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Cartography, GIS and Internet

Internet

Acomputer networkconsists of at leasttwo computers mutuallyconnected so they couldtransfer the data. Theinternational computernetwork consists ofvarious types of networks

classified according to thestandards they use andtheir very purpose.

Internet is aninternational computernetwork that includes alarge number ofcomputers, as well as ageneral set of data, information processes and peoplegiving or using these data (Fig. 1). It is made of a lotof national networks offering an infinite general

potential of information, knowledge, communicationmanner and cooperation of people from all over theworld (Meter et al. 1995).

Internet can be observed as a set of basiccommunication protocols, as a physical collection ofvarious types of hardware, e.g. a router and anothernetwork hardware, or even as a special idea aboutconnecting people and communication. From thetechnical point of view, Internet is a network of allnational, academic, scientific, commercial and otherworld networks. Thus connected, the Internet makes

it possible for individuals from all these networks tocommunicate with each other and transferinformation (Suanj and Petri#, 1996).

The number of computers connected to Internet hasbeen growing from day to day. In the beginning theInternet used to connect a very few computers formilitary and research purposes, then more and moreuniversities have become members of Internet, thenthe government of the USA connected the majorityof its institutions, and in the late eighties it became

possible for various commercial organisations to

approach Internet as well (Meter et al., 1995).

Computer Industry Almanac has informed that therewere 327 million users of Internet in the world in theyear 2000. According to their estimations there will

be 490 million in the year2002, and 720 million in2005. Today about 10% of

population have access toInternet in 25 countries.The usage of Internet willgrow even faster due tomobile telephones.

Wireless ApplicationProtocol (WAP) enablesthe access to Internetthrough a mobile phonewith a small screen. It isestimated that in a fewyears more people willhave access to Internet

through mobile phones than through networkedcomputers. It has already happened in Japan(Peterson 2000).

World Wide Web

The Internet network developed mostly at the end of1992. The global information system called WorldWide Web (WWW) is the most responsible for suchdevelopment (Fig. 2). This system uses hypertext andmultimedia techniques, which considerablyfacilitates the access of end users to informationsystems (Debevc, 1996).

Web is one of the most interesting network services.It makes it possible for everyone having access to

Internet to present his/her data to the others in theway interesting and pleasant to the eye, or toapproach the data offered by someone else in a verysimple way.

Like the most other Internet services, web is base onuser-server model as well with user programs forweb being called browsers applied for browsingthrough the hypertext.

The files used by the web-server are not usual textfiles but the files written in HTML, a meta languagemade for web. What made web popular was itsgraphic interface (Meter et al., 1995).Web makes it possible for every Internet user toapproach any piece of information saved in thenetwork without being familiar with the way in

Slika 1. Internet povezuje cijeli svijet (URL 1)

Fig. 1. Internet connects the whole world (URL 1)


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Kartografija, GIS i internet

Internet

Ra!unalnu mreu !ine najmanje dva ra!unala koja sume"usobno spojena kako bi mogla prenositi

podatake. Me"unarodna mrea ra!unala sastoji se odraznih tipova mrea i po standardima kojeupotrebljavaju i po samoj namjeni.

Internet je me"unarodna ra!unalna mrea koja uzveliki broj ra!unala !ini i op#i skup podataka,informacijskih procesa i ljudi koji te podatke daju ili

ih upotrebljavaju (slika 1). Sa!injen je od mnogonacionalnih mrea, prua neizmjeran op#i potencijalobavijesti, znanja, na!ina komunikacije i suradnjuljudi iz svih krajeva svijeta (Meter i dr., 1995).

Internet se moe promatrati kao skup osnovnihkomunikacijskih protokola, kao fizi!ka zbirka raznoghardvera, na primjer usmjernika i drugog mrenoghardvera, ili !ak i kao zasebna ideja o povezivanjuljudi i komuniciranju. U tehni!kom pogledu, internet

je mrea svih nacionalnih, akademskih, znanstvenih,komercijalnih i drugih svjetskih mrea. Tako

povezan, internet omogu#ava pojedincima iz svih tihmrea da me"usobno komuniciraju i prenoseinformacije (Suanj i Petri#, 1996).

Broj ra!unala povezanih na internet rastao je iz danau dan. U po!etku je internet povezivao vrlo malora!unala za vojne i istraiva!ke namjene, zatim je svevie i vie sveu!ilita postalo !lanicama interneta,zatim je vlada SAD-a povezala ve#inu svojihinstitucija, da bi u kasnimosamdesetim bio omogu#en pristup

internetu i raznim komercijalnimorganizacijama (Meter i dr., 1995).

Computer Industry Almanac jeizvjestio da je u 2000. godini bilona svijetu 327 milijuna korisnikainterneta. Prema njihovim

procjenama u 2002. bit #e ih 490milijuna, a 720 milijuna u 2005.Danas ve#u 25 drava vie od10% stanovnika ima pristup

internetu. Upotreba interneta pove#avat #e se jo ibre zahvaljuju#i mobilnoj telefoniji. WirelessApplication Protocol (WAP) omogu#uje pristupinternetu preko mobitela s malim ekranom.Procjenjuje se da #e za nekoliko godina vie ljudi

pristupati internetu preko mobitela nego prekoumreenih ra!unala. U Japanu se to ve#dogodilo(Peterson 2000).

World Wide Web

Mrea internet najvie se razvila krajem 1992. Tomeje u najve#oj mjeri pridonio globalni informacijskisustav, nazvan World Wide Web (WWW ili web)(slika 2). Taj sustav upotrebljava hipertekst imultimedijske tehnike, to u znatnoj mjeri olakava

pristup krajnjih korisnika informacijskih sustava(Debevc, 1996).

Web je jedna od najzanimljivijih mrenih usluga.Omogu#ava svakome tko ima pristup internetu dasvoje podatke predo!i drugima na zanimljiv i okuugodan na!in ili da na jednostavan na!in pristupi

podacima koje netko drugi nudi.

Kao i ve#ina drugih internet usluga i web se temeljina korisni!ko-posluiteljskom modelu, pri !emu sekorisni!ki programi za web nazivaju preglednici(browseri), s kojima se moe listati hipertekst.

Datoteke s kojima se web-posluitelj slui nisu obi!netekstualne datoteke, ve#se radi odatotekama pisanim u HTML-u,metajeziku koji je napravljen zaweb. Ono to je u!inilo web

popularnim bilo je njegovo grafi!kosu!elje (Meter i dr., 1995).Web omogu#ava svakom korisnikuinterneta da pristupi bilo kojem

Slika 2. Logo 11 me"unarodne World Wide Web konferencije to #e se odrati u gradu Honolulu, Havaji,7.-11. svibnja 2002. godine (URL 2)

Fig. 2. Logotype of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference that will take place in thetown Honolulu, Hawaii, 7th 11th May, 2002 (URL 2)


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which these data are transferred or saved.Hypermedia bases of web widen the Internet

potentials and offer to a person dealing withcomputers the possibility to provide and publishinformation, opinions, multimedia records and othermaterial to the millions of people around the world ina simple way and with small expenses.

