gl3 2ed answer key - tokyo international university of america · 2009. 6. 25. · 2. does the...

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GRAMMAR LINKS 3, 2ed ANSWER KEY UNIT ONE Present and Past: Simple and Progressive

Think About Grammar (p. 3) A.

Did time have a beginning? If it did, how did it begin? When did it begin?

Scientists think that our universe began from a very small point of space-time. About 14

billion years ago, this point suddenly exploded outward. We call this gigantic explosion the

big bang. Did time exist before the big bang? No one knows. But the Big Bang was the

beginning of time as humans are able to understand it now.

At the moment of the big bang, the universe began to expand and change. It is still

expanding and is still changing. Nowadays scientists are observing distant parts of the

universe, and they are learning more about its early history. About 10 billion years ago,

galaxies were forming from clouds of stars, dust, and gas. While our galaxy, the Milky Way,

was moving through space, our solar system formed within it. Our solar system includes the

sun and the planets that revolve around it. The motions of our planet, Earth, give us natural

time cycles—days, nights, and seasons of the year. These cycles repeat themselves regularly,

over and over again.

Natural time cycles had an important influence in the development of life on Earth. From

the beginning, the activities of living things followed Earth’s patterns of daylight and

darkness and the seasons of the year. As a result, all living things, including human bodies,

follow these natural time cycles. Our daily pattern of sleeping and waking is one of our

natural cycles.

Long ago, people everywhere lived in a way that was closely connected to the cycles of

nature. They depended on natural time, measured by changes in the sun, moon, and stars.

But now we have a mechanical measure of time, clock time, and people often schedule their

lives according to it.

Are you feeling sleepy or hungry now, even though the clock says it’s not time to sleep

or eat? What is your body telling you? Perhaps it’s trying to follow nature instead of the

clock.


B. 1. present progressive 5. past progressive 2. present progressive 6. past progressive 3. present progressive 7. present progressive 4. present progressive 8. present progressive

C. 1. -ing 2. be

D. 1. simple present 4. simple past 7. simple past 2. simple past 5. simple past 8. simple present 3. simple present 6. simple past

CHAPTER 1: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Introductory Task: True or False? (p. 4)

A. 1. c, e, simple present 2. b, d, f present progressive

B. Answers will vary.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Simple Present and Present Progressive I 1 Simple Present—Form: A Conversation About Time (p. 7)

5. think 13. follow 6. is the connection 14. have 7. get 15. controls 8. give 16. don’t eat 9. do we use 17. eat 10. doesn’t give 18. watches 11. Do I live 19. is 12. you do

2 Simple Present—Yes/No and Wh- Questions: Where Does Natural Time Come From? (p. 8)

A. I. Yes/No Questions: 2. Does it take the earth about 365 ¼ days to orbit the sun? Wh- Questions:

2. How long is an “earth year”? 3. How long does it take the earth to orbit the sun?

II. Yes/No Questions:

1. Are years on Venus as long as earth years?


2. Are years on Mars longer than years on Venus? Wh- Questions: 1. What does the length of a planet’s year depend on? 2. How long does it take Venus to orbit the sun? 3. How long does it take Mars to orbit the sun?

III. Yes/No Questions: 1. Do the planets rotate as they orbit the sun? 2. Does the earth rotate on its axis once every year? Wh- Questions: 1. How often does the earth rotate on its axis? 2. What makes day and night on earth? 3. When is it daytime on one side of the earth?

B. I. Yes/No Questions: 2. Yes, it does. Wh- Questions:

2. It’s 365 ¼ days. 3. It takes the earth about 365 ¼ days to orbit the sun.

II.Yes/No Questions: 1. No they aren’t/ No, they’re not. 2. Yes, they are. Wh- Questions: 1. It depends on the planet’s distance from the sun. 2. It takes Venus 224 ½ earth days to orbit the sun. 3. It takes Mars 687 earth days to orbit the sun.

III. Yes/No Questions: 1. Yes, they do. 2. No, it doesn’t. Wh- Questions: 1. It rotates once every 24 hours. 2. The rotation of the earth makes day and night. 3. When it’s night on the other side.

.

3 Present Progressive—Form: Time Talk (p. 9) A. I. 3. ’m sitting 7. ’m watching

4. (am) thinking 8. ’s helping 5. ’re not thinking/aren’t thinking 9. ’s not helping/isn’t helping

6. ’re watching 10. ’re wasting

II. 1. are you sitting 3. isn’t moving 5. are listening 2. ’re waiting 4. ’re trying 6. (are) playing 7. ’re killing III. 1. are your children getting along 5. are growing 2. ’re getting along 6. Am I interrupting 3. is working 7. you’re not / you aren’t

4. is studying 8. ’re passing


B. Answers will vary. Ch1 Ex 3 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Simple Present and Present Progressive II

4 Simple Present and Present Progressive—Uses: Watches (p. 12)

2. Action in progress at this moment 3. Habitual or repeated actions 4. Action in progress through a period of time including the present 5. Habitual or repeated actions 6. Action in progress at this moment 7. Habitual or repeated actions 8. Action in progress at this moment 9. Action in progress through a period of time including the present 10. Scientific fact/thing generally accepted as true

5 Adverbs of Frequency and Time Expressions with Simple Present: Routines (p. 13) A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary. C. Answers will vary.

6 Simple Present Versus Present Progressive: Usually, but Not Today (p. 14)

A. 2. Q: What kind of clothes does Flora wear? A: She usually wears [a type of clothing], but today she is wearing [a different type

of clothing.]

3. Q: Which language do Elena and Frank speak? A: They usually speak [a name of a language], but right now they are speaking [a

name of a different language].

4. Q: How does Theresa get to school? A: She usually gets to school [by/on a means of transportation], but these days she

is getting to school [by/on a different means of transportation].

5. Q: When do the neighbors go on vacation? A: They usually go on vacation [at a time of year], but this year they are going on

vacation [at a different time of year].



7 Simple Present versus Present Progressive; Present Progressive with Always: Dudley’s Driving Me Crazy! (p. 15)

A. 3. ’m getting 8. is washing 13. ’s wearing 4. isn’t going 9. have 14. reads 5. eats 10. ’re playing 15. ’m typing 6. steals 11. (are) talking 16. ’s driving 7. puts 12. borrows B. Answers will vary.

8 Simple Present Versus Present Progressive: Studying the Universe and Time (p. 16)

2. Are you visiting 8. ’m trying 14. study 3. ’m living 9. Are you going 15. are trying 4. ’m working 10. ’m trying 5. ’m looking 11. ’m getting 6. don’t earn 12. observe 7. are you working 13. do cosmologists do

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Verbs with Stative Meaning

9 Identifying Verbs with Active Meaning and Verbs with Stative Meaning: Astronomy Class I (p. 18)

3. A 4. S 5. A 6. S

7. S 8. A 9. A 10. A

11. S 12. S

10 Verbs with Both Active and Stative Meanings: Astronomy Class II I (p. 19)

2. a. A b. A 3. a. A b. S 4. a. S b. A 5. a. A b. S

11 Simple Present Versus Present Progressive; Stative versus Active Meaning: Astronomy Class III (p. 19)

I. 3. belongs 8. don’t agree 4. don’t believe 9. think 5. ’m feeling 10. feels


6. doesn’t feel 11. looks 7. ’re spending 12. appears II. 1. are you doing 7. believe 2. ’m smelling 8. suppose 3. smells 9. is 4. doubt 10. doesn’t taste 5. don’t smell 11. ’re being 6. Are you thinking

12 Using Verbs with Stative Meaning and Verbs with Active Meaning: Are You a Lark or an Owl? (p. 20)

A. Lark 3. want 7. feel / ’m feeling 4. ’m working 8. ’m falling 5. have 9. need 6. ’m thinking 10. don’t want

Owl. 3. don’t want 7. ’m not feeling / don’t feel 4. ’m not moving 8. ’m starting 5. don’t have 9. ’m studying 6. ’m not thinking 10. ’m planning / plan

B. Answers will vary. C. Answers will vary.

CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

Introductory Task: What Were You Doing? (p. 22)

A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary. C. Answers will vary.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Simple Past and Past Progressive I

1 Simple Past—Form: Natural Time (p. 24)

3. did people spend 10. woke up 4. were 11. didn’t stay up 5. worked 12. didn’t have 6. Did the farmers have 13. Were you 7. they didn’t 14. I wasn’t 8. didn’t need 15. did you learn 9. followed 16. learned


2 Simple Past—Irregular Verbs; Questions: Clock Time (p. 25)

A. The order of the answers will vary. The sentences should be:

She began working at . . . She left her office at . . . She made some phone calls at . . . She put on her clothes and makeup at . . . She drank a cup of instant coffee at . . . She read business reports at . . . She drove to work at . . . She saw a movie with her boyfriend at . . . She ate some French fries at . . . She had dinner with her sister at . . . She fell asleep at . . . She wrote some letters at . . . She spoke to her boss at . . . She took a shower at . . .


