Overview of tools and methods to get started using GIS for planetary mapping

USGS Astrogeology MRCTR GIS Lab

GIS – an Planetary Introduction

• There will be instructional periods to introduce you to the functions of ArcGIS

• Followed by hands-on activities to reinforce concepts

• There will also be Q&A sessions at the end of each session but feel free to ask questions at anytime • Write on white boards as you think of them

• Questions • Data resources • Applications • Ideas

Introduction

13:00-15:00

• Introduction

• Welcome and introductions

• Introduction to GIS and ArcGIS

• Planetary GIS Resources - available GIS-ready derived data

15:00-15:15 Break

15:15-17:00

• Demonstrations

• Processing On the Web (POW)

• Map-a-Planet 2

• Planetary Data System (PDS)

Day 1

09:00-17:00

• ArcMap Basics

• Cartographic Topics (planetary projections, planetary issues)

• Geodatabases

• Editing in ArcMap

12:00-13:00 Lunch

13:00-17:00

• Editing in ArcMap (cont.)

• How do I make a map quickly for a figure?

• Introduction to Map Projection on the Web service (POW)

Day 2

09:00-12:00

• Review day 2

• Download POW products

• WMS and other online data

• Miscellaneous data types

12:00-13:00 Lunch

13:00-17:00

• Converting Combining Data

• Adding Historic Data (e.g. scans and scrapped figures)

• Making Figures and Layouts

• GIS Analysis Tools (introduction)

Day 3

Instructors • Trent Hare, USGS, thare@usgs.gov

• 24 years at USGS

• 18+ years GIS experience

• Corey Fortezzo, USGS, cfortezzo@usgs.gov • 10 years at USGS, 13 years in planetary geology/GIS

• 16 years GIS experience

Roving Helpers • Marc Hunter, USGS

• David Mayer, University of Chicago

Student introductions…

Introductions

USGS Astrogeology primarily uses only one “brand” of GIS (ESRI’s ArcMap, levels)

Other brands exist, both free and commercial

“Free” • Jmars (jmars.asu.edu, Mars, Moon, Earth, growing list) • Quantum GIS (qgis.org/) • UDIG (udig.refractions.net/confluence/display/UDIG/Home) • Open EV (openev.sourceforge.net/) • JUMP (jump-project.org/) • GRASS (grass.itc.it/) • Opticks (spectral)

Commercial • ENVI • TNTmips (www.microimages.com/) • ER Mapper (www.ermapper.com) • Global Mapper (www.globalmapper.com) • Integraph (www.intergraph.com)

Some important notes

ESRI online portal to technical information • http://support.esri.com

ESRI ArcScripts • http://arcscripts.esri.com/

ESRI Educational Services • Instructor-led training • Virtual Campus courses • Web workshops

Books

GIS Support

Planet-specific information (e.g., data, discussion, tutorials)

• http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/facilities/mrctr

• USGS discussion board (login required to post)

• http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/ … navigate to “Support” “Planetary GIS Discussions”

GIS Support Nodes

GIS Integrates the Parts...

Water

Earthquake / Hazard Maps

Social

Oil and Gas / Coal

Geology / Structure / Mineral Satellite Imagery

GIS Is a Visual Language

Why use a GIS?

1. GIS can incorporate, visualize, and query any form of spatial data: tables, images, topography, vector features, and cultural features

2. Lets you ask where?, why?, and how? 3. GIS databases can be easily improved and

updated

Evolution of GIS

From: http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/mapanalysis/Topic27/Topic27.htm

Expected Benefits

1. Provide up-to-date maps 2. Conduct spatial queries and easily display the

results 3. Conduct complex spatial analyses 4. Better decisions are made 5. Users become more efficient and effective

1 2 3 4 5 8 years data maintenance

data acquisition

$

annual cost annual benefit

Watersheds Communities Neighborhoods Ecosystems

Context and Content

Patterns

Linkages

Trends

Seeing the Whole Managing Places

Advanced GIS Analysis

What is the fastest way to get to a fire?