In order to understand web better, we should realizewhat hypertext and hypermedia are. Hypertextorganises information as an interwoven network ofmutually connected texts. Hypermedia is a termreferring to hypertext documents containingmultimedia objects along with the text (images,sound and video records). Through a wide range ofvarious instructions, HTML enables the usage of alltypes of media objects, which is one of more

powerful arguments proving that web is based on

hypermedia (Petri#, 1995).

HTML, by means of which hypertext files can bewritten, has numerous possibilities for textformatting as any other text-processing program.Apart from the text itself, the document may containimages, tables or forms enabling interactive work(Meter et al., 1995).

In order to enter some file on Internet one should befamiliar with the document access manner, with thename of the computer where it can be found, thedirectory where it is saved and the file name itself.

These data are contained in the URL address. URL isthe abbreviation of Uniform Resource Locator(Suanj, Petri#1996).

Cartography and Internet

Green (1997) has researched Internet in short inconnection with maps and cartography. He states thatthere are many possible ways of using Internet incartography. Table 1 shows some of the ways in

which cartographic information is already availablethrough Internet. Some are textual, and some in theform of maps.

Maps are often applied as interfaces for otherinformation on web. They can be used only as avisual guidance, as a way of communicating theinformation, or as an example to various types ofavailable maps. Along with the development ofInternet technology there will be also the ways ofdelivering and using maps developed; e.g. the usageof animation and interactive switching on and off the

map layers offer more dynamic possibilities forpresenting maps in raster and vector form, and theinteractions of users (see also Tunji#1998).

Web maps can be static and dynamic. Both groupsinclude the maps that can be viewed only andinteractive maps. The most maps on web today arestill static and not interactive. These are e.g. scannedmaps installed on web. Some very old maps difficultto be reached become available to many users in thisway (Fig. 3). Static maps can also be interactive.Clicking certain places we provoke some

operations, e.g. associating additional information,zooming and similar.

Web has got a few possibilities for the presentationof dynamic processes by means of animation. A

Table 1. Some applications of Internet in connection with cartography

Electronic publishing: abstracts, journals, text documents (papers, manuals), book

reviews, dictionaries

Advertising: services, sources, events, software, employment, archives,

address lists, conferences, seminars and exhibitions, news

Education modules with instructions, textbooks, research, details aboutcourses, papers, bibliographies

Trade: e.g. companies selling maps

Organisation: e.g. national mapping organisations

Databases: text, image, archive

Often raised questions: problem solutions

Bulletin: presenting information to wider public

Connections: Remote Sensing/GIS/Cartography/GPS

Software: demonstration and free programs (shareware)

Interactive pages: cartography, image processing

Information systems: e.g. usage of various map scales as zooming interfaces


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podatku spremljenom na mrei bez poznavanjana!ina na koji se ti podaci prenose i spremaju.Hipermedijalni temelji weba proiruju potencijaleinterneta, te !ovjeku koji se ne bavi ra!unalima

pruaju mogu#nost da na jednostavan na!in uz vrlomale trokove pribavlja i objavljuje informacije,miljenja, multimedijalne zapise i druge materijale

pred milijunskom publikom diljem svijeta.

Da bi se web bolje razumio, potrebno je to boljeshvatiti to je to hipertekst, odnosno hipermedija.Hipertekst organizira informacije kao isprepletenumreu me"usobno povezanih tekstova. Hipermedija

je pojam koji se odnosi na hipertekstualne dokumentekoji pored teksta sadre i multimedijalne objekte(slike, zvu!ni i videozapisi). HTML kroz iroku

paletu raznih naredbi omogu#ava da se u web-stranicama upotrijebe svi tipovi medijalnih objekata,

pa je to i jedan od ja!ih argumenata zbog kojih sekae da web po!iva na hipermedijalnim temeljima(Petri#, 1995).

HTML pomo#u kojega se mogu pisatihipertekstualne datoteke ima brojne mogu#nosti zaformatiranje teksta, kao bilo koji program za obraduteksta. Osim samog teksta, unutar dokumenta mogu

biti uklju!ene i slike, tablice ili pak obrascizahvaljuju#i kojima je mogu#interaktivni rad (Meteri dr., 1995).

Da bi se pristupilo nekom dokumentu na internetu,

potrebno je znati na!in pristupa do dokumenta, imera!unala na kojem se nalazi, direktorij u kojem je

pohranjen i samo ime dokumenta. Te podatke sadriURL-adresa. URL je skra#enica od Uniform

Resource Locator (Suanj, Petric 1996).

Kartografija i internet

Green (1997) ukratko istrauje internet u vezi skartama i kartografijom. Prema njemu postoji mnogo

mogu#ih na!ina upotrebe interneta u kartografiji.Tablica 1. prikazuje neke od na!ina u kojima sukartografske informacije ve#dostupne prekointerneta. Neke su tekstualne, a druge u oblikukarata.

Karte se !esto primjenjuju kao su!elja za drugeinformacije na webu. Mogu biti upotrijebljene samokao vizualni putokaz, kao na!in priop#avanjainformacija ili kao primjer mnogim razli!itimvrstama dostupnih karata. Kako se razvija internetskatehnologija, tako #e se razvijati i na!ini na koje sekarte mogu isporu!iti i upotrijebiti; npr. upotrebaanimacije i interaktivno uklju!ivanje i isklju!ivanjeslojeva karte pruaju dinami!nije mogu#nosti za

prikazivanje karata u rasterskom i vektorskom oblikute interakcije korisnika (vidi tako"er Tunji#1998).

Web-karte mogu biti stati!ke i dinami!ke. Objeskupine uklju!uju karte koje se mogu samo

pregledavati (view only) i interaktivne karte. Ve#inakarata na webu danas su jo uvijek stati!ke i nisuinteraktivne. To su npr. skanirane karte postavljenena web. Neke vrlo stare i teko dostupne karte

postaju na taj na!in dostupne mnogima (slika 3).Stati!ke karte mogu biti i interaktivne. Klikom na

pojedino mjesto izazivaju se odre"ene operacije, npr.pridruivanje dodatnih informacija, zumiranje i sl .

Tablica 1. Neke upotrebe interneta u vezi s kartografijom

Elektroniko objavljivanje:saeci, asopisi, tekstualni dokumenti (lanci, prirunici), recenzije

knjiga, rjenici

Reklamiranje: slube, izvori, dogaaji, softver, zapoljavanje, arhive, popisi adresa,

konferencije, seminari i izlobe, vijesti

Obrazovanje: moduli s uputama, udbenici, istraivanja, pojedinosti o teajevima,lanci, bibliografije

Trgovina npr. tvrtke koje prodaju karte

Organizacije: npr. nacionalne kartografske organizacije

Baze podataka: tekst, slika, arhiv

esto postavljana pitanja:rjeenja problema

Bilten: izlaganje informacija za iroku publiku

Veze: Daljinska istraivanja/GIS/Kartografija/GPS

Softver: demonstracijski i besplatni programi (shareware)

Interaktivne stranice: kartografija, obrada slika

Informacijski sustavi: npr. upotreba razliitih mjerila karte kao suelja za zumiranje


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typical example is a globe turning around or themovement of clouds on meteorological maps.The greatest advantage of web maps from the users

point of view is their availability and up-to-dateness.They are available for 24 hours a day with no

limitations. The usage of CD-ROM has not solvedthe problem of up-to-dateness of maps. Only webmakes an essential progress possible. The examplesare meteorological maps, also road maps, i.e. thesituation regarding the roads being in the process of

building.

