girls' education and empowerment: impact of secondary level schooling on rural women's...
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6
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gvbevwaKvi m¤ú‡K© The New Encyclopaedia Britannica- ‡Z ejv n†q‡Q -ÒgvbevwaKvi
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•ewkó¨|Ó19
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gh©v`v I g~‡j¨i Øviv kÖ×v Ges wbivcËv †c‡q _v‡K”|20
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7
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8
1.2: gvbevwaKv‡ii ivR‣bwZK I `vk©wbK wfwË
Jack Donnelly23
Zuvi Universal Human Rights in Theory & Practice
MÖ‡š’ gvbevwaKv‡ii gyjDrm LyuR‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, gvbevwaKvi ag©xq wek¦v‡mi Ici wfwË
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Ges mwVK ev Íevqb cÖ‡qvRb|
Amartya Sen24
Human Rights and Asian Values MÖ‡š’ †`Lvb †h, eZ©gv‡b
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Ges AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv, AwaKvi welqK a¨vb-aviYv I wek¦vm‡eva, g~j¨‡eva I mymsnZ
Abyfe Dcjwä Øviv •ewkó¨gwÛZ nq|
gvbevwaKv‡ii `vk©wbK w`K ev g~j¨‡eva wPwýZ Ki‡Z ev¯Í‡e hw`I mgv‡Ri bvbvwea w`K
MfxiZi Aa¨q‡bi Avek¨KZv Av‡Q Z_vwc KwZcq mvaviY `k©bMZ wfwË I g~j¨‡eva
gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖK…wZ I •ewkó¨ iƒcvqY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| G‡¶‡Î GKwU j¶Yxq e¨vcvi n‡jv
gvbevwaKvi Gme `vk©wbK wfwË I g~j¨‡eva mgvRK‡g©i †mev mnvqZvi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y©| d‡j
mvgRKg© Abykxjb gvbevwaKv‡ii msi¶Y I weKv‡k cÖZ¨¶ Ae`vb iv‡L| gvbevwaKv‡ii g~j¨‡eva
ev `vk©wbK wfwËmg~n Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jvt-
1. Rxe‡bi g~j¨ (Value of life) mKj gvbevwaKv‡ii †¶‡Î `vk©wbK wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| Rxe‡bi A_©enZv ïay Rxeb we‡ivax Ae ’v‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i bv, BwZevPK †¶‡ÎI Kvh©Ki
nq| Gme †¶‡Î wbivcËv jvf gvby‡li Rb¥MZ AwaKvi| Rxe‡bi cig g~j¨ gvbevwaKv‡ii
wfwËf~wg|
10
2. gvbe gh©v`v gvbevwaKv‡ii GKwU ‡g․wjK `k©b| me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvc‡Î ejv
n‡q‡Q, GKB gvbe cwiev‡ii m`m¨ wn‡m‡e mK‡ji Rb¥MZ mgZv I Awfbœ gh©v`vB n‡jv
Ò¯vaxbZv, b¨vh¨Zv I kvwšÍi wfwËÓ| gvbevwaKv‡ii wfwË n‡jv gvbe gh©v`v, gvbe gh©v`v mKj
•bwZK bxwZi Drm|27
3. ¯vaxbZv I gyw³ gvbevwaKv‡ii Aci GKwU `vk©wbK wfwË| gvbevwaKv‡i i‡q‡Q gvby‡li
¯vaxbZvi ¯xK…wZ| me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvi cÖ_g Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mKj gvbyl
mgvb I ¯vaxbfv‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| Zv‡`i i‡q‡Q we‡eK I hyw³ev`x gbb Ges Zviv G‡K A‡b¨i
cÖwZ åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡a DÏxß| me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvi cÖ_g yÕwU Aby‡”Q`, mKj gvbyl
¯vaxbfv‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡i- G bxwZwU‡K aviY Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvZ¥i¶v m¤úwK©Z AwaKvi I
b¨vqwfwËK| AwaKvi wbw ©ó Ki‡Z AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq, AwaKvi A‡bK mgq `vwqZ¡I wb‡ ©k K‡i
_v‡K| wKš‘y ¯vaxbZv wbw ©ó Ki‡Z AvBb ev cÖ_vMZ wb‡lavÁv h‡_ó| ¯vaxbZv AvZ¥m¤úwK©Z
A‡bK (wKQy) n‡jI g~jZ K‡g©i AwaKvi‡K (Rights of Action) eywS‡q _v‡K Ges G K‡g©i
AwaKv‡ii AwaKš‘ i‡q‡Q ¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi (Rights to liberty)| Avi Kg© m¤úwK©Z
¯vaxbZv, †Kej AbygwZ `vqK ¯vaxbZv | K‡g©i AwaKvi ej‡Z Aw¯ÍevPK A‡_© Av_©-mvgvwRK
cwim‡i Kg©MÖnY I m¤úv`‡bi my‡hvM m„wó‡K eywS‡q _v‡K|28
4. gvbevwaKv‡ii `vk©wbK Zvrch© gvbexq gh©v`v I weKv‡ki w`K‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| KviY,
cÖ‡Z¨‡K gy³fv‡e Rb¥ †bqvi ¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi †c‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zvi RxebvPi‡Y cQ‡›`i
¯vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| ¯vaxbZv Rxe‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g~j¨ wb‡ ©k K‡i hv gvbexq Rxe‡bi A_©enZv I
gh©v`vi mv‡_ Nwbófv‡e m¤úK©hy³|
5. gvbevwaKv‡ii me‡P‡q g~j¨evb `k©bMZ wfwË n‡jv mgZv I •elg¨nxbZv| agx ©q Av`k© I
`vk©wbK wPšÍv, AwaKvi msi¶Yg~jK wewae¨e¯’v welq¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| d«v‡Ý 1789 mv‡j
M„nxZ gvbyl I bvMwiK AwaKvi msµvšÍ mb‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, gvbyl AwaKv‡ii e¨vcv‡i
Rb¥MZfv‡e mgvb Ges G mvg¨ AvPiY eRvq _vK‡e| mgmvgwqK gvbevwaKvi `wjj¸‡jv‡Z
mgZvev` AZ¨šÍ „wó‡MvPi welq| cÖ_gZt GB `wjj¸‡jv‡Z •el‡g¨i weiæ‡× wbivcËv I i¶v
e¨e¯’v Ges AvB‡bi „wó‡Z mgZvi Ici e¨vcK ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| wØZxqZt mgmvgwqK
11
Kv‡ji gvbevwaKvi `wjj¸‡jvi mgZvev`x •ewkó¨ Gi Kj¨vY AwaKvi¸‡jvi AšÍfy©w³i g‡a¨ j¶¨
Kiv hvq| mgZvi bxwZwU e¨w³ ev `‡ji ga¨Kvi •elg¨i Aemvb NUv‡Z mÿg| mgwói g‡a¨
e¨w³‡K we‡klfv‡e wj½, eY©, ag© ev Ab¨vb¨ ‡ÿ‡Î •elg¨ ~i K‡i mgZv Avbvi cÖÖ‡qvRb nq|
•elg¨ gvby‡li Kv‡Ri ‡ÿÎ, gvb gh©v`v I gZ cÖKvk‡K msKzwPZ K‡i| •el‡g¨i Aemvb gvby‡li
Rb¨ †g․wjK I me©Rbxbfv‡e M„nxZ|
6. b¨vqwePvi gvbevwaKvi `k©‡bi g~j wfwË| b¨vqwePv‡ii aviYv mgZvi aviYvi mv‡_ mswkøó
_vK‡jI Ges mggh©v`v cÖvc¨Zvi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡jI Zv‡Z gvby‡li wbivcËv, ¯vaxbZv I
AvZ¥gh©v`vi cÖm‡½ Gi bxwZgvjviƒ‡c ¯xK…Z nevi `vwe iv‡L| G‡Z b¨vqwePv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li
†g․wjK ¯v_©i¶vi •bwZK „wófw½i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z nq| gvbevwaKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î b¨vqwePvi aviYv
wewfbœ w`K †_‡K wewfbœfv‡e we‡ePbvq Av‡m| G‡Z AvBbMZ, wePviMZ, mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK I
Ab¨vb¨ w`KI i‡q‡Q| Gme w`K mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i gh©v`v mgybœZ ivLvi wfwË M‡o †Zv‡j Ges
gvby‡li g‡a¨ msnwZ I wbivcËv wbwðZ K‡i|
7. mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ gvbevwaKv‡ii Avi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wfwË| GwU mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv I
eva¨evaKZvi evB‡iI mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡‡eva cÖm‡½ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cvq| mvaviYfv‡e GwU me©RbMÖvn¨
gZ †h, AwaKv‡ii m‡½ ¯v_© ev ¯v_© msi¶‡Yi GKwU cÖZ¨¶ †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q| GQvov AwaKv‡ii
m‡½ `vwq‡Z¡i I `vqe×Zvi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q, hw`I GwU me‡¶‡Î cwiõzU bq| AwaKvsk ag© I
`k‡ ©b Giƒc mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ †Rviv‡jvfv‡e e¨³ n‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK `vwq‡Z¡i Zvrch© I A_©‡eva
†hfv‡eB wPwýZ Kiv †nvK bv GwU gvbevwaKv‡ii `k©‡b Mfxifv‡e †cÖvw_Z|
eY©, ag©, wj½mn Ab¨vb¨ †Kv‡bv wKQz we‡ePbv bv K‡i e¨w³Z¡ Ges gvby‡li cwic~Y©
m¤¢evbvi cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©bB n‡jv gvbevwaKvi `k©‡bi †K› ªxq welq| GwUB gvbevwaKvi `k©‡bi
cªK…Z Zvrch| Kv‡RB gvbexq m¤ú‡K©i weeZ©b, kvwšÍ I AmwnsmZvi `vwe wn‡m‡e gvbevwaKv‡ii
Av‡e`b Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z Rbm‡PZbZv I `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai RvMiY Av‡iv kw³kvjx Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
12
1.3 AwaKv‡ii †kªYxwefvMt
AwaKv‡ii †h․w³K KvVv‡gvwU (logical structure) Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© Avgv‡`i AvBbMZ
AwaKvi (legal or positive rights) Ges •bwZK AwaKv‡ii (moral or human rights)
cv_©K¨ Rvb‡Z n‡e| AvBbMZ AwaKvi n‡jv †mme AwaKvi †h¸‡jv wKQy AvBbvbyM A_ev cÖ_vMZ
Abykxj‡bi Kvi‡Y e¨w³ mgv‡R †_‡K jvf K‡i|29
D`vniY¯iƒc, GKRb e¨w³i wb‡Ri †`‡ki
mvaviY wbe©vP‡b †fvU cÖ`v‡bi AwaKvi _v‡K wKš‘ Ab¨ †`‡k bq| cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki AvBwb
bxwZgvjvmg~n AwaKvi MÖnY ev eR©‡bi †¶‡Î wfbœiƒc n‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K •bwZK ev
gvbevwaKvi¸‡jv ‣bwZK bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx ¯xK…Z ev A¯xK…Z nIqvi e¨vcv‡i Kg wbY ©qmva¨ †hgb,
GwU GKRb e¨w³i •bwZK AwaKvi †h, A‡b¨i Øviv kvixwiKfv‡e wbh©vwZZ bv nIqv| AwaKv‡ii
Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ †hme wbqg cÖwµqv wbhy³ Zv‡`i IciB AvBbMZ I •bwZK AwaKv‡ii
g~j cv_©K¨ wbf©i K‡i| AvBbMZ AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ h_vh_ AvBwb A_ev cÖvwZôvwbK cÖwµqv
AbymiY Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K •bwZK AwaKvi ev gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ •bwZK hyw³ Zz‡j aiv
nq|30
gvby‡li wKQy ¯^vfvweK AwaKvi (Natural rights) i‡q‡Q, hv •bwZK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ| •bwZK AwaKvi‡K Avevi mnRvZ ev cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi e‡jI AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi cÖK…wZ KZ©„K ¯qswµqfv‡e DrmvwiZ I wbqwš¿Z| myZivs b¨vqciZv, mZZv,
åvZ…Z¡‡eva, mngwg©Zv BZ¨vw` †_‡K •bwZK AwaKvi DrmvwiZ| Aciw`‡K AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
AvBbMZ AwaKv‡ii wfwË ¯’vwcZ| GB AwaKv‡ii weKvk N‡U‡Q AwfÁZvjä Áv‡bi gva¨‡g
gvbeRvwZ‡K wbqg-k„•Ljvi g‡a¨ wbqwš¿Z Kivi ga¨ w`‡q| GwU gvby‡li Rb¨, gvby‡li m¤§wZ‡Z,
gvby‡li Øviv cÖYxZ I wbqwš¿Z nq|
Hohfeld31
(1919) AwaKv‡ii †kªYxKiY K‡ib, hv AvBbMZ AwaKv‡ii wewfbœiƒ‡ci
wPivqZ we‡kølY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| wZwb AwaKvi‡K Pvifv‡M fvM K‡ib: `vwei AwaKvi (Claim-
rights), ¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi (Liberty-rights), ¶gZvi AwaKvi (Power-rights), Ges
wbivcËvi AwaKvi (Immunity-rights).
13
`vwei AwaKvi (Claim-rights)- G AwaKvi¸‡jv A‡b¨i Ici `vwei wfwˇZ MwVZ, hvi
d‡j G¸‡jv memgq A‡b¨i mv‡_ hy³| †hgb, `A‟ e¨w³ hw` `B‟ e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K UvKv avi
K‡i, Zvn‡j `A‟ Gi AwaKvi _v‡K `B‟ Gi KvQ †_‡K UvKv wd‡i cvevi| Avi `B‟ Gi Abyiƒc
`vwqZ¡ _v‡K UvKvUv `A‟ †K wdwi‡q †`Iqvi| Hohfeld G AwaKvi‡K Gi ÔK‡Vvi „wó‡KvYÕ
†_‡K †`wL‡q‡Qb, hw`I G‡K cÖvqB Gfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv nq ‡h, G¸‡jv A‡b¨i Ici `vwehy³ _v‡K
Ges cvi¯úwiK `vwqZ¡ Pvcv‡bv nq hv‡Z AwaKvi myiw¶Z Kivi gva¨‡g bxwZwU‡K wbwðZ Kiv
hvq|
¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi (Liberty-rights)- G AwaKvi¸‡jvi †¶‡Î ‡Kv‡bv j¶¨ AR©‡bi
Rb¨ †KD Ab¨‡`i cÖwZ AvBbMZ ev bxwZMZfv‡e ‡Kv‡bv `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b eva¨ bq| †hgb, hw` yRb
e¨w³ GKwU Rwg µ‡qi †Póv Pvjvq, Zvn‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¯vaxbZv _v‡K GwU µq Kivi wKš‘ Kv‡iv
AvBbMZ I bxwZMZ eva¨evaKZv _v‡K bv Ab¨‡K Zv Ki‡Z m¤§wZ †`Iqvi|
¶gZvi AwaKvi (Power-rights)- ¶gZv‡K mvaviYZ AvBbMZ m¤úK© cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
AvBbMZ m¶gZv wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e ¶gZvi AwaKvi cÖvq †¶‡Î ¶gZvi
cwieZ©‡b AwaKvi wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| ‡hgb, DBj •Zwi Kivi AwaKvi, †fvU cÖ`v‡bi AwaKvi-
Gme †¶‡Î ¶gZv AvBbMZfv‡e MwVZ nq| GLv‡b cÖwZwU AwaKv‡ii †¶‡Î e¨w³ wKQy †jb‡`b
djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ AvBbMZ AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ hy³|
wbivcËvi AwaKvi (Immunity-rights)- G AwaKviwU Ab¨‡`i ¶gZvi Aaxb bq,
wbivcËvi AwaKvicÖvß e¨w³ Ab¨‡`i ¶gZv †_‡K gy³| †hgb, GKwU mgv‡R †hLv‡b Zvjv‡Ki
Rb¨ ‡Kv‡bv AvBbMZ kZ© _v‡K bv †mLv‡b GKRb e¨w³ Zvi ¯vgx/ ¿x‡K ZvjvK cÖ`v‡bi ¶gZv
‡_‡K gy³ Ab¨ K_vq, e¨w³i AwaKvi Av‡Q Zvi ¯vgx/ ¿x ZvjvKcÖvß bv nIqvi, G‡¶‡Î Zv‡`i
ZvjvK cÖ`v‡bi ¶gZv _v‡K bv| D‡jøL¨ †h, ¶gZv (Power) Ges wbivcËv (Immunities)
y‡Uv welqB e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi A‡b¨i cÖwZ AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ m¶gZvi ¸iæZ¡
enb K‡i|
Hohfeld KZ©„K AwaKv‡ii Dch©y³ †kªYxKiY QvovI †`Lv hvq †h, AwaKvi mvavibZ
cuvPwU g~j Dcv`v‡bi aviYvi mgwót32
(i) AwaKvi †fv‡Mi Rb¨ KZ©v _vK‡e, hv e¨w³ `j, RvwZ,
14
ivóª, ms¯‥…wZ, GgbwK mgMÖ wek¦ n‡Z cv‡i| (ii) AwaKv‡ii welqe¯‘ y, hv AwaKvi wn‡m‡e GKRb
AwaKvi †fvMx (right holder) `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i| (iii) AwaKvi PP©vKiY, G KvRwUi gva¨‡g
AwaKvi †fvMx (Subject) welqe ‘ (Object)-i mv‡_ wewfbœfv‡e mshy³ nq| G ai‡bi PP©v wKQy
e¨w³, `‡ji wec‡¶ n‡Z cv‡i| (iv) AwaKvi, wKQy †¶Î Qvov Kv‡iv wec‡¶ a‡i †bqv nq Ges
•ewkó¨MZfv‡e KZ©e¨ Øviv cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©hy³| (v) me‡k‡l, AwaKv‡ii †h․w³KZvi cÖkœ
Av‡m| GKwU AwaKvi ZLbB †h․w³K n‡e hLb Zv mvgvwRK MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cv‡e|
AwaKv‡ii †kªYxwefvR‡bi cÖ‡kœ ivóª`vk©wbKMY HKg‡Z¨ DcbxZ n‡Z cv‡ibwb| evK©vi
AwaKvi‡K ¯vaxbZv, mvg¨ I mn‡hvwMZv ev †m․åvZ…Z¡-33
GB wZb fv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv
K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Aa¨vcK j¨vw¯‥ AwaKvi‡K ÔmvaviYÕ (general) Ges wbw ©ó (particular) 34
GB
yBfv‡M fvM Kivi c‡¶| e¨vcK A‡_© Avgiv AwaKvi‡K ywU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi: K)
•bwZK AwaKvi Ges L) AvBbMZ AwaKvi| AvBbMZ AwaKvi mg~n‡K cÖavbZ Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq: h_v 1. †c․i AwaKvi (Civil rights) 2. ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi (Political Rights), 3.
A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi (Economic Rights) 4. mvgvwRK AwaKvi (Social Rights)| AwaKv‡ii
G ‡kÖbxwefvRb‡K J.C Johari35
wb‡¤§v³fv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb:
1. •bwZK AwaKvi (Moral Rights)- mvgvwRK b¨vqbxwZ‡ev‡ai Ici wfwË K‡i †hme
AwaKvi M‡o I‡V, †m¸‡jv‡K •bwZK AwaKvi e‡j| Gme AwaKvi f‡½i Aciv‡a ivóª †Kv‡bviƒc
kvw Í weavb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| •bwZK AwaKvi f½Kvix †Kej wbR we‡e‡Ki `skb Abyfe K‡i Ges
mgvR KZ©„K wbw›`Z nq| †hgb-eva©‡K¨ mšÍv‡bi Ici wcZv-gvZvi fiY †cvl‡Yi `vwe, Qv·`i
KvQ †_‡K wk¶K‡`i kª×vjv‡fi `vwe cÖf„wZ •bwZK AwaKv‡ii AšÍfz©³| GB AwaKvi ¶zbœ n‡j
ivóª AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ‡Kv‡bv cÖwZKv‡ii e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
2. ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi (Political Rights)- ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi ej‡Z ivóªxq Kv‡h©
cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e AskMÖnY †evSvq| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª RbMYB n‡jv mve©‡f․g| ZvB RbM‡Yi
ivR‣bwZK AwaKv‡ii ¯xK…wZ Qvov myôz MYZvwš¿K mgvR MVb Kiv Am¤¢e| M¨v‡U‡ji g‡Z,Òiv‡óªi
mve©‡f․g ÿgZvi AvBwb Awfe¨w³ I cÖkvm‡b AskMÖn‡Yi AbygwZ jvfB n‡jv ivR‣bwZK
AwaKvi|Ó36
ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wbe©vPb Kivi AwaKvi ev †fvUvwaKvi, wbe©vwPZ
15
nIqvi AwaKvi, ivR‣bwZK `j MV‡bi AwaKvi, †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx PvKzwi jv‡fi AwaKvi,
miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Kivi AwaKvi cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
3. ‡c․i AwaKvi ( Civil Rights)- G AwaKvi¸‡jv e¨w³ Ges e¨w³MZ welq-m¤úwËi
mv‡_ RwoZ| †h me my‡hvM myweav e¨ZxZ gvbyy‡li c‡ÿ myôzfv‡e mf¨ mvgvwRK Rxeb hvcb Kiv
m¤¢e nq bv| †m¸‡jv‡K †c․i ev mvgvwRK AwaKvi e‡j| Gme AZ¨vek¨Kxq AwaKvi¸‡jv Qvov
Rxeb aviY ev e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk Am¤¢e| mvgvwRK AwaKvimg~‡ni g‡a¨ Rxeb avi‡bi AwaKvi,
m¤úwËi AwaKvi, ag©vPvi‡Yi AwaKvi, ¯vaxb MwZwewai AwaKvi we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y ©| mymf¨
mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi c‡ÿ Acwinvh© e‡j mf¨ ivóª gvÎB Gme AwaKvi‡K ¯xKvi K‡i †bq I
AvB‡bi gva¨‡g msiÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
4. A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi (Economic Rights)- RxweKv AR©‡bi †¶‡Î wbivcËv I •`bw›`b
Afve-Awf‡hvM ‡_‡K gyw³‡K A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi e‡j| j¨vw¯‥i gZvbymv‡i A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi
ej‡Z,Ò...cÖvZ¨wnK Abœ ms ’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© Luy‡R cvIqvi my‡hvM‡K †evSvq”|37
K‡g©i
AwaKvi, Dchy³ gRyixi AwaKvi, AeKvk we‡bv`‡bi AwaKvi, e„× I Aÿg Ae ’vq ivóª Øviv
cÖwZcvwjZ nIqvi AwaKvi cÖf„wZ A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi| Gme AwaKvi e¨wZ‡i‡K e¨w³i c‡¶
mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| ejv evûj¨, A_©‣bwZK
AwaKvi bv _vK‡j e¨w³ Zvi e¨w³ mËvi cwic~Y© weKvk mva‡b m¶g nq bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, gvbevwaKvi n‡”Q GKmg‡qi ¯vfvweK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e hv cwiwPZ
ZviB cwigvwR©Z iƒc| 1948 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil` Ges gvbevwaKvi Kwgk‡bi Øviv
me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvc‡Îi gva¨‡g we‡kl wKQy bvMwiK AwaKvi (civil rights) †K
GKwÎZ K‡i gvbevwaKvi iƒcjvf K‡i| GB †NvlYvc‡Îi cÖ Ívebvq ejv nq, Ò‡h‡nZy, gvbe
cwiev‡ii mKj m`‡m¨i gh©v`v I Awe‡”Q`¨ AwaKv‡ii ¯xK…wZ, ¯vaxbZv I b¨vqwePvi wek¦kvwšÍi
wfwË:... †h‡n‡Zz, AZ¨vPvi I Drcxo‡bi weiƒ‡× gvb yl‡K hv‡Z me©‡kl Dcvq wn‡m‡e we‡ ªv‡ni
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me©Rbxb Ges Kvh©Kix ¯xK…wZ GKs cÖwZcvjb wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖqvm cvq|”38
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weZ‡K©i cvkvcvwk †g․wjK AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y wPšÍvwe`‡`i gZcv_©K¨ j¶¨
Kiv hvq| †hgb, D`vicš’xMY ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`b, hv wPšÍv I gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki
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AwaKvi‡K me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ †`q|
17
Z_¨ wb‡`©k
1. V.D. Mahajan, Political Theroy, (New Delhi: S.Chand & Company
Ltd.1988), p.319.
2. Ibid. p.316.
3. Barker, E., Principles of Social and Political Theory, (London: Oxford
University Press, 1967), p.226.
4. Ibid. p.228.
5. Noel and Rita Timms, Dictionary of Social Welfare, (Routledge &
Kegan Paul, Great Britain, 1977), p.165.
6. gvbevwaKvi mb`, 1948
7. Forum for the Human Rights, Finland
8. gvneyj-Dj-nK ‡RvqvÏ©vi, AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi „wó‡Z gvbevwaKvi, (evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv,
1988), c„.13.
9. ‡gvt byiæj Bmjvg, gvbevwaKvi I mgvR Kg©, (wbD GR cvewj‡Kkb, XvKv, 2005),
c„.12.
10. MvRx kvgmyi ingvb, gvbevwaKvi fvl¨, (evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 1994) c„.4.
11. cÖv¸³, c„.12.
12. wZwb Zuvi gbmv g½j Kv‡e¨ G e³e¨ Zz‡j a‡ib |
13. Moskowity Moses, Human Rights and World Order, (New York:
Occan Publications Inc, 1999), p.19.
14. Begum Rokeya, ÒHuman Rights-An Overview in Historical
PerspectiveÓ. The Journal of Social Development , Vol.12, no .1, Dec
-1997, p.185.
15. Alan Gealirth, Human Rights: Essays on Justification Applacations ,
(Chicago University Press, 1982), p.1.
16. Encyclopaedia of Social Work, (NASW Press, Washington, D.C Vol.
2, 1995), p.79.
17. The New Enclopaedia Britannica (1978), Vol-2, p.200.
18
18. Begum Rokeya, ÒHuman Rights –An Overview in Historical
PersectiveÓ The Journal of Social Development , Vol.12, No.1, Dec-
1997, p.24.
19. †gv¯ÍvdvRvgvb fz‡Uªv, Amity –A Voice of Humanity, Vol-1,( University
Press Limited, Dhaka, 2002), p.1.
20. Muhammad Zamir, Human Rights: Issue and International Law,
(University Press Limited, Dhaka, 1990), p.1.
21. The Social Work Dictionary, 3rd
ed, NASW Press, Washington, D.C,
p.173.
22. wgqv gynv¤§` ‡mwjg I jyrdi ingvb, gvbevwaKvi: mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi I mgvRKj¨vY,
(b‡fj cvewjwks nvDR, XvKv, 2005), c„.16.
23. J. Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory & Prictice, 2nd
ed.
(Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 2003), p.167.
24. Amartya. Sen, Human Rights and Asia Values, (‡jLK 1†g, 1997 Zvwi‡L
wbDBq‡K© Av‡qvwRZ GK Kbdv‡i‡Ý Õ•bwZKZv I •e‡`wkK bxwZÕ wel‡q e³‡e¨ Dc¯’vcb
K‡ib|).
25. †Rgm WweøD wb‡Kj, Abyev`- AvdZve †nv‡mb, gvbevwaKv‡ii Zvrch©, (evsjv GKv‡Wwg,
XvKv, 1996), c„. 56.
26. •mq` kIKZz¾vgvb, gvbevwaKvi, mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi I mgvRKj¨vY, (†iv‡nj
cvewj‡Kkb, XvKv, 2005) c„.28.
27. wgqv gynv¤§` †mwjg I jyrdi ingvb, gvbevwaKvi: mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi I mgvRKj¨vY,
(b‡fj cvewjwks nvDR, XvKv, 2005), c„ôv-16.
28. evsjv‡`k RvwZmsN mwgwZ, (1999), gvbevwaKvi: AÜKvi †_‡K Av‡jvi c‡_, c„ôv-43.
29. N.Haque, Applied Philosophy, (Jatoya Sahitya Prakash, Dhaka,
2015), p.12.
30. Ibid., p.12.
19
31. W.N. Hohfeld., Fundamentals legal Conceptions as Applied in
Judicial Reasoning, (New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1999),
p.186.
32. N. Haque, Applied Philosophy, p.13.
33. E. Barker, Principles of social and political Theroy (London: Oxford
University Press, 1967), p. 228-235.
34. H. Laski, A Grammer of Politics (London: George Allen & Unwin
Ltd. 1937), p.91.
35. J. C. Johari, Contemporary Political Theory, Basic Concepts and
Major Trends (Sterling Publisher Pvt. Ltd.1980), p.193.
36. R.G.Gettell, History of Political Thought, (London: George Allen &
Unwin Ltd.1932), p.140.
37. Ibid., Laski, H., A Grammar of Politics, p.93.
38. gvbevwaKvi mb`, 1948|
wØZxq Aa¨vq
20
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22
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aviYv I Gi msi¶Y Abymi‡Yi weKvkaviv ZivwšZ nq|
Av‡gwiKvb wej Ae ivBUm bv‡g cwiwPZ G †g․wjK AwaKvi¸‡jvi we‡klZ¡ GB †h, G
AwaKvi¸‡jvI e„‡U‡bi ivRZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g AwR©Z AwaKvi¸‡jvi AbyKiYB
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡b mwbœ‡ek Kiv n‡q‡Q|8
M. divwm †cÖ¶vcU
1967 mv‡j divwm gvbevwaKvi †NvlYv e„wUk HwZn¨ I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡KB cÖYqb Kiv
nq Ges GB †NvlYv 1971 mv‡ji divwm msweav‡b mwbœ‡ek Kiv nq| G‡Z KwZcq †g․wjK
AwaKvi ms‡hvRb Kiv nq| G¸‡jv n‡”Q-
e¨w³ ¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi;
AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mK‡jB mgvb;
Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv I m¤úwËi AwaKvi;
wPšÍv I gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯vaxbZv;
mgv‡e‡ki AwaKvi;
agx©q ¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi;
25
‡g․wjK AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv;
miKvix Kg©Pvix‡`i `vq-`vwqZ¡|
G †NvlYvq D‡jøL Kiv nq †h, “Men are born and remain free and equal in
rights.” GB ivBUm¸‡jv n‡”Q ms‡¶‡c ¯vaxbZv, m¤úwË, wbivcËv Ges wbh©vZb †_‡K gyw³i
AwaKvi| divwm †NvlYvq ewY©Z AwaKvi¸‡jv n‡”Q cÖK…wZMZfv‡e GKRb gvby‡li GKvšÍ
AwaKvi| G AwaKvi¸‡jv‡K †K› ª K‡i cieZx© cÖRb¥ Zv‡`i gvbevwaKvi weKv‡ki Rb¨ GUv‡K
MvBW jvBb wnmv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ e„‡Ub, Av‡gwiKv I d«v‡Ýi gvbevwaKvi mb`¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j GB
wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv hvq †h, me©Rbxb bxwZ, aŸsmnxbZvi bxwZ Ges AvB‡bi Abykvmb Gi
gZev` †`‡ki ivR‣bwZK m¼UKv‡j RbMY KZ…©K `vweK…Z gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖK…wZm¤úbœ KwZcq
myweav (Zv‡`i‡K) cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ivóªxq ch©v‡q M„nxZ gvbevwaKvi `wjj †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q|
ivóªxq chv©‡q mnRvZ bxwZ, aŸsmnxbZvi bxwZ Ges AvB‡bi Abykvm‡bi bxwZ ax‡i ax‡i
weKwkZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges ivóªxq mxgv AwZµg K‡i AvšÍ©RvwZKZvq iƒc wb‡Z _v‡K| cªZ¨¶ Kiv
hvq cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i Ae¨wnZ c‡i M„nxZ ÔjxM Ave †bkbmÕ Gi mb‡` G welq¸‡jv Aby³fv‡e
D‡jøwLZ _v‡K Ges wØZxq gnvhy‡×i ci M„wnZ RvwZmsN mb‡` G¸‡jv ¯úófv‡e D‡jøL Kiv nq
Ges gvbevwaKvi‡K AvšÍR©vwZK iƒc cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Gfv‡eB RvZxq ch©v‡q D™¢~Z gvbevwaKvi
AvšÍ©RvwZK AvB‡b ¯xK…wZ jvf K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k gvbevwaKv‡ii weKvkaviv bvbviƒc I
ch©vqMZfv‡e weKwkZ n‡jI Gi ¯xK…wZ I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv Av‡m RvwZms‡Ni
gva¨‡g| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i Ø›Ø-msNvZ I aŸsm-wefxwlKvi ga¨ w`‡q gvbevwaKvi AvR‡Ki †Pnviv
†c‡q‡Q| hy‡×i AwfÁZvq GUv eyS‡Z Kó nq bv †h, wnUjv‡ii kvm‡b Avi hvB †nvK gvby‡li
Rxeb, AwaKvi I ¯vaxbZv wb‡q ‡Kv‡bvgv_v e¨v_v wQj bv| G wQj wnUjv‡ii kvmb Avg‡ji
wec`RbK w`K| G Kvi‡YB gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯vaxbZv i¶vi c‡¶ A¶kw³i weiæ‡× jovB
K‡i hvIqvi KvRwU KwVb nqwb|
26
1945 mv‡ji GKwU mb‡`i gva¨‡g wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci RvwZcy‡Äi avivevwnKZvq
RvwZmsN cÖwZwôZ n‡j Zvi cÖ_g aviv‡ZB gvbevwaKvi cÖm½ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’vb cvq| Pvi Aby‡”Q‡`
ejv n‡q‡Q †h, gvbevwaKvi Ges RvwZ, ag©, fvlv I ¿x-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji †g․wjK AwaKvi
mg~‡ni cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©‡b Drmvn `vb RvwZms‡Ni D‡Ïk¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| GQvov RvwZmsN
mb‡`i 8, 13, 62, 68, 76 cÖf„wZ avivq wewfbœfv‡e gvbevwaKvi I gvbe gh©v`vi cÖm½wU
¸iæZ¡c~Y©fv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| RvwZmsN mb‡`i m¤ú~iK wn‡m‡e gvbevwaKvi msµvšÍ GKwU
c„_K †NvlYv (Declaration on the Essential Rights of Man) cÖ`v‡bi welqwU 1945
mv‡j mvbd«vwÝm‡Kv m‡¤§j‡bB we‡ewPZ nq|
27
2.2: AwaKv‡ii DrcwË I cÖK…wZ m¤úK©xq wewfbœ gZev`
wewfbœ mg‡q AwaKvi msµvšÍ wfbœ wfbœ gZev` `vk©wbK I ivR‣bwZK wPšÍv RM‡Z Zzgyj
Av‡jvo‡bi m„wó K‡i‡Q| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© ivR‣bwZK w`K †_‡K e¨vcK
Av‡jvPbv ïiæ nq| kZvãxi †klw`‡K gvby‡li AwaKvi cÖwZôvi `vwe‡Z Av‡gwiKv I d«v‡Ý e¨vcK
Av‡›`vjb I msMÖvg cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj| Aek¨ Gi c~‡e© nem &, jK& I iæ‡kvi g‡Zv Pzw³ev`x
`vk©wbKMY AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i gvby‡li AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© ZË¡ cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ AwaKv‡ii
cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© `vk©wbK, ivóªweÁvbx I mgvRZË¡we`‡`i g‡a¨ g‣ZK¨ cÖwZwôZ bv nIqvi
AwaKvi‡K †K› ª K‡i wewfbœ gZev‡`i D™¢e N‡‡U‡Q| G me gZev‡`i g‡a¨ we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨
n‡jv (1) cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi welqK gZev` (2) AwaKv‡ii AvBb welqK gZev` (3) AwaKv‡ii
fveev`x gZev` I (4) AwaKv‡ii gvK©mev`x gZev` |
cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi (natural rights)m¤úwK©Z gZev`t
cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z gZev` Abymv‡i, gvbyl KZ¸‡jv AwaKvi wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i|
GB mnRvZ AwaKvi¸‡jv AcwiZ¨vR¨ Ges ivóªxq ¯xK…wZi D‡aŸ©| GB gZev‡`i cÖe³v‡`i
gZvbymv‡i gvbyl KZ¸‡jv me©Rbxb AwaKvi I b¨vq‡eva wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| G¸‡jv ¯vfvweK,
Acwinvh©, wPišÍb I Aeva| Ògvby‡li †`‡ni e‡Y©i g‡Zv ¯vfvweK AwaKvi gvby‡li mnRvZ I
A½xf~Z| G¸‡jvi b¨vh¨Zv cÖwZcv`‡bi Rb¨ wek` e¨vL¨vi cÖ‡qvRb †bB Zviv ¯Z:cÖgvwYZ
mZ¨|Ó10
cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi †÷vwqK `vk©wbK Ges cieZ©xKv‡j †ivgvb AvBbwe`‡`i †jLvq ¯vfvweK
AwaKv‡ii aviYv †`Lv hvq| GB Z‡Ë¡i DrcwËi BwZnvm h‡_ó cÖvPxb n‡jI mß`k I Aóv`k
kZvãx‡Z gyL¨Z: Pzw³ev`x nem&, jK I iæ‡kvi †jLvq GB gZev` weKvk jvf K‡i| nem &
¯vfvweK AwaKvi ej‡Z wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vi cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbR¯ aviYv Abymv‡i hv Lykx
Kivi Aeva ¯vaxbZv eywS‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z,ÒKv‡iv cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi n‡jv Zvi cÖvK…wZK ÿgZv|
cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i mewKQz Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q, GgbwK G‡Ki A‡b¨i cÖwZ AwaKviI
¯vfvweK|” wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb,Ò...mve©‡f․‡gi n ͇ÿc QvovB cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki AvZ¥iÿvi AwaKvi
i‡q‡Q|”11
Av`k©ev`x MÖxb (T.H Green)12
Gi AwfgZ n‡jv, cÖwZwU gvby‡li •bwZK Dcjwäi
Rb¨ †h AwaKvi¸‡jv Avek¨K †m¸‡jvB n‡jv ¯vfvweK AwaKvi| †mB AwaKvi¸‡jv msi¶Y K‡i
ivóª e¨w³i •bwZK mËv‡K weKwkZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
28
cÖvK…wZK K_vwUi ‡Kv‡bv wbw ©ó I me©RbMÖvn¨ A_© †bB| †m Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK AwaKv‡ii
‡Kv‡bv wbw ©ó I me©RbMÖvn¨ iƒc †bB| ivóª KZ…©K ¯xK…Z Ges msiw¶Z `vwe‡K AwaKvi e‡j|
myZivs ivóª wbi‡c¶ AwaKv‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ Am¤¢e| †evmvs‡KZ13
Gi g‡Z, AwaKvi mgvR I ivóª
wbi‡c¶ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡R‡iwg †eš’vg (Jeremy Bentham) I nve©vU †¯úÝvi (Herbert
Spencer) cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi Z‡Ë¡i mg_©K| wn‡Zvev`x †eš’v‡gi14
g‡Z, AwaKvi n‡jv
mgvR¯xK…Z `vwe| Zuvi g‡Z, natural rights as “arhetorical nonsence upon stilts.”