3 Past Progressive—Form: Observing Mr. Doe (p. 25)

A. 3. was sleeping 10. were they talking 17. was studying 4. wasn’t sleeping 11. weren’t speaking 18. was staying 5. Was Mr. Doe working 12. were planning 19. was experiencing 6. he wasn’t 13. wasn’t saying 7. was getting 14. was making 8. was shaving 15. Were you watching 9. was meeting 16. I wasn’t


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Simple Past and Past Progressive II

4 Simple Past and Past Progressive—Meaning: Spring Forward (p. 29)

3. 4. ? 5. 6. 7. ? 8.

Nell forgot about Daylight Savings Time. 5S Using Simple Past and Past Progressive in Stories: Setting the Scene and Telling the Story (p. 30) Answers will vary. Ch2 Ex 5C

The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Simple Past and Past Progressive in Time Clauses

6 Simple Past and Time Clauses—Meaning: Standard Time (p. 33)

2. First, modern transportation and communications began to develop. 3. First, each town or city had its own time. 4. Both at the same time. 5. First, the railroads spread throughout the country. 6. Both at the same time. 7. First, train schedules were confusing. 8. First, officials divided the United States into four time zones. 9. Both at the same time.

7 The Simple Past and Past Progressive in Time Clauses; Combining Sentences: Early Calendars (p. 34)

2. Before they learned to recognize the moon’s patterns, they observed its changes for a

long time. OR They observed the moon’s changes for a long time before they learned to recognize its patterns.

3. While they were observing the moon, they recorded its cycles. OR They recorded the moon’s cycles while they were observing it.

4. After they understood the cycles of the moon, they made a calendar based on lunar months. OR They made a calendar based on lunar months after they understood the cycles of the moon.

5. While they were using the lunar calendar, they found a problem with it. OR They found a problem with the lunar calendar while they were using it.

6. After a few years passed, the calendar and the seasons didn’t match anymore. OR The

calendar and the seasons didn’t match anymore after a few years passed. 7. When they added days to the year, the calendar became more accurate. OR The calendar

became more accurate when they added days to the year. They needed to add about 11 days to the year.

8 Simple Past Versus Past Progressive in Time Clauses: A Night Person’s Bad Day (p. 35)

A. 2. woke up, remembered 7. started/was starting, left 3. dropped, was taking 8. got, began 4. was riding, fell, missed 9. was looking, hit 5. was running, tripped, hurt 10. came up, made 6. was having, spilled


B. 1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary.

9 Simple Past, Past Progressive, and Time Clauses: A Legend of Discovery (p. 36)

2. lived 6. were blowing/blew 10. went 3. made 7. was swinging/swang 11. made 4. was attending 8. was watching 12. discovered 5. noticed 9. realized 13. used

Grammar Practice 4: Used To

10 Used To—Form: Long, Long Ago (p. 38)

2. What did people use to believe about the earth? 3. People used to believe the earth was the center of the universe. 4. They didn’t use to know that the universe has no center. 5. How did people use to measure time? 6. People didn’t use to have mechanical clocks or watches. 7. They used to use the natural motion of the sun to measure time with sundials. 8. The Greeks used to have water clocks for measuring time. 9. What other kinds of clocks did people use to use? 10. Some of them used to keep time with sand clocks, or hourglasses.

11 Used To Versus Would: When We Were Children (p. 39)

A. 3. would 6. would 4. would 7. NC 5. NC 8. NC


12 Used To; Wh- and Yes/No Questions: Did You Use To . . . ? (p. 39)

Answers will vary.


Unit One Wrap-up Activities

1 A Telescope in Space: EDITING (p. 40)

Astronomers didn’t used to have powerful telescopes to look into space and

observe distant parts of the universe. Most scientists use to believe that the universe was

static. (In this case, the word “static” is meaning “not becoming larger or smaller.”)

Then, in the 1920s an American astronomer, Edwin Hubble, was having the opportunity to

use a big new telescope in California to observe nearby galaxies. In 1929, he made a

discovery. The galaxies were moving away from each other. The universe were expanding.

This meant that it once was very, very small. Hubble’s discovery helped cosmologists to

develop the theory of the big bang.

But in order to learn more about the beginning of the universe, scientists were needing a

telescope outside earth’s atmosphere to provide a clear view of distant galaxies. After years of

planning, a team of scientists and engineers at the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA) sended a large telescope into space in 1990. They were naming it the

Hubble Space Telescope (HST) after Edwin Hubble. After they were putting HST into orbit,

they got an unpleasant surprise. HST didn’t worked. Why was this? They were building HST,

while they made an error. In 1993, astronauts correct the error. In simple terms, NASA

corrected the telescope’s vision by fitting it with contact lenses.

These days, HST sending clear, beautiful images to earth. So now we are now learning

more about the expansion of the universe, the big bang, and the beginning of time.

2 What Was the Question? WRITING/SPEAKING (p. 41) Step 1 2. How many brothers and sisters do you have?

3. How many languages do you speak? 4. Answers will vary. Example: What do you do in your free time? 5. Answers will vary. Example: Are you working this semester? 6. Answers will vary. Example: When did you go to Paris? 7. What were you doing a year ago today? 8. Answers will vary. Example: Did you use to exercise every day?

1. use (given)

2. used

3. means

4. had

6. needed

7. sent

9. put

10. work 11. While they

12. corrected

13. is sending

8. named

5. was


Step 2 Answers will vary.

3 Origin Story: WRITING (p. 42)

Answers will vary.

U1 Ex 3 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

4 Terratoo: SPEAKING (p. 42)

Step 1: Answers will vary.




UNIT TWO Present and Past: Perfect and Perfect Progressive Think About Grammar (p. 45)

A 2. a. had gotten 4. a. has increased b. has gotten b. had increased 3. a. have worked 5. a. had stayed b. had worked b. has stayed B. They are similar in that they both use the past participle. They are different in that the

present perfect uses the present form of have and the past perfect uses the past form of have.

CHAPTER 3: PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Introductory Task: Quiz: What Is Your Time Type? (p. 46)


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive I

1 Present Perfect—Form: A Conference on the Pace of Life (p. 49) 2. Have people lost 11. haven’t reacted 3. they have 12. ’ve felt 4. hasn’t changed 13. have had 5. have changed 14. has led 6. has this happened 15. hasn’t worked out /’s not worked out 7. has caused 16. has taken 8. hasn’t speeded up 17. ’s given 9. Has life speeded up 10. it has

2 Present Perfect Progressive—Form: What Have People Been Doing? I (p. 50) 2. I have 9. Has he been working? 3. I’ve been having a good time 10. he has 4. What have you been doing? 11. he’s been eating lunch at the same time 5. I’ve been watching all the people. 12. That woman has been making calls on her cell phone 6. What have the people been doing 13. Everything has been moving fast 7. Have they been relaxing in the park 14. The traffic hasn’t been moving at all. 8. they haven’t.


3 Contractions with Present Progressive, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Progressive: Answering Questions (p. 50)

3. has 6. is 9. is 12. has 15. has 4. has 7. has 10. has 13. has 16. has 5. has 8. is 11. has 14. is

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive II

4 Present Perfect Actions at Unspecified Past Times: Free Time (p. 53) A.

2. Have you ever built a campfire? 9. Have you ever gone on a vacation in India?

3. Have you ever driven a sports car? 10. Have you ever gotten lost in a forest? 4. Have you ever eaten Korean food? 11. Have you ever ridden a camel? 5. Have you ever read a novel in English? 12. Have you ever drunk carrot juice? 6. Have you ever swum across a lake? 13. Have you ever written a poem? 7. Have you ever met a movie star? 14. Have you ever slept on a beach? 8. Have you ever taken a photo of a sunrise? 15. Have you ever seen a comet?

16. Have you ever drawn a picture of your own face?


5 Present Perfect—Actions and States Continuing to the Present: Tell Me About Yourself (p. 53)

A. (Questions only; answers will vary.) 1. How long have you lived in . . . ? 2. How long have you been a student at . . . ? 3. How long have you been married? 4. How long have you been a parent? 5. How long have you had a job/How long have you worked? 6. How long have you known . . . ? 7. How long have you driven? 8. How long have you had a car?/How long have you owned a car? 9. How long have you played . . . ? 10. How long have you liked . . . ?