The availability and up-to-dateness, the two majoradvantages of web maps, are still not completelyreached. Some web maps are not regularly updated,and thus users lose confidence in these sites. It ismuch more important that there are some limitations

in availability from the practical point of view:finding web maps, language, availability toeverybody, charged web map and geodata, access toInternet, speed of data transfer. Regarding thelanguage, it must be pointed out that English isdominant. But only 10% of world population use thislanguage, and 22% is illiterate. Furthermore, if wewrite some geographic name incorrectly, we will not

be able to find the requested map or geodata.Economical factors are the main reasons forlimitations in having access to web. The data

available without charge are not always of thehighest quality. The limiting factors are also theInternet access costs. The requirements in thisrespect include powerful computer, modem,

software, telephone costs. The greatest problem for auser is the speed of data transfer.

Internet is becoming more and more important in theworld economy. It is estimated that more than 50% ofgross national product increase in the United Statesin 1999 was realised due to Internet. There are nosuch precise data for web-mapping. It is sure,however, that this part of Internet economy will bereflected in cartography as well. Web is not only thetool for advertising traditional cartographic products,e.g. maps on paper and CD-ROM, and of mappingsoftware. Creation of maps on web maps is becominga new specialisation of cartographers andcartographic firms whose products and services must

become available through web, too. In order tosurvive, the cartographic firms and organisations will

have to be adjusted to the rules of Internet economy,and it will not always be easy.

The map contents depends to a large extent on scale.Principally, the maps on the monitor, and thus webmaps as well, have changeable scale, because theycan be enlarged and reduced (zooming). Thecartographers can apply three types of zooming increating a map.

In static linear zoomingthe image is enlargedlinearly, but the contents remain the same. The map

is saved as an image. If it has got vector graphics, theimage is equally sharp, but if its raster graphics, thepixels become visible.

Slika 3. Jedna od mnogih zbirki starih karata na internetu (URL 3)

Fig. 3. One of many collections of old maps on Internet (URL 3)


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Web ima nekoliko mogu#nosti za prikaz dinami!kihprocesa putem animacije. Tipi!an je primjer globuskoji se okre#e ili kretanje oblaka na meteorolokimkartama.

Najve#a prednost web-karata iz perspektive korisnikaje njihova dostupnost i aktualnost. Dostupnost je 24sata na dan bez ikakvih ograni!enja. Upotreba CD-

ROM-a nije rijeila problem aktualnosti karata. Tekweb omogu#uje bitan napredak. Primjer sumeteoroloke karte, tako"er i autokarte, tj. stanjecesta u izgradnji.

Dostupnost i aktualnost, dvije glavne prednosti web-karata, nisu uvijek potpuno ispunjene. Neke web-stranice nisu redovito odravane pa korisnici gube

povjerenje u te stranice. Mnogo je vanije da u praksipostoje i ograni!enja u dostupnosti: pronalaenjeweb-karata, jezik, dostupnost svima, web-karte igeopodaci uz naplatu, dostupnost interneta, brzina

prijenosa podataka. to se ti!e jezika treba re#i da jeengleski dominantan. Ali tek 10% svjetskogstanovnitva slui se tim jezikom, a 22% jenepismeno. Nadalje, napiemo li neko geografskoime pogreno ne#emo prona#i traenu kartu iligeopodatke. Ekonomski !initelji glavni su razloziograni!enja u pristupu na web. Podaci dostupni beznaplate nisu uvijek najkvalitetniji. Ograni!avaju#ifaktor su i trokovi pristupa internetu. Uvjeti susnano ra!unalo, modem, softver, telefonski trokovi.

Najve#i problem za korisnika je brzina prijenosa

podataka.Internet dobiva sve ve#u vanost u svjetskojekonomiji. Procjenjuje se da je vie od 50%

pove#anja bruto doma#eg proizvoda (GDP)Sjedinjenih Ameri!kih Drava u 1999. postignutozahvaljuju#i internetu. Za web-kartografiju ne

postoje tako precizni podaci. Sigurno je, me"utim, da#e taj dio internetske ekonomije na#i odraza i ukartografiji. Web nije samo sredstvo za oglaavanjetradicionalnih kartografskih proizvoda, npr. karata na

papiru i CD-ROM-u te kartografskog softvera.

Kreiranje karata na web-stranicama postaje novaspecijalizacija kartografa ikartografskih tvrtki, !iji proizvodi iusluge moraju postati dostupni i prekoweba. Da bi preivjele, kartografsketvrtke i organizacije morat #e se

prilago"ivati pravilima internetskeekonomije, a to ne#e uvijek biti lako.

Sadraj karte ovisi u velikoj mjeri omjerilu. U na!elu karte na zaslonu(ekranu) monitora, pa prema tome iweb-karte imaju promjenljivo mjerilo,

jer se mogu pove#avati i smanjivati (zumiranje).Kartografi mogu u kreiranju karata primijeniti trivrste zumiranja.

Pristati!kom linearnom zumiranjuslika se linearnopove#ava, ali sadraj ostaje isti. Karta je spremljenakao slika. Ako je grafika vektorska, slika je jednakootra, a ako je rasterska postaju vidljivi pikseli.

Ustati!kom stupnjevitom zumiranjudostupna jeserija karata istog podru!ja, svaka oblikovana zadrugo mjerilo. Pri zumiranju softver automatski biranajprikladniju kartu za traeno mjerilo.

U dinami!kom zumiranjupostoji izravna vezaizme"u mjerila i sadraja karte. to je mjerilokrupnije, prikazuje se vie detalja na karti. Potrebna

je izravna veza slike i baze podataka. Kartografskageneralizacija i simbolizacija naj!e#e se mijenja smjerilom. Naselje u sitnome mjerilu prikazuje se

krui#em, a u krupnijem konturom naselja (Kraak,Brown 2001).

Kad se govori o kartografiji i internetu trebaspomenuti i pristup internetu preko mobitela.Upotreba interneta preko mobitela sigurno #e bitiusmjerena na najnovije vijesti, vrijeme i sport (slika4). Najvjerojatnije #e se i karte prikazivati na malimekranima mobitela. Pritom #e glavni izazov bitiuspostava WAP specifi!nog kartografskog

posluitelja, koji #e nuditi karte u formatuprikladnom za male ekrane mobitela (Peterson 2000).

Multimedijska kartografija

Multimedija je interakcija vie oblika medijapodrana ra!unalom. Ra!unalo je alat multimedije alii nezin medij. Web je dramati!no pove#ao brojkorisnika i upotrebu produkata interaktivnemultimedije.

Do priblino sredine 1980-ih ra!unala su seupotrebljavala kao pomo#u izradi karata na papiru.

Napredak u pohrani podataka (CD-ROM, DVD) i

internet (web) omogu#ili su pod kraj 1980-ih i tokom1990-ih ulazak kartografije u eru multimedije.