†eš’vg cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi ej‡Z e¨w³‡Z¡i cwic~Y© weKv‡ki my‡hvM†K eywS‡q‡Qb| †eš’vg
gvbevwaKvi‡K AvB‡bi gva¨‡g GgbwK cÖ‡qvR‡b ¶gZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kvh©Ki Kivi c‡¶ gZ
cÖKvk K‡ib | ivó ª n‡jv GKwU AvBb cÖYqbKvix ms¯’v, mgwó I e¨wói ¯v‡_©i g‡a¨ mgšq mvab
K‡i mgv‡Ri †gvU myL ev Avb›`‡K evwo‡q Zzj‡Z †Kej ivóª KZ…©K cÖYxZ AvBb mvnvh¨ K‡i|
wKQz msL¨K e¨w³ GK‡Î wgwjZ nq Avb›` ev myL‡K Dc‡fvM Kivi Rb¨ Ges G e¨vcv‡i ivóª
AvBb iPbv K‡i e¨w³‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gfv‡e †eš’vg AwaKvi‡K cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi A‡_© wePvi bv
K‡i ivóª KZ…©K ¯xK…Z AvB‡bi gva¨‡g msiwÿZ `vwe A‡_© MÖnY K‡ib|
†¯úÝv‡ii g‡Z, e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki ¯vaxbZv n‡jv cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi| ÔSocial StaticsÕ
MÖ‡š’ †¯úÝvi ej‡Z Pvb, ivóª M‡o IVvi Av‡MB gvby‡li ¯vaxbZv wQj| GwU gvby‡li †mB cÖv_wgK
cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi| ivóª M‡o IVvi ci A_©vr ivR‣bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ mgv‡R bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii
aviYvwU cy‡ivcywifv‡e G‡m‡Q| A_©vr ivR‣bwZK mgv‡RB gvbyl †cj e¨w³MZ ¯vaxbZv I m¤úwËi
hveZxq AwaKvi| gvbyl jvf Kij ‣`wnK Aj•NbxqZvi AwaKvi, hvZvqv‡Zi AwaKvi, evK I
gZcÖKv‡ki AwaKvi, ag© wek¦v‡mi AwaKvi, m¤úwË AR©b, e¨envi, `vb I DËivwaKv‡ii ¯vaxbZv,
Pzw³i ¯vaxbZv BZ¨vw`| †¯úÝvi g‡b K‡ib bv Gme AwaKvi mgvR M‡oB gvbyl ‡c‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv
gvby‡li cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi, ivóª G¸‡jv‡K AvBbMZ i~c w`‡q‡Q gvÎ|
gvK©mev`x‡`i gZvbymv‡i, cÖvK…wZK AwaKv‡ii ZË¡ A‣eÁvwbK I A‡h․w³K| cÖvK…wZK
AwaKv‡ii bxwZ ¯xKvi K‡i wb‡j mgv‡R gywó‡gq †kvlK †kªYxi AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡e| wnDg
ÔPolitical DiscoursesÕ MÖ‡š’ cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, cÖvK„wZK AwaKv‡ii aviYvwU
ev¯Íem¤§Z bq| GwU mvaviY gvbyl‡K •ecøweK Kv‡R DÏxß K‡i Ges Giƒc aviYv ‡`q †h Zviv
Ggb me wRwb‡mi AwaKvi cvIqvi ‡hvM¨, hv Zviv Avm‡j cvq bv|
29
Dch©y³ mgv‡jvPbv m‡Ë¡I, ¯vfvweK AwaKvi ej‡Z hw` mgv‡Ri msL¨vMwiô As‡ki
Kj¨vYKi I e¨w³‡Z¡i cwic~Y© weKv‡ki Dc‡hvMx AwaKvi mg~n‡K †evSvq, Z‡e Gi ¸iæZ¡
A¯xKvi Kiv hvq bv| mvgšÍ mgv‡Ri †kvlY I eÂbvi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` wn‡m‡e GB gZev‡`i
Avwef©ve GKmgq we‡kl Zvrch©c~Y© wQj|
AwaKv‡ii AvBbMZ gZev`
AvBbMZ „wó‡KvY †_‡K AwaKvi n‡jv ivóª KZ…©K ¯xK…Z I msiw¶Z `vwe| AwaKvi n‡jv
mvgvwRK aviYv| ZvB mgv‡Ri evB‡i Gi m„wó Am¤¢e| †evmvs‡K‡Zi (Bosanquet) g‡Z,
AwaKvi n‡jv mgvR KZ©„K cÖhy³ `vwe| AwaKvi ivóªxq AvB‡bi Av‡cw¶K e‡j AvB‡bi
cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ AwaKv‡ii cwieZ©b N‡U| myZivs AwaKvi ‡Kv‡bvmnRvZ, mgvR ev ivóª wbi‡c¶
bq| AvB‡bi Øviv ¯xK…Z e‡jB AwaKvi jw•NZ n‡j ivóª kvw Í w`‡Z cv‡i| GB gZev‡` iv‡óªi
evB‡i e¨w³i ‡Kv‡bv AwaKvi ¯xKvi Kiv nq bv| Aóv`k I Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z D`vi •bwZK
wPšÍvwe` Aw÷b, †eš’vg, wiwP, mj&gÛ cÖgyL AwaKv‡ii AvBbMZ ZË¡ cÖPvi K‡ib| †eš’v‡gi g‡Z,
AwaKvi n‡jv AvB‡bi dj¯iƒc| Principles of legislation MÖ‡š’ (1989) G e‡jb,
Òcy‡ivcywifv‡e Z_vKw_Z AwaKvi Z_vKw_Z AvBb Øviv m„wó nq| ev¯Ze AvBbB ev¯Ze
AwaKv‡ii Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i”| wiwPÕi15
g‡Z,ÒAvBbMZ AwaKvi ivóªKZ…©K ¯xK…Z ci¯ú‡ii Ici
cÖhy³ `vwe|”
AwaKv‡ii AvBbMZ gZev`wU wewfbœ wPšÍvwe` Øviv mgv‡jwPZ nq| j¨vw¯‥i g‡Z, ivóª
AwaKvi m„wó K‡i bv, ivóª †Kej AwaKvi ¯xKvi I msi¶Y K‡i| AvBbvby‡gvw`Z bv n‡qI
AwaKvi _vK‡Z cv‡i| e¨w³e‡M©i cvi¯úwiK `vwe ejer‡hvM¨ e‡jB AwaKv‡i cwiYZ nq bv; eis
AwaKvi e‡jB ivóª G¸‡jv‡K ejer K‡i| AwaKv‡ii AvBbMZ ZË¡ Abymv‡i iv‡óªi weiæ‡× e¨w³i
‡Kv‡bv AwaKvi †bB| GUv wVK bq, †Kbbv ivóª hw` e¨w³i ‡Kv‡bv AwaKvi Le© K‡i Zvn‡j
mvaviY Kj¨v‡Yi ¯v‡_© e¨w³i DwPZ ivóª‡K †m‡¶‡Î evav †`Iqv| gvK©mev`x‡`i g‡Z, AvBbMZ
„wó‡Z mgv‡Ri e„nËi As‡ki AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kiv Am¤¢e| ab‣elg¨g~jK mgvRe¨e¯’vq ivóª I
AvBb A_©‣bwZK w`K †_‡K cÖwZcwËkvjx †kªYxi ¯v_© msi¶‡Yi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
mgv‡jvPbv m‡Ë¡I ejv hvq †h, AwaKv‡ii AvBbMZ gZev`B AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© my¯úó Ges
•eÁvwbK aviYvi m„wó K‡i‡Q|
30
AwaKv‡ii fveev`x gZev`
AwaKvi welqK gZev`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ fveev`x gZev` Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
Aóv`k I Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z Rvg©vb fveev`x `vk©wbK ‡n‡Mj, MÖxY e¨w³i AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© †h
AwfgZ e¨³ K‡iwQ‡jb, Zvi g~j K_v wQj mgvR I ivóªwbi‡c¶fv‡e e¨w³i e¨w³‡Z¡i c~Y©v½
weKvk Am¤¢e| ZvB A‡b‡K G gZev`‡K e¨w³Z¡ welqK gZev` (Personality Theory) e‡j
AwfwnZ Kivi c‡¶| fveev`xiv AwaKvi‡K •bwZKZvi gvb`‡Û wePvi-we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i
g‡Z, gvby‡li •bwZK cªK…wZi g‡a¨B AwaKvimg~n wbwnZ _v‡K e‡j †m wb‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B Zv
`vwe K‡i| fveev`x `vk©wbK MÖxY e¨w³ I ivóª‡K •bwZKZvi Awe‡”Q`¨Ki‡Y Ave× e‡j g‡b
Ki‡Zb| G‡Ki AwaKvi †fvM Ac‡ii KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj| ZvB cÖwZwU e¨w³‡K
AwaKvi †fv‡Mi wewbg‡q KZ¸‡jv mywbw ©ó KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| ivóª ev mgv‡Ri KZ©e¨ n‡jv
cÖwZwU e¨w³i •bwZK AvZ¥weKv‡ki †¶‡Î mvgwMÖKfv‡e mnvqZv Kiv| †n‡Mj ivóª‡K GKwU
AvZ¥m‡PZb •bwZK mËv Ges wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© Ávbm¤úbœ I wb‡R‡K Dcjwä Kivi ¶gZvm¤úbœ
GKwU e¨w³ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| G m¤ú‡K© wU, GBP MÖxb (T.H.Green) e‡jb, ÒcÖwZwU gvby‡li
•bwZK cÖK…wZ Dcjwäi Rb¨ †h AwaKvi¸‡jv Avek¨K †m¸‡jvB ¯vfvweK AwaKvi| Gme AwaKvi
msi¶Y K‡i ivóª e¨w³i •bwZK mËv‡K weKwkZ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡iÓ| wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, ivóª
KZ…©K ¯xK…Z bv n‡j e¨w³i †h ‡Kv‡bv AwaKvi g~j¨nxb n‡q co‡Z eva¨|
fveev`x `vk©wbK †n‡M‡ji g‡Z, AwaKvi †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Rb¨ bq, me AwaKvi mgv‡Ri
Rb¨ A_ev m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨| ‡Kbbv †n‡Mj e¨w³i cwie‡Z© ivóª‡K PyovšÍ jÿ¨ wn‡m‡e †`‡L‡Qb|
Rvg©vbxi ivR‣bwZK A½‡b †n‡M‡ji „wófw½i ‡h Mfxi cÖfve c‡o‡Q Zvi cÖgvY 1948 mv‡j
Rvgv©b RvZxqZvev`x D`vicš’x‡`i Øviv M„nxZ AwaKvi welqK †NvlYvcÎ| H †NvlYvc‡Î gvby‡li
AwaKvi bv e‡j e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q ÒRvgv©b‡`i AwaKviÓ| †n‡Mj ivóª‡K PzovšÍ kw³ ev j¶¨
wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, ¯vaxbZvi ¯úó Dcjwäi g‡a¨B Av‡Q ¯vaxb B”Qvi Kvh©Ki
cÖKvk| AvBb I •bwZKZvi ¯v_©K cÖKvk N‡U iv‡óªi g‡a¨| †n‡M‡ji g‡Z Òivóª we‡k¦i kw³i g~Z©
i~cÓ †mB Hk¦wiK fve hv c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gvb| Zvui fvlvq, “ivóª GK fve; cÖK…Z ev ev Íe Ae ’vi
m‡e©vËg cÖKvk| ivóª AvZ¥m‡PZb •bwZK e ‘ Ges Av‡Z¥vcjwãKvix e¨w³, hvi wbR¯ B”Qv, m¦v_© I
AwaKvi Av‡Q| ¯-ÿgZvq I gwngvq ivóª D¾¡j| ivóª ïaygvÎ Dcvq bq, P~ovšÍ jÿ¨| GwU •bwZK
k„•Ljv I gvb`‡Ûi cÖZxK, mgšq I H‡K¨i †cÖiYv, ¯v_©K cwi‡ek I ev Íe cÖKvk|”16
31
e¨w³i B”Qvi cÖKvk I cwic~Y©Zv N‡U iv‡óªi g‡a¨| Aóv`k kZvãxi BD‡iv‡ci †ivgvw›UK
Av`‡k© AbycÖvwYZ n‡q ‡n‡Mj iv‡óª RvZxq ‡cÖiYv (National Spirit) aviYvwU Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|
RvZxq iv‡óªi aviYv cÖKv‡ki g‡a¨ w`‡q †n‡Mj ZrKvjxb RvZxq wPšÍv I HwZn¨‡K cÖwZdwjZ
Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
AwaKv‡ii fveev`x gZev` e¨w³MZ Kj¨vY I mvgvwRK Kj¨vY‡K Awe‡”Q`¨ e܇b Ave×
e‡j cÖPvi K‡i| wKš‘ e¨w³i Kj¨v‡Yi m‡½ mvgvwRK Kj¨v‡Yi we‡iva ‡`Lv w`‡j fveev`x
`vk©wbKiv Kvh©Z e¨w³i Kj¨vY‡K cÖvavb¨ †`b| d‡j mvgvwRK Kj¨vY D‡cw¶Z nq| Avevi
†n‡M‡ji g‡Zv fveev`x `vk©wbKMY e¨w³ Rxe‡bi mewKQy wba©vi‡Yi ¶gZv iv‡óªi nv‡Z Ac©Y K‡i
†h ivóªme©¯Zvi gZev` cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb, Kvh©Z Zv e¨w³i AwaKvi I ¯vaxbZvi nšÍviK gZev`
wn‡m‡e mgv‡jvwPZ nq|
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Avewk¨K my‡hvM myweavB n‡jv AwaKvi| GB A‡_© GKw`‡K A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb I Aciw`‡K
mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i Ici AwaKvi wbf©ikxj| mvgvwRK m¤úK© AwaKvi †fv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i cÖavb
wba©viK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| gvK©mxq „wó‡Z AwaKv‡ii aviYv †kªYx-m¤úK© I †kªYx-msMÖv‡gi
aviYvi m‡½ Mfxifv‡e m¤úK©hy³| †kªYxwef³ mgv‡R AwaKvi †kªYx¯v_© wbi‡c¶ Ges Zv
RbM‡Yi AwaKvi n‡Z cv‡i bv| •elg¨g~jK mgv‡R AwaKvi ej‡Z gywó‡gq kvmK †kªYxi
AwaKvi‡KB †evSvq| Z‡e mgvRZvwš¿K A_©‣bwZK KvVv‡gv ev ivóªxq KvVv‡gvi weiæ‡× ‡Kv‡bv
AwaKvi †fvM Kiv hvq bv| gvK©mxq aviYv Abymv‡i AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ ywU ¯^Zš¿ welq bq|
AwaKv‡ii m‡½ KZ©e¨ Nwbófv‡e m¤úK©hy³| e¨w³i AwaKvi †fv‡Mi m‡½ mgvR I mgvR ’
Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³e‡M©i KZ©‡e¨i welqwU IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e hy³| AwaKv‡ii ¯v_©KZv e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK
¯v‡_©i g‡a¨ mgšq mva‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj|
32
2.3: wewfbœ `vk©wbK wPšÍv I gvbevwaKvi
gvbevwaKv‡ii wek¦Rbxb ¯xK…wZ GKw`‡b AwR©Z nqwb| e¯‘Z gvbevwaKvi bvbv NvZ-
cÖwZNv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q weKwkZ n‡q AvR AvBbMZfv‡e cÖwZwóZ GKwU cÖZ¨‡q cwiYwZ jvf
K‡i‡Q| 1215 L„óv‡ã g¨vMbvKvUv©, 1628 mv‡ji wcwUkb Ae ivBU, 1776 mv‡ji Av‡gwiKvi
¯vaxbZv †Nvlbv cÎ gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖv_wgK `wjj we‡kl| 1948 mv‡ji 10B wW‡m¤i RvwZmsN
KZ©„K M„nxZ me©Rbxb gvbevwaKv‡ii †NvlbvB G m¤úwK©Z me‡P‡q †g․wjK, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I
w`Kwb‡ ©kK `wjj| cieZx©‡Z 1966 mv‡j GB `wj‡j bZzb ywU Pzw³ ms‡hvwRZ nq, hvi GKwU
bvMwiK Ges ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi, Ab¨wU A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi | GQvov
RvwZms‡Ni `wj‡j gvbevwaKv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ ‡¶‡Î ‡hgb MYnZ¨v, AZ¨vPvi I wbcxob, ag©, eY© I
wj½ •elg¨ Ges wkï AwaKvi msewjZ Pzw³ ms‡hvRb Kiv nq|
GB †NvlbvwU Øviv cÖfvevw¤Z n‡q BDwb‡md, BDGbwWwc, WweøD GBP I (û) Ges
RvwZms‡Ni Ab¨vb¨ ms ’v¸‡jv gvbevwaKvi wb‡q KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| 2001 mv‡ji BDGbwWwc gvbe
Dbœqb wi‡cv©‡U gvbevwaKvi MÖnY Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii d‡j msNvZgq AvBbmg~‡ni ms‡kvab ev
we‡jv‡ci mycvwik Kiv nq|
gvbevwaKv‡ii welqwU weMZ yB nvRvi eQi a‡i `vk©wbK Ges ivR‣bwZK weZ‡K©i GKwU
cÖavb aviv wn‡m‡e P‡j Avm‡Q| Avi GB weZK© BD‡ivc, Avwd«Kv, Av‡gwiKv, A‡óªwjqv Ges
ivwkqvi me©ÎB GLb we‡klfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡”Q| gvbevwaKv‡ii me‡P‡q cÖvPxb iƒc cvIqv hvq
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g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq| gvby‡li AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z GB gZ †÷vwqK `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g jÿ¨ Kiv
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me gvby‡li Rb¨, we‡kl ‡Kv‡bv iv‡óªi ev bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ bq|17
Zvu‡`i g‡Z, Ck¦i gvbyl‡K Ggb wKQz AwaKvi w`‡q‡Qb †h¸‡jv ‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB
niY‡hvM¨ bq| û‡Mv ‡MÖvwUqvm K_vUv Av‡iKUz evwo‡q e‡jb, ÒcÖvK…wZK AvBb GZUvB
AcwieZ©bxq †h †Lv` Bk¦‡ii c‡¶I †m¸‡jv cwieZ©b Kiv m¤¢e bq; KviY Ggb wKQz †¶Î Av‡Q
†hLv‡b Zvui KZ©„Z¡ Lv‡Ubv| wZwb hw` †m¸‡jv‡Z n ͇¶c K‡ib Zvn‡j GK`g cwi®‥vi welqI
33
A_©nxb n‡q c‡o|Ó18
‡MÖvwUqvm-Gi fvlvq, ¯vfvweK AvBb n‡jv, ÒmwVK hyw³i wb‡ ©k, ‡h‡Kv‡bv
B”Qvi cwie‡Z© gvbe cÖÁvi dj¯iƒc|”19
GB AvBb cÖK…wZi bxwZ A_©vr hv ¯vfvweK, hv hyw³m½Z Zvi m‡½ msMwZ weavb K‡iB
P‡j| m¤¢eZ G Kvi‡YB ‣bwZK cÖ‡qvRb Ges mywePv‡ii aviYvi m‡½ Zv mvgÄm¨c~Y©| GB AvB‡bi
AvIZvq c‡o Ggb KvR mwVK n‡Z cv‡i ev ‡ewVK n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Zv KLbB Ck¦‡ii AwfcÖvq ev
gwR© ev AvÁvi Aaxb bq| Ck¦‡ii ev gvby‡li B”Qv Awb”Qvi Ici GB AvBb wbf©ikxj bq| GB
AvBb Aj•Nbxq (absolutely immutable); Ck¦iI G‡K cwieZ©b ev ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, ¯^vfvweK AvBb gvby‡li mvgvwRK Aw¯Í‡Z¡i, RvwZi mvwe©K Aw¯Í‡Z¡i c‡¶ hv
cÖ‡qvRb, hv ïf Zvi cÖwZB Bw½Z K‡i|
MªxK `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv Zuvi Republic Ges Law Mª‡š’ iv‡óªi Kj¨vY I ¯v_©‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q
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mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk NUv‡bv| †cø‡Uv e¨w³ gvbyl‡K AwaKvi †ev‡a bq, KZe ©‡ev‡a I
†meva‡g© m‡PZb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| kvm‡Ki Z¨vM I †mev Ges mvaviY gvby‡li cwikªg I
AvbyMZ¨‡K m¤j K‡iB M‡o Zzj‡Z †P‡q‡Qb GK Av`k© I mdj ivóª| iv‡óªi c‡¶ hv Kj¨vYKi
n‡e e¨w³i c‡¶ Zv Kj¨vYKi n‡Z eva¨|20
Wayper Gi g‡Z,Òivóª msMV‡b e¨w³i f~wgKvi
Ici Zvi Rxe‡bi A_© wbf©i K‡i| cig fv‡jv mg‡MÖi mgwôi g‡a¨ eRvq _v‡K|”21
MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj Zvi Politics22
MÖ‡š’ cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi‡K mg_©b K‡ib| Zvui
g‡Z, wePvi e¨e ’v Ggb wKQz cÖv_wgK bxwZgvjv hv mwVK I hyw³hy³, mnRvZ Kvi‡Y AcwieZ©bxq
I wPišÍb| m‡ev©rK…ó Kj¨vY mvab iv‡óªi j¶¨| iv‡óªi evB‡i e¨w³i ‡Kv‡bv ¯Zš¿ Kj¨vY _vK‡Z
cv‡i bv| wZwb Av‡iv g‡b K‡ib, †Kej AwaKvi i¶v I wbivcËv mywbwðZKi‡Y iv‡óªi `vwq‡Z¡i
cwimgvwß N‡U bv, bvMwiK‡K bxwZevb I b¨vqwePvi m¤úbœ K‡i ‡ZvjvB n‡jv Gi cÖavb KvR| Zuvi
g‡Z, ivóª ¯vfvweK Ges Gi g‡a¨B gvby‡li ‣bwZK, Ava¨vwZ¥K Ges e ‘MZ Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvRb
†gUv‡e I cwic~Y© weKvk NUv‡e|
34
cÖvK…wZK AvBb m¤ú‡K© wm‡m‡iv e‡jb, cÖvK„wZK AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM me ©Rbxb, AcwieZ©bxq
Ges wPišÍb, GwU mKj hy‡M mKj RvwZi Kv‡Q ‣ea, cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi ‡Kv‡bv wbw ©ó †`‡ki
bvMwi‡Ki we‡kl myweav ev AwaKvi bq, G AwaKvi wek¦e¨vcx gvby‡li AwaKvi| wm‡m‡iv23
Zuvi
De Republica24
Mª‡š’ ivóª ej‡Z eywS‡q‡Qb, AvB‡bi Øviv cÖwZwôZ GK mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb|
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ms ’v, bvMwi‡Ki HK¨, `vwqZ¡‡eva I AwaKv‡ii Ici GB iv‡óªi ¯’vwqZ¡ wbf©ikxj| wZwb Av‡iv
e‡jb, cÖK…wZi mvwe©K AvBb †hgb Ck¦‡ii wek¦ wbqš¿‡Yi wbqg †_‡K D™¢~Z, gvby‡li wePvieyw×I
†Zgwb mvgvwRK cÖK…wZ †_‡K D™¢~Z, hv gvbyl‡K Ck¦‡ii mgRvZxq K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖK…wZi GB AvBb
†hb wek¦-iv‡óªi msweavb hv me©ÎB Awfbœ Ges me gvbyl I RvwZi †¶‡Î eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e
cÖ‡hvR¨| †h AvBb G‡K f½ K‡i Zv AvBb e‡j MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|25
St. Thomas Aquinas Zvui Summa Theologica26
MÖ‡š’ cÖvK…wZK AvBb gZev‡`i
Ici ¸iZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i e‡jb ‡h, cÖvK„wZK AvBb ’vbxq AvB‡bi D‡aŸ© Ges Zv †g‡b Pj‡Z mKj
kvm‡Kiv eva¨| Zuvi g‡Z, AvBb GKvav‡i kvk¦Z, ¯vfvweK gvbweK I ¯Mx©q| wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb,
†mUvB mZ¨ I b¨vq hv wbZ¨, hv mbvZb B”Qvi AbymiY K‡i Ges hvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi wb‡Ri
AwaKvi‡K wbivc` K‡i|27
b¨vq mgZv‡KB cÖwZdwjZ K‡i Ges A¨vKzBbv‡mi „wó‡Z mgZv n‡jv
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖwZ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mg „wó Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mgvb AwaKvi| ¯Mx©q ev mbvZb AvB‡bi „wó‡Z
GB b¨vqwePvi I mgZv c~Y©fv‡e cÖwZdwjZ| Zuvi g‡Z, fv‡jv-g›` wePvi ¸Y Ck¦‡ii B”Qv‡ZB
n‡Zv, †hLv‡b gvbyl‡K †`Iqv n‡qwQj fv‡jv KvR Kivi mwVK eyw× Ges Lvivc KvR bv Kivi
mywPwšÍZ we‡eK‡eva|
cieZ©x‡Z mß`k I Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i cÖe³v nem, jK I iæ‡kvi
gva¨‡g GB gZev` weKvk jvf K‡i| Z uv‡`i g‡Z, cÖvK-ivóªxq hy‡M cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi wQj, hv
iv‡óªi wbqš¿bvaxb bq| cieZ©x‡Z nem& Zvi ‡jwf‡q_vb28
MÖ‡š’ GB cÖvK„wZK AwaKv‡ii bZzb
ai‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb †KvbwU Lvivc KvR †KvbwU fvj KvR Zv wba©vwiZ nq
cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi gva¨‡g| Zuvi g‡Z, GB cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi wQj g~jZ AvZ¥i¶vi GKwU †K․kj|
35
_gvm ne&m cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi ej‡Z wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vi cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbR¯ aviYv
Abymv‡i hv Lywk Kivi Aeva ¯vaxbZv‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| ne&m Leviathan MÖ‡š’ †`Lvb, cÖK…wZi
iv‡R¨ gvby‡li ¯vaxbZv wQj, mgZv wQj wKš‘ wQj bv wbivcËv| AvB‡bi iv‡R¨ ¯vaxbZv I
wbivcËv Df‡qiB cwi‡ek M‡o †`q| AvB‡bi ivR¨ kvwšÍ I mne ’v‡bi ivR¨| ne&‡mi g‡Z,
cÖK…wZi GB AvBbB gvbyl‡K eyw× I we‡e‡Ki c‡_ Pj‡Z, wb‡Ri Aw ÍZ¡ i¶vi ¯v‡_© Ac‡ii m‡½
wg‡jwg‡k Pj‡Z Ges GKwU mvaviY ¶gZv‡K †g‡b Pj‡Z DØy× K‡i|
cieZ©x‡Z 1700 kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K Rb jK& Z uvi weL¨vZ Two Treaties on Civil
Government29
MÖ‡š’ cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi‡K Zz‡j a‡ib| Zuvi e¨vL¨vi g‡a¨ gvby‡li cÖwZ Ck¦‡ii
wb‡ ©k¸‡jvi cÖwZaŸwb n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| j‡Ki ivR‣bwZK e³‡e¨i cÖfve Av‡gwiKvi
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mgq d«v‡Ý gvby‡li Rxeb I mgvR m¤úwK©Z 17 wU AwaKv‡ii K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq| wKš‘
gvbevwaKvi m¤úwK©Z d«v‡Ýi GB e³e¨ A‡b‡Ki Øviv mgv‡jvwPZ nq| †R‡iwg †eš’vg30
gvby‡li
AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z d«v‡Ýi GB †NvlYvc·K mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib, KviY wZwb g‡b K‡ib Gi mv‡_
cÖvK…wZK AwaKv‡ii m¤úK© Kg| GWgyÛ evK©I divmx †NvlYvc‡Îi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z
Ugvm †cBb d«vÝ †NvlYvc‡Î msiw¶Z gvby‡li AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z wel‡qi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib Ges
cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi I bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q K‡ib| cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi gvby‡li
Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K wUwK‡q ivL‡Z wKQy we‡kl AwaKvi‡K mg_©b K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, bvMwiK AwaKv‡i gvby‡li
b~¨bZg †eu‡P _vKvi AwaKviUzKzB _vK‡ebv, Gi mv‡_ _vK‡e Zvi wk¶v, ¯^v ’¨, wbivcËv, ¯^vaxbZvi
AwaKvi|
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m¤úwËi AwaKvi‡K ¯vfvweK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, ivóª m„wói d‡j ¯vfvweK
AwaKv‡ii ‡Kv‡bv ¶wZ nqwb eis iv‡óªi IciB ¯vfvweK AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi `vwqZ¡ b¨ Í n‡q‡Q|31
jK Gi fvlvq, cÖK…wZi ivR¨ wQj „c~Y© ¯vaxbZvi ivR¨‟ „mv‡g¨i ivR¨‟ „kvwšÍ, mw`”Qv, cvi¯úwiK
mn‡hvwMZv I myiÿvi ivR¨|Õ b¨vq‡ev‡ai ¯vfvweK bxwZ Øviv gvbyl cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| GB bxwZB
wQj cÖK…wZi AvBb| GB cÖK…wZi AvB‡bi m‡½ ivR‣bwZK mgvRm„ó ¯vfvweK AvB‡bi
‡Kv‡bvwe‡iva wQj bv, eis ejv †h‡Z cv‡i ¯vfvweK AvB‡bi m„wó I weKv‡k cÖvK…wZK AvBb
36
mnvqK n‡q‡Q| j‡Ki K_vq, cÖvK…wZK AvBb †mB wbq‡gi mgwó hv me©hy‡M me©‡¶‡Î gvby‡li
AvPiY‡K wbqš¿b K‡i| G AvB‡bi wePviK n‡jv cÖÁv (Reason)| cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ gvby‡li
mgvbvwaKvi GB AvB‡biB m„wó| mgvbvwaKv‡ii G aviYv †_‡KB G‡m‡Q AvZ¥i¶v, AwaKvi‡eva I
gvbweK mym¤úK© eRvq ivLvi cÖkœ| cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ wb‡Ri myL I wbivcËv‡K wbwðZ KivB wQj
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Ggb welq hv mKj gvbyl‡K GB wkÿv †`q †h Zviv mK‡j m¦vaxb I AvZ¥wbf©i Ges Ab¨ Kv‡iv
Zv‡`i Rxeb, ¯v¯’ , ¯vaxbZv ev m¤ú‡`i ÿwZ Kiv DwPZ bq|‟32
j‡Ki g‡Z, ‣biv‡R¨‡i weiæ‡× wbivcËv‡K wbwðZ Ki‡Z, wb‡Ri Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv I
m¤úwËi AwaKvi‡K wbivc` Ki‡Z, mvgvwRK k„•Ljv‡K myiw¶Z Ki‡ZB HK¨e× n‡q, ivóª MVb
Kiv Ges wb‡R‡`i‡K ivR‣bwZK KZ©„c¶ Z_v miKv‡ii kvmbvax‡b Avbvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe Kij
gvbyl| j‡Ki Kv‡Q gvby‡li Rxe‡bi g~j¨ ïa ygvÎ †eu‡P _vKvi g‡a¨ bq, Rxeb‡K fv‡jvfv‡e
Dcjw× Kivi g‡a¨| m¤úwËB gvbyl‡K fv‡jvfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi †cªiYv †RvMvq| jK m¤úwË K_vwUi
g‡a¨B Ab¨vb¨ AwaKv‡ii Zvrch© †`‡L‡Qb| GwU e¨w³i Rb¥MZ AwaKvi| ¯vfvweKfv‡eB Ab¨vb¨
AwaKv‡ii g‡Zv GB AwaKvi gvbyl jvf K‡i‡Q| mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q, cÖK…wZi ivR¨ ev ivR‣bwZK
mgvR Df‡qi Kv‡QB GB AwaKvi Zvi b¨vh¨ `vwe| G `vwe‡K A¯xKvi Kivi ev Gwo‡q hvIqvi
†Kv‡bv ¶gZv mgvR ev miKvi Kv‡iv †bB|
iæ‡kv Zuvi weL¨vZ mvgvwRK Pzw³ m¤úwK©Z gZev‡`i K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| Zuvi wPšÍvq
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¯vaxbZv I Aci mKj wel‡qi msi¶K| wZwb e‡jb mgvR hw` e¨w³‡K i¶v K‡i Zvn‡j gvbyl
GK‡Î evm Ki‡Z Ges GKB my‡hvM myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z m¤§Z n‡e| GB †cÖ¶vc‡U Ggb me
AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kvi DwPZ hv e¨w³-¯v_©‡K mivmwi ؇›Ø cwiYZ Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| iæ‡kv ivR‣bwZK
¶gZv cÖwZwôZ Kivi wcQ‡b a‡g©i f~wgKv‡K mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib Ges mvgvwRK I cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi
‡_‡K Avjv`v K‡ib| wZwb mvgvwRK AwaKvi‡K cweÎ e‡j e¨³ K‡ib Ges Zvi we ÍvwiZ eY©bv
K‡ib| iæ‡kvi g‡Z, mvavi‡Yi B”QvB n‡jv Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv I Aci mKj AwaKv‡ii msi¶K|
37
mvavi‡Yi B”Qv aviYvwU cÖwZwôZ K‡iB wZwb ¯vaxbZv I wbqš¿‡Yi ؇›Øi wbimb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
iæ‡kv g‡b K‡ib, e¨w³ I †Mvôx ev mgv‡Ri cvi¯úwiK eva¨evaKZvq, cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖwZ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
KZ©e¨ cvj‡bB mvgvwRKeÜb AUzU _v‡K Ges ¯vaxbZv myiw¶Z nq| Social Contract33
Mª‡š’
iæ‡kvi e³e¨ n‡jv, gvby‡li KZ¸‡jv •bwZK I mvaviY AwaKvi _v‡K Ges GB AwaKvi¸‡jv‡K
myiw¶Z Kivi Rb¨B †m Pzw³ K‡i miKvi MVb K‡i|
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AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© ev Íe aviYv cÖwZwôZ nq| gvbweK AwaKv‡ii aviYv Aóv`k kZvãxi GB c‡e©i
Av‡MI cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q jK I g‡›U¯‥zi wPšÍvq wKš‘ Aóv`k kZvãxi GB c‡e© iæ‡kv ev fj‡Uqvi,
wdwRIµ¨vU, Ugvm †cBb AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© †h fvebv †ck K‡ib Zv AwaKZi ev Íem¤§Z|
gvby‡li AwaKv‡ii `k©b mvaviY gvby‡li „wófw½ w`‡q cÖwZôv K‡ib Ugvm †cBb| 1791
mv‡j †cBb Gi Right of Man34
Gi cÖ_g LÛ cÖKvwkZ nq Ges eBwUi L¨vwZi KviY mvaviY
gvbyl Gi gva¨‡g ivRbxwZ I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z †c‡i‡Q| †cB‡bi AwaKvi `k©‡bi
g~jK_v n‡jv gvbyl‡K RvMÖZ Kivi, c„w_ex‡K DbœZ Kivi evmbv| Zvui g‡Z, mgvR gvby‡liB m„wó|
myZivs gvbyl‡K ev` w`‡q, Zvi AwaKvi‡K ev` w`‡q mgvR ev miKv‡ii K_v fvev P‡jbv|
AZx‡Zi miKvi wQj esk ci¤úivq miKvi| GB miKvi gvby‡li Ici Zvi B”Qv I bxwZ Pvwc‡q
†`q Ges †h D‡Ï‡k¨ miKv‡ii m„wó †mB gvbeKj¨v‡Yi c‡_I GB miKvi AšÍivq|
cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK miKviB mgvR I mf¨Zv‡K Zvi wfwË wn‡m‡e Ges cÖK…wZ, hyw³ I AwfÁZv‡K
PvwjKv kw³ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| gvbylB GB miKv‡ii wePviK, AwffveK AvBbB GB miKv‡ii
kw³, e¨w³ ev †bZv bq|
‡cB‡bi g‡Z, ¯vfvweK AwaKvi n‡jv gvby‡li evuPvi, Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvi AwaKvi| GB AwaKvi
gvby‡li myL I kvwšÍ cvevi AwaKvi| †c․i AwaKvi n‡jv mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvbyl †h AwaKvi
jvf K‡i| ¯vfvweK AwaKvi †c․i AwaKv‡ii wfwË| †c․i AwaKvi †c‡Z gvby‡li wb‡Ri ÿgZvB
h‡_ó bq, cÖ‡qvRb ivóª I AvB‡bi mnvqZv| ‡cBb wQ‡jb d«v‡Ýi AwaKvi ‡NvlYvc‡Îi Abyev`K
Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖavb cÖPviK| †cBb divwm AwaKv‡ii †NvlYvc‡Îi PviwU aviv‡K Zvui
AwaKv‡ii Z‡Ë¡ Dcw ’Z K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
38
gvbyl Rb¥ †_‡KB AwaKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î ¯vaxb I mgvb|
mg Í ivR‣bwZK msMV‡bi jÿ¨ nIqv DwPZ gvby‡li ¯vfvweK I Acwinvh©
AwaKvi¸‡jv‡K iÿv Kiv| G¸‡jv n‡jv ¯vaxbZv, m¤úwË I wbivcËvi AwaKvi Ges
cxo‡bi weiæ‡× we‡ ªv‡ni AwaKvi|
RvwZB me mve©‡f․wgKZvi Drm †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev †Mvôx bq|
ivR‣bwZK ¯vaxbZv n‡jv Ab¨‡K AvNvZ bv K‡i, A‡b¨i ÿwZmvab bv K‡i gvby‡li
‡Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi ÿgZv| ¯vfvweK AwaKvi (A‡b¨i AwaKvi Qvov) Ab¨ wKQzi Øviv
mxwgZ bq| AvBbB w ’i Ki‡e AwaKv‡ii GB mxgv|
divmx msweav‡b mgvbvwaKv‡ii aviYvwU †hfv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q ev gvby‡li we‡ ªv‡ni
AwaKvi wel‡q hv ejv n‡q‡Q, RvwZ‡K D‡aŸ© †i‡L gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvi †h K_v ejv n‡q‡Q GK
K_vq Zv Af~Zc~e©| AwaKv‡ii Ggb mnR A_©, me©RbMÖvn¨ e¨vL¨v Gi Av‡M cvIqv hvqwb| †cBb
e‡jb, AwaKv‡ii †NvlYv KZ©‡e¨i †NvlYvI e‡U| Avgvi hv AwaKvi A‡b¨i ZvB AwaKvi| myZivs
Avgvi KZ©e¨ n‡jv Ac‡ii AwaKvi †fvM I wbivcËvi cÖwZkÖæwZ †`Iqv| †cBb divwm AwaKvi
†NvlYvi PZz_© aviYvwUi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ, Ò¯vaxbZvi mxgv †Kej AvBb Øviv mxwgZ n‡Z
cv‡iÓ| ‡cBb ¸iæZ¡ ‡`b AwaKvi †NvlYvi †mB AskwU‡K †hLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q,ÒAvBb n‡jv ms‡Ni
B”Qvi cÖKvk|Ó GLv‡b †cBb AvBb‡K AwaKv‡ii aviK, evnK I msiÿK wn‡m‡e Zz‡j a‡ib|
Ugvm †cBb Right of Man Mª‡š’ e‡jb, ¯vfvweK AwaKvimg~‡ni msi¶YB n‡jv mKj
ivR‣bwZK ms‡Ni j¶¨| ¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi, m¤úwËi AwaKvi, wbivcËvi AwaKvi I AZ¨vPvi
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai AwaKvi ¯vfvweK AwaKv‡ii AšÍf©y³| Av‡gwiKvi ¯vaxbZv †NvlYv I d«v‡Ýi gvby‡li
AwaKvi mb‡` G ¯vfvweK AwaKv‡ii cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq| Av‡gwiKvi mb‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, gvbyl
¯ªóvi Øviv KZ¸‡jv Awe‡”Q`¨ AwaKv‡i gwÛZ| Gme AwaKvi n‡jv Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv I myL
A‡šl‡bi AwaKvi| d«v‡Ýi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯vfvweK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯vaxbZv, mvg¨, wbivcËv I
m¤úwËi AwaKv‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
Kvj© gvK©m gvbevwaKvi m¤ú©‡K BwZnv‡mi e ‘ev`x (‣eÁvwbK) e¨vL¨v Dc¯’vcb K‡i|
†hLv‡b wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb †h gvbyl cÖvPxb mvg¨ev`x mgv‡R mgvb AwaKvi †fvM KiZ| wKš‘ `vm
39
mgvR Ges mvgšÍ mgv‡R gvby‡li AwaKvi e‡j wKQyB wQj bv| cieZ©x‡Z cuywRev`x mgv‡R
gvbevwaKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡jI AwaKvsk gvbyl gvbevwaKv‡ii m¤ú~Y© my‡hvM myweav †fvM Ki‡Z
cvi‡Qbv| KviY cuywRev`xiv Zv‡`i cuywR evov‡bvi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk my‡hvM-myweav †fvM
K‡i| d‡j mvaviY gvbyl Ges kªwgK †kªYx gvbevwaKv‡ii h_v_© my‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ nq| Zvui
g‡Z, cuywRev`x e¨e ’v aŸsm n‡q hw` mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v Pvjy nq Z‡e gvby‡li †g․wjK AwaKvi
msiw¶Z n‡e|
gvK©mxq ZvwË¡KMY †Lv` gvbevwaKv‡ii aviYvwUiB we‡ivax| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, gvbevwaKvi n‡jv
cZ‡bv¤§yL c uywRZvwš¿K Ges ey‡Rv©qv g~j¨‡eva| Zvu‡`i hyw³ n‡jv, G g~j¨‡eva GKwU wbw ©ó Drcv`b
e¨e¯’v Ges Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i DcRvZ; G g~j¨‡eva GKwU wbw ©ó †kÖwYi ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ AjxK
gZv`‡k©i †gvo‡K mevi mvg‡b nvwRi Kiv nq| Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i ev Drcv`b c×wZi cwieZ©‡b
G ai‡Yi g~j¨‡eva cwiewZ©Z nq|35
gvK©m mvgvwRK ivR‣bwZK mgm¨vi bxwZag©x ev •bwZK mgvavb‡K ïiæ †_‡KB bvKP K‡i
†`b| gvK©m wb‡R KL‡bv b¨v‡qi †Kv‡bv ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib wb| wZwb e‡jbwb †h, cuywRev`x mgvR
Ab¨vqwfwËK| ZvB Gi •bwZK mgvavb m¤¢e bq| Zvui g‡Z cuywRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq cy uwRcwZi m‡½
kÖwg‡Ki msNvZ n‡jv GK ai‡bi AwaKv‡ii m‡½ Ab¨ ai‡bi AwaKv‡ii msNvZ; Avi GUv †Kej
yB c‡¶i †kÖwY ¦‡›Øi ga¨ w`‡qB wbimb n‡e| G cÖm‡½ gvK©mxq wPšÍvi ZvwË¡K †j‡RK
†Kvjv‡Kvw¯‥ AwfgZ †cvlYK‡ib ‡h, mgvRev` cÖwZwôZ n‡j, †kÖwY Ges †kÖwY msMÖv‡gi we‡jv‡ci
ga¨ w`‡q mgvR‡`n †_‡K msNvZ mg~‡j D‡”Q` n‡e| d‡j GKRb wew”Qbœ e¨w³i m‡½ Ab¨
GKRb wew”Qbœ e¨w³i ¯v‡_©i msNvZ AcÖvmw½K n‡e; ev¯Íe Rxe‡b mevi AwaKvi wbwðZ n‡e Ges
GKB m‡½ gvbevwaKv‡ii aviYvwUI AcÖvmw½K n‡q co‡e|36
40
Z_¨ wb‡`©k
1. gwdRyj Bmjvg cv‡Uvqvix I AvLZviæ¾vgvb, gvbevwaKvi I AvBbMZ mnvqZv`v‡bi
g~jbxwZ, wnDg¨vwbó GÛ Bw_K¨vj G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae evsjv‡`k, 2001, c„.6|
2. †gvt byiæj Bmjvg, gvbevwaKvi I mgvRKg©, (wbDGR cvewj‡Kkvb, XvKv, 2005) c„ôv.23|
3. cÖv¸³, c„.24|
4. cÖv¸³, c„.26|
5. F.K.M. Munim, Rights of the Citizen Under the Constitution and Law,
Bangladesh Institute of Law & International Affairs, Dhaka, 1975, p.29
6. gwdRyj Bmjvg cv‡Uvqvix I AvLZviæ¾vgvb, gvbevwaKvi I AvBbMZ mnvqZv`v‡bi
g~jbxwZ, c„ôv.9|
7. •mq` kIKZz¾vgvb, gvbevwaKvi, mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi I mgvRKj¨vY, (†iv‡nj cvewj‡Kkb,
XvKv, 2005), c„.41|
8. Munim, Ibid, P.3.
9. gwdRyj Bmjvg cv‡Uvqvix I AvLZviæ¾vgvb, gvevwaKvi I AvBbMZ mnvqZv`v‡bi g~jbxwZ,
c„ôv.11|
10. E. Asirvatham, Political Theroy , (Lucknow : Upper India Pub ,1967),
p.16.