6 Using Present Perfect Progressive: What Have People Been Doing? II (p. 54) A. Answers will vary.



GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Present Perfect Versus Present Perfect Progressive

7 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive—Meaning: People, Places, and Paces (p. 56)

2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. a

8 Present Perfect Versus Present Perfect Progressive: Living in the Past in the Present (p. 56)

3. hasn’t ever used 10. has been 4. has been helping* 11. has been teaching 5. has helped 12. has already made* 6. has always known 13. has been driving* 7. has been sewing* 14. has ridden 8. has been making* 15. hasn’t driven 9. has finished* 16. hasn’t ever wanted 17. have always preferred

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Present Perfect Versus Simple Past

9 Present Perfect Versus Simple Past: Timelines (p. 59)

3. made 6. did you see 4. has made 7. has taught for [Answers will vary.] 5. have you seen 8. taught for 34

10 Present Perfect versus Simple Past: Have You Ever . . . .? (p. 60) 2. I have 7. Have you ever seen 12. played 3. ‘ve seen 8. haven’t seen 13. ’ve been 4. did he write 9. ’ve seen 14.has Leonardo DiCaprio made 5. wrote 10. saw 15. hasn’t made 6. saw 11. ’ve watched

11 Present Perfect and Simple Past: Telling About Your Experiences (p. 61)

A. Answers will vary. Ch3 Ex 11 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website. B. Answers will vary.


CHAPTER 4: PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Introductory Task: New Experiences (p. 62)

A. 3. He had never drunk cranberry juice before. 4. He had never seen snow before. 5. He had never worn a heavy coat before. 6. He had never gone skiing before. 7. He had never eaten granola before. 8. He had never ridden a horse before.


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive

1 Past Perfect—Form: An Exchange Student—A Different Place (p. 64)

2. I had 9. ’d invited 3. ’d learned 10. had gotten 4. had read 11. Had the other guests already arrived 5. hadn’t lived 12. they hadn’t 6. hadn’t been 13. hadn’t finished 7. hadn’t understood 14. ’d come 8. ’d had 15. ’d taught

2 Past Perfect Progressive—Form: Two Views on the Pace of Life (p. 65) 3. ’d been having 4. had been having 5. hadn’t been enjoying/’d not been enjoying 6. had you been waiting 7. ’d been waiting 8. hadn’t been waiting/’d not been waiting 9. had been worrying 10. Had you been worrying? 11. I hadn’t. 12. had been sitting 13. (had been) talking


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Past Perfect

3 Past Perfect and Simple Past: “Rip van Winkle”—A Different Time (p. 68)

A. 2. was, had run away 7. had, had become 3. looked, had grown 8. wasn’t, had died 4. seemed, had changed 9. had forgotten, thought 5. was, had fallen apart 10. had won, was 6. had grown up, didn’t recognize 11. discovered, had been B. Answers will vary.

4 Past Perfect and Simple Past—Combining Sentences: A New Experience (p. 69)

2. 1, 2 Before she traveled to her host country, she hadn’t flown in an airplane. OR She hadn’t flown in an airplane before she traveled to her host country.

3. 1, 2 Until she went to her host country, she hadn’t experienced another culture. OR She hadn’t experienced another culture until she went to her host country.

4. 2, 1 Before she adapted to the customs of the new culture, she had made a few embarrassing mistakes. OR She had made a few embarrassing mistakes before she adapted to the customs of the new culture.

5. 2, 1 After she had studied hard and practiced often, she learned the language well. OR She learned the language well after she had studied hard and practiced often.

6. 1, 2 When she had lived in the country for a while, she became more flexible. OR She became more flexible when she had lived in the country for a while.

7. 2, 1 After she had stayed in her host country for a few months, she understood her own culture much better. OR She understood her own culture much better after she had stayed in her host country for a few months.

5 Past Perfect and Simple Past—Order of Actions: Place and Time (p. 70) A. 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. a 11. a


Ch4 Ex 5 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

6 Past Perfect Versus Simple Past: Speed (p. 71)

4. had happened 9. traveled 5. had moved 10. had gotten 6. happened 11. took


7. had begun 12. had become 8. hadn’t increased 13. reached

7 Using Simple Past and Past Perfect: Milestones (p. 72)

Answers will vary. GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Past Perfect Progressive; Past Perfect Versus Past Perfect Progressive

8 Past Perfect Progressive and Time Clauses: Once Upon a Time: Sleeping Beauty (p. 74)

3. ’d been exploring 9. had been trying 4. decided 10. ended 5. climbed 11. ’d been 6. hadn’t known/’d not known 12. rode 7. had been spinning 13. found 8. came

9 Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive: At the Stroke of Midnight (p. 75)

3. had been crying 6. had lost 9. had been writing 4. had given 7. had been searching for 10. had been living 5. had forgotten 8. had been making

Unit Two Wrap-up Activities

1 Time for Life—EDITING (p. 76)

For many years, John Robinson had been interested in how people use their time.

He is now the director of the Americans’ Use of Time Project. Robinson has first asked

Americans to take part in a use-of-time survey in 1965. He has been repeating the surveys

three times since then. Robinson has used the results of each survey to answer two questions:

How has Americans been spending their time recently? How they’ve been feeling about it?

Ten thousand Americans had taken part in the 1995 use-of-time survey. In 1995, the

study participants have wrote down their activities in a “time diary” every day. In addition,

they reported on their feelings about their amount of free time.

1. has

2. first asked/had first asked

4. have 5. have they

6. took

7. wrote

3. repeated


After the participants had completed the 1995 survey, Robinson had analyzed the results

and compared them to previous survey results. He found some interesting changes in people’s

use of time. Americans actually spent less time working in 1995 than in 1985. By 1995, they

have gotten more free time. However, many people believed that they had less time and felt

more rushed and stressed. In 1997, Robinson has published a book, Time for Life, about the

results of his surveys.

Why does it seem that we have so little time for life nowadays? According to Robinson,

there are two reasons for this. First, since 1965, we spend more and more of our free time

watching television. Most of us usually say that television is unnecessary or a waste of time.

But in recent years we had spent more time on it than any other free time activity. Second,

since Robinson did his first survey, we have been having many more opportunities and

choices. We have been feeling more rushed because we want to do everything.

2 A Question Challenge—WRITING (p. 77) Answers will vary.

3 Things Have Changed Since I Was a Child—SPEAKING (p. 77) Answers will vary.

4 Your Psychological Clock—WRITING (p. 78) U2 Ex 4 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

Answers will vary.

8. analyzed

9. had

10. published

11. have spent/have been spending

12. have spent/have been spending

13. have had


UNIT THREE Future; Phrasal Verbs; Tag Questions

Think About Grammar (p. 81)

A. 1. One of the following: will take, will experience, will talk AND one of the following: is taking, are departing AND one of the following: see, leaves, returns, take, begins 2. a. One of the following: is taking, are departing AND one of the following: see, leaves, returns, take, begins b. present progressive, simple present

B. 1. is going to be getting, will be living 2. Will we have found, will have built

CHAPTER 5: FUTURE TIME

Introductory Task: Vacation Plans and Predictions (p. 82)

A. 3. are (you) leaving 6. ’m going to visit 4. ’re going to fly 7. is (your brother) going 5. ’m traveling 8. ’s going to spend B. 3. ’ll stay 5. ’s (probably) going to be 4. will be 6. ’re going to have

Be going to and present progressive are used to talk about future plans. Will and be going to are used to make predictions.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Will and Be Going To I

1 Will—Form: An Outdoor Vacation—Mesa Verde National Park (p. 84)

3. won’t forget/’ll not forget 7. won’t take 11. will the tour last 4. will the tour begin 8. Will my tour group be 12. ’ll have 5. will begin 9. it will 6. won’t wait 10. won’t be


2 Be Going To—Form: A Shopping Vacation—The Mall of America (p. 85)

3. ’m going to spend 8. ’m not going to come 4. ’s going to be 9. ’m not going to feel 5. are you going to travel 10. are going to come 6. Are you going to shop 11. ’re going to visit 7. I am 12. is going to play 13. ’m going to think about

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Will and Be Going To II; Future Time Clauses

3 Will and Be Going To—Predictions: What Next? (p. 87)

A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.

4 Will Versus Be Going To: Before an Outdoor Vacation (p. 88)

3. won’t 8. will make 4. Will you help 9. is going to jump 5. ’ll help 10. are you going to go 6. are you going to call 11. ’re going to take 7. ’m going to call 12. Will you look after

5 Will and Be Going To: What Will They Say Next? (p. 89)

2. ’re going to 6. is going to 3. ’ll 7. won’t 4. will/are going to 8. I’m going to 5. is going to/will 9. will/is going to

6 Expressing the Future in Sentences with Time Clauses: A City Museum Vacation—The Cloisters (p. 90)

A. 2. tour, ’ll see 3. walk, ’ll see 4. ’ll take, looks 5. ’ll hear, enter


B. 2. I’m going to point out flowers and plants that were grown during the Middle Ages after we go into the second cloister. OR After we go into the second cloister, I’m going to point out flowers and plants that were grown during the Middle Ages.