Multimedijska kartografija zasniva sena pet na!ela (Peterson 1999). Prvood tih na!ela govori da se karte na

papiru ne mogu takmi!iti sinteraktivnim medijima u bitnomsvojstvu kartografije prikazu ikomunikaciji prostornog i dinami!kog

svijeta.

Drugo na!elo vezano je uzdistribuciju karata. Izum tiskarstva

Slika 4. Pregledavanje podataka s interneta na zaslonu mobilnog telefona (URL 4)

Fig. 4. Data browsing from Internet on mobile phone screen (URL 4)


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Instatic graduated zooming, a series of maps of thesame area is available, every one of them beingformed for another scale. In the process of zooming,the software automatically selects the most adequatemap for the requested scale.

In dynamic zoomingthere is a direct connectionbetween the scale and the contents of a map. Thelarger the scale, the more details are presented on amap. A direct connection between the image anddatabase is needed. Map generalisation andsymbolization are most often changed with the scale.A settlement in small scale is presented with a cross,and in larger scale with the contour of the settlement(Kraak, Brown 2001).

When speaking about cartography and Internet one

should mention the access to Internet through mobilephone as well. The usage of Internet through mobilephone will surely be directed towards the most recentnews, weather and sport (Fig. 4). Most probably themaps will also be presented on small mobile phonescreens. The major challenge in this respect will bethe establishment of WAP specific cartographicserver that will offer maps in a format suitable forsmall mobile phone screens (Peterson 2000).

Multimedia cartography

The multimedia is an interaction of several forms ofcomputer-aided media. Computer is a multimediatool, but also its medium. Web has dramaticallyincreased the number of users and the usage of

products of interactive multimedia.

Until approximately mid-1980-ties, the computerswere used as help in producing maps on paper. Theadvance in saving data (CD-ROM, DVD) andInternet (web) enabled at the end of 1980-ties andduring 1990-ties the entrance of cartography into themultimedia age.

Multimedia cartography is based on five principles(Peterson 1999). The first of these principles saysthat the maps on paper cannot compete withinteractive media in the essential property ofcartography presentation and communication of

spatial and dynamic world.

The second principle is connected with thedistribution of maps. The invention of printing has

made it possible for maps to reach much greaternumber of people than ever before. Analogously, thecomputer networks have today even more speeded upthe distribution of maps. The tendency goes towardsinteractive maps that make it possible for users tochange the perspective, projection and detail degree.Also, the maps are more current. E.g. themeteorological maps change every few hours.

The third principle is based onproblems connectedwith the usage of maps. Many people havedifficulties in using maps and have therefore very

bad notion of the landscape surrounding them. Thesolutions could be offered by the interactivemultimedia. A map user is not limited any more toonly one view offered by the classical map but can

Slika 5. Eksperimentalna interaktivna karta cesta susjedne nam Madarske. Sadraj statusne trake ispisujekoordinate i podatke o naselju iznad koje je pokaziva!mia (URL 5)

Fig. 5. Experimental interactive road map of the neighbouring country Hungary. The content of thestatus tape writes the coordinates and data about the settlement with mouse indicator above it (URL 5)


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omogu#io je da karte dopru do mnogo ve#eg brojaljudi nego prije toga. Analogno tome danas sura!unalne mree ubrzale distribuciju karata joznatno vie. Internet, a posebno web redefinirao jena!in izrade i upotrebe karata. Tendencija je premainteraktivnim kartama koje omogu#uju korisnikumijenjanje perspektive, projekcije i stupnja

detaljnosti. Karte su osim toga suvremenije. Npr.meteoroloke karte mijenjaju se svakih nekoliko sati.

Tre#e na!elo zasniva se naproblemima vezanim uzupotrebu karata. Mnogo ljudi ima teko#a u upotrebikarata i stoga imaju vrlo lou predodbu krajolikakoji ih okruuje. Rjeenje bi mogla pruitiinteraktivna multimedija. Korisnik karte nije vieograni!en na samo jedanpogledkoji nudi klasi!nakarta ve#moe isprobati razne alternativne prikazekoji #e mu pomo#i da stvori bolju sliku krajolika.

$etvrto na!elo vezano je uzsutinsku vrijednostmultimedijei uvjerenje da multimedija vodi do

poboljanog prijenosa informacija i znanja. Postojeistraivanja koja potvr"uju ali i osporavaju tetvrdnje.

Peto na!elo govori o op#oj moralnoj obavezikartografada prostorne informacije na efektivanna!in proslje"uje do to ve#eg broja korisnika.

Kartografija je u procesu promjene. Nuno jepromijeniti i neke ustaljene definicije. Npr. trebalo biredefinirati i pojam karte tako da se odnosi na

interaktivni kartografski prikaz. Ako korisnik ne

moe kontrolirati proces izrade karte, onda to nijekarta. Ako nema mogu#nosti interakcije, to tako"ernije karta. Karta nije ni prikaz, koji ne omogu#ujeanimaciju. Ono to mi danas nazivamo kartom to susamo stati!ki elementi karte.

Dinami!ke karte, !iji se sadraj mijenja nakorisnikov zahtjev, op#enito su dostupne na webu

(slika 5). Uskoro #e ta dinami!nost imati mnogo ve#emogu#nosti:dinami!ki smjetaj imena objekata na optimalna

mjestageneriranje pravokutne mree ili mree meridijana i

paralela na karti koju stvaramo

umetanje detaljne karte u kartu sitnijeg mjerilastvaranje datoteke za kvalitetan tisak, na osnovi

dinami!ki kreirane karte, direktno iz web-preglednika.

Kakva je u svemu tome uloga kartografa? Kartografimoraju, naravno, identificirati najprikladnijetehnologije za pripremu i distribuciju kvalitetnihkarata na webu i investirati u njih. Oblikovanjekarata za web je proirenje djelatnosti kartografa,koje zahtijeva nove na!ine oblikovanja. Kartografi semoraju intenzivno posvetiti tome novom poslu akone ele taj vaan dio trita prepustiti stru!njacimadrugih struka. Kroz izradu digitalnih karatakartografi su ve#stekli ve#inu potrebnih znanja.Dodatno su im jo potrebna znanja (Wilfert 1998):

u oblikovanju dokumenata s HTML-omu izradi digitalnih dokumenata prilago"enih prikazu

na zaslonu monitora

Slika 6. Web stranice Geodetskog fakulteta u Zagrebu (URL 7)Fig. 6. Web pages of the Faculty of Geodesy in Zagreb (URL 7)


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try various alternative presentations that will helphim/her to create a better landscape image.

The fourth principle is connected with the essentialvalue of multimedia and it is believed thatmultimedia is leading to the improved informationand knowledge transfer. There is also research

confirming, but also denying these statements.The fifth principle speaks aboutgeneral moralobligation of cartographersto pass on spatialinformation in an effective way to the as largenumber of users as possible.

Cartography is in the process of changing. It isnecessary to change some established definitions aswell. E.g. the notion of map should be redefined sothat it would refer to the interactive cartographic

presentation. If a user cannot control the process of

map production, than it is not a map. If there is nopossibility for an interaction, this is also not a map.The map is not the presentation without enablinganimation. What we call map today are the only thestatic map elements.