11., T. Hobbes, Leviathan, in W. Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers
(Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, 1966), p.368.
12. W.Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, (Oxford and IBH Publishing
Company, 1966), p.389.
13. B. Bosanquet, The Philosophical Theory of State, Chapter VIII, Sec.6
(Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011), p.245.
14. J.Bentham, Principles of Legislation in W. Ebenstein, Great Political
Thinkers (Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, 1966), p.421.
15. D.G.Ritchi, Natural Right, (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.1952),
p.58.
41
16. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, in Hollowell, Main Currents in Modern
Political Thought (New York, Holt, 1960), p.263.
17. bxiæKzgvi PvKgv, gvbevwaKvi I •bwZKZv, wek¦ `k©b w`em-2012, `k©b wefvM I †Mvwe›`
†`e M‡elYv †K› ª, c„ôv.18|
18. Hugo Grotius, Annals & History of the law countries, manuscript 1612)-
Pub. Amsterdam, 1657.
19. Grotius, in Dunning, A History of Political Theories, (Central Book
Depot, Allahabad, 1967), p.162.
20. †cø‡Uvi wicvewjK, mi`vi dRjyj Kwig Ab~w`Z,(XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv, 1998),c„ôv.196.
21. C. L. Wayper, Political Thought, (B.I Publications 1975), p.36.
22. Gwi÷U‡ji cwjwUKm, Abyev`, mi`vi dRjyj Kwig, (XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq MÖš’ ms ’v, 1983),
c„. 128.
23. wm‡m‡iv GKRb †ivgvb wPšÍvwe`, whwb ivóª-`vk©wb‡Ki †P‡q ivR‣bwZK †bZv wn‡m‡e †ewk
cwiwPZ wQ‡jb|
24. wm‡m‡ivi De Republica MÖš’wU †cø‡Uvi Republica Gi Av`‡jB iwPZ| †cø‡Uv Zvui
Republica G †hgb GKwU Av`k©, b¨vqwbf©i iv‡óªi Kíbv K‡i‡Qb wm‡m‡ivI †Zgwb Zvui
De Republica MÖ‡š’ GK Av`k© ivóªe¨e ’vi AbymÜvb K‡i‡Qb|
25. “There was little that was original in the political thought of Cicero”-
Gettell, History of Political Thought, p. 76. (London: George Allen &
Unrin LTd.) 1932.
26. Summa Theologica MÖ‡š’ GKB mv‡_ me©Rbxb AvBb I b¨vqwePvi m¤ú©‡K Zvui `vk©wbK
wPšÍvfvebv e¨³ K‡ib|
27. Dunning, A History of Political Theories, p -196.
28. Hobbes, Leviathan, in Ebenstein, Great Political thinkers (Oxford and
IBH Publishing Company, 1966), p.369.
29. Locke, Two Treatises, in W.T. Bluhm, Theories of the Political System,
(Prentice Hall of India, 1981), p.303.
42
30. Benthan J, Principles of legislation in Ebenstein Great Political
Thinkers. p.425.
31. Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Goverment, Peter Laslett, (London:
Cambridge University Press, 1960). p.57.
32. Locke, Two Treatises, in W.T. Bluhm, Theories of the Political System,
(Prentice Hall of India, 1981), p.305.
33. Social Contract: Essays By Locke Hume and Rousseau with an
Introduction by Sir Ernest Barker, (Oxford University Press, London,
1978), p.2.
34. J. Hampden Jackson, Tomas Paine and the Rights of Man David
Thomson (ed) Political Ideas, p.108.
35. AvLZvi †mvenvb Lvb, gvK©mev` I b¨vqciZvi aviYv, (evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 2008),
c„. 107|
36. Leszek Kolakkowski: Marxism and Human Righrs, Daedalus, Vol.112,
No.4, Human Rights, 1983, p.81-92.
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
43
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AvB‡bi kvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î bxwZgvjv¸‡jv miKvi KZLvwb †g‡b Pj‡Q Ges RbMY Zvi Øviv
KZLvwb cÖfvweZ n‡”Q G¸‡jv †`Lv nq| Kv‡RB AvB‡bi kvm‡bi mv‡_ Goodness ev fvjZ¡
Ges Justice ev b¨vqwePvi cÖwZwôZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K AvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi welqwU RwoZ|
AvB‡bi mv‡_ ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi GKUv m¤úK© Av‡Q| mvaviYZ Avgiv g‡b Kwi †h, AvBb n‡”Q
RbMY‡K iÿv Kivi GKUv nvwZqvi| ZvB AvB‡bi mv‡_ RbM‡Yi Avkv- AvKvs•LvI RwoZ
_v‡K| †hgb-†KD hw` wewaewnfz©Z ‡Kv‡bv AvPiY K‡i Zvn‡j Avgiv Avkv Kwi †h AvBb Zv‡K
kvw Í w`‡e A_ev mwVK c_ †`Lv‡e| myZivs AvBb mK‡ji g½‡ji Rb¨| wKš‘ †hLv‡b bxwZMZ
Av`k© bv †i‡L ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Ici wKQz Pvwc‡q †`Iqv nq, †mLv‡b AvB‡bi kvmb
Z_v •bwZK eva¨Zv‡eva (Moral Obligation) e¨vnZ nq| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq, miKvi Ggb
wKQz KvR K‡i hv †`‡L g‡b nq, miKvi †Rvi K‡i RbM‡Yi Ici wKQz Pvwc‡q w`‡”Q| KvRwU
hw`I mvsweavwbKfv‡e Kiv nq, Z_vwc jÿ¨ Ki‡j ‡`Lv hvq †h, miKvi KvRwUi gva¨‡g Avm‡j
RbM‡Yi Ici ej cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
myZivs ‡`Lv hv‡”Q †h, miKvi A‡bK mgq AvB‡bi bv‡g RbM‡Yi Ici ej cÖ‡qvM
K‡ib| AvB‡bi mv‡_ hw` ej cÖ‡qvM e¨vcviwU Rwo‡q hvq Zvn‡j RbMY †mLv‡b cÖZviYvi ¯xKvi
nq| Kv‡RB AvB‡bi mv‡_ •bwZK eva¨evaKZvi welqwUI †_‡K hvq| AvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î yÕwU welq
Av‡jvwPZ nq- cÖ_gZ: AvBb‡K AvBb wn‡m‡e gvbv n‡”Q wKbv| wØZxqZ: hw` AvBb‡K ‡mfv‡e
gvbv bv nq Zvn‡j †mLv‡b DwPZ-AbywP‡Zi cÖkœ Rwo‡q hvq|
AvBb Ggb KZ¸‡jv wbq‡gi m„wó hv mgvR Zvi g½jv‡_© AZ¨vek¨K g‡b K‡i Ges hv
cvjb Kivi Rb¨ m„ó we‡kl e¨e ’vi gva¨‡g Kvh©Kix Ki‡Z B”QzK| mvgvwRK wbôv, mgv‡Ri
Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z †hgb mvgvwRK cwieZ©b N‡U, GKB wbq‡g AvB‡biI cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| ZvB
46
ivóªxq AvBb AcwieZ©bkxj bq| cwieZ©bkxj mgvR Rxe‡bi m‡½ m½wZ eRvq ‡i‡L Gi m„wó nq|
AvBb MwZkxj Ges †`kKvj †f‡` cwieZ©bkxj| GRb¨ wd«Wg¨vb e‡jb,ÒmvgvwRK wb‡ ©kbvi
mKj wµqvejx cwic~Y©fv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z n‡j AvBb‡KI mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_
cwiewZ©Z n‡Z n‡e|Ó8
gvK©mev`xiv m¤ú~Y© wfbœ „wó‡KvY †_‡K AvBb‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| gvK©m-G‡½jm gšÍe¨
K‡i‡Qb, Ò†h me e¨w³ kvmb K‡i, Zviv †Kej iv‡óªi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i ÿgZv msMwVZ K‡ibv,
Zviv... wb‡R‡`i B”Qv‡KB me©Rbxb B”Qv wn‡m‡e A_©vr ivóªxq B”Qv ev AvBb wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv
K‡i|Ó9
wfwkb&¯‥x10
(Vyshinsky)-Gi g‡Z, AvBb n‡jv †mme AvPiYwewa, hv mgv‡Ri
cÖwZcwËkvjxi ‡kÖYxi B”Qvi cÖKvk gvÎ| wf. Zzgv‡bvf (V. Tumanov) Zvui †jLv Does
Marxism Underestimate Law? bvgK cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvBb n‡jv Ggb GKwU mvgvwRK
Awfe¨w³ hvi cÖavb jÿ¨ n‡jv mvgvwRK m¤úK©¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î mywbw ©ó wbqš¿Y iPbv Kiv Ges
gvby‡li Kg©‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv...|Õ11
Aa¨vcK j¨vw¯‥I AvBb‡K mgv‡Ri AwaKvi‡fvMx †kÖwYi
¯v_©evnx wbqg-Kvbyb e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
myZivs mgv‡Ri gvby‡li Kj¨vY, AwaKvi msiÿY I wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ M„nxZ wewa I
wbqgbxwZ‡KB AvBb e‡j| AvBb n‡”Q GK ai‡bi mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb hvi gva¨‡g Ggb GKwU
cwi‡ek ev Ae ’vi m„wó Kiv nq, †hLv‡b gvbyl wbivc‡` Zvi e¨w³MZ myL-kvwšÍ weavb I mvgvwRK
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z mÿg nq| AvBb hLb gvby‡l-gvby‡l, we‡f` m„wó K‡ibv ZLb AvBb Zvi ¯xq
gwngvq gvby‡li kª×v AR©b K‡i| G †ÿ‡Î AvB‡bi A_© I cÖ‡qv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i my-we‡eK (Good
Conscience), mij wek¦vm (Good Faith) Ges my-wePvi (Legal Justice) cÖavb¨ cvq |
AvB‡bi Drm:
‡mjgÛ (Salmond) Zuvi Jurisprudenci eB‡qi beg ms¯‥Ki‡Y AvB‡bi `yB ai‡bi
Dr‡mi K_v e‡j‡Qb- AvbyôvwbK I e¯‘MZ|
1. AvbyôvwbK Drm: AvB‡bi ‡Kv‡bv wewa hv n‡Z, Gi ÿgZv I •eaZv AwR©Z nq| †mg‡Ûi
g‡Z, msweavb I Av`vj‡Zi wmÜv‡šÍ iv‡óªi †h B”Qv I ÿgZvi cÖKvk N‡U, Zv-B AvB‡bi
AvbyôvwbK Drm|
47
2. e¯‘MZ Drm: Acic‡ÿ, †mg‡Ûi g‡Z, hv n‡Z AvB‡bi •eaZv bq eis welqe ‘ AwR©Z
nq, Zv-B AvB‡bi e ‘MZ Drm| h_v- cÖ_v AvB‡bi e¯‘MZ Drm; Gi gva¨‡g AvB‡bi •eaZv
AwR©Z nq bv eis welqe ‘ AwR©Z nq|
mgvRweKv‡ki wewfbœ ch©v‡q wewfbœ Drm †_‡K AvB‡bi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| Aa¨vcK nj¨v‡Ûi
g‡Z, AvBb, cÖ_v, ag©, wePvivj‡qi wm×všÍ, weÁvbm¤§Z Av‡jvPbv, b¨vqbxwZ I AvBb cÖYqb n‡”Q
AvB‡bi Drm|12
nj¨vÛ I DBjmb‡K AbymiY K‡i AvB‡bi wb¤§wjwLZ Drm¸‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv
hvq|
1. cÖ_v: mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ my`xN©Kvj a‡i cÖPwjZ AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZ-bxwZ Ges †jvKvPvi‡KB
cÖ_v e‡j| cÖ_vB n‡jv AvB‡bi cÖvPxbZg Drm| cÖ_v/AvPvi-AvPiY Rbmg_©b AR©b Ki‡Z mg_©
n‡j ivóªxq ¯xK…wZi g‡a¨ w`‡q †m¸‡jv AvB‡bi ghv©`v jvf K‡i| AvaywbKKv‡jI cÖwZwU iv‡óªi
AvB‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ_vMZ AvB‡bi Dcw ’wZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e wn› y I gymjgvb‡`i
AvB‡bi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| wn› y I gymjgvb AvB‡bi A‡bK wKQzB c~‡e© cÖ_v wn‡m‡e cvwjZ
n‡Zv| ZvQvov hy³iv‡R¨i msweavb cÖavbZ AwjwLZ nIqvq †mLv‡b cÖ_vMZ AvBb I kvMYZvwš¿K
ixwZ¸‡jv ivóª cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
2. ag©: cÖvPxb mgvRe¨e ’v ag©xq Abykvm‡bi ØvivB kvwmZ I cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| ZLb ag© I
AvB‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bviƒc cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Kiv n‡Zv bv| ivóª cwiPvjbvi ‡ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ag©xq
Abykvmb Kvjµ‡g ivóªxq AvBb wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ jvf K‡i| wn› y AvB‡bi Ici gbymswnZvi Ges
gymjgvb AvB‡bi Dci †KviAv‡bi cÖfve me©Rbwew`Z| myZivs AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm wn‡m‡e
a‡g©i f~wgKv‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡e A¯xKvi Kiv hvq bv|
3. wePvivj‡qi wm×všÍ: Av‡MKvi w`‡bi mgvRe¨e ’vq †MvôxcwZ, Ávbx-¸bx I elx©qvb e¨w³ivB
mgv‡Ri Ø›Ø-weev‡`i gxgvsmv Ki‡Zb| cÖ_v I a‡g©i Am¤ú~Y©Zvi Kvi‡Y Zviv Avcb wePvieyw×i
wfwˇZ weev` wem¤v‡`i gxgvsmv Ki‡Zb| fwel¨‡Z GB mg Í wePv‡ii ivq AvBb wn‡m‡e MY¨
n‡Zv| cieZ©x mg‡qI wePviKM‡Yi H ivq I e¨vL¨v Abyiƒc †gvKvÏgvi gxgvsmvi †ÿ‡Î bwRi
wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Zv|
48
4. b¨vqbxwZ: b¨vqbxwZ AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| b¨vqbxwZ ej‡Z mvg¨, mZZv I
we‡eKeyw× Abymv‡i wePvi Kiv‡K †evSvq| ‡Kv‡bv we‡kl ai‡bi gvgjv m¤ú‡K© AvB‡bi ‡Kv‡bv
my¯úó I mywbw ©ó wb‡ ©k †bB wKsev ‡Kv‡bv cÖPwjZ AvBb mgv‡Ri b¨vqbxwZ‡ev‡ai m‡½
mvgÄm¨nxb n‡q c‡o‡Q Giƒc ‡ÿ‡Î Zviv wb‡R‡`i we‡eKeyw× Abyhvqx mswkøó gvgjvi ivq †`b|
d‡j bZzb AvBb m„wó nq|
5. weÁvbm¤§Z Av‡jvPbv: AvBb m¤úwK©Z we`» e¨w³‡`i Av‡jvPbv, e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY AvB‡bi
‣ewkó¨c~Y© Drm wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| weM× e¨w³‡`i fv‡l¨i wfwˇZ bZzb AvBb e¨e¯’v weKwkZ nq|
D`vniY wn‡m‡e, gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ‡÷vwi I †K›U, Bsj¨v‡Ûi eø¨vK †÷vb, †KvK, †n‡jv cÖgyL
cwÛZ‡`i fvl¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
6. AvBb cÖYqb: AvaywbK iv‡óª AvBbmfv KZ…©K AvBb cÖYqb‡K AvB‡bi me©cÖavb Drm e‡j
wMjwµ÷ cÖgyL g‡b K‡ib| AvBbmfvi m`m¨MY Rbg‡Zi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L wbw ©ó c×wZ Abymv‡i
AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib| MYZvwš¿K a¨vb-aviYv e„w×i m‡½ AvBbmfv KZ…©K cÖYxZ AvB‡bi msL¨vI
e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× cv‡”Q| d‡j cÖ_v, ag© cÖf…wZi g‡Zv AvB‡bi Drm¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ µ‡g n«vm †c‡Z
ïiæ K‡i‡Q|
49
3.2: AvBb m¤ú‡K© ivóª`vk©wbK‡`i wPšÍv
AwaKv‡ii aviYv †hgb AwZ cÖvPxb, †Zgwb AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ welq †hgb
AvBb, •bwZKZv, ¯vaxbZv, mgZv BZ¨vw`I wPišÍb| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K AvBb Kxfv‡e gvbevwaKv‡ii
msiÿK wn‡m‡e ivóª `vk©wbK I bxwZ`vk©wbK wPšÍvq ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡jv t
3.2.1 ‡ivgvb AvBb ZË¡ (Romam theory of law):
‡ivgvb ivóªwPšÍvi cÖavb I me‡P‡q AvKl©bxq Ask n‡jv AvBb m¤úwK©Z aviYv| GKwU
m~² I m¤ú~Y© AvB‡bi aviYv‡K cÖKvk K‡i †ivg cÖvPxb we‡k¦ ixwZg‡Zv Av‡jvo‡bi m„wó K‡iwQj|
AvBb m¤ú‡K© GKwU ev¯Íe Ges hyw³MÖvn¨ e¨vL¨v ‡ivgvbivB me©cÖ_g Dcw ’Z K‡iwQj| ‡ivgvbiv
me©cÖ_g AvBb‡K mswnZvKv‡i wjwce× Kivi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i‡Q| AvBb‡K ag© I bxwZi euvab
†_‡K gy³ K‡i ivRbxwZi m‡½ hy³ Kivi Zvrch© Kx, ‡ivgvbiv Zv Avgv‡`i eywS‡q‡Q| AvBb †h
GKwU wek¦Rbxb aviYv GK_vI cÖPvi K‡i‡Q †ivg| GKwU iv‡óªi g‡a¨B bq, ivóªmg~‡ni m¤ú‡K©i
†ÿ‡ÎI AvBb‡K cÖmvwiZ Kiv hvq †ivgvbiv †mB aviYvi weKvk NwU‡q‡Q| ‡ivgvb AvBbZ‡Ë¡i
me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ •ewkó¨ n‡jv AvBb‡K cÖK…wZRM‡Zi Z_v wek¦ cÖK…wZi GKwU B”Qv I hyw³i
ev¯Íe cÖKvk wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z Kiv| ivóª AvBbMZ AwaKv‡ii Drm n‡jI ‡ivgvbiv wek¦vm KiZ
RbmvaviYB cÖK…Zc‡ÿ mKj ÿgZv ev KZ©„‡Z¡i Drm| †ivgvb AvBb‡K wZbwU †k ÖwY‡Z wef³
K‡iwQj| G¸‡jv n‡jv-cÖvK…wZK AvBb (Law of nature), †c․i AvBb (Civil law) Ges
me©Rbxb AvBb (Universal law)
cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi aviYvwU ‡ivgvbiv MÖnY KiwQj †÷vwqK ev wbwe©Kviev`x `vk©wbK‡`i
fveaviv Abymi‡Y| †ivgvb cwÛZ wm‡m‡iv Zvi Laws MÖ‡š’ ‡÷vwqK‡`i Abymi‡Y cÖvK…wZK
AvBb‡K Bk¦‡ii mv¤ªv‡R¨i weavb e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| Bk¦‡ii B”Qv Ges gvby‡li hyw³ev` I
mgvRgyLx gbbB GB AvB‡bi Drm| wm‡m‡ivi fvlvq- “G AvBb mZ¨, KviY Zv mwVK hyw³i Øviv
cwiPvwjZ| G AvBb cÖK…wZi B”Qvi Abymvix, mKj gvby‡li DciB cÖ‡hvR¨| G AvBb
AcwieZ©bxq, AåvšÍ I kvk¦Z| G AvBb gvbyl‡K mwVK KZ©e¨K‡g©i wb‡ ©k †`q Ges åvšÍ I
AwbóKi Kvh© †_‡K weiZ iv‡LÓ| 13
50
AZx‡Z cÖ_v I ixwZbxwZ AvBb wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Zv I †ivgvb‡`i AvPiY‡K wbqš¿Y
KiZ| c‡i AvBb‡K Bk¦‡ii wb‡ ©k e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡jI †kl ch©šÍ †ivgbiv AvBb‡K a‡g©i
†eovRvj ‡_‡K gyw³ w`‡q ev¯Í‡ei Ici ’vcb Kij Ges †NvlYv Kij gvbylB AvB‡bi iPwqZv|
AvB‡bi j•Nb gv‡b mve©‡f․g kw³‡K AMÖvn¨ Kiv Ges kvw Í †W‡K Avbv| †ivgvb cÖRvZš¿ cÖwZôv
ce© †_‡K †ivgvbMY AvB‡bi Ici we‡kl bRi w`‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i Ges AvBb‡K bvMwi‡Ki AvPiY
wbqš¿Y Kivi gva¨g wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i| Gfv‡e ‡iv‡g †c․i AvBb M‡o I‡V|
me©Rbxb AvBb n‡jv wek¦mv¤ªvR¨ e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvR‡b D™¢~Z AvBb| we‡kl †`k ev Rb‡Mvôxi
Rb¨ bq, G AvBb wek¦iv‡óªi Dc‡hvMx GK me©Rbxb AvBb| †ivg mv¤ªvR¨ Ges †iv‡gi Aaxb ’
cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡K GKB kvmb m~‡Î Avbv Ges †iv‡gi HK¨ I msnwZ‡K cÖwZwôZ Kivi e„nËi ¯v‡_©
M‡o I‡V wQj G AvBb| b¨vqwePv‡ii bxwZ G AvB‡b cÖwZdwjZ, mg Í cÖ‡`k¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î GB
AvBb mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| †f`bxwZ bq, mgZvB G AvB‡bi wfwË| †iv‡gi kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv I HK¨,
mf¨Zv I ms¯‥…wZi Ges mvwe©K cÖMwZ I mg„w×i cÖZxK G AvBb| b¨vq‡eva I ¯vfvweK hyw³i Øviv
Zv cÖPwjZ| †ivgvb wPšÍv ivRbxwZi e¨envwiK wPšÍv‡K we‡k¦ cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q| me©Rbxb AvBb I
cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi †g․wjK cÖ‡f` Zz‡j aiv, †c․i AvBb ev †`kxq AvB‡bi Zzjbvq me©Rbxb AvBb
AwaK Kvg¨, Gme †ivgvb wPšÍvi ØvivB Avgiv AvjvwKZ nB| †ivgvb wPšÍvi me‡P‡q Zvrch©c~Y©
Ask n‡jv AvB‡bi m‡½ mgZv, ¯vaxbZv I gvbweKZvi aviYv‡K hy³ Kiv|
3.2.2 AvBb I AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb cÖm‡½ †MÖvwmqvm (Grotius on international law)
AvšÍR©vwZK AvBbwe` Aa¨vcK nj¨vÛ †RbwUwjm‡K AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi cÖ_g cÖe³v
wnmv‡e cwiPq w`‡Z PvB‡jI I‡cbnvBg †MÖvwmqvm‡KB ÔAvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi RbKÕ14
(Father
of international law) wn‡m‡e m¤§vwbZ K‡i‡Qb| †M‡Uj g‡b K‡ib, me iK‡gi cÿcvwZZ¡
†_‡K gy³ †_‡K m¤ú~Y© gvbweK I hyw³hy³ „wó w`‡q AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv Ges
me©RbMÖvn¨ K‡i †Zvjvi K…wZZ¡ †MÖvwmqv‡miB cÖvc¨|15
gvbecÖK…wZ I hyw³i g‡a¨B ‡h AviI GKwU DaŸ©Zb AvB‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q Ges GB
AvBbB †h cÖvK…wZK AvBb ev ¯vfvweK AvBb †MÖvwmqvmB Zv wewae×fv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| G
AvB‡bi g‡a¨B †h RvwZmg~‡ni AvBb A_©vr AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi m~Î mÜvb Kiv hvq G K_v cÖPvi
51
K‡i †MÖvwmqvm ïay AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡biB bq, cÖvK…wZK ev ¯vfvweK AvB‡biI cÖ_g e³v ev RbK
wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ †c‡Z cv‡ib|
b¨vq I mywePvi iÿv KivB †h gvby‡li Z_v ivóªmg~‡ni KZ©e¨, hy× Ges cvi¯úwiK
nvbvnvwb †h kvwšÍ I gvbeZv cÖwZôvi c‡_ AšÍivq, ivóªmg~n‡K †h kvwšÍ ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨vMx n‡Z
n‡e, The Law of War and Peace eBwUi DrmM©c‡Î †MÖvwmqvm ‡m K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wbR
kw³ ev wewae×Zvi ¸‡YB †h AvBb Kvh©Ki nq ev AvB‡bi m‡½ •bwZKZvi †h †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB
†MÖvwmqvm Ggb K_v wZwb ej‡Z Pvbwb| †MÖvwmqvm wek¦vm K‡ib kw³i ¸‡YB †h AvBb Kvh©Ki nq
Zv bq, gvbyl wb‡Ri B”QvqI AvBb‡K †g‡b P‡j| Bk¦‡ii Avwke©v` jvf Ki‡e †R‡bB gvbyl
Ab¨vq K‡i bv| myZivs gvby‡li •bwZKZvB AvB‡bi ‣eaZv|
†MÖvwmqvm cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi ZvwË¡K‡`i e¨vL¨v †_‡K m‡i G‡m ¯vfvweK AvB‡bi GKwU
•eÁvwbK A_© cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z ‡P‡q‡Qb| wZwb DbœZ D`xqgvb mgv‡Ri „wó w`‡q G AvBb‡K e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Ck¦‡ii Av‡`k ev B”Qvi mgwô wn‡m‡e wPwýZ bv K‡i ¯vfvweK AvBb‡K wZwb
hyw³i cÖKvk ev cÖwZdjb wn‡m‡e †`‡L‡Qb| †MÖwmqv‡mi fvlvq ¯vfvweK AvBb n‡jv ÒmwVK hyw³i
wb‡ ©k, hv ‡Kv‡bv B”Qvi cwie‡Z© gvbe cÖÁvi Drcbœ dj|Ó16 G AvBb cÖK…wZi bxwZ A_©vr hv
¯vfvweK hv hyw³m½Z Zvi m‡½ m½wZweavb K‡iB P‡j| m¤¢eZ GB Kvi‡YB •bwZK cÖ‡qvRb Ges
mywePv‡ii aviYvi m‡½ Zv mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
†MÖvwmqvm ivóª ej‡Z ey‡S‡Qb ¯vaxb †jvK‡`i GKwU c~Y© ms ’v, hv Pzw³e× n‡q‡Q AvBb
cvjb I mvaviY Kj¨vY mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨|17 wZwb ivóª m„wói †ÿ‡Î †`eZv ev AwZcÖvK…wZK kw³i
Ici wbf©i bv K‡i gvby‡li B”Qv, Av‡eM ev AwaKvi†ev‡ai Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb|
AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb ej‡Z †MÖvwmqvm hv ey‡S‡Qb Zv n‡jv mg Í ev AwaKvsk RvwZi
B”Qvµ‡g RvwZmg~‡ni Ici eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e cÖhy³ AvBb| ivóªmg~‡ni m¤§wZ ev Aby‡gv`bB G
AvB‡bi wfwË| †MÖvwmqvm wek¦vm K‡ib †`‡ki AvB‡bi g‡ZvB AvšÍR©vwZK AvBbI eva¨Zvg~jK;
cÖ_gwU gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î, wØZxqwU RvwZi †ÿ‡Î| AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb‡K wZwb yfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb|
cÖ_gwU‡K wZwb e‡j‡Qb Jus Voluntarium A_©vr ivóªmg~‡ni †¯^”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z AvBb ev cÖ_vMZ
52
AvBb Ges wØZxqwU n‡jv Jus Natural A_©vr ivwóªK AvBb, RvwZmg~‡ni ¯vfvweK AvBb|
AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb b¨v‡qi ¯vfvweK bxwZ‡K AbymiY K‡i| hyw³ I •bwZKZv‡K AbymiY K‡i
ivóªmg~‡ni AvPiY wba©viY K‡i G AvBb| †MÖvwmqvm hy× ej‡Z ey‡S‡Qb iv‡óªi m‡½ iv‡óªi ؇›Øi
cwiw ’wZ-mk ¿ msMÖvg| b¨vq Ges Ab¨vq GB yBfv‡M hyׇK fvM K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Rxeb I
m¤úwË iÿvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvôx hLb hy× K‡i ZLb Zv ¯vfvweK AvB‡bi we‡ivax bq; myZivs
Zv b¨vq| Ac‡ii AwaKvi j•Nb K‡i, Ac‡ii f~wg I Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` ni‡Yi cÖ‡Póv, Aci RvwZ‡K
`vm evbv‡bvi ¯v_©ci cÖ‡Póv‡K †MÖvwmqvm e‡j‡Qb Ab¨vq hy×|
Gfv‡e †MÖvwmqvm AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi †h weÁvb cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb Zvi Ici wfwË K‡iB
cieZ©xKv‡j M‡o I‡V ‡Q ‡MÖvwmqvbcš’x gZev`, mß`k I Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z †h gZev` we‡kl
RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡iwQj| wZwbB cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb GKB m‡½ ¯vfvweK I weÁvbm¤§Z AvB‡bi
Zvrch©|
3.2.3 j‡Ki AvBbMZ AwaKvi (Locke on legal rights):
D`viZvev`x `vk©wbK jK ivóªkw³i kvmbvwaKvi‡K gvbweK AwaKvi I mvgvwRK ¯v‡_©
wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| ÿgZvkvjx‡K wbqš¿‡Yi cÖ‡Póv †h j‡Ki c~‡e© nqwb Zv bq, Z‡e jK-B
wbqwš¿Z kvm‡bi aviYv‡K ivóªZ‡Ë¡ cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| ivRbxwZ kv‡ ¿ Zvui L¨vwZ I cÖwZôv wbqwš¿Z
ivóªkvm‡bi iƒcKvi wn‡m‡e|
j‡Ki g‡Z, cÖvK„wZK AvBb ‡mB wbq‡gi mgwó hv me© h y‡M me©‡ÿ‡Î gvby‡li AvPiY‡K
wbqš¿Y K‡i| G AvB‡bi wePviK n‡jv cÖÁv, cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ gvby‡li mgvbvwaKvi cÖvÁ AvB‡bi
m„wó| mgvbvwaKv‡ii GB aviYv †_‡KB G‡m‡Q AvZ¥iÿv, AwaKvi‡eva I gvbweK mym¤úK© eRvq
ivLvi cÖkœ| cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ wb‡Ri myL I wbivcËv‡K wbwðZ KivB wQj ¯vaxbZvi jÿ¨| wKš‘ GB
¯vaxbZv KLbB Ac‡ii AwaKvi I myL ‡K‡o †bIqvi, Ac‡ii cÖwZ we‡Øl I kÎæZv cÖ`k©‡bi
¯vaxbZv bq-G ¯vaxbZv n‡jv mvgvwRK ¯vaxbZv-mK‡ji wg‡jwg‡k, kvwšÍ‡Z, my‡L emevm Kivi
¯vaxbZv| G ¯vaxbZv Av‡m gvby‡li k„•Ljv‡ev‡a, AvBb †g‡b Pjvi k‡Z©| G AvBb gvby‡li m„ó
AvBb| G AvBb ¯vaxbZvi ms‡KvPb bq, ¯vaxbZv cÖmv‡i Kvh©Kix|18
53
j‡Ki g‡Z, cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ mKj gvbyl mKj gvby‡li m‡½ jovB K‡ibv| cÖK…wZi ivR¨
n‡jv kvwšÍ, cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I msiÿ‡Yi Ae¯’v| G iv‡R¨ AwaKvi KZ©‡e¨i m‡½ hy³,
¯vaxbZv I AvBb ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| jK Zuvi Two Treatises of Government G †`Lvb,
gvby‡li ¯vfvweK AwaKvi¸‡jv A_v©r Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv I m¤úwËi AwaKvi ÿzbœ Kivi †Kv‡bv
AwaKviY mve©‡f․‡gi †bB| gvbyl mve©‡f․g‡K ÿgZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q wbQK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv cÖwZôvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ bq, Zvi AwaKvi‡K myiwÿZ I cÖmvwiZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨| cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ hv wQj ci¯ú‡ii
Kv‡Q `vwe, ivR‣bwZK mgv‡R †mB `vweB gvbyl †i‡L‡Q iv‡óªi Kv‡Q| G `vwe n‡jv Zvi ¯vaxbZvq
n¯Í‡ÿc bv Kivi `vwe, e¨w³i AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z myweav¸‡jv‡K myiwÿZ Kivi `vwe| G `vwe‡K
†g‡b ‡bIqvi IciB wbf©i Ki‡e ivR‣bwZK mgvR Z_v ivR‣bwZK mve©‡f․‡gi cÖwZ Zvi Av ’v I
AvbyMZ¨| wb‡Ri hyw³ I eywׇK cÖ‡qvM K‡i cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K e¨envi Kiv, wb‡Ri euvPvi
DcKiY msMÖn Kivi Ges myLx I DbœZ Rxe‡bi my‡hvM I myweav‡K MÖnY Kivi g‡a¨ †`‡L‡Q
gvbeKj¨v‡Yi cÖK…Z c_| ivR‣bwZK mgv‡R gvbyl mw¤§wjZfv‡e wb‡R‡`i m¤§wZi gva¨‡g
cÖwZwôZ Kij †mB ‣ea KZ©„‡Z¡i| wb‡R‡`i Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv, kvmbvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi AwaKvi †`Iqv
n‡jv GB KZ©„cÿ‡K|
j‡Ki g‡Z, m¤ú` m‡PZb, †fvMx n‡jI gvbyl cÖK…wZMZfv‡e b¨vq‡eva I myeyw× Øviv
cwiPvwjZ| mgv‡Ri c‡ÿ ÿwZKi ev Aci gvby‡li ¯v‡_©i c‡ÿ nvwbKi ‡Kv‡bv wPšÍv ev K‡g© †m
Drmvnx bq, wb‡Ri ¯v‡_©i m‡½ A‡b¨i ¯v_©‡K †gjv‡Z, wb‡Ri kvwšÍ I wbivcËvi m‡½ Ac‡ii
kvwšÍ I wbivcËv‡K †gjv‡Z Pvq †m| j‡Ki Kv‡Q gvby‡li cwiPq e¨w³ we‡kl wn‡m‡e bq, mgMÖ