3. When you enter the room called the Treasury, you’re going to see many valuable

religious objects. OR You’re going to see many valuable religious objects when you enter the room called the Treasury.

4. Until we go into the gardens outside the museum, you aren’t going to be allowed to

take photographs. OR You aren’t going to be allowed to take photographs until we go into the gardens outside the museum.

5. By the time you go home, you’re going to know much more about art in the Middle

Ages. OR You’re going to know much more about art in the Middle Ages by the time you go home.

7 Using Will and Be Going To: I’ll Give You the Guided Tour (p. 91)

A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary. Ch5 Ex 7 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: EXPRESSING THE FUTURE WITH PRESENT PROGRESSIVE, SIMPLE PRESENT, AND BE ABOUT TO

8 Present Progressive Versus Will: In Washington, D.C. (p. 93)

2. ’ll probably rain 5. ’ll take 7. ’ll miss 3. ’re flying 6. ’re going 8. ’m not leaving 4. ’re eating

9 Future Time with Present Progressive: You’re Going on Vacation Next Week (p. 94)

Answers will vary. Ch5 Ex 9 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links website.


10 Future Time with Simple Present Tense: An Outdoor Vacation—Yellowstone National Park (p. 95)

Yellowstone Information Association Park Information: When does the summer season begin/end? Opening and Closing Dates: When does Madison Campground close/open? When do the Visitor Centers open/close? Outdoor Education Course Dates: When does the Nature Photography course start (begin)/end (finish)? When does All About Geysers start (begin)/end (finish)? Tour Departure and Return Dates: When does the Wildlife Observation Tour return (end, finish)/depart (start, begin) When does the High-Country Fishing Tour depart (start, begin)/return (end, finish).

11 F uture Time with Be About To: Yellowstone Vacation (p. 96)

2. They’re about to go hiking or camping. 3. The geyser is about to erupt. 4. The fish is about to bite the fly. OR She’s about to catch a fish. 5. He’s about to fall. 6. They’re about to meet a bear.

12 Expressing Future Time: Vacation Finales (p. 97)

3. is including 4. is about to leave 5. miss 6. ’ll come back 7. ’ll get up 8. are 9. ’s raining 10. don’t see


CHAPTER 6: FUTURE PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE PERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Introductory Task: Predictions About Transportation and Travel in the Future (p. 98)

A. 3. will be driving

4. is going to be driving

5. will have brought

6. are going to have proven

B. 1. will be driving, is going to be driving 2. will have brought, are going to have proven 3. The future progressive and the future perfect both use will and be going to. The

future progressive uses be + verb + -ing. The future perfect uses have + past participle of verb.

C. Answers will vary.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Future Progressive I

1 Future Progressive with Will—Form: The Flight of the Future (p. 100)

4. will we be flying 10. ’ll be cruising 5. will the plane be cruising 11. will be coming 6. will be giving 12. Will you be serving 7. ’ll be taking off 13. we won’t (be) 8. ’ll be climbing 14. won’t bring 9. won’t be breaking 15. ’ll be arriving

2 Future Progressive with Be Going To—Form: The Car of the Future (p. 101) 2. aren’t going to be doing 9. ’m going to be steering 3. are going to be using 10. ’m not going to be controlling 4. are you going to be showing 11. is going to be using 5. ’m going to be demonstrating 12. is going to be changing 6. ’re going to be taking 13. are you going to be falling asleep 7. is the car going to be driving 14. I’m not (going to) 8. it isn’t (going to) 15. ’m going to be keeping


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Future Progressive II; Future Progressive Versus Future with Will or Be Going To

3 Future Versus Future Progressive: Coming and Going (p. 104)

2. b 5. a, b 7. a 3. a 6. b 8. b 4. a

4 Using Future Progressive: Making Predictions About Transportation of the Future (p. 105)


5 Future Progressive in Sentences with Time Clauses: “Smart” Cars (p. 105)

A. 2. steers, will be monitoring 3. will be responding, keep 4. is, will be keeping 5. will be searching for, gets 6. will be sending, plays 7. Are you going to be driving, are B. Answers will vary. Ch6 Ex 5 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive I

6 Future Perfect with Will and Be Going To—Form: The Mars Exploration Program (p. 108)

A. 3. will have made 7. won’t have gotten 4. will have launched 8. will have gained 5. Will NASA have sent 9. ’ll have seen 6. it will (have) B. 3. are going to have learned 7. it is/it’s going to (have) 4. ’re going to have found 8. is it going to have made 5. aren’t going to have developed/ 9. is going to have had ’re not going to have developed 10. ’s not going to have had/


6. Is NASA going to have made isn’t going to have had

7 Future Perfect Progressive with Will and Be Going To—Form: Terraforming Mars (p.109)

A. 2. will have been traveling 6. will have been building 3. will have been searching 7. won’t have been sending 4. won’t have been taking place 8. will have been learning 5. will have been staying B. 2. isn’t going to have been changing 5. ’re going to have been raising 3. are going to have been occurring 6. is going to have been pumping

4. are going to have been expanding 7.is going to have been adding GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive II

8 Using Future Perfect: Future Accomplishments (p. 113)

A. 3. What will you have done by a week from today? 4. What are you going to have done by the time this semester ends? 5. What will you have done by a year from now? 6. What are you going to have done by five years from now? 7. What will you have done by 10 years from now? 8. What are you going to have done by the time you are 60 years old? Answers will vary.


9 Future Perfect Progressive in Sentences with Time Clauses: A Future Astronaut (p. 114)

A. 2. graduates, ’ll have been studying astrophysics 3. get married, ’ll have been dating 4. finishes, ’ll have been working on her research project 5. joins a space shuttle crew, ’ll have been training


10 Future Perfect Versus Future Perfect Progressive: E-mail from an Astronaut (p. 115)

3. ’ll have been 4. ’ll have eaten 5. ’re going to have eaten/’re going to have been eating 6. ’ll already have finished 7. ’re going to have been writing


8. will have studied/will have been studying

CHAPTER 7: PHRASAL VERBS; TAG QUESTIONS

Introductory Task: Why Do Explorers Take On the Challenges? (p. 116)

B. 1. b. bring out c. put off

d. put up e. take on f. take over g. set off h. set up 2. No 3. The meaning of a verb changes when the verb combines with a particle to form a

phrasal verb. 4. No

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Phrasal Verbs I

1 Identifying Phrasal Verbs: A Success I (p. 118)

In the early twentieth century, the earth’s polar regions seemed almost as far away and

dangerous as Mars does today. The conditions were difficult, but a few polar explorers

figured out ways to reach the poles and come back safely. One of these men was Roald

Amundsen.

Amundsen was born in Norway in 1872. While he was growing up, he wanted to be a

polar explorer. He therefore built up his strength in extremely cold and difficult conditions.

He worked out by skiing long distances. As a result of his training, he got along well in very

cold climates. Amundsen’s strength and adaptability paid off later on. He understood the risks

of polar expeditions, especially freezing, hunger, and exhaustion. So before an expedition, he

always prepared carefully.

In 1910, Amundsen decided to try to be the first to reach the South Pole. He planned an

expedition and set off with a small crew. Then he found something out: a British expedition


led by Robert Falcon Scott was also trying to reach the South Pole. Amundsen and Scott were

in a race. How did this race turn out?

2 Phrasal Verbs: A Success II (p. 119)

2. set up 5. set back 7. headed back 3. let up 6. keep up 8. gotten through 4. pushed on

3 Phrasal Verbs; Placement of Noun and Pronoun Objects: A Successful Failure (p. 120)

3. broke up the ship 7. drove him back 4. thought over their situation 8. picked up the men 5. pulled them along 9. brought them back 6. left them behind 10. brought back another exciting story

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Phrasal Verbs II

4 Phrasal Verbs—Meaning: Check This Out (p. 123)

A. 2. brought up 4. brought in 3. bring out 5. brought down

B. 2. b 3. e 4. b 5. c

5 Particle Versus Preposition: Look This Over (p. 124)

2. b Everyone in the group needed a map, so Paula ran some photocopies off. 3. b. Ethan checked his luggage in when he got to the airport. 4. a. When Mark and Terry talked long distance for hours, they ran a huge bill up. 5. a. The committee passed two other people over and chose Tim for the job. 6. b. As soon as I looked the exam over, I saw that it wasn’t difficult.