Dynamic maps the contents of which are changed asrequested by users are generally available on web(Fig. 5). Very soon, this dynamic feature will havemuch larger possibilities:dynamic placement of object names at optimal places

generating a grid or a graticule on the map we create

inserting a detailed map into the small scale map

creating files for high quality printing on the basis ofdynamically created map, directly from web-browser.

Fig. 5. Experimental interactive road map of theneighbouring country Hungary. The content of thestatus tape writes the coordinates and data about thesettlement with mouse indicator above it (URL 5)

What is the role of a cartographer in all this?Cartographers must, of course, identify the most

suitable technologies for preparation and distributionof high quality maps on web and make investments.The creation of maps for web widens the activity of acartographer requesting new ways of creating.Cartographers must be intensively dedicated to theirnew job if they do not want to leave this veryimportant part of the market to the other professions.Producing digital maps, cartographers have alreadyacquired the majority of necessary knowledge. Theyneed some additional skills (Wilfert 1998):

in creating documents with HTMLin producing digital documents adapted to the

presentation on the screen

in audio- and video technique

in programming, e.g. in Java.

The evolution of payment system through Internetwill make it possible to apply maps more and more invarious areas. Some time will pass until the newmarket is settled, but its growth will be accelerated ifsupported by the structure of prices. The prices ofordered maps can be based on the map contents andits size. Web-cartography according to the orders ofusers is a great opportunity for various industrialgroups to work together very profitably (Willcox1999).

Slika 7. Interaktivna karta Jadranskog mora (URL 10)Fig. 7 Interactive map of the Adriatic Sea (URL 10)


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o audio- i videotehniciprogramiranju, npr. u Javi.

Evolucija sustava pla#anja preko interneta omogu#it #e isve ve#u primjenu karata u raznim podru!jima. Dok senovo trite ne ustali, pro#i #e neko vrijeme, ali #enjegov rast biti ubrzan ako ga struktura cijena bude

podravala. Cijene naru!enih karata mogu se temeljitina sadraju karte i njenoj veli!ini. Web-kartografija

prema narudbama korisnika velika je prilika darazli!ite industrijske skupine zajedni!ki rade vrlo

profitabilno (Willcox 1999).

Za izradu karata na webu postoji na tritu ve#i brojsoftverskih paketa. Neki od najpoznatijih jesu (Limp1999):ArcView IMS (ESRI Inc.)GeoMedia Web Map (Intergraph Corp.)MapGuide (Autodesk Inc.)

Smallworld Web (Smallworld).

GIS i internet

Web-GIS je relativno novi pojam. Ozna!avaprimjenu tehnologije interneta s njegovim normamau prijenosu i prikazu podataka u GIS-u. Korisnostodre"enog GIS-projekta znatno #e se pove#ati akoto ve#i broj korisnika ima jednostavan pristup

podacima GIS-a pri !emu se ti podaci mogu spajati s

podacima iz drugih sustava, analizirati i prikazati. Utu svrhu ujedinile su se prakti!ki sve tvrtke prisutnena tritu GIS-a i osnovale OpenGIS-Consortium

(OGC) (Kurzwernhart 1999).

$lanice OGC-a nedavno su predloile i prikazalezna!ajno otvoreno su!elje koje bi moglo izazvatirevoluciju u upotrebi geoprostornih informacija nawebu (URL 6). Radi se o rezultatu projekta omogu#nosti zajedni!kog rada vie razli!itih sustavaili ure"aja na mrei pod nazivom Testiranje

kartografije na webu (Interoperability program WebMapping Testsbed WMT). $injenica je da tisu#eweb-stranica sadre slikovne prikaze ili karte Zemlje,ali ne funkcioniraju zajedno. Zamislimo upotrebu

preglednika za web koji ima bezgrani!an pristup i skojim se moe pregledavati i istraivati velik, aroliki iroko distribuiran sadraj geoprostornih podataka.To je cilj projekta WMT OGC-a. Dugo vremenaizolirane za primjene na stolnim ra!unalima iliuredskim posluiteljima (serverima), geoprostornetehnologije danas se transformiraju kako bi bile to

bolje prilago"ene webu. Geoosposobljene (Geo-enabled) web usluge uskoro #e integrirati prostor ivrijeme pri odlu!ivanju, u!enju i istraivanjima. Te#e usluge davati vie od samih karata, ali karte #e bitivaan po!etak. Projekt WMT temelji se na polaznojdefiniciji karte kao filtriranog podskupageoprostornih podataka u skladu s poloajem,mjerilom i namjenom, a prikazanog kartografskimznakovima. Prema Willcoxu (1999), rezultat #e se

pokazati fundamentalnim pri distribuciji karataizabranog i bogatog sadraja. Prema prijedlogu

OGC-a, sadraj pojedine karte moe, teoretski, bitineograni!en. tovie, podaci se mogu prikupljati izizvora razli!itih tehnologija i objedinjavati u istu

Slika8. Web stranice Me"unarodne kartografske udruge (URL 13)Fig. 8. Web pages of the International Cartographic Association (URL 13)


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For the production of web maps there is a largenumber of software packages available in the market.Some of the most well known are (Limp 1999):ArcView IMS (ESRI Inc.)

GeoMedia Web Map (Intergraph Corp.)

MapGuide (Autodesk Inc.)

Smallworld Web (Smallworld).

GIS and Internet

Web-GIS is a relatively new term. It denotes theapplication of Internet technology with its standardsin the transfer and presentation of data in GIS. Theusefulness of a certain GIS project will besignificantly increased if a larger number of users hasgot a simple access to the data in GIS whereby thesedata can be connected with the data from othersystems, then analysed and presented. For this

purpose practically all f irms present in the GISmarket have united and founded Open-GIS-Consortium (OGC) (Kurzwernhart 1999).

The members of OGC have recently suggested andpresented a significant open interface that couldcause revolution in using geospatial information onweb (URL 6). It refers to the result of the projectabout the possibilities of mutual work to be

performed by more various systems or devices in the

networks titled Interoperability program WebMapping Testbed WMT. The fact is that thousandsof web maps contain images or maps of the Earth,

but they do not operate together. Let us imagine theusage of a web browser having limitless access andthe one that we can browse and research a great, richand widely distributed content of geospatial datawith. This is the goal of the project WMT in OGC. Along time isolated for application of desktopcomputers or office servers, geospatial technologiesare transformed today in order to be adjusted to webas well as possible. Geo-enabled web services willsoon integrated space and time in the process ofdeciding, learning and researching. These serviceswill give more than the maps themselves, but themaps will be an important beginning. The projectWMT is based on the initial definition of a map as afiltered subgroup of geospatial data in accordancewith the position, scale and purpose, and presented

by means of cartographic signs. According toWillcox (1999), the results will prove itself asfundamental in the distribution of maps havingselected and rich contents. According to the proposal

of OGC, the contents of individual map can betheoretically limitless. Moreover, the data can begathered from the sources of various technologiesand united in the same map according to the user s

needs. Internet is a cartographic database. This is acrucial assumption because it makes it possible forusers to find and combine various map layers of oneand the same geographic area without specialsoftware, regardless of the differences the ownersmay have in saving, analysing and presenting data.