gvbeRvwZi A½ wn‡m‡e| ¯vfvweK Ae ’vq j‡Ki gvbyl mgZvi Ae ’v‡ZB mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi c~Y©
¯vaxbZvi Ae ’v, Zvi Dc‡fvM, kvwšÍ I wbivcËvi Dchy³ Ae ’v e‡j fve‡Z †k‡L| ivR‣bwZK
mgv‡R gvby‡li cwiPq bvMwiK wn‡m‡e, †h AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e, KZ©e¨cvjb Ki‡e, wbqg f½
Ki‡j kvw Í cv‡e, Avevi AwaKvi e¨vn‡Zv n‡j cÖwZ‡iva I we‡`ªvn Ki‡e|
jK e¨w³ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li AwaKv‡ii mgZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| wZwb g‡b K‡ib cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
AwaKvi ¯xK…wZ †c‡jB e¨w³MZfv‡e gvby‡li AwaKvi Dc‡fv‡Mi cÖK…Z cwi‡ek m„wó nq|
¯vfvweK Ae ’vq •bwZK w`K †_‡K mK‡jB mgvb, cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zvi AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K©
m‡PZb| hyw³‡eva gvbyl‡K AvB‡bi AbyMZ K‡i, KZ©e¨‡ev‡a AbycÖvwYZ K‡i|
54
cÖK…wZi ivR¨ †_‡K ivR‣bwZK mgvR ev iv‡óª gvbyl †cu․Qv‡Z †P‡q‡Q ywU Kvi‡Y (1)
cÖwZôvbMZ KviY A_©vr †mB cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjvi ZvwM` hv gvbyl‡K ivR‣bwZK m¤úK© I
ivR‣bwZK eva¨evaKZvq Ave× ivL‡e| iv‡óªi gva¨‡g AvBb cÖwZôvi, AvBb c ÖwZcvjb I
we‡iv‡ai gxgvsmv I kvw Í`v‡bi ÿgZvm¤úbœ cÖwZôvb gvbyl †cj, (2) D‡Ïk¨MZ KviY A_©vr bZzb
ivR‣bwZK kw³i Avwef©ve bvMwi‡Ki ¯v_©iÿvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvi Rxeb, m¤úwË I ¯vaxbZv‡K myiÿv
I mywbwðZ Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b| AwaKvsk gvby‡li Av¯’v I mg_©b iv‡óªi cÖwZ| ivóª mve©‡f․g
ÿgZvm¤úbœ ev me©ÿgZvai bq, RbmvaviY hZUzKz ÿgZv Gi nv‡Z Ac©Y K‡i‡Q ZZUzKzB Gi
ÿgZv| iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx RbM‡Yi AwaKvi Øviv mxgve×|
m¨vevBb19
g‡b K‡ib, e¨w³¯v_© m¤úwK©Z mvgvwRK gZev` M‡o †Zvjvi †SvuK jK-Gi
mgq wQj Ges ¯vfvweK weavb (AvBb) ZË¡‡K GKw`‡KB e¨envi Kivi cÖeYZvwU wQj Ges jKI
GB cÖeYZv‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| jK ¯vfvweK AvBb‡K e¨w³i ¯vfvweK I ALÛ
AwaKv‡ii `vwe wn‡m‡eB Dcw ’Z K‡i‡Qb| d‡j j‡Ki ZË¡ Ansev`x e‡j g‡b nq| m¨vevB‡bi
g‡Z, j‡Ki Z‡Ë¡ e¨w³ I Zvi AwaKvi †hgb G‡m‡Q Avevi mgvR I miKv‡ii f~wgKvi K_vI
†Zgwb G‡m‡Q| A_P †Kgb K‡i DfqB P~ovšÍ n‡Z cv‡i Zvi †Kv‡bv ¯úó we‡kølY wZwb w`‡Z
cv‡ib wb| G ai‡bi mxgve×Zv _vKv m‡Z¡I ejv hvq, j‡Ki ivR‣bwZK ZË¡ ZvwË¡K ¸‡Y Aek¨B
DËxY©| Zvui Pzw³ I m¤§wZi ZË¡, RbM‡Yi mve©‡f․wgKZvi aviYv, e¨w³i Aj•Nbxq AwaKv‡ii K_v
GLbI cÖMwZkxjZvi bwRi wn‡m‡e †ck Kiv nq|
3.2.4 iy‡kvi wPšÍvq AvBb (Rousseau on law):
cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨i kvwšÍ I ¯vaxbZv‡K Kxfv‡e ivR‣bwZK mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ Kiv hvq, ‡Kv‡bv
AvBb I miKvwi e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ n‡e kvwšÍ I ¯vaxbZv, Zv iæ‡kvi AvBbZ‡Ë¡ ¯’vb
†c‡q‡Q| iæ‡kvi g‡Z, AvB‡bi g‡a¨B cÖKvk cvq me©mvavi‡Yi B”Qv ev kw³| Pzw³ ivóª‡`‡n cÖvY
cÖwZôv K‡i, GB †`n‡K mPj I RxešÍ ivL‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb AvBb cÖYqb| iæ‡kvi K_vq, gvbyl
hw` mr I myk„•Lj n‡Zv Z‡e †Kv‡bv miKvi ev AvB‡bi `iKvi n‡Zv bv| gvby‡li g‡a¨ b¨vq‡eva
_vK‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Zv‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv `iKvi| AvBbB GLv‡b b¨vq`‡Ûi KvR Ki‡e A_©vr
b¨vq‡eva‡K mycwiPvwjZ Ki‡e, Zv‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡e| Aek¨B †mB b¨vq‡eva‡KB AvBb iÿv Ki‡e
hv mK‡ji Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨| gvby‡li AwaKv‡ii m‡½ Zvi KZ©‡e¨i, b¨v‡qi m‡½ b¨vqwePv‡ii
55
D‡Ï‡k¨i msMwZ ’vc‡bi Rb¨B AvBb cÖYqb Kiv `iKvi| cÖvK…wZK Ae ’v †_‡K mgvRe×
Rxe‡bi Ae ’vwU wfbœ| cÖvK…wZK Ae ’vq e ‘i ‡Kv‡bv gvwjKvbv _v‡K bv e‡j Zv mK‡jiB ‡fvM¨|
myZivs G Ae ’vq KvD‡K wKQz †`Iqvi ev Kv‡iv KvQ †_‡K wKQz †bIqvi _v‡K bv| mgvRe×
Rxe‡b gvby‡li Abyf~wZ DbœZ nq, Zvi mvg_©¨ weKwkZ nq, Zvi †evakw³ cÖmvwiZ nq, ¯fveZB
Zvi cÖZ¨vkvI e„w× cvq| †Kv‡bv e¨w³gvby‡li bq, mKj gvby‡li, gvbe mgv‡Ri cÖZ¨vkv‡K cwiZ…ß
Ki‡ZB cÖ‡qvRb nq AvB‡bi|
iæ‡kvi g‡Z, AvBb n‡jv me©mvavi‡Yi B”Qvi dj| mKj gvbyl hLb mKj gvby‡li Ici
Av‡`kRvwi (Decree) K‡i ZLb Zvi wePv‡ii e ‘ wKš‘ ‡m wb‡RB| A_©vr mKj gvbyl mg Í
RvwZi n‡qB AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Q| iæ‡kv e‡jb, Òmvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨i m‡½ wg‡j wM‡q mK‡ji
B”Qv hLb mK‡ji Dc‡iB Av‡`k wn‡m‡e Rvwi nq, ZLb Zv‡K e‡j AvBb|Ó20
myZivs AvBb †Kv‡bv GKRb †jv‡Ki AbyÁv ev Av‡`k bq, AvBb n‡jv mK‡ji
cÖ‡qvR‡bB mK‡ji Ici mK‡ji Av‡`k| G AvBb D‡Ï‡k¨i w`K †_‡K mvaviY, †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó I
¯Zš¿ ¯v‡_© cwiPvwjZ n‡e bv| G AvBb mevi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨, Av‡mI mevi KvQ †_‡KB| iæ‡kv
e‡jb, Avwg hLb ewj AvBb mvgwMÖK ev mvavi‡Yi ZLb Zvi A_© GB †h Avgiv GLv‡b †Kv‡bv
we‡kl ew³ ev we‡kl Kvh©‡K eywS bv, Avgiv eywS cÖRv‡`i mgwó‡K ev Zv‡`i mgMÖ Kg©bxwZ‡K|
GK K_vq, †h Kv‡R †Kv‡bv e¨w³ we‡k‡li ¯v_© Rwo‡q Av‡Q, †m KvR AvB‡bi Gw³qvi ewnf©~Z|
RbmvaviY cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e Dcw¯’Z †_‡K †h AvB‡bi Aby‡gv`b K‡ibv †m AvBb KL‡bv AvBb bq|
‡h ivóª AvB‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ †mB ivóªB cÖRvZš¿, KviY G‡ÿ‡Î cÖRv‡`i ¯v_©B †`‡ki
¯v_©, cÖRvivB GLv‡b mve©‡f․g, cÖRv‡`i m¤§wZ wb‡qB cÖRviv wVK †hgbUv Pvq †mfv‡eB GLv‡b
kvmb cwiPvwjZ nq| mvavi‡Yi eywׇK gvwR©Z K‡i †Zvjvq Zv‡`i mwVK c‡_ Pjvi †cÖiYv †`b
whwb, wZwbB AvBb cÖ‡YZv| AvBb cÖ‡YZvB e¨w³i eywׇK cwigvwR©Z K‡i †kvab K‡i wb‡Z Ges
RbmvaviY‡K wK‡m Zvi Kj¨vY Zv ey‡S wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib, e¨w³i B”Qv I eyw×e„wËi m‡½
mgv‡Ri B”Qv‡K wgwj‡q w`‡q, e¨w³i kw³‡K mgv‡Ri kw³ wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i mgvR‡`n‡K
K‡i †Zv‡jb Aciv‡Rq|
56
iæ‡kv AvB‡bi Øviv kvwmZ miKvi‡K mvavi‡Yi B”Qvi cÖKvk e‡jb, Gi g‡a¨B jÿ¨
K‡ib MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii Ges mve©‡f․wgKZvi Dcw ’wZ| Zuvi g‡Z, mvavi‡Yi B”Qv hZB
mvavi‡Yi n‡e ZZB Zvi mve©‡f․‡Z¡i •ewkó¨ dz‡U DV‡e| mvavi‡Yi B”Qv hw` mvavi‡Yi `vwe‡K
`gb ev wbqš¿Y K‡i , Z‡e Zv Avi mvavi‡Yi B”Qv ev mve©‡f․g _v‡K bv| myZivs ivóª‡K †mfv‡e
msMwVZ Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b mKj bvMwiKB GKwU mymse×, mymsnZ bvMwiKgÛjx wn‡m‡e M‡o
DV‡Z cv‡i, †m bvMwiKgÛjxB me©mvavi‡Yi B”Qvi cÖKvk Ges mve©‡f․g| iæ‡kv mvavi‡Yi B”Qv
aviYvwU‡K mvgwMÖK aviYv wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z Ki‡jI e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv ev B”Qv‡K Gi Kv‡Q mgc©Y
Ki‡Z e‡jbwb A_©vr e¨w³i AwaKvi I ¯vaxbZv †h mve©‡f․‡gi AwaKvi Ges ÿgZv †_‡K c„_K
G K_v ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
iæ‡kv mve©‡f․g ev ivRv Ges miKv‡ii ÿgZvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z cÖRv
GKvav‡i cÖRv I mve©‡f․g| myZivs cÖRv wn‡m‡e gvby‡li AwaKvi hv‡Z myiwÿZ nq †m Rb¨B wZwb
†P‡q‡Qb mywbqwš¿Z miKvi| Ab¨w`‡K mve©‡f․g wn‡m‡e cÖRvi wb‡ ©k I m¤§wZ †g‡bB hv‡Z
miKvi KvR K‡i †m w`‡KI Zvi „wó wQj| kw³i fvimvg¨ iÿvI iæ‡kvi jÿ¨ wQj| mve©‡f․g,
cÖRv I miKv‡ii A_©vr iv‡óªi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ GKwU mgvbycvwZ m¤Ü _vKzK, ÿgZvi fvimvg¨
_vKzK †mUvI wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb| miKvi‡K wZwb GKw`‡K ivRv I Ab¨w`‡K cÖRv Df‡qi m‡½
GKwU AvbycvwZK m¤Ü †i‡L Pjvi civgk© †`b|
3.2.5 ‡n‡M‡ji AvBbZË¡ (Hegel’s theory of law)
‡n‡Mj Zvui Philosophy of Law Ges Philosopy of Right21MÖš’؇q AvBb Ges
AwaKv‡ii wba©viK wn‡m‡e AvBb‡K e¨vL¨v K‡ib| Zvui g‡Z, AvBb GKwU fve ev Av`k©| AvBb‡K
wZwb ¯vaxb B”Qvi we`¨gvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ wn‡m‡eB †`‡L‡Qb| Zvui Kv‡Q ¯vaxbZvi m‡½ AvB‡bi †Kv‡bv
cv_©K¨ †bB| ¯vaxbZvi GKwU we‡kl iƒc wn‡m‡e wZwb †hgb AvBb‡K †`‡L‡Qb Avevi cÖPwjZ
aviYv‡K mvg‡b †i‡LI AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb|
‡n‡Mj wek¦vm K‡ib AvBb e¨e ’v n‡jv Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î ¯vaxbZvi ivR‡Z¡i iƒcvqY, we‡kl
AvBb n‡jv we‡kl †ÿ‡Î †h AvBb Kvh©Ki nq| mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb †_‡K ivóª me‡ÿ‡ÎB we‡kl
AvB‡bi cÖKvk Av‡Q| G¸‡jv KLbI mxgve×, KLbI ci¯úi we‡ivax, Avevi KLbI ci¯úi
57
wbf©ikxj| mvaviYfv‡e AvBb ej‡Z †n‡Mj hv †ev‡Sb Zv cwic~Y©i~c jvf K‡i iv‡óª|
†c․imgv‡Ri AvB‡bi †h AmsMwZ Av‡Q, ivwóªK AvB‡b Zv †bB| cwic~Y© iv‡óªi cwic~Y© AvBb
Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q AvbyMZ¨ cvq, KviY G AvBb Zvi Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv evB‡ii e¨vcvi bq ev G AvBb
Zvi Ici Pvcv‡bv †Kv‡bv wbqg bq| G AvB‡bi cÖwZ †m AbyeZ©x m¤ú~Y© wb‡Ri ¯vaxb B”Qvq|
e¨w³ Pvq †mB kw³ ev ‡cÖiYvi m‡½ wb‡R‡K hy³ Ki‡Z| GUv m¤¢e hLb e¨w³ ‡Kv‡bv ¯v_© ev
Kvgbv evmbvi Øviv cwiPvwjZ bv n‡q, iv‡óªi B”Qvi m‡½ Zvi ¯vaxb B”Qv‡K wgwj‡q †`q|
GLv‡bB Zvi ¯vaxb B”Qv g~Z© n‡q I‡V| cig B”Qv Z_v iv‡óªi wb‡ ©k Abymv‡i Pj‡jB GB ¯vaxb
B”Qv‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv m¤¢e| AvBb GB cig B”Qvi A_©vr iv‡óªi B”QviB ev Íe cÖKvk| †Kv‡bviKg
fqfxwZ wb‡q iv‡óªi B”Qvi Aaxb n‡j e¨w³ ¯vaxb e†j MY¨ n‡e bv| iv‡óªi B”Qv Z_v AvBb‡K
e¨w³ m‡PZbfv‡eB †g‡b †b‡e Ges e¨w³‡K GB wek¦vm RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, ivóª hv Pvq †mI
ZvB Kvgbv K‡i|
AvBb wel‡q †n‡M‡ji wPšÍvi Abb¨ w`K n‡jv- AvBb g~Z© n‡q I‡V AvB‡bi weavb¸‡jvi
gva¨‡g| G¸‡jvB AvBb‡K GKUv mvwe©K, me©RbMÖvn¨, mywbw ©ó iƒc †`q| AvB‡bi msKjb ev
wjwce×KiY, myweb¨¯Í cÖKvk GKvšÍ evÂbxq| gvbweK m¤ú©‡Ki evB‡ii welq¸‡jvB AvB‡bi Øviv
cÖfvweZ Af¨šÍixY †ÿÎ bq| AvB‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZdwjZ nq wbw ©ó Rb‡Mvôxi RvZxq PwiÎ I Zvi
HwZnvwmK weKv‡ki ch©vq¸‡jv| AvBb hLb AvB‡bi iƒc cwiMÖn K‡iwb, hLb AvBb e¨w³i
mvg‡_ ©B, Zvui †PZbv‡ZB iƒc wb‡”Q ZLb AvBb n‡jv weg~Z©| G ch©v‡q e¨w³ wb‡RB GK Abykvmb
‣Zwi K‡i wb‡”Q Ges wb‡Ri I Ac‡ii †ÿ‡Î Zv gvb¨ K‡i Pj‡Q| †n‡Mj g‡b K‡ib, e¨w³i
m¤úwË Pzw³i ¯vaxbZv‡K iƒc †`q| e¨w³i ¯^vaxb B”Qv‡K Kvh©Ki KivB AvBb| RxešÍ †Kv‡bv
cÖvYx ZLbB e¨w³ e‡j MY¨ n‡e hLb Gi g‡a¨ ¯vaxb B”Qvi cÖKvk NU‡e| †Kv‡bv e ‘ m¤ú`
KviY Zv wba©vwiZ nq e¨w³i ¯vaxb B”Qvi Øviv| e¨w³†K ¯vaxbZv I •bwZKZv †_‡K mwi‡q Avbv
Ab¨vq| Gfv‡e †n‡M‡ji wPšÍvq AvB‡bi mv‡_ •bwZKZvI h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| †n‡Mj Social
Ethics aviYvwU‡K cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb mvgvwRK ‣bwZKZvi g‡a¨B Av‡Q ¯vaxb B”Qvi
cÖK…Z Dcjwä|
AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb‡K †n‡Mj GK ai‡Yi eva¨evaKZv e‡jB g‡b K‡ib| wewfbœ iv‡óªi
mve©‡f․g B”Qvi IciB GB eva¨evaKZvi cÖK…Z Ae ’vwU wbf©i Ki‡e| iv‡óªi mve©‣f․g B”Qvi Ici
58
†Kv‡bv m‡e©v”P AvBb ev wePviK ‡bB| iv‡óªi †PZbv ev •bwZKZvB iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ wba©viY K‡i|
†n‡M‡ji g‡Z, ivóªB H‡K¨i Avavi|22 ‡n‡Mj wQ‡jb RvZxq iv‡óªi mg_©K| ivóª ej‡Z wZwb
RvZxq ivóª‡KB eywS‡q‡Qb| RvZxq ivóª n‡jv †mB †PZbv hv ’vqxfv‡e hyw³i Ges ZvrÿwbKfv‡e
ev¯Íe cÖKvk Ges GB •ewkó¨B ivóª‡K c„w_ex‡Z Pig kw³ wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q|
‡n‡M‡ji ivóª weg~Z© ivóª, c„w_ex‡Z kw³ ev †cÖiYvi PzovšÍ cÖKvk| G ivóª mgMÖ hv Ask‡K
cwicyó K‡i| G ivóª •bwZK AvB‡bi Øviv wbqwš¿Z bq Ges •bwZKZv G iv‡óªiB m„wó| iv‡óªi Kv‡Q
Zvi wb‡Ri ¯v_©, wb‡Ri Kj¨vYB e‡ov| e¨w³ G iv‡óªi B”Qvi Aaxb I AbyMZ| e¨w³i •bwZK
¯vaxbZv G iv‡óªi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i IciB wbf©ikxj| mZ¨-wg_¨vi PzovšÍ wePviK ivóª wb‡RB| ivóª hv
fv‡jv we‡ePbv K‡i †mUvB gnr, mZ¨| ivóª hv Ab¨vq g‡b K‡i †mUv wg_¨v|
59
3.3 AvB‡bi mv‡_ •bwZKZvi m¤úK©:
Rxe‡bi GKwU wel‡qi mv‡_ †hgb Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK welq Rwo‡q hvq, AvB‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI
†Zgwb •bwZK eva¨evaKZvi welqwU Rwo‡q c‡o KviY GLv‡b ‡h bxwZgvjv cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡Z
JwP‡Z¨i (ought) welqwU wbwnZ _v‡K| DwPZ kãwU AvB‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| GB bxwZ †KD f½
Ki‡jI †m g‡b g‡b GB welqwU Dcjw× K‡i †h, †m KvRwU wVK K‡i‡Q wKbv ev †m wbqg bxwZ
f½ K‡i‡Q wKbv| Ab¨w`‡K mykvm‡bi cwie‡Z© hw` ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq Zvn‡j
†mLv‡b wbqg-bxwZ f½ nq, d‡j KvRwU A‣bwZK n‡q c‡o| Kv‡RB AvB‡bi LvwZ‡iB ïay AvBb
bq, Gi mv‡_ •bwZKZv welqwUI RwoZ n‡q hvq| †hgb- wPwKrmvwe`¨v I †K¬vwbs weÁvb Gi
†ÿ‡Î G e¨cvi¸‡jv jÿYxq|
ivR‣bwZK AvBb Qvov mgvRe¨e¯’vq Av‡iv KZK¸‡jv wewawb‡la _v‡K hvi Øviv gvby‡li
cvi®úwiK m¤úK© wbqwš¿Z nq| G¸‡jv‡K •bwZK wewa e‡j| cÖvPxbKv‡j AvBb I •bwZK weav‡bi
g‡a¨ ‡Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ Kiv n‡Zv bv| †cø‡Uv-Gwi÷U‡ji Avg‡j AvBbmg~n bxwZkv‡ ¿i Ici
wbf©ikxj wQj| ivóªxq AvBb I •bwZK weavb Df‡qiB D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv myôz, mymse×, I kvwšÍc~Y©
mgvR Rxeb m¤¢e Kiv| AvBb A‡bK mgq mgv‡Ri bxwZ‡eva‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i †`‡ki •bwZK
Ae ’vi DbœwZi e¨e¯’v K‡i| Avevi •bwZKZvI ivóªxq AvBb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| mgv‡Ri
bxwZ‡ev‡ai m‡½ mvgÄm¨ iÿv K‡i AvBb cÖYq‡bi †Póv Kiv nq| †mRb¨ AvBb‡K GKwU †`‡ki
•bwZK gv‡bi cwiPvqK e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| ‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki •bwZK g~j¨‡eva DbœZ n‡j Zvi AvBb
e¨e¯’vI DbœZ n‡q _v‡K|
AvB‡bi mv‡_ •bwZKZvi m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva
jÿYxq| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib, AvB‡bi gv‡S •bwZKZvi welqwU m¤ú„³ nIqv `iKvi| Avevi
A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib Gi ‡Kv‡bv `iKvi †bB| G‡ÿ‡Î `vk©wbK‡`i yÕ‡Uv c„_K †kÖwY jÿbxq -
1) cÖK…wZev`x `vk©wbK (Natural Philosopher)
2) AvBbMZ cÖZ¨ÿev`x `vk©wbK (Legal Positivist Philosopher)
60
3.3.1 cÖK…wZev`x `vk©wbK
Rvg©vb `vk©wbK Bgvby‡qj Kv›U cÖvK…wZK AvBb ev Natural Law Gi mg_©K| Kv›U
Critique of Practical Reason23 Ges Fundamuntal Principles of the Metaphysic
of Morals24
MÖš’؇q AvB‡bi mv‡_ •bwZKZvi welqwU RwoZ _vKvi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| AvBb
mvaviYZ Avgv‡`i wK Kiv DwPZ Ges wK Kiv DwPZ bq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
ÔAvBbÕ ej‡Z Kv›U wK †evSvb Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, †Suv‡Ki wecixZ n‡”Q
AvBb|Õ25
e ‘Z AvB‡Yi wbqš¿Y hw` bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Avgiv †SuvKekZ hv Ki‡Z PvB Zv Ki‡Z
cvwi| AvBb‡K AbymiY bv K‡i ¯vaxbfv‡e ‡Kv‡bv KvR Kivi A_© n‡jv Avgv‡`i †SuvK Abymv‡i
KvR Kiv| AvBb‡K †Suv‡Ki wecixZ g‡b Kiv nq G Kvi‡Y †h, †SuvK wbqš¿Ygy³ wKš‘ AvBb
wbqwš¿Z| •bwZK KvR, Kv‡›Ui g‡Z, ¯vaxb KvR wKš‘ Zv eyw×e„wËi wbqwš¿Z KvR| AvBb Avgv‡`i
AvZ¥¯v_©‡K `gb K‡i I mshZ iv‡L, AvB‡bi mv‡_ †Suv‡Ki m¤úK© wecixZ ej‡Z Kv›U GUvB
e¨³ K‡ib ‡h †SuvK Avgv‡`i KvR‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z Pvq, Kv‡Ri jÿ¨e ‘i cÖwZ Avgv‡`i AvK…ó
Ki‡Z Pvq wKš‘ AvBb Avgv‡`i ‡SuvKgy³ ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| KZ©e¨ KvR ZvB AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v
†_‡K N‡U _v‡K|
AvBb ej‡Z Kv›U me©Rbxb wbqg‡K wb‡ ©k K‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib e¨w³i Kv‡Ri bxwZ
Ggb n‡Z n‡e †h Zv wek¦Rbxb AvB‡b cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| e¨w³i B”QvbxwZ Ggb n‡e †h Zv mevi
Rb¨ Awfbœ B”QvbxwZ n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡eB Zv AvBbiƒ‡c MY¨ n‡e| me©Rbxb Av‡e`b m„wó‡Z AcviM
e‡jB Ôwg_¨v K_v ejvÕ A_ev ÔcÖwZÁv f½ KivÕ AvB‡bi iƒc †c‡Z e¨_© nq|
AvB‡bi GKwU mvaviY (general) w`K i‡q‡Q hv ‡Kv‡bv ‡Kv‡bv KvR‡K ev KZ¸‡jv
Kv‡Ri †kÖwY‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i| Kv›Uxq e¨vL¨v Abymv‡i AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v ‡_‡K ‡Kv‡bv KvR Kivi
B”Qv Øviv GUvB ‡evSvq †h KvRwU Ggb wbw ©ó †kÖwYi †h Zv m¤úv`b Ki‡Z e¨w³ eva¨ A_v©r G
KvR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eva¨evaKZvi ev JwP‡Z¨i ‣ewkó¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| GQvovI B”Qve„wËi Av‡`k‡K
Kv›U AvBb wnmv‡e MY¨ K‡ib| gvbyl eyw×e„wËm¤úbœ mËv| eyw×m¤úbœ mËvi B”Qve„wËi Av‡`k g~jZ
‡Kv‡bv k‡Z©i Aaxb bq| Ggb Av‡`k‡K wZwb AvBb wn‡m‡e wba©viY K‡ib| Ggb AvBb mgvR,
ivóª ev evwn¨K Pvcgy³ Av‡`k| GgbwK Hk¦wiK Av‡`k †_‡KI G AvBb ¯Zš¿| †h Av‡`k cÖwZwU
61
eyw×m¤úbœ mËv wb‡Ri ‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv AvBb wn‡m‡e wm×| •bwZK Av‡`k‡K Kv›U
•bwZK AvBb wn‡m‡e ¯xKvi K‡ib| e¨w³ wb‡RB G AvB‡bi Aaxb, G AvBb ¯^-Av‡ivwcZ| Kv›U
AvBb†K yBfv‡M fvM K‡ib-e¨w³MZ AvBb I mvaviY AvBb| e¨w³MZ AvBb wePvieyw× m¤úbœ
Rxe wn‡m‡e †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbqwš¿Z K‡i| e¨w³MZ AvBb •elwqK †fvMmy‡Li cÖ‡kœ,
e¨w³MZ wµqv cÖwµqvi cÖ‡kœ Kvh©Ki| e¨w³i m¤ú‡`i Ici gvwjKvbvi AwaKvi _vK‡Z cv‡i wKš‘
Zv Pzw³wbf©i| Kv›U f~wg`vm cÖ_v I Rwg`vix cÖ_vi we‡ivax wQ‡jb| mvaviY AvBb ej‡Z wZwb
ey‡S‡Qb †m me AvBb hv e¨w³i bvMwiK wn‡m‡e e¨w³e‡M©i m¤úK©, wewfbœ iv‡óªi bvMwiK‡`i
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY K‡i| Kv›U Gi Kv‡Q AvBb ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q ¯vaxbZvi g~‡j¨| wZwb
¯vaxbZvi GK me©Rbxb AvB‡b wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| ¯vaxbZvi GB me©Rbxb AvBb Abymv‡iB AvBb
wewfbœ gvby‡li ‡m”QvcÖ‡bvw`Z Kvh©vejx‡K mgwšZ Ki‡e|
Kv›U g‡b K‡ib gvby‡li ¯vaxbZvi ywU w`KÑ †bwZevPK I BwZevPK| †bwZevPK A‡_©
¯vaxbZv n‡jv gvby‡li †mB Kvh©Kjvc hvi ‡cQ‡b Kvgbv evmbvi wbqš¿Y _vK‡e bv| BwZevPK
¯vaxbZv n‡jv ‣bwZKZv †g‡b, bxwZi AbyÁv †g‡b †h ¯vaxbZv gvbyl †fvM K‡i| Metaphysic
of Morals’ - G ¯vaxbZv ej‡Z Kv›U AvB‡bi cÖwZ AvbyM‡Z¨i K_v e‡j‡Qb, AvBb †g‡b AvPiY
Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
Kv›U RbmvaviY‡KB (Volk) mve©‡f․g Ges m‡ev©”P AvBb cÖ‡YZv wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡ib|
Metaphysic of Morals’ MÖ‡š’ ivóª ej‡Z wZwb ey‡S‡Qb ÔAvB‡bi Aax‡b eû gvby‡li msMVbÕ|
Ab¨vb¨ msMV‡bi g‡ZvB mgvR Zvi jÿ¨ wba©vi‡Y iv‡óªi m„wó K‡i‡Q| ivóª Pzw³iB dj, gvbyl ivóª
MVb K‡i Rbmvavi‡Yi nv‡Z ÿgZv Ac©Y K‡i‡Q Zuvi AwaKvi mywbwðZ Ki‡Z|
Kv‡›Ui g‡Z, AvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î y‡Uv welq †`Lv hvq, h_v 1) •bwZK eva¨evaKZv I 2)
AwaKvi (hLb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq ZLb AvBb cÖYqbKvix AvBb kvmbKvix‡`i wKQz AwaKviI
cÖ`vb K‡ib)| Avi hLbB AvB‡bi mv‡_ AwaKv‡ii welqwU Rwo‡q c‡o ZLb Gi mv‡_ ‣bwZK
eva¨evaKZvI Rwo‡q c‡o| ZvB Kv›U e‡jb, AvBb‡K hZB Avgiv GKUv bxwZ wn‡m‡e †`wLbv
†Kb, Gi mv‡_ •bwZK eva¨evaKZvI Aek¨B RwoZ| †Kbbv AvB‡bi mv‡_ b¨vqciZv, JwPZ¨,
me©mvavi‡Yi g½j cÖf…wZ welq¸‡jv RwoZ _v‡K| Zvui g‡Z, •bwZKZv hw` KvR bv K‡i Zvn‡j
62
AvBb cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb, Pzwi Kiv cvc, KviY Pzwi Kiv •bwZKZv we‡ivax, ZvB Pywi
Ki‡j kvw Í n‡e| KviY Kv‡›Ui g‡Z, Avgiv ZLbB AvBb †g‡b Pwj hLb †mUvi mv‡_ ‡Kv‡bv bv
†Kvbfv‡e •bwZK eva¨evaKZv KvR K‡i| Philosophy of law MÖ‡š’ N.E. Simmonds e‡jb,
“cÖvK…wZK AvBb ZË¡ `vwe K‡i ‡h, AvB‡bi AZ¨vek¨Kxq cÖK…wZB b¨vqciZv, AwaKvi Ges
mg‡MÖi fvj-Gi g~‡j¨i mv‡_ RwoZ|”26 Kv‡RB cÖK…wZev`x `vk©wbKiv AvB‡bi mv‡_ •bwZK
eva¨evaKZvi welqwU Avewk¨Kfv‡e MÖnY K‡ib|
3.3.2 AvBbMZ cÖZ¨ÿev`x `vk©wbK:
Kv‡›Ui g‡Zi we‡ivaxZv K‡i AvBbMZ cÖZ¨ÿev`xiv Zv‡`i gZ e¨³ K‡ib| Zv‡`i g‡Z,
AvBb AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv •Zwi K‡i wKš‘ •bwZK eva¨evaKZv •Zwi K‡ibv| myZivs Avgiv
hLbB ‡Kv‡bv AvB‡bi K_v ewj Zvi mv‡_ •bwZK eva¨evaKZv RwoZ _v‡K bv| eis AvBwb
eva¨evaKZv RwoZ _v‡K|
AvBbMZ cÖZ¨ÿev`x‡`i g‡Z, AvBb n‡”Q wb‡ ©kbvi gZ| AvBb †g‡b Pjv gv‡b AvB‡bi
wb‡ ©k †g‡b Pjv| ZvB Zviv e‡jb †h, DwPZÑAbywPZ BZ¨vw` •bwZK eva¨evaKZv bv G‡b eis
wb‡la, wb‡ ©k BZ¨vw` AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv Øviv Avgiv AvB‡bi aviv¸‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi|
Fact ev cÖK…Z NUbvi Av‡jv‡KI AvBb‡K Avgiv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi| aiv hvK, Avgvi KvQ †_‡K
†KD GKRb 100 UvKv avi wb‡q‡Q| myZivs AvBb Abyhvqx Avwg UvKv †diZ PvB‡j †m w`‡Z
eva¨| wKš‘ †m hw` UvKv †diZ bv †`q Ges Avwg hw` 100 UvKvi Rb¨ gvgjv Kwi ZLb Gi mv‡_
AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv RwoZ _v‡K, •bwZK eva¨evaKZv bq|
myZivs AvB‡bi eva¨evaKZv †_‡KB AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| ZvB cÖZ¨ÿev`xiv e‡jb †h,
AvB‡bi cÖwµqv AvBbMZfv‡eB nIqv DwPZ| Zv‡`i g‡Z, AvB‡bi †h aviYv Av‡Q †mMy‡jv‡K hw`
Avgiv we‡kølY Kwi Zvn‡j welqwU Avgv‡`i wbKU ¯úó nq| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Avevi K‡qKwU fvM
i‡q‡Q| G‡`i GKwU fvM n‡jv Reductionism| AvBb‡K hLb Avgiv GK Ae ’v †_‡K Ab¨
Ae ’vq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvB ZLb Reductionism Gi K_v Av‡m| GLv‡b •bwZKZv‡K ev`
w`‡q †`qv nq| ïaygvÎ welq ev NUbv _v‡K| welq fv‡jv bv g›`, DwPZ bv AbywPZ cÖf…wZ Av‡m
63
c‡i| ïaygvÎ NUbv‡K GLv‡b e¨vL¨v Kiv nq| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, AvB‡bi welq ev NUbv‡K †Kej e¨vL¨v
Kiv hvq, g~j¨vqb Kiv hvqbv|
AvBbMZ cÖZ¨ÿev`x `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ John Austin Gi gZev` we‡klfv‡e
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Dc‡hvMev‡`i mvaviY bxwZi m‡½ AvB‡bi ev¯Íe aviYv‡K Ry‡o w`‡q ivRbxwZi
†ÿ‡Î GK bZzb aviYvi m„wó K‡i‡Qb wewkó AvBwb cwÛZ Rb Aw÷b (1790-1859)| Bsj¨‡Ûi
AvBb wQj Zvi welq, Rvg©vb AvBbkv ¿xq AwfÁZv I ‡eš’v‡gi myLev` wQj h_vµ‡g Aw÷‡bi
wPšÍvi AvBbMZ I •bwZKwfwË|
Aw÷b Zvui Lectures on Jurisprudence27
MÖ‡š’ AvB‡bi weÁvbm¤§Z wePvi-we‡kølY
K‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib AvB‡bi weÁvb ïaygvÎ weÁvbm¤§Z AvBb A_©vr Positive Law Gi
Av‡jvPbvq mxwgZ _vK‡e| Aw÷b e‡jb, ÒAvBb n‡jv wb¤œZ‡ii cÖwZ DaŸ©Z‡bi ivóª‣bwZK
KZ©„‡Z¡i Av‡`k gvÎÓ| Zvui g‡Z, mve©‡f․‡gi Av‡`‡kB AvBb Ges mve©‡f․g hv Aby‡gv`b K‡ib
ZvI AvBb e‡j ai‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b ywU welq jÿ¨bxq 1. mve©‡f․g (Sovereign) Ges 2. Av‡`k
(Command)|
Aw÷‡bi g‡Z, †ewki fvM gvbyl hLb Af¨vmekZ ‡Kv‡bv bxwZ‡K †g‡b Pj‡e ZLb H
bxwZ‡K ejv n‡e AvBb| Avi whwb AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡eb Zvi AvBb cÖYq‡b mve©‡f․g ÿgZv _vK‡Z
n‡e| mve©‡f․g ÿgZvi AwaKvix mgv‡R emevmiZ mKj e¨w³e‡M©i AvPi‡Yi Øviv †h NUbvejxi
Rb¥ nq Zvi †cÖwÿ‡Z AvBb ev bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Ki‡eb| Avi †ewki fvM gvbyl hLb H bxwZ‡K
†g‡b Pj‡e ZLb Zv AvBb wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡e|28
Aw÷b AvB‡bi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, AvBb n‡jv mywbw ©ó e¨w³i B”Qvi cÖKvk| GKwU
wbw ©ó c_ ev AvPi‡Yi AbymiY K‡iB GB B”Qvi cÖKvk NU‡e Ges Gi †_‡K ‡Kv‡bv iKg wePy¨wZ
NU‡jB wec`| ¯vfvweK AvBb‡K wZwb mskqc~Y© I wg_¨v aviYv e‡jB g‡b K‡ib| •`weK A_ev
gvbweK, AvBb GB yB‡qi †h †Kv‡bvwUi B”QviB cÖKvk| gvbweK AvBb ywU †kÖwY‡Z wef³- 1.
†mB AvBb hv ‡Kv‡bv ivR‣bwZK DaŸ©Zb KZ©„cÿ ¯vaxb mgv‡R cÖ‡qvM K‡ib Ges 2. ‡mB me
AvBb hv ivR‣bwZK KZ©„cÿ cÖ‡qvM K‡i bv| A_©vr †m AvBb hv GK ivR‣bwZK KZ©„cÿ Aci
64
ivR‣bwZK KZ©„c‡ÿi Ici cÖ‡qvM K‡ibv| †hgb, cvwievwiK AvBb- mšÍvb ev cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i
Ici Av‡ivwcZ Awffve‡Ki AvBb| GB wØZxq †kÖbxi AvB‡bi g‡a¨ c‡o †mme AvBb hv ‡Kv‡bv
wbw ©ó ev w¯’i KZ©„c‡ÿi B”Qvi cÖKvk bq| Gme AvB‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ_v, ixwZbxwZ, d¨vmvb, m¤§vb,
†evSvcov mewKQzB co‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv‡K Aw÷b GK K_vq e‡j‡Qb- ÔPositive MoralityÕ.
