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History of psychology

The history ofpsychologyas a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates back to theAncient

eeks. There is also evidence of psychological thought in ancient Egypt. Psychology was a branch ofphilosophy

il the 1870s, when it developed as an independent scientific discipline in Germany and the United States.

chology borders on various other fields includingphysiology,neuroscience,artificial intelligence,sociology,

hropology, as well as philosophy and other components of thehumanities.

the study of behavior and mental processes". Philosophical interest in the mind and behavior dates

back to the ancient civilizations ofEgypt,Greece,ChinaandIndia. Psychology as a self-conscious

field of experimental study began in 1879, whenWilhelm Wundtfounded the first laboratory

dedicated exclusively to psychological research inLeipzig. Wundt was also the first person to refer

to himself as a psychologist and wrote the first textbook on psychology: Principles of Physiological

Psychology. Other important early contributors to the field includeHermann Ebbinghaus(a pioneer

in the study ofmemory),William James(the American father ofpragmatism), and IvSoon after the

development of experimental psychology, various kinds of applied psychology appeared. G.

Stanley Hall brought scientific pedagogy to the United States from Germany in the early 1880s.

John Dewey's educational theory of the 1890s was another example. Also in the 1890s, Hugo

Mnsterberg began writing about the application of psychology to industry, law, and other fields.

Lightner Witmer established the first psychological clinic in the 1890s. James McKeen Cattell

adapted Francis Galton's anthropometric methods to generate the first program of mental testing in

the 1890s. In Vienna, meanwhile, Sigmund Freud developed an independent approach to the study

of the mind called psychoanalysis, which has been widely influential.

The 20th century saw a reaction to Edward Titchener's critique of Wundt's empiricism. Thiscontributed to the formulation ofbehaviorism by John B. Watson, which was popularized by B. F.

Skinner. Behaviorism proposed limiting psychological study to that of overt behavior, because that

could be quantified and easily measured. Behaviorists considered knowledge of the "mind" too

metaphysical to achieve scientifically. The final decades of the 20th century saw the decline of

behaviorism and the rise ofcognitive science, an interdisciplinary approach to studying the human

mind. Cognitive science again considers the "mind" as a subject for investigation, using the tools of

evolutionary psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, behaviorism, and

neurobiology. This form of investigation has proposed that a wide understanding of the human

mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as

artificial intelligence.

(who developed the procedures associated withclassical conditioning).

Branches ofPsychology

Psychology is a remarkably diverse subject, which is why a number of different branches have

emerged to explore different topics and perspectives. Explore some of the many branches of

psychology and learn more about what each one has to offer, including forensic psychology,

cognitive psychology, human factors and many more.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Stanley_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Stanley_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deweyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightner_Witmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Titchenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Titchenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightner_Witmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deweyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Stanley_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Stanley_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

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Perspectives in Modern Psychology

Psychologists and researchers have many different ways of looking at questions and issues inpsychology. The numerous perspectives in psychology offer unique ways to explain and predict

human behavior.

Subfields of Psychology

Find more information on the many subfields in the field of psychology. Includes specialty areas

such as biopsychology, developmental psychology, clinical psychology, forensic psychology,

personality psychology, and more.

Areas of Psychology - Divisions of the APAMajor areas of psychology according to the American Psychological Association's (APA) 53

divisions. Includes specialty area's such as clinical psychology, counseling psychology, forensic

psychology, and more.

Fields of Psychology

Psychology is a huge topic and conveying the depth and breadth of the subject can be difficult. As a

result, a number of different fields of psychology have emerged to deal with specific subtopics

within the study of the mind, brain and behavior. Learn more about some of the different fields ofpsychology.

Experimental Psychology

Experimental psychology is an area of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the

mind and behavior.

What Is Consumer Psychology?

Consumer psychology studies how and why we buy goods and services. Learn more about howpsychologists study the science of consumer behavior.

What Is Community Psychology

Community psychology is a relatively young discipline within psychology that is concerned with

how individuals relate to society. Learn more in this overview of community psychology.

What Is Transpersonal Psychology?

Transpersonal psychology is a perspective focused on understanding the spiritual side of human

existence. Topics such as meditation and peak experiences are often studied in this field.

http://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/a/perspectives.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/a/perspectives.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/a/subfields.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/a/subfields.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/a/majorareas.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/a/majorareas.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/a/fields-of-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/a/fields-of-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/a/what-is-experimental-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/a/what-is-experimental-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/a/consumer-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/a/consumer-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/a/community-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/a/community-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/tindex/f/transpersonal-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/tindex/f/transpersonal-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/tindex/f/transpersonal-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/a/community-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/a/consumer-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/a/what-is-experimental-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/a/fields-of-psychology.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/a/majorareas.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/a/subfields.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/a/perspectives.htm

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