Web-pages with cartographic contents

The Department for Cartography at the Faculty ofGeodesy, University of Zagreb has got its own pageson Internet within the scope of web pages belongingto the Faculty of Geodesy (URL 7) (Fig. 6). The

pages contain the following: history, employees,teaching activity, projects, publications, hardware,software.

In the communication of state geodetic and

cartographic organisations (SGCO) with the users oftheir services, web has got a special role. Kraak andBrown (2001) state the contents that web pages ofSGCO should contain:organisation information

information about analogous products: descriptiveinformation, map samples that can be downloaded,general sheets (only general or interactive),information about prices; whether direct ordering is

possible?

information about digital products: descriptive

information, digital map samples that can bedownloaded, information about prices; whether directordering is possible?

apart from mother tongue, some information should begiven in one of the world languages as well.

From the address (URL 8) one can reach web pagesof any of 70 (June 2001) SGCO around the world.SGCO of e.g. the Netherlands, Great Britain, Canada,the USA and Australia contain all previouslymentioned data. SGCO of the Republic of Croatia,

the State Geodetic Administration, has got its webpages at the address (URL 9). The pages containamong other things the Catalogue of the State Surveyand Real Estate Cadastre Data, and the price list forthese data with the data about topographic maps inanalogous and digital form stated there as well.

On the pages of the Croatian HydrographicalInstitute in Split (URL 10) there is an interactive mapof the Adriatic Sea (Fig. 7). Clicking some placesone can get a detailed map of that area enabling alsothe presentation of a map in even larger scale. The

pages also contain the Catalogue of Sea Maps andNavigation Publication.

On the pages of the Section of Cartography in theCroatian Geodetic Society (URL 11) there are the


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kartu prema korisnikovim potrebama. Internet jekartografska baza podataka. To je presudna

pretpostavka jer omogu#uje korisnicima da bezspecijalnog softvera lako na"u i kombinirajurazli!ite slojeve karte jednog te istog geografskog

podru!ja, bez obzira na vlasni!ke razlike uspremljenim podacima, analizama i prikazima.

Web-stranice s kartografskim

sadrajima

Zavod za kartografiju Geodetskog fakultetaSveu!ilita u Zagrebu ima svoje stranice na internetuu sklopu web-stranica Geodetskog fakulteta (URL 7)(slika 6). Stranice sadre sljede#e odjeljke: povijest,djelatnici, nastava, projekti, publikacije, hardver,softver.

U komunikaciji dravnih geodetsko-kartografskihorganizacija (DGKO) s korisnicima njihovih uslugaweb ima posebno vanu ulogu. Kraak i Brown (2001)navode sadraje koje bi web-stranice DGKO trebalesadravati:organizacijske informacijeinformacije o analognim proizvodima: opisne

informacije, uzorci karata koji se mogu u!itati(download), pregledni listovi (samo pregledni iliinteraktivni), informacije o cijenama; je li mogu#edirektno naru!ivanje?

informacije o digitalnim proizvodima: opisneinformacije, uzorci digitalnih karata koji se moguu!itati, informacije o cijenama; je li mogu#e direktnonaru!ivanje?

osim na vlastitom jeziku neke informacije morale bibiti i na jednom od svjetskih jezika.

S adrese (URL 8) moe se do#i na web-stranice bilokoje od 70 (lipanj 2001.) DGKO sa svih kontinenata.DGKO npr. Nizozemske, Velike Britanije, Kanade,SAD i Australije sadre sve prethodno navedene

podatke. DGKO Republike Hrvatske, Dravnageodetska uprava, ima svoje web-stranice na adresi(URL 9). Stranice sadre pored ostalog i Katalog

podataka dravne izmjere i katastra nekretnina tecjenik tih podataka u kojem se nalaze i podaci otopografskim kartama u analognom i digitalnomobliku.

Na stranicama Hrvatskoga hidrografskog insti tuta izSplita (URL 10) nalazi se i interaktivna kartaJadranskoga mora (slika 7). Klikom na pojedinamjesta dobiva se detaljnija karta tog podru!ja, kojaopet omogu#uje dobivanje karte u jo krupnijemmjerilu. Stranice sadre i Katalog pomorskih karata inavigacijskih publikacija.

Na stranicama Sekcije za kartografiju Hrvatskogageodetskog drutva (URL 11) nalaze se na hrvatskomi engleskom jeziku podaci o osnovnim ciljevima izadacima Sekcije, povijesti Sekcije te njezinimaktivnostima.

Osnovni podaci o zbirci zemljopisnih karata i atlasaNacionalne i sveu!iline knjinice u Zagrebu moguse na#i na adresi (URL 12) ako se izaberu Uslugei

potom $itaonice i zbirke.

Stranice Me"unarodne kartografske udruge

(International Cartographic Association ICA)(URL 13) (slika 8) sadre na engleskom ifrancuskom jeziku ove informacije: plan aktivnostiza dvije godine, novosti, natje!aji, publikacije, statuti ostali dokumenti, povjerenstva, !lanovi, srodneudruge. ICA je uo!ila vanost interneta zakartografiju i osnovala povjerenstoMaps and

Internet. Svrha je povjerenstva prou!avanje iunapre"ivanje upotrebe karata na internetu.

Na internetu se mogu na#i i udbenici iz podru!jakartografije. Jedan od najnovijih je:Menno-Jan

Kraak i Allan Brown, Web cartography developments and prospectsobjavljen 2001. Web-stranice tog udbenika (URL 14) sadre kratkesadraje svih poglavlja. Sve slike iz knjige na tim sustranicama u boji, a kad je to bitno one su dinami!kei interaktivne da bi ilustrirale sve one mogu#nosti okojima se u knjizi raspravlja. Uz svako poglavljedane su, osim popisa literature, i hiperveze (URL-ovi) na dokumente u kojima se nalaze dateljnijeinformacije ili ilustracije o temama koje se u

pojedinom poglavlju obra"uju. Svi ti URL-ovi

(ukupno 344) izravno su dostupni s web-stranica teknjige.

Kako na webu prona#i karte koje su nam potrebne?Pravog odgovora nema, jer ne postoje istraivanja o


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data about the basic goals and tasks of the Sectiongiven in Croatian and English, about its history andactivities.

The basic data about the collection of geographicmaps and atlases in the National and UniversityLibrary in Zagreb can be found at the address (URL12) after selecting Services and thenLibraries and

collections.

The pages of the International CartographicAssociation ICA (URL 13) (Fig. 8) contain thefollowing information in English and French: the

plan of activit ies for two years, news, competitions,publications, statute and other documents,commissions, members, related associations. ICA hasnoticed the importance of Internet for cartographyand has founded the commission titled Maps and

Internet. The purpose of this commission is to studyand advance the map usage on Internet.