6 Using Phrasal Verbs: Turn This In (p. 124) Answers will vary. Ch7 Ex 6 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Verb–Preposition Combinations; Phrasal Verbs with Prepositions

7 Verb–Preposition Combinations: Preparing for the Unexpected (p. 126)

A. 2. planned for 6. prepared for 3. relied on 7. believed in 4. talked to 8. worry about 5. concentrated on 9. prevented from 10. agreed with B. Answers will vary.


8 Verb–Preposition Combinations Versus Phrasal Verbs: Do You Know About the Antarctic Region? (p. 127)

3. ’ve looked at them 6. ’ve thought about them 4. learn from them 7. ’ve thought it over 5. ’ll try it out

9 Phrasal Verbs with Prepositions: Running Up Against Difficulties (p. 128)

2. started out for 5. closed in on 8. ran out of 3. stand up to 6. kept on at 9. cut down on 4. caught up with 7. faced up to 10. gave up on

10 Using Verb–Preposition Combinations and Phrasal Verbs with Prepositions: Your Expedition Diary (p. 129)

Answers will vary. Ch7 Ex 10 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Tag Questions I

11 Tag Questions—Form: Test Anxiety—I’ll Be Ready, Won’t I? (p. 132) A.

2. Ms. Moore doesn’t give difficult tests, does she? 3. The first test is going to cover Columbus’s voyages to America, isn’t it? 4. Christopher Columbus wasn’t from Portugal, was he? 5. The other students already know a lot about the topic, don’t they? 6. You weren’t absent from class, were you?


7. Kim and Oliver hadn’t studied before this week, had they? 8. We can study together, can’t we?

B. 1. were they 2. isn’t there 3. won’t they 4. wasn’t she

5. couldn’t it 6. doesn’t it 7. isn’t it 8. is it

9. won’t we 10. aren’t I 11. have I 12. are they

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 5: Tag Questions II

12 Listening to Tag Questions; Answering Tag Questions: Christopher Columbus (p. 134)

A. 2. information 6. information 10. information 3. information 7. conformation 11. conformation 4. conformation 8. conformation 5. conformation 9. information B. 2. No, they weren’t. 6. Yes, he did. 10. No, it wasn’t. 3. No, he wasn’t. 7. Yes, he did. 11. Yes, they did. 4. No, they didn’t. 8. No, he didn’t. 5. Yes, he did. 9. No, he didn’t.

13 Asking and Answering Tag Questions: Test Anxiety Again (p. 135) A.

3. Yes, it is. 6. No, I wasn’t. 4. No, he wasn’t. 7. No, they hadn’t. 5. Yes, they do. 8. Yes, we can.

B. 1. No, they weren’t. 2. Yes, there is. 3. Yes, they will. 4. Yes, she was.

5. Yes, it could. 6. Yes, it does. 7. Yes, it is. 8. No, it isn’t.

9. Yes, we will. 10. Yes, you are. 11. No, you haven’t. 12. No, they aren’t.

14 Using Tag Questions: You’re From Spain, Aren’t You? (p. 135) A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.


Unit Three Wrap-up Activities

1 Radio Talk Time—EDITING (p. 136)

Host: This is Radio Talk Time. If you have an interesting opinion, call up me and tell me.

Caller: What do you think about NASA’s space program? I’ve thought it about. It’s all a lie.

Nothing is real, isn’t it?

Host: You’re joking, don’t you?

Caller: No, I’m serious. NASA says that it’s going to send a spacecraft to Mars next

October. But they don’t really send it to Mars in October. We’ll believe that it’s on

Mars, but they’ll be fooling us.

Host: How they’ll do that? After the spacecraft reaches Mars, its cameras will take photos

and send back them to Earth. We’ll see those photos of Mars.

Caller: It’s going to be seeming to us that a spacecraft is on Mars. Antarctica looks a lot like

Mars, isn’t it? By the time they’ll launch the fake spacecraft next October, they’ll

have sent people to Antarctica with video cameras and a fake lander. After they set

the cameras up there, they’ll be able to send back pictures of the lander. While we’re

going to be watching the videos on television, we’re going to be looking at

Antarctica, not Mars. But we won’t be knowing that, will we?

Host: I’m sorry, sir. We’ve run out of time. It’s time for the weather forecast. It’s snowing

tomorrow.

Caller: Wait! Don’t hang up on me! I’m right, aren’t I?

2 Your Island Vacation—SPEAKING/WRITING (p. 137) Answers will vary.

1. me up

2. about it

3. is it

4. aren’t you

5. won’t

6. will they

7. send them back

8. seem

9. doesn’t 10. they

11. we’re

12. know

13. It’s going to snow / It will snow


3 Your Outdoor Vacation—SPEAKING (p. 138) Answers will vary.

Unit 3 Ex 2 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

4 Game: Ask the Oracle—SPEAKING (p. 138) Answers will vary.

5 Acting Out the Verbs—WRITING/SPEAKING (p. 138) Answers will vary.


UNIT FOUR Noun Phrases

Think About Grammar (p. 141) 1. Internet, United States 2. people, cookbooks, chefs, celebrities, diets, food, pizza 3. many, some, quite a few 4. our 5. big, professional, delicious, hot, cheese

CHAPTER 8: NOUNS, ARTICLES, AND QUANTIFIERS

Introductory Task: Survey on the Cooking and Eating Habits of Your Class (p. 142)


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Nouns; Proper Nouns and Common Nouns

1 Identifying Proper and Common Nouns: Into the Melting Pot (p. 145)

Celebrating with Food

When are you planning to be in the united states? If you are here in the fall, you might be

T

here at the right time to have a special meal on thanksgiving. This national holiday is on the

T N C

fourth thursday in november. In big cities, restaurants stay open and offer meals. In chicago,

O L R W H H L

the oak leaf restaurant at the westlake hotel is a good place to go. The chef there is henry lee.

M L V F E A

Although mr. lee is vietnamese, he speaks both french and english, and americans love his

food, especially the turkey. If you are in a small town, maybe you can cook the special dinner.

N Y T T

Look for recipes in newspapers like the new york times. Or try a cookbook like the

u s


T T D M

thanksgiving table by diane morgan. Wherever you are, have a happy celebration!

2 Article Use with Proper Nouns: Regional Specialties I (p. 146)

1. When English colonists sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to North America on the Mayflower, they landed in New England, an area that’s known for its maple syrup, blueberries, lobster, and clams.

2. New Orleans, a city in Louisiana, where the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico, has its own typical style of cooking, which shows influences from France and Africa.

3. After they settled in the Midwest, immigrants from Germany, Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands continued to prepare the traditional foods of their native countries.

4. Cattle are raised on ranches in the Rocky Mountains, so visitors often have steaks when they’re staying at the Brown Palace Hotel in Denver, the capital of Colorado.

5. The food of the West Coast, like that of the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific, has been influenced by Asia.

3 Articles and Numbers with Proper Nouns: Regional Specialties II (p. 146)

2. a 5. NA 3. the 6. two 4. NA

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns

4 Identifying Count and Non-count Nouns: Food for Sightseeing (p. 149)

Will you be traveling through the United States in the warm months? If so, we have some advice for you: have picnics often, especially when the weather is good. You’ll be able to avoid crowded restaurants, save money, and have a lot of fun, too. You don’t have to do any cooking—just stop at a supermarket and pick up some food to take with you. You can get bread and cheese for sandwiches. Get some fruit, too, and fresh vegetables such as carrots or celery. You’ll want to have a drink, so don’t forget to buy bottled water or juice. Then put your purchases into your backpack and take off. When you find the perfect place, enjoy the beautiful scenery and your meal!


5 Count Nouns Versus Noncount Nouns; Plural Count Nouns: A Good Career Choice (p. 150)

3. advice 7. training 12. machinery 4. suggestions 8. women 13. machines 5. experience 9. progress 14. feet 6. jobs 10. work 15. celebrities 11. knives

6 Singular and Plural Count Nouns; Subject–Verb Agreement: Culinary Education (p. 151)

2. chooses 6. analyses 3. is 7. is 4. Bacteria 8. groceries 5. are 9. deer, sheep

7 Nouns Used as Count and Noncount Nouns: Good Food and Good Fortune (p. 151) A. 2. foods 6. a business 11. life 3. tea 7. a cake 12. lives 4. teas 8. cake 13. beauty 5. business 9. experiences 14. a beauty 10. experience B. Answers will vary.