weÁvbm¤§Z AvBb n‡jv wbw ©ó, Zvi DrmI wbw ©ó| AvB‡bi weÁv‡bi GjvKv GB •eÁvwbK
AvBb‡K wb‡qB| Aw÷‡bi GB AvB‡bi weÁv‡b mvsweavwbK AvBb c‡obv| GgbwK AvB‡bi
gh©v`vI cvq bv| Aw÷‡bi „wó‡Z mvsweavwbK AvBb, cÖ_vi g‡Zv •bwZK RM‡Zi e¨vcvi| wePviK
cÖYxZ AvBb ev wKQz cwÛZ e¨w³i †evSvcov ev Pzw³i ga¨ w`‡q hv M‡o I‡V Aw÷b-Gi g‡Z, Zv
e¨w³MZ gZvgZ, AvBb bq| Aw÷‡bi AvBwb wPšÍv †h AvB‡bi cÖvPxb ev cÖPwjZ e¨vL¨vKvi‡`i
mš‘ó Ki‡ebv Zv ejv evûj¨| KviY, mgv‡Ri m¤§wZ wb‡q, AvbyMZ¨ wb‡q †h wbw ©ó KZ©„cÿ M‡o
I‡V †m KZ©„cÿ Qvov AvBb Movi ev cÖ‡qvM Kivi AwaKvi Kv‡iv ‡bB| †mvRv K_vq, mve©‡f․gB
AvB‡bi Drm| mve©‡f․g (AvB‡bi Drm) Ges ivóª (¯^vaxb ivR‣bwZK mgvR) K_v ywUi A_© wZwb
GKwU ev‡K¨ cÖKvk K‡ib, Òhw` ‡Kv‡bv mgv‡R ‡Kv‡bv wbw ©ó DaŸ©Zb (e¨w³ ev e¨w³ msm`) Ab¨
‡Kv‡bv D”PZi KZ„©c‡ÿi ek¨Zv ev AvbyMZ¨ ¯xKvi bv K‡i, A_P mgv‡Ri AwaKvs‡ki ¯fveRvZ
AvbyMZ¨ jvf K‡i Z‡e IB wbw ©ó DaŸ©Zb (e¨w³ ev e¨w³ msm`) n‡jb †mB mgv‡Ri mve©‡f․g
Ges DaŸ©Zb KZ©„cÿ‡K wb‡q M‡o DVv GB mgvR n‡jv ivR‣bwZK I ¯vaxb|Ó29
Aw÷‡bi g‡Z mve©‡f․‡gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Zvi cÖwZ mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk gvby‡li AvbyMZ¨ wb‡q
‡Kv‡bv cÖkœ I‡V bv| mve©‡f․‡gi B”QvcÖm~Z G AvBbB n‡e AvBbmfv I Av`vj‡Zi welqe ‘|
mve©‡f․g wZwbB hv‡K mK‡j ev AwaKvsk gv‡b A_P wZwb wb‡R Kv‡iv Aax‡b bb| GB ÿgZv
Amxg, PzovšÍ I AwefvR¨| Aw÷‡bi gZvbyhvqx mve©‡f․g Amxg, KviY AvBb Zv‡K mxwgZ Ki‡Z
cv‡ibv; PzovšÍ Kvi‡Yi Ici Avi Kv‡iv wbqš¿Y †bB; AwefvR¨, KviY GB ÿgZv Kv‡iv m‡½ fvM
K‡i †bIqv hvq bv ev KvD‡K Ac©Y KivI P‡j bv|
Zvui g‡Z, mve©‡f․g †kl ÿgZv, myZivs Gi Ici ‡Kv‡bv kw³ ev cÖfve‡K Av‡ivc Kivi
A_©B n‡jv aviYvwU‡KB A_©nxb K‡i †Zvjv| m¤ú~Y© AvB‡bi „wó wb‡qB mve©‡f․‡gi Ae ’vb wZwb
Kíbv K‡i‡Qb| •eÁvwbK AvB‡bi „wó‡Z mve©‡f․gB AvB‡bi ªóªv, AwfeveK, Ab¨ †KD bq|
bxwZ, cÖ_v G¸‡jvi g~j¨ Aek¨B Av‡Q, mvsweavwbK ev AvšÍR©vwZK AvBbI g~j¨evb| wKš‘ G¸‡jv
65
AvB‡bi gh©v`v †c‡Z cv‡i bv| mgvR Rxe‡b mve©‡f․g K_vwU cÖ‡hvR¨ bq; ïay AvB‡bi RM‡ZB
cÖ‡hvR¨| ïay Positive law A_©vr weÁvbm¤§Z (ev Íe) AvB‡bi ªóªv wn‡m‡e mve©‡f․g Amxg,
m‡e©v”P I Awfbœ| Aw÷b g‡b K‡ib wewfbœ ivR‣bwZK mgv‡R mve©‡f․‡gi cÖwZ AvbyM‡Z¨i cÖKvk
I cÖ`k©‡bi cv_©K¨ _vK‡ZB cv‡i Ges Gi d‡j mve©‡f․‡gi cÖK…wZ ev Ae ’vb wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
†Kv_vI AvbyMZ¨ ¯úó Avevi †Kv_vI †Zgb ¯úó bq Ges mve©‡f․‡gi Ae ’vb wePv‡i GUv Aek¨B
we‡eP¨| Aw÷‡bi „wó‡Z e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv ÿzYœ Kivi ev e„w× Kivi †ÿ‡Î mve©‡f․‡gi Ici ‡Kv‡bv
evav †bB| Z‡e AvB‡bi evB‡i ev mvgvwRK ‡Kv‡bv evav _vK‡ZB cv‡i|
‡eš’v‡gi g‡Z Aw÷b e‡jb, RbM‡bi myL, †ewk †jv‡Ki †ewk †ewk myL weav‡bi cÖkœwUI
mve©‡f․‡gi Ici, AvB‡bi Ici mxgv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †eš’v‡gi myLev` Aw÷‡bi AvBbMZ
cÖZ¨ÿev‡`i •bwZK wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ¯vaxbZvi cÖ‡kœ Aw÷b Aek¨ Av‡eM‡K cÖkÖq †`b
bv, mshZ I wbqwš¿Z ¯vaxbZvB Zvui Kv‡Q ¸iæZ¡ cvq| Zvui g‡Z, ¯vaxbZv A_ev wbqš¿Y RbM‡Yi
my‡Li c‡ÿ †hUv wnZKi †mUvB Kvg¨|
Aw÷b AvBb‡K Ômve©‡f․g kw³i Av‡`kÕ e‡j eY©bv K‡i mvgvwRK cÖ_v, ixwZbxwZ,
†jvKvjq cÖf…wZi ¸iæZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb e‡j mgv‡jvPK‡`i Awf‡hvM| mve©‡f․g kw³i Av‡`k
bv n‡jI G¸‡jv mgvR Rxe‡bi Ici AvB‡bi g‡ZvB cÖfve we Ívi Ki‡Z mÿg| G cÖm‡½ gšÍe¨
Ki‡Z wM‡q j¨vw¯‥ e‡j‡Qb †h, m‡ev©”P ÿgZvi AwaKvix Zzi‡¯‥i myjZv‡bi c‡ÿI cÖ_vMZ
wewawb‡la ¸‡jv‡K D‡cÿv Kiv Am¤¢e wQj| †nbix †gBb-30
Gi g‡Z, cªv‡P¨i AbybœZ iv󪸇jv‡Z
cÖ_vMZ wewawb‡l‡ai ÿgZv wQ‡jv AZ¨šÍ cÖej|
Aw÷b G AwfgZ e¨v³ K‡i †h, †jv‡K kvw Íi f‡q AvBb gvb¨ K‡i| wKš‘ mgvRZvwËK
„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi-we‡kølY Ki‡j G e³e¨ †g‡b †bqv hvq bv| y¨MBi g‡Z, mvgvwRK msnwZi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb e‡jB †jv‡K AvBb gvb¨ K‡i, iv‡óªi Øviv cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q e‡j bq|
jW© eªvBm AvB‡bi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©‡bi cuvPwU cÖavb KviY i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
G¸‡jv n‡jv- 1. wbwj©ßZv 2. kÖ×v, 3. mnvbyf~wZ 4. kvw Íi fq I 5. AvB‡bi ‡hvw³KZvi
66
Dcjwä| myZivs ejv hvq Aw÷b AvBb †g‡b Pjvi A‡bK¸‡jv Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ GKwU KviY‡KB
GKgvÎ KviY e‡j wPwýZ K‡i fzj K‡i‡Qb|
ÔAvBb n‡jv mve©‡f․‡gi Av‡`kÕ-G K_v e‡j Aw÷b AvB‡bi ÔAv‡`k ZË¡Õ cÖPvi
K‡i‡Qb| ÔAv‡`kÕ ej‡Z ‡Kv‡bv wKQz Kiv ev bv Kiv‡K †evSvq| Gw`K †_‡K wePvi K‡i AvBb‡K
KZ©e¨ wb‡ ©kK e‡j wPwýZ Kiv hvq| wKš‘ me AvBb KZ©e¨ wb‡ ©kK bq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e
DËivwaKvi AvBb, weevn AvBb cÖf…wZi g‡Zv †`Iqvwb AvB‡bi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
67
3.4 AvB‡bi mv‡_ ¯vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i m¤úK©:
mgvRe× gvby‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i cwic~Y© weKvk Ges mgvRRxe‡bi myL-mg„w×i ¯v‡_© KZ¸‡jv
AwaKvi Acwinvh©| ivóª KZ…©K ¯xK…Z I msiwÿZ AwaKv‡ii wfwˇZB ¯vaxbZvi m„wó nq|
AvB‡bi gva¨‡gB ivóª GB AwaKvi ¯xKvi I msiÿY K‡i| myZivs, AvB‡bi Ici ¯vaxbZv
cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e wbf©ikxj| iv‡óªi KZ…©Z¡ I AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨w³ ¯vaxbZv msiÿY Kiv| ZvB
ejv nq ÒAvBb n‡jv ¯vaxbZvi kZ©Ó (Law is the condition of liberty)| Awbqwš¿Z I
AcÖwZnZ B”Qv hw` ¯^vaxbZv wn‡m‡e ¯xK„Z nq Zvn‡j ye©j I Amnvq e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv wecbœ n‡q
c‡o| KviY gywó‡gq a~Z© I kw³kvjx e¨w³ Aci mK‡ji ¯vaxbZv niY K‡i Aeva ¯vaxbZv †fvM
K‡i| AvB‡bi wbqš¿Y e¨wZ‡i‡K ¯vaxbZv †m”QvPvwiZvq cwiYZ nq| AvBb gvby‡li AvPvi-
AvPi‡Yi mxgv wba©viY K‡i| ZvB ¯vaxbZv msiwÿZ n‡Z cv‡i| GB A‡_© AvBb ¯vaxbZvi cÖavb
iÿvKeP|
¯vaxbZvi ZË¡ Abyhvqx, gvbyl AwaKvi `vwe Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¯vaxb| ¯vaxbZv e¨w³, mgvR, ev
ivóª me †ÿ‡Î we Í…Z| mywbw ©ó wKQz wbqg-bxwZ gvbe AvPi‡Yi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q ¯vaxbZvi m‡_
mne ’v‡b _vKv DwPZ| Gfv‡e gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ ¯^-kvmb ev AvZœ-wbqg cÖ‡qvRb|
¯vaxbZvi `vwe gvbevwaKv‡ii mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e m¤úwK©Z Ges Zv cÖKvwkZ n‡Z cv‡i,
we‡kl K‡i K_v ejvi ¯vaxbZv , a‡g©i ¯vaxbZv BZ¨vw`| Gme Kvi‡Y ¯vaxbZv D”PgvÎvq Kvg¨ I
AvKvw•LZ Ges AvBwb cÖwµqvq wbQK Ôgyw³i AwaKviÕ wn‡m‡e ¯xK„Z| G Kvi‡Y, Russell e‡jb-
ÒcÖvwßi Dcjwäi Rb¨ evwn¨K wbqš¿‡Yi Abycw ’wZi A_©B ¯vaxbZv|Ó31 ¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi ej‡Z
†h ‡Kv‡bv ev mKj ¯vaxbZv‡K A_ev mxgvnxb ¯vaxbZv ‡evSvq bv| AvBwb wewa Abyhvqx AvBb
KL‡bv ¯vaxbZv‡K AvBwb mxgve×Zvi evB‡i wewam¤§Z e‡j MÖnY K‡i bv| ‡hgb, Ab¨ e¨w³‡K
nZ¨v Kivi AwaKvi ¯xKvi K‡ibv|
GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ ¯vaxbZv (Freedom) I gyw³ (Liberty) mgv_©K wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv AwaKvsk Awfav‡b kã ywU‡K GKB A‡_© m½vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Oxford
Advanced Dictionary.(P.471.,1999)‡Z ¯vaxbZv ‡K e¨w³MZ gyw³ A‡_© e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q|30
Hannah Arendt33
G ywU k‡ãi g‡a¨ wKwÂZ cv_©K¨ †`Lvb| wZwb gyw³ ‡K
68
mvaviYZ wbqš¿‡Yi Abycw ’wZ Ges ¯vaxbZv‡K ‡Kv‡bv wbw ©ó Kv‡R f~wgKv ivLvi my‡hvM jvf Kiv
(†hgb ivR‣bwZK AskMÖnY) A‡_© MÖnY K‡ib| Avevi Isaiah Berlin Zuvi Two Concepts of
Liberty MÖ‡š’ gyw³(liberty) ‡K m`_©K I bÂ_©K A‡_© †`Lvb|34
gyw³ ‡K bÂ_©K A‡_© Ges
¯vaxbZv †K wZwb gyw³i m`_©K aviYv iƒ‡c †`‡Lb| Awfavb Ges Berlin Abymi‡Y gyw³ Ges
¯vaxbZv †K mgv_©K A‡_© we‡ePbv K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|35
¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi‡K mxgvnxb hyw³i wb‡ ©kbvi A‡_© MÖnY bv K‡i eis G‡K mxwgZ Kv‡Ri
cwim‡ii A‡_©B MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| jK ¯vaxbZv‡K wbqš¿‡Yi Abycw ’wZ wn‡m‡e wePvi bv K‡i
eis m`_©K A‡_© MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ¯^vaxbZv‡K AvB‡bi aviYvi mv‡_ m½wZweavb K‡ib| Zuvi
g‡Z, ÒmgMÖ wn‡m‡e we‡k¦i g‡a¨ cÖÁv ‡hgb Avgv‡K ¯vaxb K‡i †Zgwb ivR‣bwZK †ÿ‡Î AvBb
Avgv‡`i ¯vvaxb K‡i|Ó36
G w`K †_‡K ¯vaxbZvi mv‡_ AvBb Abyhvqx KvR Kivi welqwU we‡klfv‡e m¤úwK©Z|
¯vaxbZvi mxgv wbqš¿YKvix AvBb Gi cÖ‡qvM‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i e‡jB e¨w³ G‡K Ab¨‡K nZ¨v,
wbh©vZb Ges ÿwZ Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc AvBb‡K e¨w³i AwaKvi Le©Kvix bv e‡j
eis AwaKvi mgybœZ ivLvi mnvqK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq|
Hillel Steiner37 Gi mv‡_ Zuvi gZ hy³ K‡ib Ges e‡jb, e¨w³i fyj Kivi AwaKvi
†bB, e¯‘yZ K‡Vvifv‡e ejv hvq, Zv‡`i ‡Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi AwaKvi †bB| Ab¨ A‡_©, cÖwZwU
AwaKvi K‡Vvi A‡_© A‡b¨i AvPi‡Yi m‡½ m¤ú„³| e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv _vKvi A_© Gfv‡e KvR Kiv
bq eis A‡b¨i Øviv fzj Dcv‡q m„ó cÖwZe›×KZv ` ~i Kiv| GLv‡b ÔDcvqÕ ej‡Z ‡evSvq,
AwaKv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ wbf©i K‡i Ab¨‡`i fzj AvPi‡Yi djvd‡ji Ici Ges Gfv‡e cÖwZeÜKZv
~ixKi‡Y gvbyl mvsNwl©K n‡q hvq| †Rvi ev `gb bxwZi kvm‡bi g‡Zv wbqš¿‡Yi Av`k© I ZË¡¸‡jv
fzj, hv‡K wbw ©ó wKQz cÖwµqv Øviv we‡ivwaZv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖwµqv¸‡jv, Òthe Commonest
examples of which are education, persuasion and moral discourse.”38
e¨w³MZ ¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi‡K mxwgZ Rxe‡bi cwim‡i wKQz Kiv ev cQ›` Kivi ¯Zš¿
AwaKvi wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| Gi A_© e¨w³ G†ÿ‡Î wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|
69
D`vniY ¯iƒc, cQ‡›`i bMY¨ ¯vaxbZv †_‡K eo ai‡Yi ‡Kv‡bv¯vaxbZv †hgb, gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki
¯vaxbZv, wbR ag© PP©vi ¯vaxbZv BZ¨vw`| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i •bwZKZvi GKwU †ÿÎ `iKvi †hLv‡b
Zviv Zv‡`i cwiKíbv Ges cÖKí ¯vaxbfv‡e PP©v Ki‡Z cv‡i| •bwZK †ÿ‡Îi aviYv GRb¨
cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z Rxe‡bi GKwU wbw ©ó cwimi i‡q‡Q hv c y‡ivcywifv‡e Zv‡`i Ges Ab¨ Kv‡iv ¯úa©v
P‡j bv| e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv n‡”Q AvZœ-gh©v`v‡eva hv cy‡ivcywifv‡e Zvi wb‡Ri fv‡jvi mv‡_ mshy³|
3.4.1 Rb ÷zqvU© wgj Gi ¯vaxbZv ZË¡
Dbwesk kZvãxi e¨w³¯vZš¿¨ev`x aviYvi GK aªyc`x D`vniY n‡jv ¯vaxbZv m¤ú‡K© Rb
÷zqvU© wg‡ji e¨vL¨v| G. wW. wjÛ‡m e‡jb, ÒGUv Zuvi †jLv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk cÖwm× †jLv
Ges Zuvi GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ I •ewkó¨MZ bxwZ aviY K‡i|”39 Av‡b©÷ evK©vi e‡jb, On Liberty
MÖ‡š’ wgj ¯vaxbZvi aviYv m¤ú‡K© Mfxi I AwaK AvwZ¥K e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|”40
¯vaxbZvi aviYvwU‡K wgj •bwZKZv I my‡Li m‡e©vËg cÖKvk wn‡m‡eB †`‡L‡Qb| ¯vaxbZv
Avek¨K wb‡Ri my‡Li Rb¨, ¯vaxbZv Qvov e¨w³i gvbweK e„w˸‡jv cÖùzwUZ n‡ebv| wg‡ji K_vq,
¯vaxbZv n‡jv cQ‡›`i AwaKvi| G AwaKvi nviv‡j e¨w³ Zvi Abyf~wZkw³, wePvieyw×, wewPÎ
fvebv, gvbwmK ZrciZv, •bwZK cQ›` ‡Kv‡bvwKQzi weKvkB NUv‡Z cvi‡e bv| wg‡ji g‡Z, wPšÍv
I gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv n‡”Q e¨w³ ¯vaxbZvi †K› ªxq welq| wPšÍv I gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯vaxbZv ej‡Z
wgj †evSvb e¨w³MZ wPšÍv Kivi Ges GB wPšÍv‡K Rbmg‡ÿ †g․wjK ev wjwLZfv‡e cÖKvk Kivi
¯vaxbZv|
wgj ¸iæZ¡ †`b e¨w³i e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨w³MZ iæwP I †ckv ev cQ‡›`i
¯vaxbZv‡K| wZwb e‡jb, e¨w³ hw` Ac‡ii ÿwZ bv K‡i, Aci‡K AvNvZ bv w`‡q wb‡Ri ¯vaxb
e„wË ev cQ›`‡K †e‡Q †bq Ges wb‡R‡K weKwkZ Ki‡Z Pvq Z‡e †m AwaKvi Zvi _vKv DwPZ|41
¯vaxbZv ej‡Z wgj ïay evB‡ii wbqš¿Y †_‡K gy³ n‡q ¯vaxb I myLx Rxeb hvc‡bi cwi‡ek‡K
†ev‡Sbwb| Zvui Kv‡Q ¯vaxbZv n‡jv gvby‡li AvZ¥kw³i, wbR¯ †g․wjK wPšÍvfvebvi, Zvi wewPÎ
•`wnK I gvbwmK kw³i cwic~Y© weKvk| e¨w³i m¦vaxb wPšÍvfvebv‡K Íä Kievi AwaKvi mgvR ev
miKv‡ii †bB| wgj e‡jb wPšÍv I gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯vaxbZv ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK|
70
gvbweK e„wËi cªwZwU w`K Av_©vr Dcjwä, wePvieyw×, wPšÍvi •ewPΨ, gvbwmK ZrciZv,
•bwZK cQ›` mewKQzB e¨w³i GB ¯vaxbZvi Ici wbf©jkxj| wgj gvby‡li KvR‡K AvZœ-m¤Üxq
(self- regarding) Ges Aci m¤Üxq (other-regarding) GB yBfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| Zvui
g‡Z, e¨w³i AvZ¥‡Kw ªK Kv‡R (self-regarding action) ivóª †K‡bviKg n¯Í‡ÿc bv Ki‡j
e¨w³i c‡ÿ ¯vaxbZv †fvM Kiv m¤¢e|
m¦vaxbZv m¤ú‡K© wg‡ji GB aviYv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY ¯vaxbZv ‡fvM‡K mK‡ji †ÿ‡Î
wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j e¨w³i KvRK‡g©i Ici ivóªxq wbqš¿Y Acwinvh©| evK©v‡ii g‡Z, ÒcÖ‡Z¨K
e¨w³iB ¯vaxb nIqv DwPZ,...... ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³B Aevafv‡e ¯vaxb n‡Z cv‡i bv|42 ¯vaxbZv
m¤ú‡K© wg‡ji aviYv cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb, Òwgj GK k~b¨ ¯vaxbZv I weg~Z© e¨w³i cÖe³v...AwaKvi
m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv ¯úó `k©b bv _vKv‡Z wg‡ji ¯vaxbZvi aviYv my¯úó A_© enb K‡i bv|”43
Ab¨w`‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e mgvR m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv aviYv bv _vKvi d‡j ivóª I e¨w³i we‡ivax
Ae ’vb †_‡KB hvq, d‡j e¨w³i aviYv A¯úó n‡q c‡o| evK©vi ¯vaxbZv ej‡Z ey‡S‡Qb e¨w³i
†mB ÿgZv ev e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Acwinvh© kZv©ejx hv AwaKvi ‡fv‡M e¨w³‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| Zvui
g‡Z, ¯vaxbZv `vwq‡Z¡i m~PK, KviY cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B ¯vaxbZvi c×wZMZ wbq‡gi AšÍfy©³ Ges
Zvi Aaxb| ¯vaxbZvi m‡½ AvBb, mgZv, b¨vqwePvi cÖf…wZ welq¸‡jv‡KI wgj D‡cÿv K‡i‡Qb|
3.4.2 AvBb I ¯vaxbZv:
AvBb I ¯vaxbZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK‡©K †K› ª K‡i cÖavbZ ywU ci¯úi-we‡ivax g‡Zi
Dcw ’wZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| nve©vU© †¯úÝvi, †R‡iwg †eš’vg, †Rgm wgj, Rb ÷zqvU© wgj cÖgyL
e¨w³¯vZš¿¨ev`x `vk©wbK AvBb, ivóªxq KZ…©Z¡ Ges ¯vaxbZv‡K ci¯úi-we‡ivax e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
†WwfW wiKv‡W©v, Avj‡d«W gvk©vj, A¨vWvg w¯§_ cÖgyL A_©bxwZwe` Ges MWDBb, †µv‡cvUwKb,
evKzwbb cÖgyL •bivR¨ev`x GKB g‡Zi Abymvix| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, AvBb I ivóªxq KZ…©Z¡ DfqB e¨w³
¯vaxbZv aŸsm K‡i| ZvB e¨w³¯vZš¿¨ev`xiv GK_v †NvlYv K‡ib †h, e¨w³MZ Kvh©Kjvc‡K
wbqš¿Y Kivi ‡Kv‡bv AwaKvi iv‡óªi †bB| iv‡óªi nv‡Z G AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kivi A_©B n‡jv e¨w³
m¦vaxbZv‡K Le© Kiv| Avevi, •bivR¨ev`xiv ivóªxq KZ…©Z¡‡K AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ges AbvKvw•LZ e‡j g‡b
K‡ib| Zviv me©cÖKvi ivóªxq KZ…©Z¡ Z_v iv‡óªi we‡jvc mva‡bi cÿcvwZ| GgbwK jW© eªvB‡mi
71
g‡Zv ivóªweÁvbx AvBb I ¯vaxbZvi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ cÖwZôvi Ici we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|
Zvi g‡Z, AvBb I ¯vaxbZvi g‡a¨ GKwU cÖvej¨ †`Lv w`‡j AciwU msKywPZ n‡q co‡e| myZivs
ejv hvq, e¨w³¯vZš¿ev`x I •bivR¨ev`xiv ‡bwZevPK „wó‡KvY †_‡K ¯vaxbZvi aviYvwU‡K wePvi
we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| ZvB Zviv e¨w³ ¯vaxbZv cÖwZôvi Rb¨ AvBb I ivóªxq KZ…‡©Z¡i f~wgKv‡K m¤ú~Y©
D‡cÿv Kivi cÿcvwZ|
Aciw`‡K Av‡b©÷ evK©vi, n¨viÛ j¨vw¯‥, ixwP cÖgyL AvBb I ivóªxq KZ…©Z¡ Ges ¯vaxbZvi
g‡a¨ Nwbó m¤úK© i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib|44
Zvuiv BwZevPK „wó‡KvY †_‡K ¯vaxbZv‡K wePvi-
we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| Aa¨vcK j¨vw¯‥i g‡Z, ¯vaxbZv ej‡Z Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv‡K †evSvq,
†hLv‡b cÖwZwU gvbyl Zv wbR¯ e¨w³mËvi weKvk mva‡b mÿg| ¯vaxbZvi Dc‡hvMx GB cwi‡ek
ZLbB m„ó I iwÿZ n‡Z cv‡i, hLb ivóª e¨w³mËvi weKv‡ki Dc‡hvMx AwaKvimg~n‡K ¯xK…wZ
†`q Ges †m¸‡jv‡K msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ h_vh_ e¨e ’v MÖnY K‡i|45
Gw`K †_‡K wePvi K‡i ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i †h, ¯vaxbZv GKw`‡K ‡hgb AvB‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb Avevi ivóª-
KZ…©‡Z¡i Ici wbf©ikxj| AvB‡bi ØvivB ivóª ¯vaxbZv msiÿ‡Yi e¨e ’v K‡i| ZvB cÖK…Z ¯vaxbZv
ej‡Z AvB‡bi Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z ¯vaxbZv‡KB †evSvq| AvBb Qvov ¯vaxbZvi Aw ͇Z¡i K_v Kíbv
Kiv hvq bv| GB cÖm‡½ gšÍe¨ Ki‡Z wM‡q nenvDm&46 e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒAvBb bv _vK‡j ¯vaxbZv
gywó‡gq ÿgZvkxj e¨w³i KywÿMZ n‡q co‡e| d‡j, Ab¨iv ¯vaxbZv †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e| AvBb
n‡jv gvby‡li evwn¨K AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿bKvix mve©‡f․g kw³i Øviv mgw_©Z wbqgvejxÓ| ZvB
AvBbvby‡gvw`Z ¯vaxbZv Awbqwš¿Z ev Aeva n‡Z cv‡ibv| GRb¨ j¨vw¯‥ gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb ‡h,
¯vaxbZvi cÖK…wZi g‡a¨B wbqš¿Y we`¨gvb|47
AvcvZ „wó‡Z AvBb I ¯vaxbZv‡K ci¯úi we‡ivax
e‡j g‡b n‡jI Df‡qi g‡a¨ Nwbó m¤úK© jÿ¨ K‡i evK©vi GB wm×všÍ DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb †h, AvBb
I ¯vaxbZv KLbB ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ ؇›Ø wjß nqbv; eis msL¨vMwi‡ôi ¯vaxbZv iÿvi cÖ‡qvR‡b
ivóª AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ msL¨vjwN‡ôi ¯vaxbZvi Ici wbqš¿Y Av‡iv‡ci gva¨‡g e¨w³¯vaxbZv
msiÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i|48
GB A‡_© cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¯vaxbZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Avewk¨Kfv‡e mK‡ji
¯vaxbZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Øviv mxgve× I wbqwš¿Z|
wewfbœ AvB‡bi Øviv ¯vaxbZvi m„wó I cÖmvi N‡U| „óvšÍ wn‡m‡e kÖwgK-Kj¨vY AvB‡bi
K_v ejv hvq| G AvB‡bi Øviv gvwjK †kÖwYi †¯^”QvPvwiZv m¼zwPZ n‡q‡Q Ges kÖwgK ‡kÖYxi
¯vaxbZv m¤úªmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| `vk©wbK ixwPi g‡Z, Ô¯vaxbZv‡K hw` AvZ¥weKv‡ki Rb¨ Avek¨K
72
my‡hvM-myweav e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq, Z‡e Zv Aek¨B AvB‡bi Øviv m„wóÕ|49
ZvQvov MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª
RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwacyó AvBbmfvi Øviv RbgZ Abymv‡i AvBb cÖYxZ nq| myZivs AvBb I RbM‡Yi
¯vaxbZvi g‡a¨ we‡iva _vK‡Z cv‡ibv|
AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ivóª cÖavbZ wZbwU Dcv‡q e¨w³¯vaxbZv iÿv K‡i| cÖ_gZ, me‡ji
AZ¨vPv‡ii nvZ †_‡K AvBb ye©j‡K iÿv K‡i| AvBb _vK‡j ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³B Ab¨vqfv‡e Ges ej
cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g A‡b¨i ¯vaxbZv Le© Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| wØZxqZ, kvmK†Mvôxi ‣¯ivPvwiZvi d‡j
hv‡Z e¨w³ ¯vaxbZv webó n‡Z bv cv‡i, †mRb¨ ivóª we‡kl ai‡bi AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Z„ZxqZ, AvB‡bi Øviv ivóª Ggb GKwU mvgvwRK cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i, ‡hLv‡b cÖwZwU gvbyl ¯vaxbZv
†fv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zvi e¨w³mËvi cwic~Y© weKvk mva‡b mÿg nq| AvaywbK iv󪸇jv bvMwiK‡`i
e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Dc‡hvMx my‡hvM-myweav m„wói cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿv, ¯v¯’ , evm ’vb, kvwšÍc~Y© mvgvwRK
cwi‡ek msiÿY, Acivag~jK Kvh©Kjvc wbqš¿Y cÖf…wZ wel‡q RbwnZKi AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Q|
evK©v‡ii g‡Z, ¯vaxbZv n‡jv Av‡cwÿK| A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¯vaxbZv Ac‡ii ¯vaxbZvi
m‡½ A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ _v‡K| mxgve× MwÛi g‡a¨ †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨‡K hv‡Z wb‡Ri ¯vaxbZv †fvM
Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mRb¨ AvBb m`v-mZK© „wó iv‡L| ZvB evK©vi ¯vaxbZv ej‡Z wbqwš¿Z ¯vaxbZvi
K_vB e‡j‡Qb Ges GB ai‡bi ¯vaxbZv †Kej AvBb-wbw ©ó c‡_B †fvM Kiv m¤¢e|
wKš‘ AvBb me©‡ÿ‡ÎB †h ¯vaxbZvi kZ© wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e Ggb ‡Kv‡bv K_v †bB|
Aa¨vcK j¨vw¯‥ Ges Kvj© gvKm© I Zvi Abymvixiv g‡b K‡ib, ab-‣elg¨g~jK mgv‡R AvBb
•elg¨g~jK n‡Z eva¨| abZvwš¿K iv‡óªi AvBb me©`vB awbK-ewbK ‡kÖwYi ¯v_© iÿv K‡i| d‡j
msL¨vMwió `wi ª RbmvaviY KLbB cÖK…Z ¯vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, Giƒc iv‡óª
Drcv`‡bi DcKiY¸‡jvi gvwjKvbv msL¨vjNy cuywRcwZ‡`i nv‡Z †K› ªxf~Z _vKvq ivóªxq AvBb Z_v
ivóª GB ‡kÖwYi ¯v_©iÿvi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| d‡j mvaviY gvbyl Zv‡`i A_©‣bwZK
AwaKvi I ¯vaxbZv †_‡K ewÂZ nq| ejv evûj¨, A_©‣bwZK ¯vaxbZv bv _vKvi d‡j Zv‡`i
mvvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK ¯vaxbZvI g~j¨nxb n‡q c‡o| Avevi, ‡Kv‡bv ‡Kv‡bv cuywRev`x iv‡óªi
AvBb ¯vaxbZvi iÿK bv n‡q fÿ‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxb© nq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e d¨vwmev`x
iv‡óªmg~‡ni K_v D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i | GB ai‡bi iv‡óª AvBb kÖgRxex gvby‡li ¯vaxbZv iÿvi
73
cwie‡Z© Zvi Ici bvbv ai‡bi evav wb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i| d‡j Giƒc iv‡óª AvBb I ivóªxq KZ…©Z¡
KL‡bvB ¯vaxbZvi kZ© e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB gvKm©ev`xiv g‡b K‡ib †h, †Kej
mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡R AvBb ¯vaxbZvi cÖK…Z kZ© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| KviY, GLv‡b
e¨w³¯v‡_©i m‡½ ivóªxq ¯v‡_©i †Kv‡bviƒc we‡iva †`Lv †`q bv| myZivs ejv hvq, AvBb I
¯vaxbZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ivóª-e¨e¯’vi cÖK…wZi Ici A‡bKLvwb wbf©ikxj| cÖK…wZMZfv‡e ivóª-
e¨e¯’v hZ ‡ewk, MYZvwš¿K n‡e AvBb I ¯vaxbZvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ZZB Nwbó n‡q
DV‡e|
3.4.3 AwaKvi cÖwZôvq ÔmgZvÕi aviYv
mvaviY A‡_© mgZv ej‡Z †evSvq mKj gvbyl mgvb| ZvB cÖ‡Z¨‡K mgvb my‡hvM-myweav,
mgvb AwaKvi I m¦vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡e| wKš‘ `vk©wbK wPšÍvq mgZv ej‡Z mg Í wel‡q mgZv ev
AwfbœZv †evSvq bv| mv‡g¨i cÖK…Z A_© n‡jv mK‡ji e¨w³‡Z¡i cwic~Y© weKvk mva‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³
my‡hvM myweavi mgZv| GB A‡_© mvg¨ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Av‡Z¥vcjwׇZ mnvqK nq| ivóª ‡Kv‡bv iKg
cÿcvwZZ¡ bv K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡K mgvb my‡hvM-myweav I AwaKvi w`‡e, hv‡Z mK‡j e¨w³Z¡
weKv‡ki Rb¨ mgvb my‡hvM cvq|
mgZv aviYvwUi GKwU mymsMwVZ e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb Aa¨vcK Av‡b©ó evK©vi| wZwb mgZv‡K
¯vaxbZvi g‡Zv AwaKvi eȇbi GKwU c×wZMZ wbqgvejx wnmv‡e †`‡L‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb GwU
b¨v‡qi Abymi‡Y MwVZ, b¨vq †_‡K D™¢~Z GK wbqg| wZwb mgZv‡K ¯vaxbZvi g‡Zv AwaKvi
eȇbi GKwU c×wZMZ wbqgvejx wnmv‡e †`‡L‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb GwU b¨v‡qi Abymi‡Y MwVZ,
b¨vq †_‡K D™¢~Z GK wbqg| evK©v‡ii g‡Z, mvg¨ n‡jv AwaKvi wn‡m‡e Avbvi Rb¨ wKQz kZ©
wbwðZ Kiv, hv A‡b¨i Rb¨I GKBfv‡e wbwðZ nq|50
mvg¨ ej‡Z wZwb AvBbMZ mvg¨ I
mvgvwRK mvg¨ Dfq‡K ey‡S‡Qb| AvBbMZ „wó‡Z mgZv AvBbMZ mvg¨| iv‡óª emevmKvix
AvBbMZ mgZv A_v©r •ea ms ’v wn‡m‡e iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e bvMwiK GB mgZv †fvM K‡i|
e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨ AvBbMZ mvg¨B ch©vß bq, mvgvwRK mvg¨I cÖ‡qvRbxq| evK©vi g‡b K‡ib,
Aeva ivóªxq wkÿv Øviv gvby‡li mvg_¨©‡K mgvb Kiv ev ivóªxq wbqš¿Y Øviv gvby‡li Avw_©K m½wZ
weav‡bi ga¨B i‡q‡Q mvgvwRK mvg¨| Zvui g‡Z, mK‡jB Zvi AwaKvi cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î mgvb
74
ÿgZvm¤úbœ n‡Z cvi‡e bv hZÿY AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î e¨qfvi en‡b Amvg¨ _vK‡Q|
mvgvwRK mvg¨ cÖm‡½ evKv©i g~jZ mvs¯‥…wZK I A_©‣bwZK mv‡g¨i mgm¨v wb‡q ‡f‡e‡Qb|
evK©vi g‡b K‡ib, AvBbMZ mvg¨‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Ki‡Z †M‡j Avw_©K mgZv GKvšÍB
`iKvi| bvMwiKZvi aviYv‡K mgKÿ bvMwiKZvi a‡g© cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †M‡j Avw_©K mgZv‡K
AvBbMZ mgZvq Av‡cwÿK K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| wZwb e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póvq m¤úwZ AR©b I †fv‡Mi
wewfbœZv I mvg¨‡K †Zgb eo K‡i †`‡Lb bv| Zv ui g‡Z, †h cwigvY welq m¤úwË cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †fvM
Kiv n‡”Q Zv hw` e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póv Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡e AwR©Z nq Z‡e Zvi Rb¨ m„ó Amvg¨‡K
ms‡kva‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| DËivwaKvim~‡Î cªvß m¤úwË, †m․fvM¨g~jK A_© wewb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM
c Öf…wZi †ÿ‡Î wZwb ms‡kvab †P‡q‡Qb| ‣bwZKZvi m¦v‡_© GB ms‡kvab Acwinvh©|
mv‡g¨i cÖK…wZ Ges mvg¨ I AwaKv‡ii m¤úK© wel‡q evK©v‡ii we‡kølY †K․ZznjRbK e‡U,
wKš‘y j¨vw¯‥i e¨vL¨v †ewk wPËvKl©K| Aa¨vcK j¨vw¯‥ ¯vaxbZvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z GKwU aviYv
wn‡m‡eB mv‡g¨i Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, ¯vaxbZv Zvi D‡Ïk¨‡K iƒcvwqZ Ki‡Z †h
gva¨‡gB mvnvh¨ †bq †mwU n‡jv mvg¨| mgZvi g‡a¨ w`‡qB ¯vaxbZvi ev Íevqb m¤¢e|
j¨vw¯‥ g‡b K‡ib bv mvg¨ ej‡Z Identity of treatment †evSvq (A_ ©r GKBfv‡e
mKj gvby‡li cÖwZ GKB AvPiY)| †hLv‡b gvbyl Zvi Pvwn`v I mvg‡_© c„_K †mLv‡b mKj gvby‡li
cÖwZ mg AvPiY m¤¢e bq| Aa¨vcK j¨vw¯‥ †bwZevPK I BwZevPK GB yw`K †_‡K mvg¨‡K
‡`Lvb| Zuvi g‡Z, mvg¨ ej‡Z †evSvq (1) we‡kl my‡hvM- myweavi Abycw ’wZ I (2) mKj‡K
ch©vß my‡hvM- myweav cÖ`vb| cÖ_gwU n‡jv mv‡g¨i †bwZevPK w`K Ges w ¦ZxqwU n‡jv BwZevPK
w`K| †bwZevPK A‡_© mvg¨ ej‡Z RvwZ, ag©, eY©, m¤úwZ, wj½ cÖf„wZi wfwˇZ ‡Kv‡bv iKg
‣elg¨ bv Kiv‡K †evSvq| KviY, G¸‡jvi wfwˇZ •elg¨ Kivi A_©B n‡jv e¨w³i myß cÖwZfvi
weKv‡ki c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Kiv| BwZevPK A‡_© mvg¨ ej‡Z Ôch©vß my‡hvM- myweavÕ cÖ`vb‡K
†evSvq| Ôch©ß my‡hvM-myweavÔ Ges Ômgvb my‡hvM-myweavÕ Awfbœ aviYv bq| †h‡nZy me gvby‡li
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I `vex mgvb bq Ges Zv‡`i cÖ‡PôvI GKB ai‡bi nq bv, †m‡nZy Zv‡`i
AvZœweKv‡ki Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi my‡hvM-myweav cÖ‡qvRb| wZwb mgZv ej‡Z GUvI †evSvb bv †h
mevi kÖ‡gi cyi®‥viB mgvb|
75
mgZv ZLbB n‡e mgZv mva‡bi cÖwµqv hLb ‡Kv‡bv gvbyl mgv‡R Ggbfv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡e
bv hv‡Z †m Ac‡ii bvMwiKZvq AvNvZ K‡i| mgZv n‡jv Avwg †hgb Avgvi e¨w³Z¡‡K c~Y©
weKv‡ki my‡hvM cve, Ac‡iI †Zgwb cv‡e|51
mgZv n‡jv mvgvwRK kw³i Ggb web¨vm hv
cwikÖ‡gi Askfv‡Mi mv‡_ cÖv‡c¨i Askfv‡M GKwU fvimvg¨ Av‡b| mgZv n‡jv me gZvgZ‡KB
mgvb g~j¨ †`Iqv|
mgZv cÖ‡kœ j¨vw¯‥ ïay ivR‣bwZK mgZv‡KB †evSvb wb| Zuvi g‡Z A_©‣bwZK mgZv Qvov
ivR‣bwZK mgZvi ‡Kv‡bv g~j¨ †bB| A_©‣bwZK Amvg¨ _vK‡j ivR‣bwZK ÿgZv Avw_©K ÿgZvi
µxobK n‡q co‡e| Grammar of Polities G mgZvi cÖ‡kœ gvKmx©q „wófw½ j¨vw¯‥‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i‡Q| cyuwRev`x mgv‡R Amvg¨ †h GK ¯vfvweK cÖeYZv Ges wkí cyuwRev` †h GB Amvg¨ m„wói
g~‡j †m K_v ej‡Z wØav K‡ib wb| cyuwRev`x mgvR †h Amg mgvR Ges GLv‡b †h e¨w³ ¯vaxbZv
iæ× nq, we‡f` cÖmvwiZ nq Liberty in the Modarn State MÖ‡š’I j¨vw¯‥ GB wek¦vm‡KB
AvuK‡o wQ‡jb| ¯vaxbZv †h mv‡g¨i cwiw ’wZ Qvov Am¤¢e GK_v wZwb ‘Democracy in Crisis
MÖ‡š’I e‡j‡Qb| ZvB wZwb cÖPwjZ mgvR KvVv‡gvi cwieZ©b G‡b mgvRZ‡š¿i wfwˇZ mgvR Movi
K_v e‡j‡Qb, †hLv‡b Avw_©K I ivR‣bwZK cxob _vK‡e bv, e¨w³i gbyl¨‡Z¡i weKvk NU‡e,
gvbweK ¸‡Yi weKvk NU‡e Ges ivóª n‡e `vwqZ¡kxj|
76
Z_¨ wb‡`©k
1. K¬¨vwmK¨vj hyM, ga¨hyM I †iu‡bmvi hy‡Mi wewfbœ `vk©wbK †hgb †ivgvb wm‡m‡iv, d«v‡Ýi
Bodin I Jean Jacqus Rousseau, BZvjxi Hugo Grotius, Bsj¨v‡Ûi Sattel,
John Locke I Blackston, Rvg©vbxi Karl Marx cÖgyL ivóª `vk©wbK G gZ e¨³ K‡ib|
2. nem, †evu`v, Aw÷b, nj¨vÛ I ‡MÖvwmqvm cÖgyL ivóª `vk©wbK G `‡ji AšÍf©z³|
3. N.E Simmonds, Philosophy of Law, (Harcourt Brace College Publishers,
New York 1996), p.388.
4. Johari, J. C., Contemporary Political Theory, Basic Concepts and Major
Trends (Sterling Publisher Pvt. Ltd.1980), p.196.
5. Dunning, A History of Political Theories. From Rousseau to Spencer
(Central Book Depot, Allahbad, 1967), p.229.
6. Aa¨vcK nj¨vÛ AvBbMZ cÖZ¨ÿev‡`i †h․w³KZv †`Lvb| (Laski: A Garmman of
Politics (London: Gorge Allen and Union) 1951, p. 50)
7. Henry Maine Zvui Ancient Lane MÖ‡š’ †`Lvb wKfv‡e cÖvPxb †ivgb Abykxjb, cÖ_v-
cÖwZôvb †_‡K AvaywbK AvB‡bi DrcwË I weKwkZ nq| GKB D‡Ïk¨ F.W Maitland Zvui
Outlines of English Legal History MÖ‡š’ ga¨hyMxq BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i GgZ
mg_©b K‡ib| James Bryee Zvui Study in History and Jurisprudnce
(Oxford,1951). vol.II, P.249 MÖ‡š’ Ges Sir Fredrick Pollock Zvui First Book
of Jurisprudunce, P.24 G †`Lvb iv‡óªi c~‡e©B AvB‡bi Aw ÍË¡ wQj| Johari, J. C.,
Contemporary Political Theory, Basic Concepts and Major Trends
(Sterling Publisher Pvt. Ltd.1980), p.206.
8. Johari, J. C., Contemporary Political Theory, Basic Concepts and Major
Trends (Sterling Publisher Pvt. Ltd.1980), p.207.
9. V.G. Afanasyev: Marxist Philosophy (Moscow: Progress Publishers),
1978), p.71
10. A.Y. Vyshinsky: The law of the Soviet State (New York:
Macmillan,1948), p.37.
77
11. Johari, J. C., Contemporary Political Theory, Basic Concepts and Major
Trends (Sterling Publisher Pvt. Ltd.1980), p.209.
12. Ibid, p.198.
13. G. H. Sabine, History of Political Theory (Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co.1968) p.104.
14. Ibid, p.207.
15. R.G. Gettell, History of Polical Thought (George Allen and Unwin Ltd.,
London, 1932), p.189.
16. Grotius, in Dunning, p.152.
17. Ibid., p. 154.
18. Locke, Two Treatises, in Bluhm, W.T., Theories of the Political System
(Prentice Hall of India 1981), p.305.
19. G.H. Sabine; A History of Political Theory (New York: Harper), 1948,
p.163.
20. W.T. Jones, Masters of Political Thought, (George Harrap and Co. Ltd.,
London, 1969), p.298.
21. Hegel, Philosophy of Right in H. Hallowell, Main Currents in Modern
Political Thought, (New York; Holt, Rinchart and Winston),1960. p.263.
22. Hegel in, C.L., Wayper Political Thought (B.I. Publication, 1983) p.163.
23. Kant, Critique of practical Reason in Will Durant: The Story of
Philosophy (The Pocket Library, U.S.A) 1954, p.277.
24. I. Kant, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, (Trans.) T.
K. Abbott , London;Longmans,1962, p.27.
25. Bvgvby‡qj Kv›U, ‣bwZKZvi `vk©wbKZ‡Ë¡i g~jbxwZ, Abyev`: mvB‡q` Ave yj nvB, (evsjv
GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 1982), c„. 52.
26. N.E. Simmonds, Philosophy of Law, (Harcourt Brace College
Publishers, New York, 1996) p. 389.
78
27. Austin Lectures on Jurisprud, in Dunning, A History of Political Theory.
p.224.
28. Dunning, W.A., A History of Political Theories. From Rousseau to
Spencer (Central Book Depot, Allahabad, 1967) p. 225.
29. Austin, Lectures on Jurisprudence in Dunning, A History of Political
Theories, p.227.
30.Henry Maine, Ancient Law; in Gettell; History of Politcal Thought.P.334
31. B. Russell, Sceptical Essays, in N. Haque, Applied Philosophy, (Jatiya
Sahitya Prakash, Dhaka, 2015) p.20.
32. Haque, N., Applied Philosophy, A New Horizon of Thought, (Dhaka:
Jatiya Sahitya Prakash), 2015. p.20.
33. See, Birch, A.H. The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy
(London and New York: Routledge, 1996). p.95.
34. Ibid. p.95.
35. B. Russell, Sceptical Essays, in N. Haque, Applied Philosophy, (Jatiya
Sahitya Prakash, Dhaka, 2015) p.21.
36. J. Locke, Two Treatises of Civil Government, Peter Laslett(ed), (London:
Cambridge University Press,1960), p.125.
37. H. Steiner, An Essay of Rights, (Oxford: Blackwell Publisher, 1994), P.8.
38. Ibid., p.8.
39. John Stuart Mill: On Utilitarianisn, Liberty, Representative Government
(Introduction by A.D. Lindsay), (London: EverymanÕs Library, 1964),
p.Vii.
40. E. Barker, Political Thought in England, 1848-1914 (Oxford University
Press), p.3.
41. Mill, On Liberty (EverymanÕs Library, London, 1964), p.116
79
42. E. Barker, Political Thought in England, 1848-1914 (Oxford University
Press), p.7.
43. Ibid, p.7.
44. Zvuiv e¨w³¯vZš¿ev` I •bivR¨ev`-Gi wec‡ÿ gZ e¨³ K‡ib Ges AvBbB ¯vaxbZv msiÿY
I cÖmv‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
45. H. Laski, Political Thought in England, From Locke to Benthan, p.30-
31.
46. Hobhouse, L.T., Social Evolution & Political Theory, (New York: The
Columbia University Press, 1911), p.145.
47. H.Lask: The Rise of European liberalism (London, Unwin Books) 1962.
p.78-79.
48. E. barker, Political Thought in England. p.41.
49. D.G. Ritchi: Natural Right, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1952)
P-114.
50. E. Barker, Political Thought in England, p.151.
51. H.J. Laski, A Grammer of Politics, (George Allen and Unwin Ltd. London,
1937), p.153.
