

Totalitarianism : A political order in which absolute powersare concentrated in one (the ruling) group and no rivalloyalties or parties are tolerated.

Treason : Gross violation by a subject of allegiance to theauthority of the State or active collaboration with, or

adherence to the enemy.Troika : The unsuccessaful Russian proposal for the abolitionof the post of the UN Secretary- General and its replacementby a three nation excecutive, called Troika, comprising amember each from the West, Soviet Bloc and the neutralnations respectively. All the three members were to beinvested with veto power.

Persona non grata. : A diplomatic envoy not welcome (ornot acceptable) in the host country.

Personality cult : Extreme adulation of a ruler or a politicalfigure by the people. Such idolization generally turns thatperson's head and often helps him assume absolute powers andturn a tyrant.

Plutocracy : A government run (or dominated) by a wealthyclass of people.

Polerization : A situation when two factions within anorganization or when two separate organizations come to


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profess and practice diametrically opposite opinions andideologies, forming themselves into mutually- opposite forces.

Prerogative : The exclusive right or privilege enjoyed by aperson or a body.

Quisling : A traitor who helps and co- operates with theenemy who is in occupation of his country. The term is derivedfrom Vidkun Quisling, an officer in the Norwegian Army, whoassisted the German invasion of Norway in 1 940 and who wasinstalled a puppet Premier. After the war, he was tried for

treason and shot. His name has become a synonym for atraitor.

Representative Government : A government run by theelected representatives of the people. The electedrepresentatives, in fact, carry out the wishes of the electorswhich are reflected in the various legislative and excutiveactions of the government.

Sphere of Influence : Territories where the will and theinfluence of a superior power have a decisive role.

Statute : Laws made by the Parliament, which are said tohave been placed on the statute book. These laws are bindingon all subjects of a particular contury.

Suffrage : The right of voting in political elections.

Guerilla : Irregular warfare. Guerilla warfare consists inattacks upon a regular army by bands of irregular troops,usually the inhabitant of an invaded country.


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Nationalization : The Policy of taking business, industriesor other projects under the control and mangement of theState.

Inquest : A legal or judicial probe into the circumstancesleading to the death of an individual.

International law : Body of laws regulating the relationsbetween nations and including pacts, treaties and conventions.It deals with such matters as the treatment of prisoners andthe wounded, contraband and blockade and the rights of

neutrals. International law is administered by the Court ofInternational Justice at the Hague.

Legation : A diplomatic mission in status lower than theEmbassy. The official residence of the head of this mission isalso known by this name.

Liberalism : A political order, credited with free trade,

religious liberty, abolition of slavery and extension offranchise.

Limited Monarchy : A constitutional set- up wherein themonarch enjoys only nominal powers and the real power restswith the representatives of the people though the business ofthe State is conducted in the name of the monarch. Such asystem exists in England.

Naxalism : Taking its name from the Naxalbari uprising ofMarch, 1 967, it is the ultra- revolutionary Marxist movement,violent in character.Forcible dispossession of the land- owners,grabbing of land by the tillers and armed agrarian revolution


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are the prominent features of this movement. All Naxalitesare Mao supporters.

Republic : Opposite of Monarchy. Under this system,sovereignty rests with the people and is exercised by theirelected representatives. Head of the State is called thePresident.

Proportional Representation : The fact of a member of anelectoral college commanding a number of votes in poportion tothe number of electors that he represents.

Unicameral : A legislature having only one house.

Weightage : Allowing a particular community (or group)more representation than it can claim on the basis of itspopulation.

whip : An important party official, entrusted with the

responsibility of organising disciplined voting according to theparty directions and ensuring attendance of theparty memberson a specific occasion.

White Paper : A detailed policy statement issued by agovernment with regard to a matter of considerable publicimportance. Originally, it was the name given to the reportsof the British Government giving official version of important

of important matters of public concern

All rights reserved. : Warning by the owner of the copyright against any infringement thereof.

Decree : Decision or a judgement having the force of law.


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Will : A legal document by which a person disposes of hisassets on death.

Writ : A written order by the Supreme Court or the HighCourt directing the state or a lower Court to act or abstainfrom acting in a particular matter.

Attorney, Power of : A document, executed under sealand in proper manner, appointing another person and conveyinghis authority to act on his behalf in the matters specified in

the document.Jury : A formally appointed body of persons to renderverdict on questions, submitted to them before trial, inrespect of both civil and criminal cases of importance.

Proxy : A person acting on behalf of another

glasory (pak studies 3rd year)

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