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Articles

8 Definite and Indefinite Articles: The Eating Patterns of a North American Family (p. 156) 2. the, b 5. the, b 8. the, b 3. the, b 6. [0], a 4. a, a 7. a, b

9 The Definite Article: The Story of Their Lives (p. 157) 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. b

6. e 7. a 8. e 9. a

10. c 11. e 12. c 13. 3


10 Definite and Indefinite Articles: Food Here and There (p. 158)

A. I. 5. the 8. [0] 11. [0] 14. the 6. The 9. the 12. [0] 15. the 7. a 10. The 13. a II. 1. a 4. an 7. the 10. the 13. the 2. [0] 5. [0] 8. a 11. the 14. the 3. a 6. [0] 9. an 12. [0] III. 1. the 5. a 9. a/the 13. an 2. [0] 6. the 10. a 14. [0] 3. the 7. the 11. the 4. a 8. the 12. the

11 The, A, Some, [0]: Old and New Recipes (p. 160)

A. 2. some 6. a 10. some 3. some 7. some 11. a 4. The 8. the 12. the 5. the 9. some B. 2. a. [0] 3. a. some/ [0] 4. a. some/[0] b. some/[0] b. [0] b. [0] C. Answers will vary.

12 Using The, A, Some, [0]: Two Memorable Meals (p. 161) Answers will vary.


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: General Quantifiers

13 General Quantifiers: A “Big” Trend (p. 164)

A. 2. Not many 7. much 11. a great deal of 3. quite a few 8. a little 12. Several 4. a lot of 9. hardly any 13. few 5. most 10. a large number of 14. plenty of 6. Each B. Answers will vary.

14 General Quantifiers: Market Research I (p. 165)

3. some 11. much 4. much/a lot of 12. none 5. lots of 13. many/some 6. any 14. any 7. plenty of/quite a few 15. some 8. a lot of 16. much/a lot of 9. many 17. much/a lot 10.enough

15 Few, A Few; Little, A Little: Shopping Behavior (p. 166)

3. little 7. a few 11. Few 4. Few 8. a few 12. a few 5. little 9. a little 6. a little 10. little

16 Quantifiers With and Without Of: Focus Groups (p. 167)

3. of 7. 0 4. 0 8. of 5. of 9. 0 6. of 10. of

17 Using Quantifiers: Market Research II (p. 167)

Answers will vary. Ch8 Ex 17 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.


CHAPTER 9: MODIFIERS, PRONOUNS, AND POSSESSIVES

Introductory Task: What’s Your Reaction? (p. 168)


Grammar Practice 1: Modifiers

1 Identifying Modifiers: Another Look (p. 171)

1. Broccoli is an unpleasant vegetable. It has a very strong, bitter flavor. 2. Chocolate is my favorite candy. I can’t resist eating lots of rich, wonderful chocolate. Chocolate isn’t an exciting food. I don’t eat much chocolate. 3. I love to eat lobsters. I really enjoy their delicious, juicy white meat. I refuse to eat lobsters. I have no desire to put a frightened lobster into boiling water . 4. Snails make a wonderful meal. I like them cooked with melted butter and fresh garlic. I would never eat snails. They’re slimy, disgusting animals.

2 -Ing and -ed Adjectives: Food and Feelings (p. 171)

A. 2. satisfied 5. relaxing 8. boring 3. comforting 6. relaxed 9. tempting 4. comforted 7. bored 10. tempted B. Answers will vary.

3 Noun Modifiers: Food Safety (p. 173)

2. vegetable soup 5. microwave oven 8. safety advice 3. refrigerator door 6. fire extinguisher 4. plastic bags 7. food processor

4 Compound Modifiers: Long-Lasting Memories (p. 173)

2. two-month 5. well-cooked 7. time-consuming 3. wood-burning 6. thirty-pound 8. sweet-smelling 4. home-baked


5 Order of Modifiers: What Are Your Cravings? (p. 174) A. 2. boring little 7. large blue plastic

3. very big round 8. tasty red chili 4. delicious mushroom 9. rectangular, yellow cardboard 5. charming, old Italian 10. beautiful young Native American 6. very crunchy corn B. Answers will vary.

6 Using Modifiers: Memories of the Past (p. 175) Answers will vary. Ch9 Ex 6 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

Grammar Practice 2: Reflexive Pronouns; Reciprocal Pronouns; Other

7 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns—Meaning: Seeing Differences (p. 177)

2. In (a), themselves refers to Lucy and Trevor. Lucy and Trevor ordered dinner for Lucy and Trevor. In (b), each other refers to the other person. Lucy ordered dinner for Trevor, and Trevor ordered dinner for Lucy.

3. In (a), them refers to other people. Monica and Howard were writing letters to some other people. In (b), each other refers to the other person. Monica was writing to Howard, and Howard was writing to Monica.

4. In (a), her refers to another woman. Eva was talking to another woman. In (b), herself refers to Eva. Eva was talking to Eva.

5. In (a), herself refers to Dora. Dora served Dora dinner. In (b), herself emphasizes Dora. Dora, not someone else, served dinner.

6. In (a), myself emphasizes I. I, not someone else, have gone to Paris. In (b), by myself means alone. I’ve gone to Paris alone.

7. In (a), himself emphasizes the President. I talked to the President, not someone else. In (b), myself emphasizes I. I, not someone else, talked to the President.

8 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns: Movable Feasts (p. 177)

1. ourselves 4. each other 2. himself, me 5. one another 3. them, themselves 6. by myself, myself


9 Forms of Other: Sharing (p. 178)

2. the other 5. others, the other, the others 3. others, the others 6. Another, another 4. another, others

Grammar Practice 3: Indefinite Pronouns

10 Indefinite Pronouns: Something for Everyone (p. 181) 2. Nothing 3. someone / somebody 4. anyone / anybody 5. anything 6. anyone / anybody 7. something, Anything 8. everything 9. Anyone / Anybody or Everyone/Everybody 10. anything, nothing, Everything 11. Someone, anyone/someone, nobody/no one 12. Everyone

Grammar Practice 4: Possessives

11 Possessives—Form and Uses: Biology + Engineering = Bioengineering (p. 183)

2. of the table (c) 6. four years’ (b) 3. ten thousand dollars’ (b) 7. their (a) 4. of the United States (d) 8. researcher’s (a) 5. of a grocery store (c)

12 Forming Possessive Determiners, Possessive Pronouns, and Possessive Nouns: Technology and Food I (p. 184)

2. directors’ company’s, companies’ 3. boss’s (boss’), hers, Ms. Tanaka’s, Ms. Harris’s (Harris’) person’s, people’s, our 4. scientists’, their, scientist’s, its 5. theirs, her, his 6. Your, mine , yours , Ours, its


13 Possessive Nouns Versus Possessive Phrases: Food and Technology II (p. 185)

3. top of the stairs 4. people’s health 5. director of a well-known biotechnology laboratory 6. farmers’ crops 7. the microscope of another scientist in the laboratory 8. cause of the problem 9. Dr. Frankenstein’s monster

Unit Four Wrap-up Activities

1 A Restaurant Review—EDITING (p. 186)

Last week, I had dinner at Magnificent Food, a newest restaurant in town. I invited the

friend to come with me. The owner of Magnificent Food is the famous chef. His name is

Charles whitney. My friend and I were looking forward to eating delicious specialties

prepared by Mr. Whitney hisself.

When we arrived at the restaurant, we had to wait, so we sat down and began to look at

the four-pages menu. When our table was finally ready, we asked the waiter for some advice

about what to order. Although he didn’t seem to have a lot of knowledges about the menu, he

made any suggestions. We ordered two appetizers; one was smoked fish and another was

mushroom soup. The smoked fish looked beautiful, but it’s flavor was strange. A vegetable

soup had too many salt in it. The other people in the restaurant got their main courses right

away, but we had a long wait for our because of a problem in the kitchen. When our plates

finally came, there was plenty food on them. I had ordered a regional specialty from South. It

shouldn’t have been a bored dish, but it was—every of the bites was tasteless. My friends’

steak looked very appetizing, but everything on her plate was cold. We decided to go to an

excellent small European café across the street for coffee and dessert.

New restaurants often have few problems, so I wasn’t expecting Magnificent Food to be

perfect. But I wasn’t expecting to be such a disappointing customer. I hope that this restaurant

improves and becomes truly magnificent.

1. the 2. a

3. a

4. Whitney

5. himself

6. four-page

7. knowledge

8. some 9. the other

10. its 11. The

12. much

13. ours

14. plenty of 15. the South

16. boring 18. friend’s 17. every bite / every one of the bites

20. a few

21. disappointed


2 A Very Special Dinner Party—Who’s Invited? SPEAKING/WRITING (p. 187) Answers will vary.

Unit 4 Ex 3 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

3 Review a Restaurant: WRITING (p. 187) Answers will vary.

4 Create a Culture: SPEAKING (p. 188)

Answers will vary.