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mvgvwRK b¨vq:
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K_vq, mgv‡R evB‡i fvj I g‡›`i cv_©K¨ †Pv‡L c‡obv|12
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b¨v‡qi aviYv‡K ijm mvgvwRK fvimvg¨ iÿvi
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G mKj `vk©wb‡Ki wPšÍvq b¨vq‡K mvgvwRK welq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
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Kvi‡Y †KD hw` wKQz †c‡Z Pvq ev n‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Aek¨B A‡b¨i ÿwZ n‡e Ges G †ÿ‡Î
wKQz‡ZB mvgvwRK b¨vq cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e bq|
Avevi F. A Hayek Zvi The constitution of liberty17 Mª‡š’ e‡jb, mgZv
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Ki‡e| Kv‡RB cÖvK…wZK cv_©K¨‡K hw` Avgiv ¯xKvi Kwi Zvn‡j mvgvwRK b¨v‡qi aviYv cÖwZwôZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv| wZwb e‡jb, ‡K› ªxqfv‡e cwiPvwjZ A_©‣bwZK e¨e ’vq (mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e ’v)
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Aïf ev Lvivc w`K i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv ~i KivB n‡jv A_©‣bwZK b¨v‡qi g~j jÿ¨| Z‡e mvgvwRK
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mvgvwRK b¨v‡qi GKwU Abywm×všÍ| A_©‣bwZK b¨vq ej‡Z †kvlY †_‡K gyw³ Ges RvZxq m¤ú‡`i
mylg eÈb‡K ‡evSvq| †hgb gvK©‡mi g‡Z, cyuwRcwZ KZ…©K kÖwgK †kÖwYi †kvlYB n‡jv A_©‣bwZK
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Rb¨B eZ©gvb hy‡M ¯vaxbZvi e¨vcviwU †KejgvÎ ivRbxwZi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bq, A_©bxwZi mv‡_I
m¤úwK©Z| Kv‡RB A_©‣bwZK b¨vq gv‡bB n‡jv A_©‣bwZK ¯vaxbZv AR©b ev cÖwZôv Kiv|
A_‣bwZK ¯vaxbZv ej‡Z †evSvq A_©‣bwZK ‣elg¨ ~i Kiv| A_©vr gvby‡l gvby‡l †h
A_©‣bwZK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Zv ~i Kiv n‡jv A_©‣bwZK b¨‡qi g~j K_v| A_©‣bwZK b¨v‡qi aviYvi
g‡a¨ mvavi‡Yi Kj¨vY ev g½j wbwnZ i‡q‡Q Ges gvby‡li Kj¨vY A_©‣bwZK ¯vaxbZv Qvov m¤¢e
bq| G Rb¨B mvaviY gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡K cybM©wVZ ev cybwe©b¨ Í Ki‡Z
n‡e| RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡K cybM©wVZ ev cybwe©b¨ Í Kivi A_© n‡jv RvZxq m¤ú‡`i mylg eȇbi
e¨e¯’v Kiv hv‡Z gvby‡l gvby‡l A_©bxwZi †ÿ‡Î •elg¨ K‡g Av‡m|
86
ivR‣bwZK b¨vq:
ivR‣bwZK b¨v‡qi g~j K_v n‡jv GKUv D`vi‣bwZK MYZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e ’vi cÖwZ
A½xKvi| ivR‣bwZK b¨vq ej‡Z †evSvq ivRbxwZi ‡ÿ‡Î Aeva I wbi‡cÿ AskMÖnY| ‡hgb,
wbe©vP‡b †h †fvUvwaKv‡ii K_v ejv nq-cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i †fvU †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î Zvi ¯vaxbZv ev
MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi Av‡Q| A_©¨vr ‡KD A‡b¨i Ici Pvwc‡q †`‡e bv, Av‡ivc Ki‡e bv| cÖvß
eq¯‥‡`i †fvUvwaKv‡ii e¨vcviUvB n‡jv e¨w³MZ ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi| MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e ’vq
ivRbxwZi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU e¨w³i ¯vaxbfv‡e AskMªnY Kivi AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nIqv‡K ejv nq
ivR‣bwZK b¨vq| AwaKvie‡j RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKvsLv, wPšÍv-‡PZbv cÖwZdwjZ n‡e Zv‡`i
cÖwZwbwa‡`i Øviv| d‡j GLv‡b ivóªxq bxwZ wbav©wiZ n‡e RbM‡Yi gZ Abyhvqx A_v©r cªwZwU e¨w³
GLv‡b ivR‣bwZK gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯vaxbZv cv‡e| e¨w³i ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi n‡jv ivR‣bwZK
b¨v‡qi g~j K_v| GLv‡b iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q e¨w³i AwaKvi msiÿY Kiv| e¨w³i AwaKvi
msiwÿZ n‡jB ivR‣bwZK b¨vq cÖwZwôZ n‡e|
e¨w³i AwaKvi ev e¨w³i ¯vaxbZvi cÖkœwU _v‡K e‡j iv‡óªi cÖwZ e¨w³i GKUv `vwqZ¡
_v‡K| GLv‡b iv‡óªi †h‡Kv‡bv wel‡q e¨w³i Am‡šÍvl cÖKvk Kivi ev cÖwZev` Kivi AwaKvi
†hgb i‡q‡Q, †Zgwbfv‡e iv‡óªi wKQz wKQz e¨vcv‡i ZviI `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| †hgb, A‡bK †`‡k
we‡ivax `j ‡Kv‡bv GKUv Bmy¨ wb‡q we‡ÿvf K‡i, GUv Zv‡`i MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi| Avevi iv‡óªi
msweav‡bi cÖwZ Zv‡`i AbyMZ _vK‡Z n‡e| e¨w³ AwaKvi, ¯vaxbZv, KZ©e¨-G¸‡jv ivR‣bwZK
b¨v‡qi welq| D`vi‣bwZK MYZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e ’v cÖwZôv KivB n‡”Q ivR‣bwZK b¨v‡qi g~j jÿ¨|
Avi D`vi‣bwZK MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v gv‡b n‡”Q †hLv‡b e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv, e¨w³i AwaKvi
(gvbevwaKvi) Ges iv‡óª AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv|
87
4.2 •bwZKZv welqK KwZcq `vk©wbK wPšÍv
`vk©wbK wPšÍv‡PZbvi mv‡_ b¨v‡qi aviYvwU IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| †mB mycÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB
wewfbœ `vk©wbK ¯ ¯ „wó‡KvY †_‡K b¨v‡qi aviYv‡K we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| b¨vqciZv welqK wewfbœ
`vk©wbK wPšÍv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †m¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡ZB ZrKvjxb mgvRe¨e ’vi wPÎ ¯úó n‡q
I‡V| mgv‡R we`¨gvb wµqvkxj aviYv Ges †m¸‡jvi g~j¨vqb me `vk©wb‡Ki wPšÍvqB GKUv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© ’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q|
4.2.1 ‡cø‡Uvi aviYv:
MÖxK `vk©wbK ‡cø‡Uvi wicvewjK MÖš’ n‡Z b¨vqciZv welqK Zvui gZ m¤ú‡K© Avgiv
Rvb‡Z cvwi| b¨vqciZv welqK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡K wZbwU †kÖwY‡Z fvM
K‡i‡Qb-kvmK, •mb¨evwnbx I Drcv`K| GB wefvR‡bi gvb`Û wn‡m‡e wZwb MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb
Ávb, mvnm I mshg‡K| KviI Øviv A‡b¨i ‡Kv‡bv Kv‡R n¯Í‡ÿc bv Kiv‡KB wZwb b¨vq e‡j g‡b
K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, ÒcÖK…wZ hv‡K †h Kv‡Ri Rb¨ DËgiƒ‡c •Zwi K‡i‡Q †m †mB KvRB m¤úv`b
Ki‡e| Avwg eje: GB bxwZB n‡”Q b¨vq|Ó18
wZwb h_v_© b¨vqwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi ¯cœ
†`‡LwQ‡jb| Zvui g‡Z, h_v_© b¨vqwfwËK mgv‡Ri kvmbKZ©v n‡eb wZwbB whwb cÖÁvi Av‡jv‡K
kvmbe¨e ’v cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| ZrKvjxb MÖxK bMiiv‡óª A‡a©‡KiI †ewk gvbyl wQ` `vm| Zv‡`i
‡Kv‡bv cÖKvi ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi wQj bv| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, †cø‡Uv `vm e¨e ’v‡K GKwU ‣bwZK wfwËi
Ici `vuo Kiv‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| `vm mgv‡R we`¨gvb kÖg wefvRb‡K †cø‡Uv Zvi b¨vqZ‡Ë¡ ‡h․w³K
gh©v`v †`qvi †Póv K‡ib| ‡cø‡Uv e‡jb, ÒcÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK Avcb Avcb KZ©e¨ m¤úv`b K‡i,
Ac‡ii KZ©‡e¨ n ͇ÿc K‡i bv-kÖ‡gi †mB wefvM b¨v‡qiB cÖwZiƒc|Ó19
ZrKvjxb `vmwfwËK
mgv‡R we`¨gvb kÖg-wefvRb bxwZ‡K †cø‡Uv †hfv‡e hyw³m½Z e‡j cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb,
Zv‡Z g‡b nq wZwb Zvui wPšÍvavivi ga¨ w`‡q kvmK †kÖwYi ivR‣bwZK ¯v_© msiÿ‡Yi †Póv
K‡iwQ‡jb| G cÖm‡½ µmg¨vb (Crossman) e‡jb, †cø‡Uv‡K Avgiv AvBIbxq gy³ wPšÍvi weiæ‡×
`vm †kvl‡Yi msKxY©Zvev`x aŸs‡mv¤§yL bMiiv‡óªi kvmK †kÖwYi ¯v‡_© GKwU ivR‣bwZK cÖwZwµqv
wn‡m‡e wPwüZ Ki‡Z cvwi|Ó19
†cø‡Uvi wPšÍvaviv chv©‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, wZwb Av‡M †_‡KB gvby‡li g‡a¨ KZ¸‡jv
cÖvK…wZK •elg¨ a‡i wb‡q `vm mgvR‡K †h․w³KZv w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| `vm mgvR e¨e¯’vi •bwZK
88
wfwËi K_v e‡j wZwb †m e¨e¯’v‡K wbwðZ Ki‡Z †Q‡q‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ fjKf e‡jb, Ò‣bwZK
¸Yvejx‡K †cø‡Uv `vm mgvR e¨e ’vi wbiew”Qbœ avivewnKZv iÿvi wbðqZv wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v
K‡i‡Qb...Ó21
b¨vqciZvi we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q ‡cø‡Uv c×wZMZfv‡e e¨w³i ¸Yvejx‡K wfwË K‡i
mgvR I BwZnv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡ib| b¨vqciZvi aviYvi Drm‡K wZwb AvZ¥MZfv‡e e¨w³i g‡a¨
Lyu‡Rb Ges b¨vq‡K gvby‡li AšÍ‡ii e¨vcvi, Zvi h_v_© AvZ¥vi e¨vcvi22
e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, †cø‡Uvi b¨vqciZvi aviYv wQj `vm-gvwjK †kÖwYi c‡ÿi •bwZKZv| myZivs ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i, †cø‡Uv b¨vqciZvi †h e¨vL¨v Dc ’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb Zv GKvšÍB AvZ¥MZ I cÖvK…wZK|
4.2.2 Gwi÷U‡ji aviYv
Gwi÷Uj cwjwUKm& Ges Nicomachean Ethics G b¨vqciZv welqK Zvui gZ
¯úófv‡e Zz‡j a‡ib| cwjwUKm& MÖ‡š’ wee„Z b¨vqciZvi aviYvq wZwb `vm mgvR‡K †h․w³KZv
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q Dˇgi kvm‡bi K_v e‡jb| `vm e¨e ’v‡K wZwb Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK wbq‡gi g‡Zv
GKwU ¯vfvweK e¨vcvi e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z, Ò... Kviæi Av‡`k `vb Ki DwPZ Ges
Aci Kviæi Av‡`k gvb¨ Kiv DwPZ ... e ‘Z: KZ¸‡jv m„wó Rb¥ †_‡KB Gfv‡e wef³: G‡`i GK
Ask kvm‡bi Rb¨, Aci Ask kvwmZ nIqvi Rb¨ wbw ©ó|Ó23
Gwi÷Uj kvmK †kÖwY ‡K mgv‡Ri
DËg †kÖwY Ges bvix I `vm †kÖwY‡K Aag wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| bvix I `vm‡`i ‡Kv‡bv¯vaxb
mËvi K_v ¯¦xKvi K‡ibwb| cÖK…wZi †`vnvB w`‡q ¯vaxb bvMwiK †_‡K `vm †kÖwY‡K c„_K Ki‡Z
wM‡q wZwb e‡jb, Ò...cÖK…wZ ¯vaxb bvMwi‡Ki †`n, `v‡mi †`n †_‡K c„_Kfv‡e MVb K‡i‡Q|Ó24
Gwi÷Uj g‡b K‡ib, mgv‡Ri wKQz gvbyl Rb¥vq m¤ú~Y© ¯vaxb n‡q Avi wKQy gvbyl Rb¥vq `vm
n‡q| GUv m¤ú©Yfv‡e cÖvK…wZK e¨vcvi| `vm ‡kÖYx‡K wZwb ÔKg© m¤úv`bx nvwZqviÕ e‡j we‡ePbv
K‡ib| m¤c` msMÖ‡ni Dcvq wn‡m‡e jyÚb I hy‡×i gva¨‡g `vm wkKvi‡K wZwb cÖK…wZ wbw ©ó b¨vq
hy× e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z, cÖK…wZ wbw ©ó wfbœZv Abyhvqx ivR‣bwZK ÿgZv, mvgvwRK
gh© v I my‡hv‡Mi h_v_© eÈbB n‡”Q b¨vqciZv Ges Dˇgi kvmbB h_v_© b¨vq| cÖvK…wZKfv‡e
¯vaxb bvMwiK, cwieviMZ AvwfRvZ¨, m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv, mvgvwRK KZ…©Z¡, bxwZ wba©viYx Ae ’vb-
G me‡KB Gwi÷Uj †`‡L‡Qb DËg bvMwi‡Ki •ewkó¨ wn‡m‡e|
Gwi÷Uj e‡jb, Ò...b¨vqciZv n‡”Q m`¸‡Yi m‡e©v”P ch©vq... b¨vqciZv n‡”Q GKgvÎ
¸Y †hLv‡b A‡b¨i fvj-g‡›`i welqwU we‡ePbv Kiv nq, KviY GwU A‡b¨i mv‡_ m¤úwKZ©, GLv‡b
89
†`Lv‡bv nq wK‡m A‡b¨i fvj nq, Zv kvm‡KiB †nvK ev mgv‡Ri mvaviY m`‡m¨i †nvK|Ó25
Gwi÷Uj myL‡KB b¨vqciZvi wfwË wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb| Zvui g‡Z, b¨vqciZv n‡jv ZvB hv myL cÖ`vb
K‡i|26
G cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb, ÒAvwg Avgvi ÔbxwZK_vqÕ †h b¨vq‡K e¨vL¨v K‡iwQ Zvi m‡½ GB
b¨vq Am½wZc~Y© bq| KviY Dfq †ÿ‡Î AšÍwb©wnZ bxwZ n‡”Q GK, A_v©r b¨vq gvby‡li mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z Ges mgv‡bi Rb¨ mgvb mgZv _vK‡Z n‡e|Ó27
mgv‡Ri mevB‡K Aek¨ wZwb mgvb e‡j
g‡b K‡ibwb| KviY wZwb g‡b K‡ib, mgv‡Ri wKQz gvbyl cÖvK…wZKfv‡eB ¯vaxb Avi wKQz gvbyl
`vm wn‡m‡e Rb¥vq wZwb †Kej mgv‡bi Rb¨ mgvb bxwZ Abymi‡Yi K_v e‡jb| A_©vr Zvui g‡Z,
hviv wfbœ wfbœ ‡kÖwYi Zv‡`i bxwZI n‡e wfbœ wfbœ, Avi mg‡kÖwYfz³‡`i Rb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv bxwZ
mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| b¨vqciZvi Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Gwi÷Uj gvby‡li g‡a¨ †h cÖvK…wZK
wfbœZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb, Zvi wfwˇZ wZwb Avm‡j ZrKvjxb mgv‡R we`¨gvb kÖg wefvRb bxwZ‡KB
b¨vh¨Zv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| gvbe cÖK…wZi wfbœZvi hyw³ w`‡q wZwb `vm mgvR e¨e¯’v‡K •bwZK
wfwËi Ici cÖwZôv Kivi †Póv K‡ib| cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y gvby‡l gvby‡l ¸Yvejxi cv_©K¨ Av‡Q G
hyw³ w`‡q `vm e¨e ’vi mg_©‡b Gwi÷Uj ‣bwZKZv‡K kvmK †kÖwYi c‡ÿ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb|
†cø‡Uvi g‡ZvB Gwi÷Uj e¨w³i ¸Yvejx †_‡K mgvR †_‡K mgvR BZnv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡ib Ges
mvgvwRK m¤úK©‡K cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvb b¨vqciZvi wfwˇZ|
4.2.3 Kv‡›Ui aviYv
Aóv`k kZvãxi cÖL¨vZ `vk©wbK Bgvby‡qj Kv›U g‡b K‡ib, e¨envwiK eyw× †_‡KB hveZxq
‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi DrcwË nq| wZwb weï× eyw×i Ici b¨vqciZv‡K `vuo Kiv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib|
wZwb Zvui b¨vqciZvi aviYvq cÖK…wZev`x `vm •bwZKZv Ges ga¨hyMxq Hk¦wiK •bwZKZvi
we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| Kv›U g‡b K‡ib, h_v_© •bwZK AvPiY GKwU mvwe©K m~‡Îi Ici cÖwZwôZ| G
m~‡Îi wb‡ ©k GiKg: ÒGgb wbqgvbymv‡i KvR Ki, †h wbqg‡K Zzwg GKwU me©Rbxb wbq‡g cwiYZ
Ki‡Z B”Qv Ki‡Z cvi|Ó28
Aóv`k kZvãxi hyw³i AvwacZ¨ I ey‡R©vqv mgv‡Ri ¯vaxb e¨w³i
aviYv Øviv Kv›U cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb Ges D`vi‣bwZK MYZš¿‡K wZwb mg_©b Ki‡Zb| e¨w³ ¯v‡_©i
Rb¨ GKRb gvbyl Av‡iKRb‡K Dcvq wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i‡e, wZwb G aviYvi we‡ivax wQ‡jb|
Ôgvbyl wb‡RB wb‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ KLbB Dcvq bqÕ, Kv›U GB hyw³i gva¨‡g D`vi-‣bwZKZvi wfwË
¯’vcb K‡ib|29
KZ©‡e¨i ekeZx© n‡q Kg© m¤úv`b‡KB Kv›U •bwZK e‡j we‡ePbv K‡ib| Kv›U
e‡jb, ‡Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri †cQ‡b mw`”Qv bv _vK‡j †m KvR‡K KZ©e¨†eva I hyw³i Øviv wbqwš¿Z ejv
90
hvq bv| mw`”Qv‡KB wZwb •bwZKZvi cÖvY‡K› ª e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| e¨w³-wfwËK Kg©bxwZi cwie‡Z©
Kv›U me©Rbxb •bwZKZvi K_v e‡jb| Kv›U g‡b K‡ib, eyw× †_‡KB me©Rbxb •bwZKZvi D™¢e
nq| G‡ÿ‡Î AwfÁZvi ‡Kv‡bv f~wgKv †bB| weï× eyw×i gva¨‡gB me©Rbxb •bwZK AvBb •Zwi
Kiv m¤¢e e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib| Kv›U e‡jb, Ò...hyw³e„wËi g‡a¨B hveZxq •bwZK fv‡ei Drm I
DrcwË, Ges •bwZK fve I mZ¨¸‡jv GKvšÍfv‡eB AwfÁZvgy³|Ó30
gvby‡l gvby‡l cÖvK…wZK
cv_©‡K¨i K_v e‡j ‡cø‡Uv I Gwi÷Uj †h ai‡bi b¨vqciZvi K_v e‡jb Kv›U Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb
K‡ib| Kv›U B”Qvi AvZ¥wbqš¿Y‡K •bwZK wfwË wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib Ges AvZ¥wbqš¿Y I
•bwZKZvi mvgwMÖK MVb‡K ¯vaxbZvi aviYvi Ici `vuo Kivb| ‡Kv‡bv Kvh©KviY m¤úK© Ges
AwfÁZv Øviv ¯vaxbZv wbqwš¿Z bq e‡j wZwb gZ cÖKvk K‡ib| ¯vaxbZv evwn¨K ‡Kv‡bv
wbqš¿YKvix e¨wZ‡i‡KB Kvh©Kix n‡Z cv‡i e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib| gvby‡li ¯vaxbZv evwn¨K ‡Kv‡bv
wbqš¿YKvix e¨wZ‡i‡KB Kvh©Kix n‡Z cv‡i e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib| Kv›U gvby‡li ¯vaxbZv‡K hyw³
w`‡q cÖwZôv Kivi †Póv K‡ib Ges hyw³ w`‡qB b¨vqciZv‡K Avwe®‥vi I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z Pvb|
eyw×i Ici wfwË K‡i Kv›U •bwZKZvi ‡h AwfÁZvc~e© e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv GKšÍB
AvZ¥MZ| Kv‡›Ui D‡Ïk¨ wQj, me hy‡Mi, me gvby‡li Ges me Ae ’vi c‡ÿ Dc‡hvMx •bwZKZvi
cÖPvi| wZwb †h me©Rbxb ‣bwZK AvB‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb ev¯Í‡e Zv cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e bq| KviY
gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnv‡m wewfbœ mg‡q ‣bwZKZv wewfbœ iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i‡Q| Avevi mgv‡R †h‡n‡Zvz
wfbœ wfbœ †kÖwYi †jv‡Ki evm †m‡nZy mevB GKB me©Rbxb •bwZKZvi Abymvix n‡Z cv‡i bv| †kÖwY
wefw³i Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i ¯v_© I •bwZKZv c„_K c„_K| ev ͇e cÖwZwU gvbyl, cÖwZwU †ckv, cÖwZwU
†kÖwY, cÖwZwU mgv‡Ri wbR¯ •bwZK Av`k© i‡q‡Q| Kv›U ev Íe BwZnvm we‡ePbvq bv G‡bB
•bwZKZvi e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| •bwZKZv‡K ev ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K bv †`‡L wZwb •bwZKZvi Drm
AbymÜvb K‡i‡Qb| AwfÁZvi RMr‡K wZwb Zvui ‣bwZKZvi Awawe`¨vq bvKP K‡i †`b| G
Kvi‡YB Kv‡›Ui •bwZKZv eyw× I hyw³i RM‡Z mxgve× Ges Zv ev Íe dj cÖ`v‡b Aÿg|
4.2.4 ‡n‡M‡ji aviYv
‡n‡Mj The Philosophy of Right MÖ‡š’ b¨vqciZv welqK Zvui gZ Zz‡j a‡ib| wZwb
BwZnvm‡K wPšÍvi ‡h․w³K cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb|31
•bwZKZv‡K ev Íe BwZnv‡m iƒcvq‡Yi †ÿ‡Î
wZwb •bwZK ¯vaxbZvi mvgvwRK ev Íevq‡bi K_v e‡jb| AwaKvi `k©‡bi Av‡jvPbvq †n‡Mj
91
AwaKv‡ii aviYvMZ I ev¯Íe g~Z©vqb-G ywU w`K‡K GK‡Î AwaKvi welqK `vk©wbK bxwZ weÁv‡bi
KvR wn‡m‡e wPwüZ K‡i e‡jb, Ò`vk©wbK bxwZweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡jv AwaKv‡ii aviYv
A_©vr AwaKv‡ii aviYvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvi ev Íevqb|Ó32
†n‡Mj •bwZKZvi cÖZ¨qMZ w`‡Ki †P‡q
Gi mvgvwRK I e¯‘MZ w`‡Ki Ici ¸iæZ¡ †`b| †n‡M‡ji g‡Z, •bwZKZv ev AwaKv‡ii gg©e¯‘
n‡jv ¯vaxbZv| wZwb ¯vaxbZvi ev Íevqb‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b Ki‡Zb| G Kvi‡Y wZwb g‡b
K‡ib, gvwjKvbvi g‡a¨ w`‡qB weg~Z© ¯vaxbZv ev Íe n‡q I‡V| †n‡Mj e‡jb, gvbyl e¯‘‡K wb‡Ri
K‡i bv †c‡j ¯vaxbZv‡K ev¯Íe K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡Kv‡bv wKQy‡K gvbyl hLb wb‡Ri K‡i cvq
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Ò.... AwaKv‡ii Pig ev¯ÍeZv †hUv‡K gvbyl Ab¨ mewKQzi D‡aŸ© ¯’vb †`q Zv n‡jv m¤ú`, hv wKbv
AwaKv‡ii m‡ev©Ëg gvb`Û|Ó33
†n‡Mj e ‘i Ici e¨w³i cÖZ¨ÿ AwaKv‡ii K_v e‡jb| KviY
Gfv‡eB †Kej weg~Z© ¯vaxbZv ev ÍeZv cvq| Zvui g‡Z, AwaKvi ev ÍevwqZ nq| e¨w³MZ
gvwjKvbvi ga¨ w`‡q| Kv‡RB m¤úwË n‡”Q e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv‡K ev ͇e i~cvq‡Yi cÖ_g avc wKš‘
B”Qv cÖ_gZ GKRb e¨w³i B”Qv, ZvB GUv n‡jv GKK B”Qv| †n‡M‡ji g‡Z, m¤úwËi †ÿ‡Î
e¨w³i jÿ¨ n‡jv GKK B”Qv Ges †m Kvi‡Y m¤úwË e¨w³MZ ‣ewkó¨ MªnY Ki‡Z eva¨| e¨w³MZ
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w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| •bwZK Rxeb ej‡Z wZwb ¯vaxbZvi weKvk‡K eywS‡q‡Qb, hvi weKvk N‡U
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e‡jb, bvMwiK mgvR wb‡RB wb‡Ri jÿ¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY e¨w³¯v_©‡K †K› ª K‡i m„ó
we‡iv‡ai Aemvb bvMwiK mgv‡R m¤¢e nq bv| Zvui g‡Z, †Kej iv‡óªB hyw³i gva¨‡g mewKQz‡K
wePvi Kiv m¤¢e Ges GLv‡bB Avgiv mewKQzi GKwU mgwšZ iƒc cvB| Kv‡RB iv‡óªB ‣bwZK
wPšÍvi ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e| †n‡Mj e‡jb, Ò‣bwZK aviYvejxi ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ n‡”Q ivóª...ivóª n‡”Q
cigfv‡e †h․w³K...Ó34
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Herbert Marcuse †n‡M‡ji mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, Ò... †n‡Mj Zuvi
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†P‡q‡Qb|35
†n‡Mj Avm‡j cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvi aviYv‡K GKwU •bwZK wfwËi
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aviYvi gva¨‡g mgvR BwZnv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡ib| ZvB †n‡M‡ji •bwZK wPšÍvi c×wZ fveev`x| †n‡Mj
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AvZ¥¯v‡_©i Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK we‡iva Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ivóªxq KZ…©Z¡‡K b¨vqm½Z e‡j
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b¨vqciZv welqK Dchy©³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, GKwU wbw ©ó mgq
†_‡K b¨v‡qi aviYv we`¨gvb mvgvwRK m¤úK©‡K •bwZK gh©v`v w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q| d‡j Zv ZrKvjxb
mgv‡Ri AvwacZ¨kxj †kÖwYi ¯v_© msiÿY K‡i| ‡cø‡Uv Ges Gwi÷Uj Zv‡`i b¨vqciZvi aviYvq
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n‡q‡Q, Zv wgmixq eY© cÖ_viB G‡_Ýxq fveiƒc...Ó|36
Kv›U e¨w³i ¯vaxbZvi aviYv‡K iƒc`vb
K‡i‡Qb Zvi b¨vqciZv welqK gZev‡`| †n‡Mj AvZ¥¯v_©†Kw› ªK cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri e¨w³
gvwjKvbvi aviYv‡K •bwZK Avwawe`¨K b¨vh¨Zv w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| †n‡Mj bvMwiK mgv‡R we`¨gvb
we‡iv‡ai •bwZK mgvavb †LvuRvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb •bwZK fv‡ei ev Íe iƒcvqY wn‡m‡e KZ…©Z¡ev`x
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Drm‡K we‡ePbv bv K‡iB, b¨vqciZvi aviYv w`‡q mvgvwRK m¤úK© wba©viY K‡i‡Qb| †cø‡Uv I
Gwi÷Uj †hfv‡e gvby‡li cÖvK…wZK wfbœZvi K_v e‡jb, c×wZMZfv‡e Zv cÖK…wZev`x
AvZ¥‡Kw› ªKZv| Kv›U weï× hyw³ †_‡K Drcvw`Z †h b¨v‡qi K_v e‡jb Zv weg~Z©, hyw³ev`x I
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•bwZKZv‡K mgvR Drm wbi‡cÿ GKwU ¯vaxb welq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib| myZivs ejv †h‡Z
93
cv‡i, b¨vqciZvi aviYv mgv‡Ri AvwacZ¨kxj †kÖwYi aviYv hv mgv‡Ri ev Íe Ae ’v‡K Avovj
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•bwZKZv ev b¨vqciZv Kxfv‡e wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Zv ¯úó Kivi Rb¨ mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji yRb
cÖfvekvjx `vk©wbK Rb ijm& I ievU bwRK Gi ZË¡ Zz‡j aiv hvq|
94
4.3 ij‡mi b¨vqZ‡Ë¡ AwaKv‡ii aviYv
mv¤úªwZKKv‡j b¨v‡qi me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx gZ n‡jv ij‡mi37
gZ| ijm b¨vq m¤úwK©Z
wPivqZ Dc‡hvMev`x gZev`‡K LÛb K‡ib Ges Kv‡›Ui •bwZK mgZvi aviYvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©
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b¨vq cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e| ijm g‡b K‡ib, hLb mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ A_©‣bwZK ¯^v_© wb‡q Ø›Ø †`Lv hvq
ZLbB b¨v‡qi cÖkœwU Av‡m| GB ؇›Øi wggvsmvi c_ wn‡m‡eB wZwb eÈbg~jK b¨v‡qi K_v
e‡j‡Qb| ij‡mi g‡Z e¨w³i D‡Ïk¨ c~iY Ges DËg Rxeb hvc‡bi Dcvq n‡”Q b¨vq|38
b¨vq
QvovI mgv‡R AviI A‡bK ai‡bi g~j¨‡eva i‡q‡Q| Gme g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv b¨vqwfwËK mgvR
c ÖwZôvi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
ijm g‡b K‡ib, mgv‡Ri e¨vw³eM© b¨qciZvi h_v_© aviYv m¤ú‡K© AÁ| wb‡R‡`i
jvfvjv‡fi aviYv ev e¨w³¯v‡_©i aviYv Zv‡`i GKRb‡K AciRb †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i bv, †Kbbv
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Avjv`v K‡i _v‡K| mgv‡Ri m`m¨iv g‡b K‡i, cÖK…Zc‡ÿ ZvivB mgv‡R b¨vqciZvi aviYvi
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Kivi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³‡K Aek¨B g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, †m evm K‡i my›`i, mvRv‡bv †MvQv‡bv, Ges
wbqgZvwš¿K GKwU mgv‡R| mvgvwRK m¤úK© I mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vcbvi mv‡_ Ggb KZ¸‡jv welq
RwoZ †h¸‡jv b¨vqciZvi aviYvi mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨w³i •bwZK ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| •`bw›`b
Rxe‡b e¨w³ wPšÍv K‡i GKwU wbw ©ó Dcv‡q Ges †mB ej‡qB ‡m AvewZ©Z nq| GLv‡b e¨w³ KvR
K‡i b¨vqciZvi cÖv_wgK bxwZi wfwˇZ| Kv‡RB †h mgv‡R b¨vqciZvi bxwZ cª‡qvM Kiv n‡”Q,
†mLv‡b b¨v‡qi mvaviY aviYv we`¨gvb _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z mgv‡Ri e¨w³eM© wbqgKvbyb m¤ú‡K©
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ch©v‡q †m¸‡jv †g‡b Pj‡Z cv‡i| Avevi mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ GB cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZv
95
_vK‡Z n‡e †h, Zviv mevB ¯vaxb Ges †gvUvgywU GKB •bwZK †PZbvm¤úbœ| Avi Gfv‡eB
Drcvw`Z ªe¨ ev m¤ú‡`i •ea Drm we‡ePbv K‡i eȇbi ga¨‡g RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv m¤¢e|
ijm g‡b K‡ib, G †ÿ‡Î hw` mvaviY RbMY mn‡hvwMZv K‡i Z‡e M„nxZ †h‡Kv‡bv c`‡ÿc ev
eÈbg~jK †h‡Kv‡bv e¨e ’v n‡e wbi‡cÿ I h_v_©|
b¨vqciZvi mvaviY aviYv‡K ijm AwaKv‡ii c×wZMZ aviYvi mv‡_ GK K‡i †`‡Lb|
b¨vqciZv wel‡q Rbmvavi‡Yi gZ n‡jv, b¨v‡qi bxwZ n‡e mvaviY ev mvwe©K, Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨
cÖ‡hvR¨ Ges hvi mvnv‡h¨ mv_©Kfv‡e I me©Rbxbfv‡e mvgvwRK me ai‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv
m¤¢e| Gfv‡e ijm AvB‡bi wKQz †g․wjK bxwZi K_v e‡jb †h¸‡jv mgv‡R mgZv weavb K‡i Ges
me©Rbxb b¨vq wba©viY K‡i| AwaKv‡ii aviYvq e¨w³i †¯^”QvPvwiZvi ‡Kv‡bv ¯’vb †bB Z‡e GLv‡b
e¨w³i B”Qv mev©‡MÖ ¯’vb cvq| Av‡iv wbwðZ K‡i ejv nq †h, e¨w³ Ggwb‡ZB ‡Kv‡bv myweav cv‡e
ev we‡kl ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ we‡kl ‡Kv‡bv myweav cv‡e Ggb ‡Kv‡bve¨e¯’v GLv‡b †bB| Av‡iv
wbw ©ófv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j b¨v‡qi bxwZ‡K hw` mgv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq Zvn‡j mgv‡Ri
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KZ©e¨ Ges †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx Zv‡`i mvgvwRK Ae ’vb wba©vwiZ nq| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î wbqg-
Kvby‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM n‡”Q b¨vqciZvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K| GLv‡b GKB ai‡bi NUbv¸‡jv‡K
GKBfv‡e g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e| mgv‡R we`¨gvb ‣bwZK Av`k©‡KB G‡ÿ‡Î gvb`Û wn‡m‡e MÖnY
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mgv‡Ri e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ wefvRb ‣Zwii †h Dcv`vb Av‡Q Zv hw` mwi‡q †bqv nq Zvn‡j
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mvg_©I _v‡K GKB iKg| ijm g‡b K‡ib, ywU †kÖwY ev †Mvôxi g‡a¨ weZ‡K©i m„wó nq ZLbB
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cÖ‡qvRb-†g․wjK ¯vaxbZv (basic liberties) Ges gyL¨ Dcv`vb (primary goods)|39
96
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Dc‡i Z_v m‡e©v”P ’v‡b i‡q‡Q ivR‣bwZK ¯vaxbZvi aviYv|40
ivR‣bwZK ¯vaxbZvi aviYvB
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97
bv| KviY G‡Z ¯v_© ÿzbœ nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ jw•NZ nIqviI fq _v‡K| ijm g‡b K‡ib, †g․wjK
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b¨v‡qi D³ ywU gvb`‡Ûi g‡a¨ Awbevh© Ø›Ø †`Lv hvq| GB Ø›Ø wggvsmvi Rb¨ ijm e‡jb, Av‡M
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Kiv m¤¢e|
ijm Zuvi b¨vqZ‡Ë¡ b¨v†qi g~jmyÎ Avwe®‥vi Kivi ‡Póv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb b¨v‡qi Ggb m~‡Îi
K_v e‡jb hvi Ici wfwË K‡i mgv‡Ri GKwU cwic~Y© KvVv‡gv `vuo Kiv‡bv m¤¢e| GB g~jbxwZ
n‡e eȇbi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Ges e¨w³ Zvi ev¯Íe Ae¯’vb †_‡K G¸‡jv †g‡b †b‡e| GB ev Íe
Ae ’vb n‡e AwbðqZvi GKwU kZ©| ijm g‡b K‡ib, G‡ÿ‡Î cÖK…Zc‡ÿ ywU bxwZ ¯xK…Z e‡j
we‡ewPZ n‡e| cÖ_gZ: †g․wjK ¯vaxbZvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i mgvb AwaKvi _vK‡Z n‡e Ges
wØZxqZ: mvgvwRK Ges A_©‣bwZK AmgZv‡K Ggbfv‡e †X‡j mvRv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i mevB mgvb
AwaKvi cvq Ges my‡hv‡Mi mgZvi †ÿ‡Î mevB mgvbfv‡e we‡ewPZ nq| ijm e‡jb, bxwZ ywUi
cÖ_gwU‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e|41
Gici wZwb ‡Kv‡bv we‡kl cÖwZôv‡bi KvVv‡gv hvPvB Kivi g‡a¨
w`‡q G g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Zz‡j a‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, e¨w³ G ywU g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ
mvsweavwbK Pzw³i w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| e¨w³eM© hLb we‡kl we‡kl AvBb I bxwZi cÖwZ GKgZ nq
ZLb Zviv wm×všÍ †bq ‡h, †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi msweav‡bi Rb¨B G bxwZ¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvRb| ijm wØZxq
bxwZwUi cÖ_g As‡k hv e‡j‡Qb Zv Øviv wZwb Avm‡j `ÿZvi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b †h
welqwUi cÖ Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡”Q g~L¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi h_vh_ e¨envi Kiv hv‡Z eȇbi †ÿ‡Î
mgZv eRvq _v‡K| GLv‡b ijm Avevi wfbœZvi bxwZi K_v e‡j wKQz AmgZvi welq‡KI ¯xK…wZ
w`‡q‡Qb hv‡Z Aÿg †jv‡Kiv wKQzUv DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡i| ijm e‡jb, wfbœZvi bxwZi †P‡q mgZvi
bxwZwU AMÖvwaKvi cv‡e| wZwb g‡b K‡ib ‡Kv‡bv †g․wjK ¯vaxbZvi aviYv‡K hw` mgeȇbi †ÿ‡Î
me©v‡MÖ ¯’vb †`qv nq Zvn‡j Ab¨vb¨ wKQz wel‡qi †ÿ‡Î Amg eȇbi m¤¢vebv _v‡K hw` welq¸‡jv
98
me©v‡MÖ we‡ewPZ nIqvi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L| GRb¨ eȇbi bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ijm LyeB mveavb
nIqvi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb|