On Internet one can also find textbooks from thefield of cartography. One of the latest is:Meno-Jan

Kraak and Allan Brown, Web cartography developments and prospectspublished in 2001. Web

pages of this textbook (URL 14) contain abstracts ofall chapters. All pictures from the book can be foundon these pages in colour, and if it is of essentialsignificance, they are dynamic and interactive inorder to illustrate all the possibilities that arediscussed in the book. All chapter are accompanied

by references lists and hyperlinks (URL-s) todocuments where one can find more detailedinformation or illustrations of topics dealt with insingle chapters. All these URL-s (altogether 344) aredirectly accessible from web page of the book.

How can we find the maps we need on web? There isno right answer to that question because there is noresearch carried out about using maps on web(Kraak, Brown 2001). One of the solutions is the useof web browsers. One can search by means of keywords, e.g. maps + Croatia. A very successful

web browser is Google (URL 15). For the users fromCroatia the interface is in Croatian. If we selectadvance searchingand then with specific phrase, andthen write energy map of Croatia, we will get web

pages with the requested contents. If we use keywords while searching, we will not always get a newmap as a result, but the texts about such maps. If wesearch only for maps, then much more adequate

browsers are those based on catalogue with index.Such browser is HotBot (URL 16). In the group

Reference there is a subgroupMaps. If we click onMaps, a list of new subgroups is opened with linkson web pages where these maps can be found. Onthese pages the maps are often grouped according togeographic units, e.g. states that can be selected froma corresponding menu. Similar possibilities are

offered by the search program AltaVista (URL 17)that opens the subgroupMapsin the group Tools.

For the purpose of browsing the Croatian web-spacethe program CARNet (Croatian Academic andResearch Net) (URL 18) can be of very good service.If we write the key word zemljovid (map) we will getthe addresses with links to web pages containing

geographic maps as well.

There are also specialised cartographic web sites onweb, e.g. MapQuest (URL 19). It is often cited thatthese are the most often visited cartographic web pagesin the world. For example in March 2000 more than 5.5million users visited these pages. However, the speedand ease of finding information on MapQuest go at theexpense of the quality of cartographic creation (Kraak,Brown 2001). Political and physical maps and statisticdata about many countries can be found on web pagesAtlapedia online (URL 20).

A very good address to search for geographic maps isalso Oddens Bookmarks (URL 21). It was created inthe Geographic Department of the University inUtrecht. It contains more than 14 000 links (August2001) to various cartographic materials. From 1996 upto now there have been more than 1.4 million visits tothese pages registered. If we type e.g. Zagreb into thefield Search, we will get among other things a new planof Zagreb in large scale divided into several sheets. Thearrows around every sheet enable quick switching over

to the adjacent sheet.Web page of the geodetic firm GEO-GAUSS d.o.o.from $akovec is the source of many cartographicinformation (URL 22). Under the tip Kartografskiservisi (Cartographic services) there are links to overfifty addresses with cartographic contents (maps, city

plans, atlases, satellite images, organisations, portalsetc.). On the pages of this firm there are also the plansof seventy-six Croatian cities (Plans of Croatian Cities),for many cities even several plans (January 2002). Thevalue of these pages has been noticed by our

information magazines BUG (20021) and PCChip(2001).

References:

BUG (2001): Novo na hrvatskom Webu (New on CroatianWeb, in Croatian), BUG 2001, 104-105, 148.

Debevc, M. (1996): kola oblikovanja WWW dokumenata(School of Creating WWW documents, in Croatian).WIN.INI, br. 3, 1-5, Zagreb.

Green, D. R. (1997): Cartography and the Internet. TheCartographic Journal, 1, 23-27.

Kraak, M-J., Brown, A. (Ed.) (2001): Web Cartographydevelopments and prospects. Taylor & Francis, London


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upotrebi karata na webu (Kraak, Brown 2001). Jednood rjeenja su programi za pretraivanje (trailice).Trai se pomo#u klju!nih rije!i, npr. maps +Croatia. Vrlo uspjena trailica je Google (URL15). Za korisnike iz Hrvatske su!elje je nahrvatskom. Izabere li se napredno pretraivanjei

potomsodre"enom frazomte upie npr.energy map

of croatia, dobit #e se web-stranice s traenimsadrajem. Ako se u traenju sluimo klju!nimrije!ima, rezultat ne#e uvijek biti karta, ve#i tekstovio takvim kartama. Traimo li samo karte, tada su

prikladnije trailice koje se temelje na katalogu sindeksiranim sadrajem. Takva je trailica HotBot(URL 16).U skupiniReferencepostoji podskupina

Maps. Kliknemo li naMaps otvara se popis novihpodskupina s vezama na web-stranice gdje se te kartemogu na#i. Na tim stranicama karte su !estogrupirane prema geografskim jedinicama, npr.dravama, koje se mogu birati iz odgovaraju#egizbornika. Sli!ne mogu#nosti prua i trailicaAltaVista (URL 17), koja u skupiniToolsuklju!uje

podskupinuMaps.

Za pretraivanje hrvatskog web-prostora dobro #eposluiti trailica organizacije CARNet (Hrvatskaakademska i istraiva!ka mrea) (URL 18). Upiemoli klju!nu rije!zemljovid, dobit #emo adrese svezama na web-stranice koje sadre i geografskekarte.

Postoje na webu i specijalizirani kartografski !vorovi(web site), npr. MapQuest (URL 19) $esto se navodida su to najposje#enije kartografske web-stranice nasvijetu. Npr. u oujku 2000. te je stranice posjetilovie od 5.5 milijuna korisnika. Me"utim, brzina ilako#a pronalaenja informacija na MapQuestu idena tetu kvalitete kartografskog oblikovanja (Kraak,Brown 2001). Politi!ke i fizi!ke karte te statisti!ki

podaci o mnogim zemljama mogu se na#i na web-

stranicama Atlapedia online (URL 20).Vrlo dobra adresa za traenje geografskih karata je iOddens Bookmarks (URL 21). Nastala je uGeografskom odjelu Sveu!ilita u Utrechtu. Sadri

vie od 14 000 veza (kolovoz 2001) na razli!itekartografske materijale. Od 1996. do danasregistrirano je vie od 1.4 milijuna posjeta timstranicama. Utipkamo li u rubriku Search npr.Zagreb, dobit #emo me"uostalim i novi plan Zagrebau krupnom mjerilu podijeljen na vie listova. Streliceoko svakog lista omogu#uju brzi prijelaz na susjedni

list.Web-stranice geodetske tvrtke GEO-GAUSS d.o.o. iz

$akovca izvor su mnogih kartografskih informacija(URL 22). Pod natuknicom Kartografski servisinalaze se veze (linkovi) na oko pedeset adresa skartografskim sadrajima (karte, planovi gradova,

atlasi, satelitski snimci, organizacije, portali i dr.).Na stranicama te tvrtke nalaze se i planovisedamdeset i est hrvatskih gradova (Planovihrvatskih gradova), za mnoge gradove i po nekoliko

planova (sije!anj 2002). Vrijednost tih stranica uo!ilisu i nai informati!ki !asopisi BUG (2001) i PCChip(2001).

Literatura:

BUG (2001): Novo na hrvatskom Webu. BUG 2001, 104-105,148.

Debevc, M. (1996): kola oblikovanja WWW dokumenata.WIN.INI, br. 3, 1-5, Zagreb.