UNIT FIVE: Adjective Clauses


1.

A: Hello, everyone. I’m Lorrie Kress, and this is “Alive in Our Times.” My guest today is a

psychologist who does research on personality. He’s someone whom I admire very

much. I’d like to welcome a man whose ideas are always interesting, Professor Bruno

Schiller.

B: Thank you, Lorrie.

A: Professor Schiller, personality is something that many of us want to know more about.

Can you tell us how we get our personalities?

B: Well, Lorrie, psychologists have developed many theories about this. Basically, there are

two factors which work together in childhood to form people’s personalities. The first

is biology. Biology is responsible for the characteristics that you are born with. And the

second is environment. Your environment includes your surroundings, your family and

friends, and your experiences.

A: My sisters and I had the same parents and the same environment as children, but we have

really different personalities now. Do you know why?

B: Actually, there is a theory which might explain the differences among children in the

same family. According to this theory, your personality differences are a result of your


birth order, in other words, your position as the oldest, a middle, or the youngest child in

your family. A firstborn child experiences things differently than a laterborn child does.

Only children, that is children who have no brothers or sisters, are in many ways

similar to firstborn children.

A: So, Professor Schiller, what are some characteristics that birth order might be

responsible for?

B: Well, birth order might determine whether you are creative or practical. It could also

determine whether you are the kind of person that usually follows rules or the kind of

person that sometimes breaks the rules.

A: Can you guess my birth order?

B: Perhaps. Let me give you a test whose results could tell me about your personality.

2. whom, that, which, whose 3. a. whom, that, whose b. which, that, whose

CHAPTER 10: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Introductory Task: The Birth-Order Theory of Personality Development—A Test (p. 192)


C. Answers will vary.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Adjective Clauses

1 Identifying Adjective Clauses: Psychologists and Mothers (p. 195)

Are you a person who is shy? Or are you a person who is outgoing? And why are you shy

or outgoing? Are these characteristics which you had at birth? Or are they characteristics


which came from your life experiences? These are questions that psychologists have been

trying to answer for a long time. According to modern psychologists, a combination of

biological factors and experience shaped your personality. This is something that mothers

know, too. Each child that a mother has seems different from the others even as an newborn.

And as her children grow, the mother can see differences in their experiences. She can see

how the experiences that her children have help to shape their personalities. Sometimes the

theories that psychologists develop express what mothers have always known!

2 Adjective Clauses: Same Family, Different Personalities (p. 195) From left to right: Alan, adventurour; Jack, outgoing; Mary, shy; Barbara, practical; Joan,

creative; Dennis, timid.

3 Position of Adjective Clauses: Telling More (p. 196) 2. The aunt who likes to paint lives in New Mexico now. 3. I’ve had some great vacations with the uncle who’s a mountain climber. 4. My aunts and uncles have telephone conversations that last for hours. 5. The bird-watching book which my uncle wrote is very popular. 6. My aunt is someone whom you would really like. 7. My outgoing uncle has become a talk show host, so now he has a job that’s perfect for

his personality. 8. People that know my mother and her brothers and sisters often comment on the

differences in their personalities and interests.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns

4 Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns; Combining Sentences: Relationships and Personalities I (p. 197)

1. b. The little girls who/that are outgoing are very talkative.

c. The little girl who/that is shy takes longer to make new friends.

d. Have you met the people who/that live next door?

2. a. I talked to a person who/that knows my sisters.

b. Sleeping until noon is an activity that/which appeals to my lazy sister.

c. An activity that/which appeals to my energetic sister is going running at 6 AM.


3. a. Elvira’s two brothers who/that are interested in Africa have very different personalities.

b. The timid brother collects stamps that/which come from countries in Africa.

c. The adventurous brother wrestles with crocodiles that/which live in rivers in

Africa.

5 Forming Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns: Defining Terms (p. 198)

2. Psychologists are scientists who study people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior. 3. A researcher is a person who makes a careful study of a certain subject or problem. 4. Theories are statements which try to explain situations or events. 5. Traits are characteristics which are part of your personality. 6. A first born is someone who is the oldest in a family. 7. Laterborns are children who are born second, third, and so on in a family. 8. A factor is something which helps cause a certain result.

6 Using Someone + Who: Who Does It Better? (p. 199) Answers will vary.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns

7 Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns; Combining Sentences: Relationships and Personalities II (p. 201)

1.b. The pickle ice cream which/that/[0] she made was delicious. 2.a. The story which/that/[0] I heard was true. b. I heard the story from a person who/whom/that/[0] I trust. 3.a. Arthur isn’t shy when he’s around people who/whom/that/[0] he knows well. b. The discussion which/that/[0] Arthur and I had was very serious. 4.a. The most fun-loving person who/whom/that/[0] I know is Tony. b. The jokes which/that/[0] he tells are really funny. 5.a. The man who/whom/that/[0] Tiffany plans to marry is generous. b. Tiffany’s boyfriend gave her a kitten which/that/[0] she loves.

8 Object Relative Pronouns; Combining Sentences: Tell Me About It (p. 202) 2. We have a teacher who/whom/that/[0] everyone admires. 3. The students who/whom/that/[0] she teaches work very hard. 4. The topic which/that/[0] we’re discussing is personality. 5. Have you passed all the tests which/that/[0] the teacher has given?

9 Subject and Object Relative Pronouns: Birth Order and Personality (p. 202) 2. which/that/[0] 7. which/that 12. who/whom/that/[0] 3. which/that/[0] 8. who/whom/that/[0] 13. who/whom/that/[0] 4. who/ that 9. who/that 14. which/that


5. which/that/[0] 10. who/that 6. who/that 11. who/that

10 Subject and Object Relative Pronouns; Combining Sentences: Another Theory (p. 203) 2. I talked to a scientist who /that is a friend of mine about it. 3. My friend disagrees with the theory in the book which/that/[0] I read. 4. Other researchers who/whom/that/[0] my friend respects have developed a more

scientific theory. 5. According to this theory, some personality characteristics have a source which/that is

biological. 6. Chemicals which/that are in our brains and bodies can influence our personalities. 7. These chemicals can affect our response to events which/that/[0] we experience. 8. What do you think of the theory which/that/[0] my scientific friend believes?

11 Completing Sentences with Adjective Clauses: An Alien Invasion? (p. 204) Answers will vary.

12 Using Adjective Clauses: Describing Personalities (p. 205) Ch10 Ex 12 The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.


CHAPTER 11: MORE ABOUT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Introductory Task: Do You Agree or Disagree (p. 206) A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.


GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Adjective Clauses with Relative Pronouns That Are Objects of Prepositions

1 Adjective Clauses with Relative Pronouns That Are Objects of Prepositions; Combining Sentences: Finding the Right Job I (p. 208)

2. The counselor to whom we listened discussed careers. The counselor whom we listened to discussed careers. The counselor who we listened to discussed careers. The counselor that we listened to discussed careers. The counselor [0] we listened to discussed careers.

3. I learned about some jobs for which I am suited. I learned about some jobs which I am suited for. I learned about some jobs that I am suited for. I learned about some jobs [0] I am suited for.

2 Informal and Formal Versions of Adjective Clauses with Relative Pronouns that are Objects of Prepositions: Writing About Jobs (p. 208)

2. We want to finds jobs in which we will succeed. 3. She is helpful to the students with whom she works. 4. The project on which they are working will be finished soon. 5. The position for which he is applying is in the sales department. 6. I am grateful to the person from whom I got the information.

3 Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions: Your Preferences and Your Personality (p. 209)

2. whom 5. whom/who/that/[0] 8. which/that/[0] 3. which/that/[0] 6. whom 9. whom/who/that/[0] 4. which 7. whom 10. which 11. which/that/[0]

4 Adjective Clauses with Relative Pronouns That Are Objects of Prepositions: What Are Your Interests? (p. 210)

A. 2. The work which I’m most interested in is … 3. The free-time activities I’m involved in are … 4. The school subject that I’ve excelled in is … 5. The person to whom I’m most grateful is … 6. The world problem about which I’m most concerned is …


B1. 1. What kind of music do you like to listen to?

2. Which sports are you interested in? 3. What kind of people do you like to work with? 4. What kind of job are you best suited for?

B2. Answers will vary.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Adjective Clauses with Possessive Relative Pronouns

5 Adjective Clauses with Possessive Relative Pronouns; Combining Sentences: Finding the Right Job II (p. 212)

A. 2. She talked about people whose personalities are well suited for the work they do. 3. People whose work gives them a lot of satisfaction are usually happy.