ij‡mi g‡Z, h_v_© b¨vq AR©‡bi Rb¨ e¨w³‡K Zvi wb‡Ri Ae ’v‡b Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e
Ges mgv‡Ri e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mgZv _vK‡Z n‡e|42
¯vaxbZv ej‡Z wZwb ïay GUv
†evSvbwb †h, e¨w³ Zvi wb‡Ri Ae ’v‡b Ab¨ ‡Kv‡bv kw³i Øviv wbqwš¿Z bq eis ‡m mvgvwRK
myweav †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î ¯vaxb I ¯kvwmZ| c~e© wba©vwiZ ‡Kv‡bv •bwZK aviYv Øviv Zviv wb‡Ri
Kv‡Ri ‡ÿ‡Î ev wb‡Ri fv‡jvg›` we‡ePbvi †ÿ‡Î mxgve× bq| ijm e¨w³‡K ¯v_©ev`x wn‡m‡e
†g‡b †bbwb| †Kbbv wZwb g‡b K‡ib, e¨w³ A‡b¨i ÿwZ Kivi cÖ‡Póvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K bv| e¨w³i
GB Ae ’vb‡K ijm ‣bwZK ¯vaxbZv e‡jb Ges GUv‡K Kv‡›Ui kZ©nxb Av‡`‡ki aviYvi g‡Zv
GKB „wófw½‡Z †`‡Lb|
mgZv ej‡Z ijm cÖv_wgKfv‡e ¯vaxbZvi mgZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb, †hLv‡b e¨w³i cÖ_vMZ
AwaKvi Ges mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ mvgvwRK m¤ú‡`i cÖwZ e¨w³i †h․w³K `vwe‡K AšÍfy©³
Kiv nq| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, mgv‡R cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i g~j¨B mgvb Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KB •bwZK ¸Ym¤úbœ|
Kv‡RB mgv‡R mevB‡K GKB gvb`‡Û wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡K mgvb gh©v`vi mv‡_ Ae ’vb
Ki‡e|43
mgZvi G aviYvwU G‡Kev‡i weg~Z© bq| e¨w³i mgZvi aviYv‡K ijm •bwZK mËvi wfwË
wn‡m‡e Dc ’vcb K‡ib| Zvui g‡Z, cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i g‡a¨ fv‡jvi GKUv aviYv Av‡Q A_©vr e¨w³i
‡Kv‡bv PvIqv¸‡jv b¨vh¨ †m wel‡q †m m‡PZb| Avevi e¨w³i g‡a¨ b¨qciZvi GKwU w`K i‡q‡Q
A_©vr wbi‡cÿ mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i cÖwZ Zvi wek¦vm Av‡Q| Gw`K †_‡K ejv hvq •bwZK ¸Ym¤úbœ
e¨w³ wn‡m‡e ¯xK…Z nIqvi Rb¨ e¨w³i †h cwigvY •bwZK ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K Zv wb‡Ri g‡a¨
Av‡Q e‡j hviv wek¦vm K‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi mgZvi aviYv Av‡Q|
mvaviYZ mgv‡R ci®úiwe‡ivax ¯v_© _vK‡j †mLv‡b b¨v‡qi cÖkœ I‡V | hw` cvi®úwiK
¯v‡_©i g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ _v‡K Zvn‡j b¨v‡qi cÖkœ I‡V bv| ZvB ijm mvgvwRK Pzw³i gva¨‡g GB
cvi®úwiK ¯v‡_©i we‡ivwaZv ~i Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb| Pzw³Kvjxb mg‡q e¨w³i Ae ’vb‡K wZwb
•bwZK I †e․w×K mËv e‡j‡Qb| e¨w³ GLv‡b ga¨ ÍZvKvixi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| e¨w³ cwiPvwjZ
nq †h․w³K „wófw½i Øviv Ges b¨vqciZvi bxwZi wfwˇZ| ijm e‡jb, mewKQz mgvbfv‡e eÈb
99
Ki‡j †h †ewk KvR K‡i †m ÿwZMÖ ’ nq| d‡j †m AvMÖn nvwi‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i| Avevi hviv
kvixwiKfv‡e Aÿg ZvivI Kg KvR K‡i| Gme mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †ÿ‡Î ijm wfbœZvi bxwZi K_v
e‡jb, GB bxwZ Abyhvqx Kg Drcv`b ÿgZvm¤úbœ †jv‡KivI hv‡Z me©vwaK myweav †c‡Z cv‡i,
ivóªxqfv‡e †m e¨e ’v Ki‡Z n‡e|44
GLv‡b Pyw³i †ÿ‡Î e¨w³ m¤¢ve¨ ÿwZi e¨cv‡i m‡PZb _v‡K
Ges Zv ‡_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv Kivi e¨vcv‡iI m‡Pó _v‡K| d‡j Zv‡`i fwel¨r wbivcËv wb‡qI
Zv‡`i k¼vq _vK‡Z nq bv| Dc‡hvMev`x bxwZ45
Abyhvqx g~L¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K me©vwaK jv‡fi
w`K we‡ePbv K‡i eÈb Kiv nq| wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi Amyweavi m„wó nq| cÖv_wgK Dcv`v‡bi
eȇbi †ÿ‡Î Dc‡hvwMZvi bxwZ wba©viY Kivi †ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi SuywK †_‡K hvq| GgZve¯’vq
AvKw®§Kfv‡e g›` fv‡M¨i Ae ’vq cwZZ nIqvi Av‡M eȇbi †ÿ‡Î m‡PZb nIqvB fv‡jv| Avi
ZvQvov Dc‡hvMev‡`i †ÿ‡Î msL¨vjNyi ¯v_© jw•NZ nq| ZvB ijm me©vwaK Dc‡hvwMZvi
gZev`‡K MÖnY K‡ibwb| wZwb Gme mgm¨vi GK ai‡bi mgZvev`x mgvavb w`‡q‡Qb| mgv‡Ri
m‡PZb e¨w³eM© KLbB Zv‡`i Ae ’v‡bi AmgZv‡K †g‡b †b‡e bv| †Kbbv Zviv Hme we‡kl
Ae ’vq ‡Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvI Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges cÖK…Zc‡ÿ mgvbI n‡Z cvi‡e bv| GLv‡b †h
ïay •ea AwaKv‡iiB mgZv `iKvi Zv bq, e¨w³i Af¨šÍixY `ÿZvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿvMZ I
e¯‘MZ Dcv`v‡biI `iKvi Av‡Q| Gi A_© GB bq †h, mgv‡R kyay me‡P‡q †hvM¨‡`i‡KB
mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖwZwôZ Kiv n‡e| Gi Rb¨ `iKvi MÖnY‡hvM¨ `ÿZvi|
ij‡mi jÿ¨ wQj, mgv‡R b¨v‡qi f~wgKv Dcjw× Ges Gi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv e„w×i Rb¨ GKUv
c×wZi cÖPjb Kiv| G c×wZwU n‡e D`vi‣bwZK MYZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri ivRbxwZi cÖwZiƒc| G¨vWvg
w¯§‡_i ÒAv`k© ch©‡eÿ‡Ki ZË¡Ó A_ev Kv‡›Ui Òme©RbxbZv Z‡Ë¡iÓ46
g‡a¨ mgv‡R e¨w³‡K
mvgwMÖK wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j ijm g‡b K‡ib| ijm e¨w³i ¯Zš¿ myL I ¯vaxbZvi
K_v e‡j‡Qb, mgwóMZ myL I ¯^vaxbZvi K_v e‡jbwb| GRb¨ wZwb †h c×wZi K_v e‡jb Zv w¯§_
Ges Kv‡›Ui Z‡Ë¡ †h weK‡íi K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi †_‡K wfbœagx© Ges AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨|
†Kbbv ijm g‡b K‡ib, mgv‡R AMÖvwaKvi, my‡hvM ev cÖvc¨Zv wb‡q hLb Ø›Ø †`Lv hvq ZLb
mvgvwRK Pvwn`vi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L wKQz mgwšZ bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv `iKvi nq| Gme bxwZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi
gva¨‡gB me ai‡bi eÈbg~jK mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| KviY Gme bxwZi AwaKviMZ GKUv
me©Rbxb gvb`Û Av‡Q| GRb¨ ijm g‡b K‡ib, Zuvi gZev` Dc‡hvev‡`i GKwU DbœZZi weKí
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e|
100
ij‡mi jÿ¨ wQj b¨v‡qi Ggb GKwU aviYvi cÖeZ©b Kiv †hwU me©Rbxbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ Ges
jK I iæ‡kvi47
mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i GKwU DbœZZi i~c| wZwb g‡b K‡ib GRb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K
‡Kv‡bv GKwU wbw ©ó mgv‡Ri ‡Kv‡bv Pzw³‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e bv| Avgv‡`i‡K †hUv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv
n‡jv Pzw³i †ÿ‡Î b¨vqciZvi bxwZ‡K mgv‡Ri †g․wjK AeKvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GB
bxwZ Abyhvqx ¯vaxb I m‡PZb e¨w³eM© wb‡R‡`i ¯v_© m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ges mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e
Zviv mgZvi mvgwqK aviYv‡K †g‡b †b‡e| Pzw³i †ÿ‡Î evievi GB bxwZ¸‡jvB Avm‡e| GB bxwZ
¸‡jvB mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i bxwZ wba©viY K‡i Ges ‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi miKvi e¨e ’v cÖwZôv Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i Zv wb‡ ©k K‡i| b¨vqciZvi bxwZ‡K Gfv‡e MÖnY Kivi Ges ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qvM Kivi welqwU‡KB
ijm ¯”QZvi bxwZ wn‡m‡e b¨vqciZv e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
GLb Avgv‡`i †`L‡Z n‡e, hviv mvgvwRK cUf~wg‡Z ‡h․_fv‡e ‡Kv‡bv Kv‡R AskMÖnY
K‡i Zv‡`i †ÿ‡Î ‡Kv‡bv bxwZ¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i †g․wjK AwaKvi Ges KZ©e¨ wba©viY Kiv n‡e
Ges mvgvwRKfv‡e Drcvw`Z ª‡e¨i †ÿ‡Î eȇbi bxwZB ev wK n‡e| mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i Av‡MB
wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e †h, Ab¨‡`i Zzjbvq wb‡R‡`i `vwe‡K ev cÖvwßi AwaKvi‡K Zviv wKfv‡e wba©viY
K‡i‡e Avi mgv‡Ri †g․wjK AvKviB ev wK n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³‡KB †hgb †h․w³Kfv‡e wm×všÍ
wb‡Z n‡e †h, ‡Kv‡bv ‡Kv‡bv welq¸‡jv Zvi Rb¨ fv‡jv, ‡Zgwbfv‡e mgwóMZfv‡e mevi Rb¨
†KvbwU b¨vq Ges †KvbwU Ab¨vq Zv mevB wg‡jB wVK Ki‡e| †h․w³K „wófw½m¤úbœ e¨w³iv
wgwjZfv‡e mgZv Ges ¯vaxbZvi Ae¯’&vb †_‡K bxwZ wba©viY Ki‡e Ges Zviv a‡i †b‡e †h Zv‡`i
wba©vwiZ bxwZ‡ZB eÈb mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e| Avi Zv hw` nq Z‡e †mUvB n‡e b¨v‡qi bxwZ|
ijm g‡b K‡ib, ¯”QZvi gvb`Û wnmv‡e b¨vqciZvi aviYv ïiæ nq me©Rbxb
MÖnY†hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ|48
A_©vr b¨vqciZvi aviYvi cÖv_wgK bxwZi wfwˇZB cieZx© me ai‡bi
Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Ges †h‡Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb ev msMV‡bi c~YM©V‡bi KvR Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Zvici
b¨vqciZvi mywbw ©ó GKUv aviYv wba©viY K‡i Zvi wfwˇZ msweavb MVb, ivóªxqfv‡e AvBb
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ AvBb cÖYqb Ges GB ai‡bi hveZxq KvR Kiv nq|
ijm •bwZKZv‡K gvbweK A‡_© MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zuvi b¨vqZ‡Ë¡ e¨w³i AwaKvi‡K
AšÍfz©³ K‡i‡Qb| AwaKvi cÖZ¨qwU Øviv wZwb bvMwiK AwaKvi‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| Z‡e wZwb bvMwiK
101
AwaKv‡ii †P‡q gvbevwaKv‡ii welqwU‡K AwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| ij‡mi wPšÍv-†PZbv H mg Í
Rbmgw÷‡K †K› ª K‡i M‡o I‡V‡Q hviv ivR‣bwZK mgvR cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| AwaKv‡ii †h GKUv
me©RbxbZv Av‡Q †mUv wZwb ¯úó K‡i‡Qb| AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, mKj AvaywbK
iv‡óªi bvMwiK‡`iB h_v_© AwaKvi †fvM Kiv DwPZ| ijm g‡b K‡ib, AwaKvi, KZ©e¨, cQ›` I
†hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZB h_v_© ‣bwZK mgv‡R e¨w³i Ae ’vb wba©vwiZ nq|49
‣bwZK gvbweK AwaKvi
‡Kv‡bv mvaviY welq bq| GwU gvbeZvi Rb¨ me©Rbxb|
ijm e¨w³ ¯vaxbZvi welqwU‡K GKwU •bwZK welq wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb| ¯vaxbZvi aviYvwU‡K
wZwb ywU fv‡M fvM K‡i †`Lvb| cÖ_gfv‡M ¯vaxbZv ej‡Z wZwb mgv‡R e¨w³i Ae ’v‡bi
¯vaxbZv‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| Avi wØZxqfv‡M ¯vaxbZv ej‡Z wZwb eywS‡q‡Qb mvgvwRK myweav †fv‡Mi
w`KwU‡K|50
ijm g‡b K‡ib, e¨w³ hLb Zvi wbR D‡Ïk¨‡K wbwe©‡Nœ AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e ZLb †m
Ae ’vUvB n‡e ¯vaxbZvi Ae ’v| ¯vaxbZv cÖZ¨qwU‡K wZwb we‡klfv‡e †g․wjK ¯vaxbZv A‡_©
e¨envi K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, †g․wjK ¯vaxbZvi Ae ’vb e¨w³ ¯vaxbZv, e¨w³MZ m¤úwË Ges
AvBbMZ †h ‡Kv‡bv aviYvi D‡aŸ©| e¨w³ ¯vaxbZv iÿvi Rb¨ †h MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi `iKvi nq
Zvi Ici †g․wjK ¯vaxbZvi aviYv weivRgvb| ijm g‡b K‡ib, mgv‡R h_v_© A‡_© b¨vq cÖwZôvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i me †ÿ‡Î mgvb ¯vaxbZv †fvM Kiv DwPZ Ges †g․wjK ¯vaxbZvi gZ
welq¸‡jv mgvbfv‡e eÈb Kiv DwPZ|
ijm cuywRev`x A_©‣bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K †h․w³K g‡b K‡ib| wZwb †h b¨vqwfwËK mgvR
cÖwZôvi K_v e‡jb Zvi †h‡Kv‡bv mxgve×Zv‡K wZwb cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vi gvb`Û ØvivB wePvi Kivi
K_v e‡jb| ijm b¨vqwfwËK mgv‡Ri †h g‡W‡ji K_v e‡jb Zv n‡jv GKwU mvsweavwbK MYZš¿,
†hLv‡b miKvi GKwU wbw ©ó Dcv‡q gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib
evRvi‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK ivLvi Rb¨ hw` AvBb Ges miKvi h_vh_fv‡e KvR K‡i, Drcv`‡bi
Drm‡K mwVKfv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq, m¤ú` Ges Drcvw`Z ªe¨ hw` mg‡q mg‡q mwVKfv‡e ew›UZ
nq, mvgvwRK m¤úK© b~¨bZg m‡šÍvlRbK Ae ’v‡b _v‡K Ges my‡hv‡Mi mgZv weivR K‡i Zvn‡j
†mLv‡b M„nxZ eÈb e¨e ’v‡K ejv nq b¨vqwfwËK eÈb| ijm g‡b K‡ib, †h ‡Kv‡bv cyuwRev`x
102
mgvR Aek¨B †kÖwYwfwËK mgvR n‡e Ges Giƒc mgv‡R Av‡qi AmgZv GKwU Awbevh© welq|
Kv‡RB Giƒc mgv‡R mgZv weav‡bi Rb¨ ÿwZc~i‡Yi e¨e ’v _vK‡Z n‡e|51
ÿwZc~iY ej‡Z wZwb
eywS‡q‡Qb mgv‡Ri Kg Drcv`bm¤úbœ †jv‡KivI hv‡Z me©vwaK myweav †c‡Z cv‡i, ivóªxqfv‡e †m
e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡Kbbv Gi gva¨‡g ‡evSv‡Z Pvb, G RvZxq AwaKvi ev Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡ cÖavbZ
miKv‡ii| wKš‘ Kj¨vYgyLx mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wnmv‡e e¨w³I Zvi `vq Gov‡Z cv‡ibv| wZwb g‡b
K‡ib Kj¨vYgyLx mgv‡R ÿwZc~i‡Yi G e¨e ’v Aek¨B ¯í cwigv‡Y ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri
mKj‡K m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv, ÿwZc~i‡Yi G e¨e ’v cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve‡K ÿwZMÖ ’ Ki‡Z
cv‡i| wKš‘ G e¨e ’vi nvZ †_‡K Avgv‡`i †invB †bB, †Kbbv hviv cÖK…wZKfv‡e ye©j ev
kvixwiKfv‡e Aÿg Zviv eȇbi mgq Kg †c‡j AvMÖn nvwi‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i| ij‡mi g‡Z,
ZviciI †mLvbKvi Ae ’vUv Ggb n‡e †h, mgv‡Ri GKwU †kÖwb wbwðZfv‡eB Ab¨‡`i Zzjbvq
GwM‡q _vK‡e ev fvj Ae ’v‡b _vK‡e|
eÈbg~jK b¨vq m¤úwK©Z ij‡mi gZev`wU mv¤úªwZKKv‡j GKwU hyMvšÍKvix gZev` wn‡m‡e
cwiMwYZ nq| ijm Dc‡hvMev`x gZev`‡K we‡kølY K‡i GKwU weKí •bwZK gZev` cÖwZwôZ
K‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡bi cÖavb m`¸Y n‡jv b¨vq Ges Gi gyL¨ KvR
ªe¨mvgMÖxi eȇbi mgZv wbwðZ n‡j gvbevwaKviI cÖwZwôZ n‡e| ‡Kbbv Avq, ¯vaxbZv I
mgZvi bxwZ gvbevwaKv‡ii ywU MyiæZ¡c~Y© wb‡ ©kK| ij‡mi b¨v‡qi aviYv ¯vaxbZv I mgZvi
bxwZi Ici cÖwZwôZ| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, gyL¨ ªe¨mvgMÖx †h‡nZz mxwgZ, †m‡nZz †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx
†m¸‡jv eȇbi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| Z uuvi g‡Z D`vi‣bwZK MYZvwš¿K mgvRB h_v_© mgvR †hLv‡b
b¨vq cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e|
Rb ijm mvgvwRK ‣elg¨ ev AmgZv‡K mvgvwRK msK‡Ui g~j KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z
mÿg nb Ges mvgvwRK msKU wbim‡b Avq I m¤ú‡`i mgZvwfwËK eȇbi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc
K‡ib| Zuvi wPšÍv‡ZB ¯vaxbZv, gvbweKZv I gvbweK gyw³i •bwZKZvi aviYv wbwnZi‡q‡Q| ijm
GKRb D`viZvev`x Ges wZwb D`vi‣bwZK MYZvwš¿K mgv‡R ms¯‥v‡ii ga¨‡g Avq Ges m¤ú‡`i
mgeȇb wek¦vmx| ijm †h mgZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv •bwZK mgZvi aviYvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
Gfv‡e ij‡mi gZev` mvgvwRK ev A_©‣bwZK Ges •bwZK w`K †_‡K gvbevwaKv‡ii wfwˇK my „p
K‡i| Av¨vÛz †nBW ijm‡mi b¨vqwePv‡ii ZË¡‡K wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cieZ©xKv‡j ivóª`k©‡bi Bs‡iwR
fv‡l¨i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|52
gvk©vj ‡Kv‡nb ijm Gi ZË¡‡K Rb ÷zqvU©
103
wg‡ji ci msMwVZ ivóª`k©‡bi †P‡q Mfxi Ae`vb wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡ib|53
ievU© bwR‡Ki
Anarchy , State, Utopia (1974) MÖ‡š’ ijm-Gi b¨vqwePv‡ii fvebv‡K Avµgb K‡i
e‡j‡Qb, iv‡óªi KvR m¤ú‡`i eÈb bq, e¨w³i m¤úwˇK iÿv Kiv| ij†mi mvg¨ev`x D`vibxwZi
cwie‡Z© wZwb †ck K‡ib ¯vaxbZvev`x D`vibxwZ|
104
4.4 ievU© bwR‡Ki AwaKvi ZË¡
ivóªwPšÍvi AvaywbK c‡e©i BwZnv‡m GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvg ievU© bwRK| A¨vÛªy †nBW
bwRK‡K avivevwnK ¯vaxbZvev`x (Consistent Liberatarian) e‡j MY¨ K‡ib|54 gy³evRvi
Z‡Ë¡i cÖ_g I cÖavb cÖe³v GWvg w¯§_ aªæc`x D`vi A_©bxwZi †h `wjj †ck K‡iwQ‡jb Aóv`k
kZvãxi †klfv‡M, Zv‡K Avevi wesk kZvãxi wØZxqv‡a© wdwi‡q G‡b‡Qb be¨ D`viZvev`x
`wÿbcš’x55
ZvwË¡K e‡j cwiwPZ GK`j †jLK| gvwK©b cwÛZ I ivóª`vk©wbK ievU© bwRK Zvi
Anarchy, State and Utopia MÖ‡š’ A¨vWvg w¯§_ I jK-Gi ZË¡‡K mvg‡b †i‡L e¨w³MZ
m¤úwËi c‡ÿ Ges b~¨bZg ivóªxq n ͇ÿ‡ci c‡ÿ †Rviv‡jv hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡ib| bwRK e¨w³i
AwaKvi mgybœZ Ki‡Z †h e³e¨ †ck K‡ib Zv Rb ij‡mi Gi g‡Zv D`viZvev`x b¨qZË¡ wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ|
ievU© bwRK g‡b K‡ib, ijm †h b¨vqZË¡‡K †ck K‡i‡Qb A_©¨vr b¨vq‡ev‡ai Kv›Uxq
fvebv‡K hy‡Mi Dc‡hvMx K‡i mvsweavwbK ivóªZ‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g eÈb e¨e¯’v‡K cÖPvi K‡ib, b¨v‡qi
A_© wVK Zv bq| Zuvi g‡Z, b¨vq n‡jv gvby‡li wbR¯ gvwjKvbvi AwaKv‡ii gh©v`v, m¤úwËi
AwaKvi‡K ¯xK…wZ `vb, gvbyl‡K wb‡Ri welq wb‡R‡KB w¯’i Kivi AwaKvi `vb| mr Dcv‡q AwR©Z
m¤úwËi Ici e¨w³i AwaKvi b¨vqmsMZ| e¨w³ hw` DËivwaKvim~‡Î ev n ÍvšÍi cÖwµqvq m¤úwË
jvf K‡i Z‡e †mB m¤úwËi IciI Zvi AwaKvi _vK‡e| e¨w³ hw` G AwaKvi b¨vqfv‡e µq
K‡i ev Zvi nv‡Z G AwaKvi hw` b¨vh¨fv‡e n ÍvšÍwiZ nq, Z‡e G AwaKv‡ii ‣eaZv wb‡q †Kv‡bv
cÖkœ †bB|
e¨w³ ¯vaxbZvi cwicš’x evovevwo iK‡gi n¯Í‡ÿc‡K wZwb Ab¨vq g‡b K‡ib| wZwb Pvb
ÔAwZ ÿz ªÕ ivóª (minimal state)| e¨w³ Qvov Avi ‡Kv‡bv mvgvwRK ev ivR‣bwZK mËvq wZwb
wek¦vmx bb| e¨w³Rxeb ev e¨w³ Qvov Avi ‡Kv‡bv mvgvwRK AMÖvwaKvi _vK‡Z cv‡i e‡j wZwb g‡b
K‡ib bv| e¨w³¯vaxbZv‡K myiwÿZ Ki‡ZB ivóª _vK‡e| iv‡óªi KvR n‡jv bvbvfv‡e AwR©Z I
cÖvß •ea m¤úwˇK iÿv Kiv| ivóª n‡e myiÿv`vb ms ’v (Protective Agency)| gvbyl wb‡RB
Zvi ¯vaxbZvi KZ©v| gvby‡li GB ¯vaxbZvq n ͇ÿc Kiv iv‡óªi KvR bq| ivóª GB ¯vaxbZvi
Ici ej cÖ‡qvM ev GB ¯vaxbZvi cÖZviYv †_‡K gvbyl‡K myiwÿZ ivL‡e| ivóª‡K wZwb AviI
¯úófv‡e e‡jb, dominant protective agency| A_©vr e¨w³i myiÿvi Rb¨ hv hv
105
`iKviÑe¨w³‡K iÿv Kiv, iÿvg~jK cwi‡mev †`Iqv, myiÿvi bxwZ‡K ejer KivÑ G KvR¸‡jv
ivóª Ki‡e|
iv‡óªi •eaZv bwRK †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb GB Kvi‡Y †h, ivóª e¨w³‡K b¨vh¨ hv Zv †c‡Z mvnvh¨
Ki‡e, cÖvß b¨vh¨ AwaKvi‡K iÿv Ki‡e Ges AwaKv‡ii jsNbKvix‡`i kvw Í †`‡e| j‡Ki g‡Zv
wZwbI e‡jb, gvbylB ivóª‡K ÿgZv w`‡q‡Q| iv‡óªi KvR n‡jv Zvi m`m¨‡K †µZvi gb¯ÍË¡ w`‡qB
wePvi Kiv| iv‡óªi m`m¨ †µZvi Kv‡Q ivóª GKwU •ea myiÿv mwgwZi g‡Zv| ivóª hw` GB myiÿv
w`‡Z bv cv‡i †µZviƒcx m`m¨ Ab¨ ms ’vi w`‡K SuyK‡Z cv‡i- GB gb¯ÍË¡ wePvi K‡iB ivóª Zvi
m`m¨‡`i Pvwn`v I `vwe m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vK‡e| iv‡óªi KvR Ab¨vb¨ ms ’vi m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
K‡iB †µZv m`m¨‡`i wek¦vm Drcv`b Kiv I wb‡Ri •eaZv‡K cÖgvY Kiv|
bwRK j‡Ki Gi wPšÍvi m~Î a‡iB e‡j‡Qb, gvbyl cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ †h AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Zv
ivóª AwaKvi‡K mywbwðZ Ki‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ G ivóª nem-Gi Leviathan– Gi gZ wbi¼zk
ÿgZvevb KL‡bvB n‡e bv, GgbwK j‡Ki Gi g‡Zv mxwgZ MYZvwš¿K ivóªI bq| bwRK †P‡q‡Qb
GK gy³evRvi, †hLv‡b ivóª n‡e GK myiÿv mwgwZi g‡Zv| gvbyl myiÿv mwgwZiƒcx GB ivóª‡K
†e‡Q wb‡q‡Q, KviY Ab¨vb¨ ms ’v ev e¨w³i nvZ †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z ivóªB AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
bwRK iv‡óªi Kv‡Q myiÿv cvIqvwU gvby‡li †fvM¨e ‘ wn‡m‡eB †`‡Lb|
bwRK g‡b K‡ib, cÖZ¨KwU mwgwZB Pvq Zvi †µZv ev †fv³vi ¯v_©‡K myiwÿZ Ki‡Z|
Kxfv‡e ev KZUv myiÿv GB mwgwZ¸‡jv Zvi †fv³v‡K †`‡e G wb‡q myiÿv mwgwZ¸‡jv ci®ú‡ii
m‡½ we‡ivwaZvq Rwo‡q c‡o, Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ga¨ ÍZvi cÖ‡kœ Av‡M †_‡KB
†evSvcov nq| GgbI †`Lv hvq G me msMV‡bi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ev ga¨ ÍZvi fvebv cwiZ¨vM
K‡i ‡Kv‡bv ‡Kv‡bv msMVb wb‡Ri kw³‡ZB ‡Kv‡bv GKwU GjvKv ev A‡j Zvi †kÖôZ¡ cÖgvY K‡i
I eRvq iv‡L| ivóª GB myiÿv mwgwZi jÿY wb‡qB e¨w³i KvQvKvwQ Avm‡Z Pvq, wKš‘ Zvi
Ae ’vb e¨w³i †_‡K A‡bK ~‡i| e¨w³ Gi m`m¨ n‡Z eva¨ bq| ivóªI e¨w³‡K †Rvi K‡i Gi
m`m¨ Ki‡e bv| ivóª Ab¨vb¨ myiÿv mwgwZ¸‡jvi g‡ZvB e¨w³‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq myiÿv w`‡e A_P Zvi
AwaKvi niY Ki‡e bv| bwRK e‡jb, ivóª ev Ab¨vb¨ †kªô myiÿv mwgwZ¸‡jv e¨w³i AwaKvi
ejc~e©K niY Ki‡j e¨w³‡K Zvi ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e| bwRK †h ÔUtopia’i mÜvb †`b †mLv‡b
106
‣bivR¨ †bB| ivóª Av‡Q, wKš‘ Zvi Aw¯ÍË¡ wbqš¿Y I k„•Ljvi kw³ wn‡m‡e bq, mvnvh¨Kvix GK
myiÿv mwgwZ wn‡m‡e| cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨i ¯Zù~Z©Zv, ¯vaxbZv I AvZ¥iÿvi Ae ’v‡K bZzb hy‡M
Aÿzbœ ivL‡Z †P‡q‡Qb wZwb| bwRK b~¨bZg iv‡ói K_v e‡jb Ges Zv AwZ b~¨bZg (Ultra-
minimal) hv myiÿv †`‡e, wKš‘ cxob Ki‡e bv| bwRK GLv‡b †h iv‡R¨i K_v, RM‡Zi K_v
fv‡eb †m RMr m¤ú~Y© ¯vaxb gvby‡li RMr, †h gvbyl cÖK…wZMZ fv‡e wKQz †`Iqv-†bIqv K‡ibv ev
‡Kv‡bv AwaKvi eÈb e¨e¯’vi kwiK bq| bwRK-Gi GB ZË¡ b¨v‡qi ¯Z¡ZË¡ (entitlement
theory of justice) wn‡m‡e cwiYwZ jvf K‡i|
bwRK †h ÔUtopia’ Zz‡j a‡ib Zv‡Z wg‡ji g‡Zv DbœZ gvbweK e¨w³Z¡ ‡Luv‡Rb| wZwb
†P‡q‡Qb †mB ivR¨ Mo‡Z †hLv‡b gvbyl wewPÎ Rxeb-RxweKv cÖYvjxi m‡½ Af¨¯Í, †hLv‡b gy³
gvby‡li m„Rbkxj Kíbvkw³ cÖvavb¨ cv‡e| wZwb †P‡q‡Qb gvby‡li ZvrÿwbK Av‡eM ev Abyf~wZ
Øviv cwiPvwjZ bv n‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡e hv mwVK Rxe‡bi c‡ÿ hyw³hy³ (Zvi wb‡Ri Ges Ac‡ii
Rb¨) c_ AbymiY Kiv| gvbyl‡K GB Rxe‡b Af¨ Í nevi Rb¨ mvg_© AR©b K‡i †h‡Z n‡e| Z‡e
Kxfv‡e †m GB mvg_© AR©b Ki‡e Zv wZwb ¯úó K‡ibwb| wZwb wb‡RB wnZev`x my‡Li aviYv †Q‡o
A_©c~Y© Rxe‡bi K_v e‡jb wKš‘ GB A_©c~Y© Rxe‡bi mÜvb Kxfv‡e m¤¢e Zvi w`Kwb‡ ©kbv cvIqv
hvq bv| †fvMev`x mgv‡R, A „k¨ evRvi Øviv cwiPvwjZ mgv‡R fv‡jv gvbyl Movi ¯cœ KZUv
ev¯Í‡ei m‡½ msMwZc~Y© GUv e¨vL¨v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
ievU© bwR‡Ki Z‡Ë¡ aªæc`x D`vi avivi c~bev©mb N‡U‡Q GK_v ejv n‡jI wZwb †h jK ev
wgj Gi HwZn¨‡K cy‡ivcywi MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Zv ejv hvq bv| nv‡qK Qvov Z uvi by¨bZg iv‡óªi fvebv
†e․w×K gn‡j weivU mvov †d‡jwQj Zv bq| Zuvi BD‡ivwcqvb „wó D`viZvev`x‡`i Ab¨vb¨ aviv‡K
cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q e‡j g‡b nq bv|
W. AgZ©¨ †mb, ievU© bwR‡Ki ZË¡‡K ¯vaxbZv‡PZv Z‡Ë¡i Av‡iv mij ms¯‥iY e‡jb|
bwR‡Ki mvaviY hyw³i m‡½ Zvui we‡kl e¨wZµ‡gi aviYv (hv‡K wZwb me©bvkx •bwZK wefxwlKv
e‡j‡Qb ) wVK †g‡jbv| W. †mb Gi g‡Z, ¯vaxb‡PZvi AwaKvi‡K webvk‡Z© AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv
mgm¨vmsKzj, KviY ¯Ë¡vwaKvi¸‡jvi cÖPjb eo iK‡gi wech©‡qi m¤¢ve¨Zv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
g„Zz¨i m¤¢vebv cwinvi, fv‡jv cywó I ¯^v¯’ jvf, ¯vÿiZv-Gme ev Íe ¯vaxbZv Gi Øviv AvNvZcÖvß
n‡Z cv‡i|56
107
Z_¨ wb‡`©k
1. Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z Bgvby‡qj Kv›U cÖK…wZev`x ‣bwZKZv I ga¨hyMxq Hk¦wiK ‣bwZKZvi
we‡ivwaZv K‡i weï× eyw×i Ici ‣bwZKZv‡K `vuo Kivb| wZwb gvbyl‡K Dcvq ev gva¨g
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi weiæ‡× †Rviv‡jv hyw³ †`b| Ôgvbyl wb‡RB wb‡Ri D‡Ïk¨, KL‡bvB
Dcvq bqÕ Kv›U GB hyw³i gva¨‡g D`vi‣bwZKZvi wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib| ªóe¨t Galvano
Della Volpe, Roussean and Marx, (London: Lawrence and Wishart,
1987), p.78.
2. I. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, Trans, J.M.D. Mieklejohn, (London:
Everyman’s Library.1943), p.25-26 & 30-32.
3. ‡kL Ave yj Iqvnve, Kv‡›Ui bxwZ`k©b, (XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, 1982), c„.136-137.
4. ‡kL Ave yj Iqvnve, wesk kZvãxi bxwZ`k©b, (evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, 1986), c„. 1.
5. D.D. Raphael, Problems of Political Philosophy, (London: Macmillan and
Co., Ltd. 1970), p.165.
6. J. Hospers, Human Conduct, (New York: Harcourt, Brace World, Inc.
1961), p. 416.
7. I. Kant, Lectures on Ethics, (Cambridge University Press, U K, 2015),
p.42.
8. Ibid. p. 44.
9. G. J. Warnock, Contemporary Moral Philosophy (London: Macmillan Co.
Ltd., 1967), p. 55- 61.
10. KZ©e¨ev`x Kv›Ucš’xiv gvbe g½j‡K •bwZK welq e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv| Aciw`‡K, KzU© †eqvi,
KvB bxjmb, gvbe g½j‡K •bwZKZvi cÖvY‡K› ª e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
11. †`Lyb, W. K. Frankena, Ethics, PP. 113, 114 Ges †kL Ave`yj Iqvne, wesk
kZvãxi bxwZ`k©b, (evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, 1986), c„, 388-389.
12. Kurt Baier, “Why Should We Be Moral?”, Choice and Action, Charles L.
Reid (ed), (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1981), p.20.
108
13. John Rawls, “Ethics and Social Justice”, Great Traditions in Ethics, 5th
ed., Ethel M. Albert et. Al. (eds.), (Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing
Company, 1984), p.367.
14. Charles L. Reid, “Ethics, Society and Individuals”, Choice and Action, p.
14.
15. Hudson, W. D., Modern Moral Philosophy, (London: The Macmillan
Press Ltd, 1981), p.278.
16. D. Henry, Aiken (ed) Hume’s Moral and Political Philosophy, (New York:
Hafner Publishing Company, 1984), p. 185.
17. Hayek, F, The Constitution of Liberty (Routledge and Kegan Paul,
1960), p, 63.
18. †cø‡Uvi wicvewjK, mi`vi dRjyj Kwig Ab~w`Z, (XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv, 1998), c„.
206.
19. cÖv¸³, c„. 223.
20. R. H. S. Crossman, Plato Today, (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd,
1963), p. 84.
21. F. M. Volkov (eds), Ethics, (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1989), P.11.
22. ‡cø‡Uvi wicvewjK, c„. 224.
23. Gwi÷U‡ji cwjwUKm, Abyev`, mi`vi dRjyj Kwig, (XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq MÖš’ ms ’v, 1983),
c„. 13.
24. cÖv¸³, c„. 14.
25. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Trans, Trence Irwing, (Indiana: Hackett
Publishing Company Inc. 1985), p. 119.
26. Ibid, p. 118.
27. Gwi÷U‡ji cwjwUKm, Abyev`, mi`vi dRjyj Kwig, (XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq MÖš’ ms ’v, XvKv,
1983), c„. 134.
109
28. I. Kant, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, (Trans.)
T. K. Abbott , London;Longmans,1962, p.39.
29. Galvano Della Volpe, Rousseau and Marx, (London: Lawrence and
Wishart, 1987), p. 78.
30. Kv‡›Ui bxwZ`k©b, †kL Ave`yj Iqvnve Ab~w`Z, c„. 220.
31. G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of History, (Chicago: William Benton
Publisher, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), Vol. 46, p. 156-157.
32. G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right, Trans, T. M. Knox, (Chicago:
William Benton Publisher, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), Vol. 46,
p. 9 .
33. Ibid, p. 23.
34. Ibid, p. 80.
35. Marcuse, H., Reason and Revolution, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1986), p. 189.
36. Kvj© gvK©m, cyuwR, LÛ- 1, Ask-1 (g‡¯‥v: cÖMwZ cÖKvkb, 1988), c„. 851.
37. Rb ijm b¨vqciZvi cÖm½wU‡K †Kej mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ e‡j we‡ePbv
K‡ib| wZwb b¨vqciZvi aviYv‡K mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ GKUv fvimvg¨ iÿvi welq wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb|
b¨vqciZvi cÖm½wUi mv‡_ mgv‡R emevmKvix‡`i m¤ú‡K©i welqwU P‡j Av‡m| †`Lyb, John
Rawls, “Ethics and Social Justice” Great Traditions in Ethics, 5th ed.,
Ethel M. Albert et al (eds) (Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company,
1984), p.367.
38. Rawls: “Distributive Justice” in Peter Laslett and W.G. Runciman (ed.)
Philosophy, Politics and Society (III Series) (Oxford, 1967), p.61|
39. Tom Campbell, Justice, (Houndmills: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1988),
p.78.
40. Idid., p.80.
110
41. Ibid., p. 79.
42. Ibid., p. 75.
43. T. Campbell, Justice, p. 75.
44. Ibid., p. 81.
45. Dc‡hvMev` Abyhvqx, †h KvR me©vwaK †jv‡Ki me©vwaK cwigv‡Y myL Drcv`‡b Dc‡hvMx †m
KvR fv‡jv, Avi †h KvR Z`yc‡hvMx bq †m KvR g›`| GB gZev` Abymv‡i Kv‡Ri
Dc‡hvwMZv wePvi K‡i Zvi ‣bwZK g~j¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| Dc‡hvMev`x bxwZ Abyhvqx,
me©vwaK †jv‡Ki me©vwaK myLB gvby‡li •bwZK Av`k© nIqv DwPr|
46. Kv›U me©Rbxb bxwZi (Universal principale) K_v e‡jb, me©RbxbZvi bxwZi wfwˇZ
wZwb Kg©bxwZ‡K wePvi Kivi K_v e‡jb| Kv‡›Ui Kv‡Q Zv wQj e¨w³i †g․wjK bxwZ‡eva,
wZwb •bwZKZvi kZ© wn‡m‡e me©RbxbZv, AvZ¥msnwZ I •bwZK AvZœwRÁvmvi K_v e‡jb|
47. J.W. Gough, The Social Contract, 2nd ed (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1957), p.40.
48. John Rawls, “A Theory of Justice”, Aeon j. Skoble & Tibor. R. Machan,
Political Philosophy Essential Selections, (Delhi: Pearson Education,
2007), p. 453.
49. T. Campbell, Justice, p. 78.
50. Ibid., p.75.
51. Ibid., p.80.
52. Andrew, Heywood, Politics (Palgrave foundations, Macmillan, 2004,
p.58.
53. Marshall Cohen, in The New York Times Book Review, July 16.1972, in
Bluhm, Classical Political Thought (Prentice Hall of India 1981). p.379.