Advanced GIS Analysis

City Planning where is the best location for?

Advanced GIS Analysis

Environmental maps...

Advanced GIS Analysis

• Study of drainage systems

Advanced GIS Analysis

• Evaluate areas most susceptible to landslide

Other Uses of GIS

Original Data

MDIM

TES

Roughness

MOLA ReclassSlope

ReclassRoughness

Slope1K ReclassSlope1K

ReclassTES

Targetability

Slope

ReclassMOLA

Landability

Screening Landing Site with a Geoprocessing

Model

•Landability results display areas that are safe, questionable and too hazardous based only on the input layer constraints. •Targetability filters out regions that cannot be selected because they are too small of a area to fit the landing ellipse.

GIS showing 64 layers; many PDS released

This DVD example comes w ith free viewer for Windows, Linux, Sun. There is a Mac viewer but it doesn’t have all the features

GIS Personnel and Training 5 Distinct Roles • Project Manager/Scientist (1)

• Defines goals

• GIS Manager (1) • Defines necessary people, procedures, database, and quality control • Should know what software can/cannot do

• GIS Analysts (multiple people, some can be contracted out) • Implements procedures and database creation • Write programs and interfaces to help automation. • Very good knowledge of software • GIS Analysis • Trainer

• System/Database Administrator (1 or 2) • Maintain hardware and software • Maintain database software

• GIS Technicians (multiple people - entry level, students, contracted out) • Data collection • Tabular entry, digitizing, attribution, cleaning • Printing

Define the Goals Assemble equipment and facilities Train the personnel Locate existing digital data / hardcopy data Designing methods and database Doing the work

Gather data Data conversion Data update

Analysis

Building a GIS Project

70 - 80% cost of entire project

Scanning Historic Data

Conversion of over 100 hard copy maps • Some remapping • Scanning • Rectify scan (set the location of the scan) • Automated digitizing / manual digitizing • Cleaning / feature attribute (assigning class)

Areas

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Points # ## #

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FLINT

OLD FALMOUTH

MIS T IC

WHEELER

OSTER

VIL LE

COACH

ALPINE

OUR

GEO

IS

CAMMETT

J B

LANC

COLUMBIA

STAR

LIG

HT

WILL IM

ANTI C

KNOWLTON

MOSS

SHUB

AEL P

OND

RASPBERRY

EN

OVELLS

COTU

IT

Data Conversion

Text

Lines

Vector and Raster - two main families

Representation of geographic information: • Raster: location controlled, attribute measured

• values are stored in ordered array, so that position in the array defines geographic location

• Vector: attribute controlled, location measured • geographic coordinates are stored separately from attributes,

connected with Identifiers

Geographic Data Models

V (v1,v2) 3 43 12 3 45

15 40 2 15 24

21 3 5 10 64

Rasters and Vectors Vector-based line

Raster-based line

4753456 623412 4753436 623424 4753462 623478 4753432 623482 4753405 623429 4753401 623508 4753462 623555 4753398 623634

0000000000000000 0001100000100000 1010100001010000 1100100001010000 0000100010001000 0000100010000100 0001000100000010 0010000100000001 0111001000000001 0000111000000000 0000000000000000

ASCII/Text File

Flat File

Rasters Each cell can be owned by only one feature.

Rasters are easy to understand, easy to read and write, and easy to draw on the screen. A grid or raster maps directly onto an array.

Grids are poor at representing points, lines and areas, but good at surfaces.

Grids are a natural representation for scanned or remotely sensed data.

Grids suffer from the mixed pixel problem.

The mixed pixel problem

W GW

W W G

W W G

W GG

W W G

W G G

W GE

W E G

E E G

Water dominates Winner takes all Edges separate

Methods of Grid Encoding point-based

• center point (regular grid) -DEMs, - but what if periodicity in landscape?; what if pop. density?