4. There are several authors whose books we may read. 5. I found out about some job counselors whose specialty is personality testing. 6. The teachers whose courses we’ve taken have all been helpful. 7. The counselor whose office I went to gave me a personality test. 8. I am an outgoing person whose personality is practical. 9. The counselor recommended a book whose title is What Color Is Your Parachute? 10. Now I’m planning to visit the departments whose programs I’m interested in. 11. There are organizations whose websites have online personality tests and career

guidance. B. Answers will vary.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Adjective Clauses with Where and When

6 Adjective Clauses with Where; Combining Sentences: Memories of Places (p. 214) A. 2. That’s the house where my family lived.

3. The bedroom where I slept was painted blue. 4. The garden where I played was behind the house. 5. That’s the hospital where my father worked. 6. This is the school where I first studied English.

B. 2. The lake in which we swam was very cold. The lake which we swam in was very cold.

The lake that we swam in was very cold. The lake we swam in was very cold.

3. Do you remember the place in which we met? Do you remember the place which we met in? Do you remember the place that we met in? Do you remember the place we met in?


7 Adjective Clauses with When; Combining Sentences: Memories of Times (p. 215) A. 2. I remember the day when we moved into the house.

3. There was a month when it rained constantly. 4. That was the year when I started school. 5. The week when we went to the mountains was exciting. 6. There was one summer when the weather was unusually hot.

B. 2. That was the year when we started school.

That was the year in which we started school. That was the year which we started school. That was the year that we started school. That was the year we started school.

3. Do you remember the day when we met?

Do you remember the day on which we met? Do you remember the day which we met on? Do you remember the day that we met? Do you remember the day we met?

8 Using Adjective Clauses with Where and When: Describing Places and Remembering Times (p. 216)


9 Relative Pronouns, Where, and When: A Childhood Experience I (p. 216)2. whose 3. which/that 4. when/[0]/that 5. where

6. which/that/[0] 7. which/that/[0] 8. who/that 9. that/which/[0]

10. who/that 11. whose 12. when/that/[0]

10 Using Adjective Clauses: A Childhood Experience II (p. 217) Answers will vary.



Unit Five Wrap-up Activities

1 Another Theory: EDITING (p. 218)

There are people which think your blood type reveals your personality? These people

believe in the blood type theory of personality.

According to people who believes in the blood type theory, you can use your blood type

to discover your natural talents and tendencies: Blood type is something what can help you

find the right job or the right boyfriend or girlfriend.

The blood type that is most common is Type O. What are the characteristics that a Type

O person has them? According to a book which explains the theory, people are optimistic that

have Type O blood. Business is a field in that they are successful.

A person who his blood type is A usually has a good sense of order. He keeps the place

where he lives in very neat. A Type A is also a person that tends to be patient, hard working,

and sensitive.

People whom have Type B blood are the most likely to be creative. They are people

who’s nature is to be flexible and full of new ideas. Some jobs that Type B people are suited

for are artist, designer, and golfer.

Type AB is the rarest blood type. It was the blood type of John F. Kennedy. Kennedy was

a man whom many Americans admired. The book describes Type AB people as natural

leaders with characteristics that includes logical thinking and honesty.

2 The Category Game: SPEAKING (p. 219) Answers will vary.

3 Making Up Definitions: WRITING (p. 219) Answers will vary.

4 What Are Your Preferences? WRITING (p. 220) Answers will vary.

1. who

2. believe

5. that have Type O blood are optimistic

3. that / which

4. has

6. which

7. whose

8. where he lives / which he lives in

11. include

10. whose

9. who have / having


UNIT SIX: Gerunds and Infinitives


A. A Popular Export? The United States’s biggest export is its popular culture. Popular culture includes forms of entertainment that appeal to large numbers of people—for example, television programs, movies, and popular music. These American entertainment products are extremely popular internationally, but they also cause controversy. Here are some opinions from people in various countries: A: “I like to listen to American music because there are so many different styles. Listening to it gives me the opportunity to experience the cultural diversity of the United States. I’m studying English in order to understand the songs better.” B: “We need to protect our language and culture. We can do this by not showing so many American television programs and movies. Our goal is to preserve our cultural traditions.” C: “I dislike having so much American entertainment in this country and throughout the world. It’s the same everywhere, so it’s causing cultural differences among countries to disappear. It’s important for the world not to lose cultural diversity.” D: “I like watching Hollywood movies. The movie-makers are good at telling enjoyable stories that appeal to lots of different people. American movies have been popular internationally since the 1920s. I don’t think we’ve lost our cultural identity as a result of watching them. ” E: “My everyday life is pretty boring. To escape is a pleasure for me. So my favorite free-time activity is watching action-adventure movies. I can dream of being a hero.”

F: “It’s easy to blame American television programs and movies for bringing violence to this country. But the United States isn’t the only source of the violent images we see.”

B. 2. both gerunds and infinitives 4. gerunds 3. infinitives 5. infinitives


CHAPTER 12: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Introductory Task: A Good Decision? (p. 224)

A. 2. watching

3. to do 4. doing 5. to study 6. to watch 7. studying 8. watching 9. watching 10. to study

C. Verbs that are followed by an infinitive: need, plan, refuse, decided Verbs that are followed by a gerund: enjoy, finished, keep, recommends, suggest

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Gerunds

1 Identifying Gerund and Present Participles: Culture Shock? (p. 227)

I’m an American student, and I’m taking my first trip outside the United States. Before I

started traveling, I’d been looking forward to experiencing a completely different culture. But

not all the experiences that I’m having are new and different. For example, at the moment,

I’m listening to the radio. Willie Nelson is singing, “On the road again . . . The life I love is

making music with my friends.” I don’t mind listening to country-and-western music at home,

but hearing it in this country seems very strange. Watching television here is a surprise, too—

many of the programs come from the United States. I’m experiencing a weird kind of culture

shock!

2 Gerunds as Subjects and Subject Complements: Thinking About Entertainment (p. 228) Answers will vary.

PP

G G

G G

G

PP

PP

PP

G

PPPP

PP


3 Gerunds as Objects of Verbs: Matching Up (p. 228)

A. 2. studying 3. living

4. watching

5. seeing 6. listening 7. not pairing

B. Answers will vary. C. Answers will vary. Ch12 Ex 3B The following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links Website.

4 Gerunds as Objects of Prepositions: The Roots of Rock and Roll (p. 229)

2. for moving 5. in attracting 8. at expressing 3. about seeing 6. in playing 9. of losing 4. about watching 7. to hearing 10. of hurting

5 By + Gerund: Entertainment Challenges (p. 230)


6 Gerunds with Go and in Other Expressions: Popular Culture in Two Generations (p. 230)

3. sits around listening to 8. it’s no use explaining 4. wastes his money buying 9. have a good time listening 5. spends too much time going 10. go dancing 6. be busy doing 11. can’t help liking 7. have problems understanding

7 Using Gerunds: The Music That We Keep Listening To (p. 231)



GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Infinitives I

8 Infinitive as Subject; It + Infinitive : Is It Your Dream to Be a Rock Star? (p. 233)

2. To become a successful rock musician takes hard work and creativity. It takes hard work and creativity to become a successful rock musician.

3. To develop a unique style is necessary. It is necessary to develop a unique style.

4. To be able to compose music is essential. It is essential to be able to compose music.

5. To write expressive song lyrics is important. It is important to write expressive song lyrics.

6. To create artistic videos is a great challenge. It is a great challenge to create artistic videos.

9 Verb + Infinitive Patterns: Our Band (p. 233)

1. d. [0] 3. a. [0] 4. a. [0] 2. a. her b. her b. her / [0] b. her / [0] c. her / [0] c. her c. [0] d. her / [0] d. her / [0] d. her

10 Verb + Infinitive Patterns: An Interview on the Music Channel (p. 234)

3. to thank 8. not to do 4. to know 9. to develop 5. me to play 10. to go 6. to write 11. not to perform 7. me to continue 12. you to know

11 Using Verbs with Infinitives: I Want (You) to Tell What’s Going On (p. 235)



GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Infinitives II

12 Adjectives + Infinitives: Soap Opera Scenes (p. 237) Answers may vary. Examples are given. 1. to hear 3. to go, to leave 2. to find, to tell 4. to be, to talk

13 Infinitive of Purpose: Why Did They Do It? (p. 238)


14 Infinitives with Too and Enough: Changing Channels (p. 238) The Sport Show Police Drama

2. too weak to win 1. too upset to talk about 3. enough strength to play 2. too late to catch 4. talented enough to be 3. enough money to live on 5. too soon to know 4. smart enough to figure out 6. soon enough to help

15 Infinitives as Noun Modifiers: The Value of Telev

gl3 2ed answer key - tokyo international university of america · 2009. 6. 25. · 2. does the...

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