Green, D. R. (1997): Cartography and the Internet. TheCartographic Journal, 1, 23-27.

Kraak, M-J., Brown, A. (Ed.) (2001): Web Cartographydevelopments and prospects. Taylor & Francis, Londonand New York.

Kurzwernhart, M. (1999): Neue GIS-Technologien wasbringen sie in der Praxis ? VGI 1, 13-21.

Limp, F. (1999): Dont hit warp speed with the wrongequipment. GEOEurope 12, 18-22.

Meter, D., Suanj, D., Breyer, H. i $u!ek, A-M. (1995):Internet@Hr - Kako na mreu iz Hrvatske. Znak, Zagreb.

PCChip (2001): Karte gradova. PCChip 2001, 76, 83.


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and New York.Kurzwernhart, M. (1999): Neue GIS-Technologien was

bringen sie in der Praxis ? VGI 1, 13-21.Limp, F. (1999): Dont hit warp speed with the wrong

equipment. GEOEurope 12, 18-22.Meter, D., Suanj, D., Breyer, H., $u!ek, A-M. (1995):

Internet@Hr Kako na mreu iz Hrvatske (Internet@Hr

How to Reach the Net from Croatia, in Croatian). Znak,Zagreb.PCChip (2001): Karte gradova (City Maps, in Croatian),

PCChip 2001, 76, 83.Peterson, M. P. (1999): Elements of multimedia cartography.

In: W. Cartwright, M. P. Peterson, G. Gartner (editors),Multimedia cartography, Springer, 3-40.

Peterson, M. P. (2000): Maps and the Internet. GIMInternational, 9, 12-15.

Petri#, D. (1995): Nau!ite HTML i oblikujte sami efektneWorld Wide Web stranice (Learn HTML and CreateYourselves Striking World Wide Web Pages). Znak,

Zagreb.Suanj, D., Petri#, D. (1996): Velika knjiga o World Wide

Webu (A Great Book on World Wide Web). Znak, Zagreb.Tunji#, I. (1998): Kartografija na Internetu. (Cartography on

Internet), Seminar Work, University of Zagreb, Faculty ofGeodesy, Zagreb.

Willcox, I. (1999): High quality map delivery: The Webapplication the industry forgot. GEOEurope 12, 16-17.

Wilfert, I. (1998): Internet und Kartographie. U: 40 JahreKartographieausbildung an der Technischen UniversittDresden 1957-1997, Technische Universitt Dresden,

Institut fr Kartographie, Dresden 51-61.

URL addresses:

URL 1: http://home.computer.net/~dibianco/internet.gif

URL 2: http://www.iw3c2.org/Conferences/2002Honolulu/

Logo.jpeg

URL 3: http://www.davidrumsey.com

URL 4: http://www.mc-wetter.de/produkte/images/wap.gif


URL 6: Open GIS Consortium Web Mapping Testbed Public

Page

http://www.opengis.org/wmt

URL 7: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy

http://www.geof.hr

URL 8: ITC National Mapping Agencies and the World

Wide Web

http://www.itc.nl/~carto/research/nmo

URL 9: State Geodetic Administration, Zagreb

http://www.dgu.tel.hr/dgu

URL 10: Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia,

Split

http://www.dhi.tel.hr

URL 11: Section for cartography, Croatian Geodetic Society,

Zagreb

http://www.geof.hr/hgd/karto

URL 12: National and University Library, Zagreb

http://www.nsk.hr

URL 13: International Cartographic Association (ICA)

http://www.icaci.org

URL 14: Menno-Jan Kraak and Allan Brown, Web

cartography developments and prospects

http://kartoweb.itc.nl/webcartography/webbook

URL 15: Google

http://www.google.com

URL 16: HotBot

http://www.hotbot.com

URL 17: AltaVista

http://www.altavista.com

URL 18: CARnet

http://www.carnet.hr

URL 19: MapQuesthttp://www.mapquest.com

URL 20: Atlapedia online

http://www.atlapedia.com

URL 21: Oddens Bookmarks

http://oddens.geog.uu.nl/

URL 22: Geodetic firm GEO-GAUSS d.o.o. from$akovec

http:/www.geo-gauss.hr

Nedjeljko Fran!ula

Draen Tuti#


16/16

Internet KiG 2002,1

Peterson, M. P. (1999): Elements of multimedia cartography.U: W. Cartwright, M. P. Peterson, G. Gartner (editors),Multimedia cartography, Springer, 3-40.

Peterson, M. P. (2000): Maps and the Internet. GIMInternational, 9, 12-15.

Petri#, D. (1995): Nau!ite HTML i oblikujte sami efektneWorld Wide Web stranice. Znak, Zagreb.

Suanj, D. i Petri#, D. (1996): Velika knjiga o World WideWebu. Znak, Zagreb.

Tunji#, I. (1998): Kartografija na Internetu. Seminarski rad,Sveu!ilite u Zagrebu, Geodetski fakultet, Zagreb.

Willcox, I. (1999): High quality map delivery: The Webapplication the industry forgot. GEOEurope 12, 16-17.

Wilfert, I. (1998): Internet und Kartographie. U: 40 JahreKartographieausbuildung an der Technischen UniversittDresden 1957-1997, Technische Universitt Dresden,Institut fr Kartographie, Dresden 51-61.

URL adrese:

URL 1: http://home.computer.net/~dibianco/internet.gif

URL 2: http://www.iw3c2.org/Conferences/2002Honolulu/

Logo.jpeg

URL 3: http://www.davidrumsey.com



URL 6: Open GIS Consortium Web Mapping Testbed Public

Pagehttp://www.opengis.org/wmt

URL 7: Geodetski fakultet Sveu!ilita u Zagrebu http://

www.geof.hr

URL 8: ITC - National Mapping Agencies and the World

Wide Web http://www.itc.nl/~carto/research/nmo

URL 9: Dravna geodetska uprava, Zagreb

http://www.dgu.tel.hr/dgu

URL 10: Hrvatski hidrografski institut, Split

http://www.dhi.tel.hr

URL 11: Sekcija za kartografiju Hrvatskoga geodetskog

drutva, Zagreb

http://www.geof.hr/hgd/karto

URL 12: Nacionalna i sveu!ilina knjinica, Zagreb

http://www.nsk.hr

URL 13: International Cartographic Assocciation (ICA)

http://www.icaci.org

URL 14: Menno-Jan Kraak and Allan Brown, Webcartography developments and prospects

http://kartoweb.itc.nl/webcartography/webbook

URL 15: Google

http://www.google.com

URL 16: HotBot

http://www.hotbot.com

URL 17: AltaVista

http://www.altavista.com

URL 18: CARnet

http://www.carnet.hr

URL 19: MapQuest

http://www.mapquest.com

URL 20: Atlapedia online

http://www.atlapedia.com

URL 21: Oddens Bookmarks

http://oddens.geog.uu.nl/

URL 22: Geodetska tvrtka GEO-GAUSS d.o.o. iz $akovcahttp:/www.geo-gauss.hr

Nedjeljko Fran!ula

Draen Tuti#

gis and internet

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