• systematic unaligned (random in a cell) area-based (have to integrate info...) • extreme value (max or min) • total (sum, like reflected light) • predominant type (most common) • presence/absence (binary result) • percent cover (% covered by single category) • precedence of types (highest ranking)

Legend

Mixed conifer

Douglas fir

Oak savannah

Grassland

Raster representation. Each color represents a different value of a nominal-

scale field denoting land cover class.

Discrete (categorical)

ArcMap 10.1 – Data view

ArcMap 10.1 – Layout view

ArcMap 10.1 – Catalog view

New ArcMap 10 features – Top Ten (USGS) 1. Direct support for PDS and ISIS (Issues: multi-nodata values, odd projections and projection quirks)

2. Real-time image Analyst add-on, basemaps (cached layers) - demo

3.Easier attribution during editing (demo)

4. Batch geoprocessing editing tools (snap, extend, trim, densify, unsplit line, etc.)

5. New “Mosaic Type” for discrete images, Null data ranges, footprint creation (demo)

6. Faster and better raster processing…?

7. Python scripting built-in

8. Pin-able (auto hide) info, table, tools

9. Annotation additions (contours) and PLTS (production line toolset)

10. No need to be administrator to add-in tools

ArcMap 10.x - PDS, ISIS2, ISIS3 support The good

• Attached, detached, tiled or raw • Map projections (most). • 8, 16, 32 bit • Multiple bands The bad

• Only one NoData value. No saturation value support • Needs statistics to be build to show 16 and 32bit ranges • A couple GDAL bug fixes are not available (e.g. new continuation flag in

ISIS3 label – should be fixed in 10.1). • These lines should be stripped

Still recommend to convert to 8bit using GDAL

Editing

• The Editor toolbar has been redesigned.

• Feature templates (more like Illustrator editing).

• New snapping environment – on by default.

• Start editing by right-clicking a layer.

• The Attributes and other editing windows have been

redesigned.

• Selecting features and editing vertices is easier - select,

add, and remove multiple vertices by drawing a box.

Mosaic Raster Type A mosaic dataset is a collection of raster datasets (images) stored as a catalog & viewed as a dynamically mosaicked image.

Virtual Image Functions

Hardware acceleration and new basemap layers

Geoprocessing (background)

Recommend disabling (for now)

ArcPy Environment

Planetary definitions (reorg’d) Location: C:\ArcGIS\Desktop10.0\Coordinate Systems

Location moved again at 10.1, Now pushed into An internal DB. Need to add? Use favorites (next slide).

Favorite Projections (location Win7) Recommend adding a “Connect to Folder…” in ArcCatalog: C:\Users\<profile>\AppData\Roaming\ESRI\Desktop10.x\ArcMap\Coordinate Systems

Scale Issues: Smallest feature to draw Reference: http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/PlanetaryMapping/guidelines/PGM_Handbook_2010.pdf

Tips (choose one rule, scale or feature size limit).

Scale – if you know your final scale (for printing or sharing results), then: • Try not map more than 2 to 5 times your final scale. If final map to be at:

• 1:1M then try not to zoom below 1:200K to 1:500K • Don’t collect features which will be less than 1mm (at that scale). Thus • 1mm at 1:1M = 1km. Don’t map anything less than 1km. (appropriate for WAC,

100m/p) • 1mm at 1:25K = 25m (appropriate for HiRISE or LROC NAC, ~1m/p)

Feature size limits • Rule of thumb – don’t collect features which are less then 3-5 pixels (or 3x3) depending on

image quality. If low quality then up the number of pixels needed. For WAC anything less than ~400 meters (4 pixels).

Vertex spacing (for streaming) • recommend linework have a vertex spacing of ~0.3 mm at map scale (equivalent to 300 m

for a 1:1,000,000-scale map).