54. Heywood, A., Political Ideologies (Palgrave, Macmillan, 2003), p. 97.
55. G‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi cÖe³v †d«‡WwiK nv‡qK, gvwK©b A_©bxwZwe`
wgjUb wd«Wg¨vb, Rb ijm, ievU© bwRK, BkvBqv evwj©b|
56. AgZ©¨ ‡mb, Dbœqb I mÿgZv, Abyev`, Aiwe›` ivq, (Avb›`, 2002) c„.73.
cÂg Aa¨vq
111
cÂg Aa¨vq
evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖwÿ‡Z gvbevwaKvi
5.1 evsjv‡`‡ki gvbevwaKvi cwiw ’wZ
evsjv‡`‡k gvbevwaKvi cwiw¯’wZ eyS‡Z n‡j GLbKvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK
KvVv‡gv we‡kølY Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`k ivóª Zvi msweav‡bi cÖ Ívebvq my¯úófv‡e †NvlYv K‡i‡Q,
ÒAvgv‡`i iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg g~j jÿ¨ nB‡e MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z Ggb GK †kvlYgy³ mgvRZvwš¿K
mgv‡Ri cÖwZôv †hLv‡b mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ AvB‡bi kvmb, †g․wjK gvbevwaKvi Ges ivR‣bwZK,
A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK mvg¨, ¯vaxbZv I mywePvi wbwðZ nB‡eÓ| jÿ¨bxq †h, me©Rbxb
gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvi cÖvq mKj Aby‡”Q`B evsjv‡`†ki msweav‡b we`¨gvb| †m‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYfv‡e
ejv hvq †h, ivóªxqfv‡e bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi ev Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi wbwðZ
n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki gvbevwaKvi cwiw ’wZi cÖwZ‡e`‡b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, 2012-2014 mv‡j
A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Lv‡Z wKQy AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i‡Q| Z_vwc, †`‡ki mvwe©K gvbevwaKvi
cwiw ’wZ m‡šÍvlRbK wQj bv, Av‡Mi eQi¸‡jvi g‡ZvB wePviewn©f~Z nZ¨vKvÛ, †Rj-nvRZ ev
cywjk †ndvR‡Z g„Zz¨, wbhv©Zb, wePvi Qvov AvUK ivLvi NUbv Ges †Rvic~e©©K AšÍav©‡bi NUbvI
Ae¨vnZ wQj|
2012 mv‡j wbe©vnx wm×všÍ I wePvi wefvMxq wb‡ ©kbvi wfwˇZ wKQz BwZevPK bxwZ cÖYqb
I RvZxq msm` KZ©„K wKQz AvBb cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g gvbevwaKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î †ek wKQz BwZevPK e¨e ’v
M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| Gme D‡`¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gvbe cvPvi cÖwZ‡iva AvBb 2012, c‡Yv©MÖvwd wbwm×
AvBb 2012, cvwievwiK wbhv©Zb I myiÿv AvBb 2012 Ges wn› y weevn wbeÜb AvBb 2012
cÖYqb|
2013 mv‡ji mvwe©K gvbevwaKvi cwiw ’wZ m¤ú©‡K AvBb I mvwjk †K› ª (AvmK) Gi
chv©‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq, gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖavb yB fv‡Mi GKwU‡Z, A_©vr A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I
mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKv‡ii wKQz †ÿ‡Î BwZevPK AMÖMwZ n‡i‡Q| G eQ‡i ÿyav m~P‡K evsjv‡`k `wÿY
112
Gwkqvi g‡a¨ mev©‡cÿv fv‡jv Ae ’v‡b i‡q‡Q e‡j we‡k¦i Lv`¨ wbivcËv wel‡q cÖfvekvjx M‡elYv
ms ’v B›Uvib¨vkbvj dzW cwjwm wimvP© Bbw÷wUDU (BdwcÖ)1 we‡k¦i ÿzav m~PK cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk
K‡i| 2013 mv‡j GB m~P‡K 11 avc GwM‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k| GKB mg‡q wek¦ Lv`¨ I K…wl ms ’v
2(Gd G I) Zv‡`i Lv`¨ wbivcËv welqK •ewk¦K Ae¯’v wb‡q †h cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i‡Q Zv‡Z
Lv`¨ wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZ‡K Zvrch©c~Y© e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Q| GQvov wkÿvi nvi
e„w×, gvZ…g„Zz¨i nvi I `vwi ª n«vm cvIqvmn gvbe Dbœqb m~P‡Ki A‡bK¸‡jv AR©b we‡k¦
evsjv‡`‡ki Ae ’vb DbœZ K‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K gvbevwaKv‡ii Av‡iKwU m~PK, bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK
AwaKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î Avkvbyi~c AMÖMwZ bv n‡jI G ‡ÿ‡ÎI wKQz BwZevPK c`‡ÿc jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G
c`‡ÿc¸‡jvi g‡a¨ miKvi KZ…©K †`‡ki wnRov Rb‡Mvôx‡K Z…Zxq wj½ wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ cÖ`vb,
RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb‡`i Av‡jv‡K wkï AvBb-2013, cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i AwaKvi I myiÿv
AvBb-2013, wcZvgvZvi fiY †cvlY AvBb-2013, wbh©vZb I †ndvR‡Z g„Zz¨ (wbeviY) AvBb -
2013, •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb I Awaevmx AvBb-2013, RvZxq b`x iÿv AvBb-2013 cÖYqb
D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
GZ`m‡Z¡I 2013 mv‡j mvwe©K gvbevwaKvi cwiw ’wZ wQj Pig D‡ØMRbK| eQie¨vcx
avivevwnKfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K ivR‣bwZK mwnsmZv| AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw ’wZi AebwZi Kvi‡Y
mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ AvZ¼ I wbivcËvnxbZvi cwi‡ek m„wó nq| Õ71 Gi hy×vciv‡ai wePv‡ii
ivq I RvZxq wbev©Pb†K wN‡i m„ó ivR‣bwZK we‡iva‡K †K› ª K‡i †`ke¨vcx wewfbœ mwnsm Kg©KvÛ
I bvkKZvi NUbv N‡U| we‡kl K‡i evm-UªvKmn wewfbœ hvbevn‡b e¨vcKnv‡i Av¸b jvMv‡bv I
†c‡Uªvj †evgv wb‡ÿ‡c mvaviY gvby‡li cÖvbnvwb Ges †ij, cywjk dvuwo I we y¨r †K› ªmn miKvwi
wewfbœ ’vcbvq AwMœms‡hvM I fvOPzimn AvBb k„•Ljv evwnbxi Ici AvµgY, ‡eaoK gviwcU,
KLbI A ¿ wQwb‡q †bIqvi g‡Zv NUbv N‡U| Aciw`‡K we‡ivax `‡ji wewfbœ ivR‣bwZK Kg©m~wP
†gvKv‡ejvq AvBb k„•Ljv evwnbx KZ…©K wbwe©Pv‡i ‡MÖdZvi, AvUK I ¸‡jv el©Ymn AwZgvÎvq ej
cÖ‡qv‡Mi NUbvq A‡bK cÖvYnvwb nq| †`‡k ¸g I ¸ßnZ¨v ivóªxq mš¿v‡mi bZzb ms‡hvRb|
‡`‡k gvbevwaKvi cwiw ’wZ fqven D‡jøL K‡i AvBb I mvwjk †K‡› ªi wbev©nx cwiPvjK
myjZvbv Kvgvj e‡j‡Qb, Ò2014 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2015 mv‡j gvbevwaKvi cwiw ’wZ AZ¨šÍ
D‡ØMRbK| gvbevwaKvi cwiw¯’wZi fqven‡Zvvi KviY D‡jøL Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb e‡jb, Ô†`‡k Lyb,
113
¸g eÜ nqwb| µmdvqv‡ii msL¨v MZ eQ‡ii Zzjbvq Gevi cÖvq wظY, eo `j¸‡jvi AskMÖnY
Qvov wbev©P‡bi ci AcniY K‡i Ly‡bi msL¨v †e‡o hvIqvi g‡Zv NUbv N‡U‡Q| Z_¨cÖhyw³ AvBb
cv‡mi gva¨‡g MYgva¨g‡K AvUKv‡bvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zjøvwki bv‡g wewfbœ MYgva¨g Awd‡m
AvBb k„•Ljv iÿvKvix evwnbx Xz‡K MYgva¨g Kgx©‡`i nqivwb Kivi NUbvI N‡U‡Q|
114
5.2 Avw`evmx‡`i gvbevwaKvi cwiw ’wZ
Avw`evmx Kviv? RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY mfvi †NvlYvbyhvqx hviv esk ci¤úivq GKwU wbw ©ó
GjvKvq emevm K‡i ZvivB Avw`evmx| Gme Avw`evmx‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q eû wewPÎ RxebvPvi, fvlv,
K…wl c×wZ, ms¯‥…wZ I ag©wek¦vm| Zviv †MvUv †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq msL¨vjNyi g‡a¨I
msL¨vjNy| Avi wkÿv, ¯v¯’ I A_©‡bwZK Ae ’v‡b Zviv `wi‡ ªi g‡a¨ Av‡iv `wi ª|3
wek¦e¨vs‡Ki bxwZgvjvq hviv mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK ¯vZ‡š¿¨i AwaKvix Ges RvZxq
Dbœq‡bi avivq y‡fv©‡Mi Ke‡j c‡o mvgvwRK-A_©‣bwZK Ae ’v, Rwg I Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwËi Ici
Zv‡`i ¯v_© I AwaKvi iÿvi mvg_©¨ ivL‡Z cv‡i bv, Dbœqb cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY I mydj †bqvi
mvg_© _v‡Kbv Ggb me ye©j Rb‡Mvôx‡K Avw`evmx wn‡m‡e wPwüZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| RvwZms‡Ni
we‡ePbvq, hviv wb‡R‡`i Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e cwiPq w`‡Z Pvq, hv‡`i mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK
Ges A_©‣bwZK Ae ’vb iv‡óªi msL¨vwaK¨ Ask †_‡K c„_K Ges hv‡`i mvgvwRK ghv©`v m¤ú~Y©
wKsev AvswkKfv‡e wb‡R‡`i ixwZbxwZ ev cÖ_v A_ev we‡kl AvBb A_ev wewa Øviv wbqwš¿Z ZvivB
Avw`evmx| Zviv Ggb Rb‡Mvôx, hviv wbw ©ó GjvKv ev f~L‡Û weRqvwfhvb, Dcwb‡ekKiY A_ev
eZ©gvb ivóªxq mxgvbv cÖwZôvKi‡Yi Av‡M †_‡KB emevm K‡i Avm‡Q Ges hv‡`i AvBbMZ gh©v`v
hvB †nvK bv †Kb wb‡R‡`i mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK, mvs¯‥…wZK I ivR‣bwZK cÖwZôvbmg~n AvswkK
wKsev m¤ú~Y© wb‡R‡`i Avq‡Ë †i‡L‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`evmx †bZv †c․j Pv‡ivqv wZM¨vi g‡Z, fviZe‡l© †h gvbyl‡`i cÖ_g
cvIqv wM‡qwQj ZvivB Avw`evmx, G‡`i Rxeb hvÎv mnR-mij, Zviv RwUj cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i bv,
G‡`i fvlvq eY©gvjv †bB|4 Avw`evmx m¤ú‡K© mvaviY aviYv n‡jv - Giv Avw`g A_ev Rsjx Ges
bigyÛwkKvix, Giv cwi®‥vi evsjv ej‡Z cv‡ibv, G‡`i ag© I ms¯‥…wZ wb¤œ¯Í‡ii| Giv ¯’vqx
Avevmnxb, feNy‡i I AbycÖ‡ekKvix| Gme Kvi‡Y Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki †KD bv|5
115
evsjv‡`k miKvi 1972 mb †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ Avw`evmx I DcRvwZ AwaKv‡ii K_v m¦xK…Z
n‡q‡Q Ggb †ek K‡qKwU RvwZms‡Ni `wj‡j ¯vÿi Ki‡jI AvRI bxwZwbav©iK †Mvôx Avw`evmx
AwaKvi wel‡q AZ¨šÍ ‡bwZevPK g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡ib| 1947 mv‡j †`k wefv‡Mi ci cvwK¯Ívb
miKvi evOvwj gymjgvb‡`i cve©Z¨ PUªMÖv‡g emevm Aby‡gv`b K‡i hv Avw`evmx‡`i g‡b †ÿv‡fi
mÂvi K‡i| Avw`evmx‡`i gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi me‡P‡q eo NUbv N‡U lv‡Ui `k‡K KvßvB evua
wbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g| G‡`‡ki e„nËi ¯v‡_© G evua wbgv©Y Kiv n‡jI cve©Z¨ PUªMªv‡gi 40 kZvsk
Avevw` Rwg cøvweZ nq Ges Rb‡Mvôxi GK-Z…Zxqvsk‡K ¯’vbPz¨Z Kiv nq| Pwjøk nvRv‡ii g‡Zv
cwi‡ekMZ kibv_x© fvi‡Zi D‡Ïk¨ †`kZ¨vM K‡i hviv GLb AiæbvPj cÖ‡`‡ki DËi-c~e©v‡j
emevm K‡i| Zviv fvi‡Zi bvMwiK bq, (†h‡nZz KZ…©cÿ Zv‡`i‡K bvMwiKZ¡ w`‡Z A¯xK„wZ
Rvwb‡q‡Q) Avevi evsjv‡`‡kiI bq, d‡j ‡KvbiKg AwaKvib Zv‡`i †bB|6
¯vaxbZvi ci Avw`evmx‡`i GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j cve©Z¨ PUªMªv‡gi ¯vqZ¡kvmb cybtcªwZôvi
Rb¨ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Rvbvq| wKšÍy †kL gywRei ingv‡bi bZzb miKvi G Av‡e`b‡K g‡b
K‡i wew”QbœZvev`| G aviYvi wfwˇZ miKvi 1972 mv‡j cve©Z¨ PUªMÖv‡g mvgwiK Awfhvb
Pvjvq| d‡j nvRvi nvRvi gvigv I wÎcyiv fvi‡Z cvwj‡q hvq| miKvwi evwnbx‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi
Rb¨ MwVZ nq RbmsnwZ mwgwZ Ges mvgwiK kvLv-kvwšÍ evwnbx|
wek¦Ry‡o AvaywbK wkÿvq wkwÿZ gvby‡li „wó Ges wkí KviLvbvi cÖmv‡ii d‡j A‡bK
‡`‡ki Avw`evmx‡`i ag©, fvlv, ms¯‥…wZ I K…wlc×wZ µgvMZ wecbœ I ye©j n‡q c‡o‡Q|
GgZve ’vq Avw`evmx‡`i ms¯‥…wZ I HwZn¨‡K iÿvi A½xKvi wb‡q 1994 mv‡ji 9 AvM÷‡K
RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ iv󪸇jv Ôwek¦ Avw`evmx w`emÕ wn‡m‡e cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| GKB eQi wW‡m¤i
gv‡m RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY mfvq 185 wU m`m¨ ivóª 1995 †_‡K 2004 mvj‡K Avw`evmx‡`i
cwi‡ek, Dbœqb, wkÿv I ¯v¯’ wbðqZvi jÿ¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Ôwek¦ Avw`evmx `kKÕ †NvlYv
K‡i|7
G `k‡Ki †køvMvb n‡jv - Avw`evmx RbMY: Kg©-Rxe‡bi m½x| wek¦ Avw`evmx `k‡K
Avw`evmx‡`i wkÿvi `vwqZ¡ wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q BD‡b‡¯‥v, ¯v‡ ’¨i Rb¨ wek¦ ¯v¯’ ms¯’v Ges
cwi‡e‡ki m‡PZbZvi Rb¨ wek¦Lv`¨ I K…wlms ’v|
116
Avw`evmx `k‡Ki †ejvq Avkv Kiv n‡qwQj †h, Avw`evmx RbMY Ges we‡k¦i miKvimg~n
I Ab¨me ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡ÿi g‡a¨ Avw`evmx AwaKvi msiÿY I Avw`evmx‡`i Rb¨ M„nxZ wewfbœ
Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡e| AvšÍR©vwZK Avw`evmx w`em Dcj‡ÿ RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe Kwd
Avbvb e‡jb, Avw`evmx gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKv wec` Ges Zv‡`i wek¦vm, fvlv, ms¯‥„wZ I RxebhvÎv
GL‡bv wejywßi ksKvgy³ bq| wZwb e‡jb, Avw`evmx‡`i AwaKvi I ms¯‥…wZ msiÿY Ges
m¤úªmviY mKj †`‡ki gvby‡li g‡bv‡hv‡Mi `vwe iv‡L|8
Avw`evmx `k‡Ki ev ÍevwqZ ywU j‡ÿ¨i g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv Avw`evmx‡`i †g․wjK AwaKvi
I ¯vaxbZvmg~‡ni e¨vcv‡i RvwZmsN‡K cÖwZ‡e`b ‡c‡ki Rb¨ Òwe‡kl cÖwZ‡e`bÓ wb‡qvM Kiv|
`k‡Ki Rb¨ AwR©Z jÿgvÎv n‡jv RvwZms‡Ni e¨e¯’vi Aax‡b Avw`evmx welqK ¯’vqx †dvivg
¯’vcb Kiv| GB †dviv‡gi cÖwZôv I RvwZmsN c×wZ‡Z †dviv‡gi Ae ’vb GKwU Awfbe NUbv|
GB †dvivgwUi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv RvwZms‡Ni A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil`‡K
evrmwiK cªwZ‡e`b †ck Kiv Ges GB cwil` I RvwZms‡Ni we‡klvwqZ ms¯’vg~n‡K (†hgb-
BDGbwWwc, BDwb‡md, dvI BZ¨vw`) Avw`evmx msµvšÍ wel‡qi civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv| `k‡Ki Z„Zxq
¸iæZ¡c~Y© jÿ¨ wQj RvwZmsN KZ…©K Avw`evmx RvwZ‡Mvôxi AwaKv‡ii Ici GKwU mb`cÎ MÖnY
Kiv, hv GL‡bv m¤¢e nqwb|
1985 mv‡j bvB‡ivwei cÖ_g wek¦ bvix m‡¤§jb msL¨vjNy bvix‡`i we‡kl wbivcËv e¨e¯’vi
Ici †Rvi w`‡qwQj| GB m‡¤§j‡bi †NvlYvq ejv nq, Avw`evmx bvix msL¨vjNy nIqvi Kvi‡Y †h
eÂbv, wb‡®úl‡bi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z nq Zv‡Z bvix wn‡m‡e Zviv •ØZfv‡e Ae‡nwjZ| †mLv‡b Zv‡`i
mvgvwRK cwieZ©b cªwµqvq c~Y© AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z msL¨vjNy bvix mg Í gvbevwaKv‡ii myiÿv
I wbðqZv `vwe K‡i| ‡Kbbv msL¨vjNy bvix cwiYZ nq GK evKkw³nxb †kÖwY‡Z| G ‣elg¨ †hgb
Av‡m msL¨vMwiô Rb‡Mvôx ‡_‡K, †Zgwb Av‡m Zvi wbR mgvR †_‡K|9
Avw`evmx‡`i AwaKviI me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi| Ab¨ mevi g‡Zv gvbevwaKvi Avw`evmx‡`i
Rb¥MZ AwaKvi| Avw`evmx gvbyl hLb Zvi f~wgi AwaKv‡ii K_v e‡j, ‡mwU Zvi gvbevwaKvi|
GKRb Avw`evmx hLb Zvi bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKv‡ii K_v e‡j Ges A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK
I mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ jovB-msMÖvg K‡i, †mwU Zvi gvbevwaKvi| Avw`evmx‡`i i‡q‡Q
117
AvZ¥cwiP‡qi ¯xK…wZ cvIqvi AwaKvi| wb‡Ri cwiPq, fvlv, HwZn¨, ms¯‥…wZ I Rxebaviv wb‡q
ghv©`vi m‡½ †eu‡P _vKvi AwaKvi Zuvi i‡q‡Q| GgwK Dbœq‡bi AwaKviI Avw`evmx‡`i
gvbevwaKvi|
w`b w`b Avw`evmx‡`i gvbevwaKvi cwiw ’wZi AebwZ n‡”Q| Avw`evmx RYM‡Yi Ici
mv¤úª`vwqK AvµgY, f~wg †e`Lj, wfUvgvwU †_‡K D‡”Q‡`i ûgwK, Avw`evmx bvix wbh©vZb, wg_¨v
gvgjv w`‡q nqivwb, Avw`evmx f~wg‡Z †Rvic~e©K ebvqb Kg©m~wP, B‡Kv-Uz¨wiRg †e‡oB Pj‡Q|
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Avw`evmx‡`i n‡Zv¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avw`evmx‡`i MÖvg m`je‡j AvµgY K‡i evwoNi
R¡vwj‡q †`Iqvi NUbvI N‡U‡Q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e, 23 RyjvB 2015, bIMvui wbqvgZcy‡i Avw`evmx
MÖv‡g msMwVZ NUbvwU Ae‡jvKb K‡i eyS‡Z cvwi wKfv‡e cÖwZwbqZ Avw`evmx‡`i Ici wbh©vZb-
wbcxob, f~wg Rei`Lj I gvbevwaKvi j•Nb n‡Z _v‡K|
23 RyjvB 2015 †ivR e„n¯úwZevi mKvj 8 NwUKvq kwidz‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ 12 †_‡K 14 Rb
bvKBj MÖv‡g wM‡q yÕw`‡bi g‡a¨ c~e©cyiæ‡li evwo-Ni †f‡½ I‡V hvIqvi Rb¨ Avw`evmx‡`i ûgwK
†`q| cieZ©x‡Z 25 RyjvB mKvj 6Uvi mgq kwidzjmn 3-4 Rb bvKBj MÖv‡g Dcw ’Z n‡j m‡½
m‡½ Pviw`K †_‡K 50-60 Rb NUbv¯’‡j Dcw ’Z nq| Ggb mgq kwidz‡ji mv‡_ wek¦bv‡_i K_v
KvUvKvwU ïiæ n‡j GKchv©‡q †m Zvi nv‡Z _vKv ejøg w`‡q jweb‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j jweb ¸iæZi
RLg n‡q gvwU‡Z c‡o hvq| Avi Zvi jvwVqvj evwnbxiv G‡jvcv_vwofv‡e Dcw ’Z Avw`evmx‡`i
gviai Ki‡Z _v‡K| A ¿ wn‡m‡e Zviv e¨envi K‡i jvwV, ‡Kv`vj, PvBwbR Kzovj, nvmyqv, Qywi
BZ¨vw`| Zv‡`i G‡jvcv_vwo gvia‡ii gy‡L †jvKRb Rxeb euvPv‡bvi ZvwM‡` †h ‡hw`K cv‡i
cvwj‡q hvq| †jvKRb cvjv‡bvi mgq nvgjvKvixiv wek¦bv_‡K a‡i †d‡j Ges Zv‡K evu‡ki mv‡_
†eu‡a jvwV w`‡q ‡eaoK †cUv‡Z _v‡K| G‡Z Zvi nuvUzi wb‡P †f‡½ hvq| jÿèxivg wek¦bv_‡K
evuPv‡Z G‡j nvgjvKvixiv Zv‡KI ¸iæZi RLg K‡i| GKchv©‡q Zviv wek¦bv_‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z
D`¨Z n‡j wek¦bv_ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q e‡j, Avgv‡K †g‡iv bv, Avwg MÖvg †Q‡o P‡j hvw”Q| Gici
nvgjvKvixiv Zv‡K †Q‡o †`q Ges e‡j, GLbB MÖvg bv Qvo‡j Lyb K‡i †dj‡ev| Gici kwidz‡ji
jvwVqvj evwnbx ïiæ K‡i evox-Ni fvsPzi I jyUcvU| Zvi mvg‡b hv‡K †c‡q‡Q Zv‡KB †g‡i‡Q,
GgbwK wek¦bv‡_i 4 eQ‡ii †Q‡jI Zv‡`i nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvqwb| Zviv Zv‡K †g‡i Avagiv K‡i
avbÿ‡Z †d‡j †`q, bvix‡`i køxjZvnvwb K‡i †ei K‡i †`q Ges iæ‡eb I wbg©j‡K ejøe w`‡q
LywP‡q AvnZ K‡i|10
Gfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j Avw`evmxiv nZ¨vmn wewfbœ ai‡bi
wbhv©Zb-wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡”Q|
118
5.3 Avw`evmx‡`i gvbevwaKvi : `vk©wbK we‡kølY
Avw`evmx Rxe‡b †kvlY I eÂbv wbqZ| HwZnvwmKfv‡e Avw`evmxiv •el‡g¨i wkKvi|
AvaywbK ivóª Avw`evmx Iqvì©wfD eyS‡Z Aÿg e‡jB RvwZmsN Zvi m`m¨ iv󪸇jv‡K
Avw`evmx‡`i m‡½ gh©v`vc~Y© Askx`vwi‡Z¡i Av‡e`b Rvwb‡q‡Q| Avw`evmx‡`i AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ †ewk
g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqvi j‡ÿ¨B cÖ_g Avw`evmx `kK †NvlYv Kiv n‡qwQj Ges m`m¨ iv󪸇jv‡K,
‡emiKvix msMVb I Ab¨vb¨‡`i cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj| Avw`evmx Bmy¨‡Z Rbmvavi‡Yi
g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ Kvh©µg MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wØZxq `k‡Ki Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ wQj Avw`evmx‡`i
AwaKvi msiÿY I Dbœqb wel‡q RvZxq chv©‡q AvBb I bxwZ cÖYqb Ges Zv ev Íevqb| Gm‡ei
†KvbwUB wK ev ͇e Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB? ZvB Avw`evmx‡`i Rxeb fvebvi wek¦RbxbZv‡K eyS‡Z
n‡e|
hy³iv‡óªi 32Zg †cÖwm‡W›U d«v¼wjb wW iæR‡fë 6 Rbyqvix 1941 m‡j Zuvi weL¨vZ †dvi
wd«Wg w¯úP11
- G †h PviwU ¯vaxbZvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb, Zuvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU n‡jv Ôfq †_‡K
gyw³Õ| fq †_‡K gyw³ ej‡Z wZwb †h ‡Kv‡bv cÖKvi nvbvnvwb Ges mwnsmZv e¨wZ‡i‡K myôyfv‡e
Rxeb hvcb‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| fvl‡Y PviwU AwaKvi- gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯vaxbZv, wbR wbR ag© Abyhvqx
cÖv_©bv Kiv ev bv Kivi ¯ ^vaxbZv, `vwi ª ev gvb‡eZi Rxeb-hvcb †_‡K gyw³ Ges fq †_‡K gyw³i
K_v wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb, Zv AvRI Avgv‡`i Rb¨ mgvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Zuvi †`qv fvl‡Yi G AwaKvi¸‡jv
ïay fvl‡Y mxgve× _v‡Kwb eis †g․wjK gvbevwaKvi wn‡m‡e gvbevwaKv‡ii me©Rbxb †Nvlbvc‡Î
¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q| gvbevwaKv‡ii me©Rbxb †NvlYvc‡Îi aviv-3 ej‡Q, ÔcÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rxeb-aviY,
¯vaxbZv I e¨w³ wbivcËvi AwaKvi i‡q‡QÕ| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 32 Abyhvqx,
ÒAvBbvbyhvqx e¨ZxZ Rxeb I e¨w³¯vaxbZv n‡Z ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K ewÂZ Kiv hv‡e bv| cÖ‡Z¨KwU
†`kxq Ges AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡b GB AwaKviwU‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avw`evmx‡`i AwaKv‡ii aviYv‡K hw` weªwUk `vk©wbK Ugvm ne‡mi ¯vfvweK AwaKv‡ii
we‡ePbvq wPšÍv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| nem Zvi †jwf‡q_vb MÖ‡š’ ¯vfvweK AwaKvi ej‡Z wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡
iÿvi cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbR¯ aviYv Abymv‡i hv Lywk Kivi Aeva ¯vaxbZv‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| wZwb
†`Lvb, cÖK„wZi iv‡R¨ gvby‡li ¯vaxbZv wQj, mgZv wQj wKš‘ G ¯vaxbZv I mgZv hyw³i Øviv
cwiPvwjZ bq, cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv cÖvK…wZK weavb Abyhvqx A_©vr G ¯vaxbZv I mgZv cÖvK…wZK
119
¯vaxbZv I mgZv| d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, Awek¦vm, fxwZi Av‡eM KvR Ki‡Zv| Avi ZvB
wbivcËvnxbZvi Kvi‡Y AvZ¥wbf©iZvi Afve GB cwi‡ek †_‡K Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q| ne‡mi ZË¡ Abyhvqx
wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hvq Avw`evmx‡`iI cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨i g‡Zv ¯vaxbZv I mgZv wQj, †h ¯vaxbZv I
mgZv ivóªxq wbqš¿Y I n ͇ÿcgy³| Z‡e Zviv †h ¯vaxbZvUzKz ‡fvM K‡i Zv Zv‡`i cwievi,
‡Mvôxi ÿz ª cwim‡i mxgve×| fvlv, ms¯‥…wZ I HwZn¨MZ Abykxj‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB cwim‡i mxwgZ
¯vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ e„nr cwim‡i bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi ej‡Z hv †evSvq
cÖK„wZi iv‡R¨i g‡Zv Zv‡`iI †bB| Aeva ¯vaxbZvi cwie‡Z© myk„•Lj ¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi †bB|
‡Kbbv, cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨i cvkweK, ee©i, wbt¯ Ges wbtm½ Rxe‡b cÖK…Z myL ¯vaxbZv _vK‡Z
cv‡ibv| Aci‡K nZ¨v K‡i, Ac‡ii m‡½ kÎæZvc~Y© ev we‡Ølfvevcbœ Rxebhvcb K‡i, fxwZ I
AvZ‡¼i g‡a¨ w`b KvwU‡q cÖK…Z ¯vaxbZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
ne‡mi g‡Z, cÖK„wZi iv‡R¨, cÖK…wZi m¦vfvweK wbq‡gB, ¯vfvweKfv‡eB Rxebhvcb KiZ
gvbyl| gvbyl wQj wns¯ª I ¯v_©ci| cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB †m †c‡q‡Q hy‡×i, Ab¨‡K AvµgY Kivi,
A‡b¨i AwaKvi †K‡o †bevi kw³| ne‡m&i Gi wPšÍvq jÿ¨ Kiv hvq ‡h, cÖvK…wZK Ae ’vq m¤úwË
ev gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ wQj bv e‡jB gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avwg ev Zzwg †eva wQj bv, d‡j
ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ hy× wQj ¯vfvweK| G iv‡R¨ AvBb wQjbv myZivs Ab¨vq e‡jI wKQz wQj bv|
gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK Kjn Ges hy‡×I ZvB wQj bv Ab¨vq†eva| ne‡mi K_vq G iKg cwi‡e‡k
Ggb †K‡bv mvaviY ÿgZv ev kw³ †bB hv gvbyl‡K w`‡Z cv‡i wbivcËvi, my¯’ AvZ¼nxb Rxe‡bi
Avk¦vm|
cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ G hy‡×i Ae ’vwU †h Ab¨vq bq, G AwbwðZ cwi‡ek †h A¯vfvweK bq,
eis GUvB ¯vfvweK G K_v nem& ¯xKvi K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍy ¯vfvweK n‡jI G Ae ’v †h Awf‡cÖZ bq,
G Ae ’v AwZµg K‡i GK mywbwðZ, kvwšÍc~Y© Rxebhvc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ gvbyl‡K AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e Ges
AvB‡bi c‡_B k„•Ljvi `Û wb‡q †h Avwef©yZ n‡e bZzb GK mgvR (hv‡K nem e‡j‡Qb, †c․i
mgvR ev ivóªxq mgvR) †mB AvkvB nem e¨³ K‡i‡Qb Zuvi Leviathan- G|
ne‡mi e³e¨ ‡_‡K ‡evSv hvq, weivgnxb hy‡×i Ae ’v †_‡K kvwšÍ I k„•Ljvi iv‡R¨
†cu․Qevi j‡ÿ¨B cvi¯úwiK Pzw³ K‡i gvbyl Zvi ÿgZv Zz‡j †`q †h KZ…©c‡ÿi nv‡Z Ges hvi
120
AvbyMZ¨ ¯xKv‡i AvMÖnx nq †mB KZ…©cÿB mve©‡f․g| mve©‡f․gB gvbyl‡K fqven Avw`g Ae ’v
†_‡K cwiÎvb jvf K‡i mf¨ Rxebhvc‡bi c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi wbqg I e¨e¯’v M‡o †`q|
mve©‡f․g kw³i D™¢e hLb nqwb, †mB Avw`g Ae ’vq gvby‡li ¯vfvweK AvwaKvi wQj A_©vr
gvby‡li h‡_”QvwiZvi ¯vaxbZv wQj wKš‘ wQj bv ¯vfvweK AvBb, †h AvBb Zv‡K GB h‡_”QvPvwiZv
†_‡K weiZ iv‡L| mve©‡f․g KZ…©c‡ÿi gva¨‡g m„wó n‡jv GB ¯vfvweK AvBb hv •bivR¨ †_‡K,
cvi¯úwiK •ewiZv †_‡K gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i w`j cÖK…Z ¯vaxbZv A_©vr wbqwš¿Z mgvR Rxe‡bi
mÜvb| mve©‡f․g †h ïay ¯vfvweK AvB‡bi ªóv ev GB AvB‡bi iÿK ZvB bq, ne‡mi g‡Z,
mve©‡f․g •bwZKZvi cÖeZ©K| cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ h‡_”QvPvwiZv wQj e‡j b¨vq-Ab¨vq‡eva wQjbv|
ivóªxK mgvR, mve©‡f․g kvmb KZ…©cÿ gvbyl‡K w`j •bwZKZvi wkÿv|
Gfv‡e nem †`Lvb ‡h, wbivcËv I mywbwðZ Rxeb hvc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ I
Pzw³i g‡a¨ w`‡q wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi GKRb e¨w³ ev e¨w³ msm‡`i nv‡Z Ac©Y K‡i| d‡j Avgiv
†`wL Kxfv‡e e¨w³ ¯vfvweK AwaKvi †_‡K ivR‣bwZK ev bvMwiK AwaKv‡i c`vc©Y K‡i|
ne‡mi ZË¡ Abyhvqx Avw`evmx‡`i AwaKvi †fv‡Mi welqwU ywU ch©v‡q we‡ePbvq †i‡L
we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvwi| cÖ_gZ, cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ ev ivR‣bwZK ev bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖvwßi c~e© ch©v†q;
wØZxqZ, AvB‡bi iv‡R¨ ev ivR‣bwZK ev bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖvwßi ch©v‡q|
cÖ_g ‡ÿ‡Î, Avw`evmxiv RvwZMZ gh©v`v, f~wgi gvwjKvbvi ¯vaxbZv, fvlv, ms¯‥…wZ I
HwZn¨ jvj‡bi ¯vaxbZv BZ¨vw` †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q| Zv‡`i wbRm¦ RxebhvÎv c×wZ Zv‡`i
mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ mywbqwš¿Z I ¯xK…Z| wKš‘ ivóªxq cwim‡i Zv‡`i bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi
jv‡fi welqwU A‡bKUv AwbwðZ| bvMwiK Rxeb ev Pzw³wfwËK Rxeb GB cÖwZK~jZv †_‡K gy³
K‡i AvBb I k„•Ljvi gva¨‡g Avw`evmx‡`i ¯vaxbZv I AwaKvi jv‡fi AbyK~j cwi‡ek M‡o w`‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi, nem& e¨w³MZ m¤úwË wbqš¿Y Kivi c‡ÿI gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Avw`evmx‡`i
m¤úwËi Ici `LjvwaKvi _vK‡jI m¤úwËi AwaKvi wbivc` wQj bv| msL¨vMwiô gvbyl cÖfvekvjx
e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb ¦viv m¤úwËi Rei`Lj GB AwaKvi‡K wbivcËvnxb K‡i †Zv‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î Zviv
Pzw³ K‡i mve©‡f․g‡K m¤úwËi AwaKvi wbqš¿Y Kivi ÿgZv Ac©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avw`evmx‡`i
121
m¤úwË †fvM µq-weµ‡qi wbivcËv weav‡bi cª‡qvR‡bB G AwaKv‡ii Ici miKv‡ii wbqš¿Y
Av‡ivc Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| m¤úwËi AwaKvi‡K myiwÿZ Kivi ¯v‡_©B iv‡óªi n¯Í‡ÿc cÖ‡qvRb|
wØZxq †ÿ‡Î, ivóªxq ev bvMwiK Rxe‡b c`vc©‡Yi †ÿ‡Î jÿ¨ Kiv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki
Avw`evmx RvwZ‡Mvôxi AwaKvi msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ AvBwb myiÿvg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡”Q| Z‡e
mvwe©K AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ mvsweavwbK ¯xK…wZ cÖ`vb AZ¨šÍ Riæix| GQvov Zv‡`i AwaKvi
cÖwZôvq wewfbœ AvBb cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb Kiv AZ¨vek¨K| AwaKvi j•N‡bi cwie‡Z© AwaKvi hv‡Z
cÖwZwôZ nq †m e¨e ’v MÖnY Riæix|
Avw`evmx‡`i we‡kl K‡i cve©Z¨ PUªMÖv‡g ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi AvswkK msiwÿZ n‡jI
mvsweavwbK ¯xK„wZ bv _vKvq cve©Z¨ PUªMÖv‡g Pzw³ ev¯Íevq‡b AvBbMZ mxgve×Zv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q|
Ab¨w`‡K mgZ‡ji Avw`evmx RvwZ¸‡jvi AvBwb myiÿvg~jK e¨e¯’v †bB ej‡jB P‡j| ZvB
Avw`evmx RvwZ¸‡jv cÖwZwbqZ gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi wkKvi n‡”Q| ‡hgb:
1. Avw`evmx‡`i AvZ¥cwiPq: AvZœcwiP‡qi AvwaKvi gvbevwaKvi| Avw`evmxiv wb‡R‡`i
Avw`evmx wn‡m‡e cwiPq w`‡Z cQ›` K‡i| wKš‘ msweavb ms‡kvabmn †hme AvBb cÖYqb K‡i‡Q
†hme †ÿ‡Î ÔAvw`evmxÕi cwie‡Z© ÔDcRvwZÕ, Ôÿz ª b„‡MvôxÕ BZ¨vw` weåvwšÍKi I gh©v`vnvwbKi kã
e¨envi K‡i‡Q| ÔDcRvwZÕ kãwU Acgvbm~PK Avi Ôb„‡MvôxÕ kãwU RvwZ A‡_© eySv‡bv nq bv; eis
gvby‡li †Mvôx‡K ‡evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| msweav‡bi 6 Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q Ôevsjv‡`‡kÕi RbMY
RvwZ wn‡m‡e evOvwjÕ; †mw`K †_‡K G†`‡ki Avw`evmxivI evOvwj e‡j we‡ewPZ| G evK¨wUi ga¨
w`‡q miKvi Avw`evmx‡`i Ici evOvwj RvwZi cwiPqwU Pvwc‡q w`‡q‡Q| Avevi msweav‡b mKj
bvMwi‡Ki mgvb AwaKv‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘y msweav‡b RvwZMZ ¯xK…wZi cÖ‡kœ Avw`evmxiv
mgvb AwaKvi cvqwb| GwU msweav‡bi my¯úó j•Nb|
2. f~wgi gvwjKvbv I AwaKvi: Avw`evmx I UªvBevj Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ M„nxZ AvBGjI Kb‡fkb
bs 107 evsjv‡`k miKvi 1972 mv‡j Aby¯vÿi K‡i Ges GB mb‡`i gva¨‡g Avw`evmx
Rb‡Mvôx‡K HwZn¨MZ f~wgi gvwjKvbv I AwaKvi‡K ¯xK…wZ †`q| AvBGjI Kb‡fk‡bi 11
Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, Ômswkøó Rb‡Mvôxi m`m¨‡`i HwZn¨MZfv‡e AwaK…Z f~wgi Ici †h․_ wKsev
122
e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvi AwaKvi ¯xKvi Ki‡Z n‡eÕ|12
wKš‘ AvšÍ©RvwZK mb‡`i ev¯Íevqb bv nIqvq
Ges Gm‡ei Av‡jv‡K AvBb bv _vKvq Avw`evmxiv Zv‡`i f~wg iÿv Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| miKvwi
wewfbœ ms ’v wbqwgZfv‡eB mgZ‡ji Avw`evmx msL¨vjNy m¤úª`vq¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i c~e©cyiæ‡li
wfUvgvwU †_‡K DrLvZ Ki‡Q| Rvj `wjj I ej cª‡qvMmn bvbvwea †K․k‡j cÖfvekvjx e¨w³ I
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Mwie msL¨vjNy Avw`evmx m¤úª`v‡qi †jvK‡`i Rwg `Lj Ki‡Q, Avi miKvi `Lj
Ki‡Q wewfbœ Dbœqb cÖK‡íi bv‡g| f~wgB Avw`evmx‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i †K›`ªwe› y| f~wg †_‡K DrLvZ
nIqvi ga¨ w`‡q Gfv‡e Zv‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejxb n‡Z _v‡K|
3. nvgjv, wbhv©Zb I wg_¨v gvgjv: Avw`evmx‡`i evox-N‡i AwMœms‡hvM, nvgjv, fvsPzi I
jyUcv‡Ui NUbv wbZ¨ •bwgwËK e¨vcvi n‡q uvwo‡q‡Q| Avw`evmxiv AvµgY cÖwZn‡Zv Ki‡Z G‡j
Zv‡`i ÿwZMÖ ’ evox-N‡ii m¤§yL †_‡K cywjk wRÁvmvev‡`i Rb¨ _vbvq wb‡q hvq Ges mvivivZ
AvUK †i‡L ciw`b Zv‡`i gvgjvq †MÖßvi †`wL‡q Av`vj‡Z cvVv‡bvi gva¨‡g nqivwb K‡i| Avevi
A‡bK Avw`evmx‡`iB bvbv AvB‡bi duvK‡dvK‡i A‣ea Abycª‡ekKvix wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡”Q|
Avi G‡Ki ci GK wg_¨v gvgjv w`‡q nqivwb Kiv n‡”Q| Avw`evmx gvby‡li AwaKvi †h
gvbevwaKvi, GB cÖK…Z mZ¨ GL‡bv ivóª I msL¨vMwiô RbMY h_vh_fv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
4. fvlv, ms¯‥…wZ I AvZœwbqš¿‡Yi AwaKvi: RvwZmsN Avw`evmx AwaKvi welqK †NvlYv cÎ
2007 mv‡j mvaviY cwil‡` M„nxZ nq| †NvlYvc‡Îi 3 bs avivq ejv Av‡Q, ÔAvw`evmx‡`i
AvZœwbqš¿‡Bi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| GB AwaKv‡ii e‡j Zviv ¯vaxbfv‡e Zv‡`i ivR‣bwZK Ae ’vb
wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges ¯vaxbfv‡e Zv‡`i A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvsK…wZK Dbœqb‡K Z¡ivwš^^Z
Ki‡Z cv‡iÕ| GQvovI Avw`evmx‡`i bvMwiKZ¡, mvs¯‥„wZK •ewPΨ, AwaKv‡ii mgZv, gh©v`v,
Avw`evmx bvix, wkï I cÖexb‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl e¨e ’v, wkÿv, PvKzwi, KvwiMwi cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw`
Avw`evmx AwaKvi †NvlYvc‡Î ’vb †c‡q‡Q| Avevi msweav‡bi 23K Aby‡”Q` hy³ K‡i ejv
n‡q‡Q, Òivóª wewfbœ DcRvwZ, ÿz`ª RvwZmËv, b„-‡Mvôx I m¤úª`v‡qi Ab¨vb¨ •ewkó¨c~Y© AvÂwjK
ms¯‥„wZ Ges HwZn¨ msiÿY, Dbœqb I weKv‡ki e¨e ’v MÖnY Kwi‡ebÓ| wKš‘y Avw`evmx‡`i wbR¯
ms¯‥…wZ I fvlvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ûgwKi gy‡L| ÔAvšÍRv©wZK Avw`evmx w`emÕ D`hvc‡b evav cÖ`vb Ges GB
w`em Dcj‡ÿ KvD‡K mn‡hvwMZv bv Kivi Rb¨ Awdm Av‡`k cÖ`vb GK ai‡bi gvbevwaKvi‡K
A¯xKv‡ii kvwgj| Avw`evmx wkï‡`i wb‡R‡`i gvZ…fvlvq cov‡jLvi my‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ nq|
123
chv©ß ¯‥yj bv _vKvq Avw`evmx wkïiv wkÿvi my‡hvM cv‡”Q bv| Gfv‡e Zviv wkÿv-ms¯‥„wZi,
Dbœq‡bi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ nq|
5. Avw`evmx bvixi gvbevwaKvi Ae ’v: cve©Z¨ PUªMÖvg Pzw³ cve©Z¨ PUªMªv‡gi bvix‡`i
ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ I Dbœq‡b AskMÖn‡Yi GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© my‡hvM m„wó K‡i‡Q| wKš‘y Pzw³i †g․wjK
welq¸‡jv ev ÍevwqZ bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y bvixiv †m my‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q| Iciš‘ bvixiv
bvbvfv‡e wbcxob wbhv©Z‡bi wkKvi nq| Avw`evmx bvixiv eûgvwÎK †kvlb I •el‡g¨i wkKvi
n‡”Q| Zviv AšÍZ cuvPwU ¯Í‡i •el‡g¨i wkKvi nq| cÖ_gZ, Avw`evmx wn‡m‡e; wØZxqZ, Avw`evmx
bvix wn‡m‡e; Z…ZxqZ, AwZ `wi ª wn‡m‡e; PZz_©Z, ~‡i cvnv‡o yM©g A‡j emevmKvix wn‡m‡e
Ges cÂgZ, Awfevmx bvix wn‡m‡e ev gvB‡MÖ‡UW bvix wn‡m‡e Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b kn‡i G‡m| Kv‡cs
dvD‡Ûk‡bi g‡Z, Avw`evmx bvix nZ¨v, al©‡Yi ci nZ¨v, al©‡Yi †Póv, kvixwiK wbMÖn, †h․b
nqivwb, AcniY, cvPv‡ii g‡Zv mwnsmZvi wkKvi e¨vcK gvÎvq †e‡o P‡j‡Q|13
GLb Rb j‡Ki Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K Avw`evmx‡`i AwaKvi wePvi Kiv hvK| Rb jK Zuvi
Two Treaties on Civil Government MÖ‡š’ Rxeb, ¯axbZv I m¤úwËi AwaKvi‡K ¯vfvweK
AwaKvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| jK Gi g‡Z, cªK…wZi iv‡R¨ wb‡Ri myL I wbivcËv‡K wbwðZ
KivB wQj ¯vaxbZvi jÿ¨| wKš‘ G ¯^vaxbZv Av‡m gvby‡li k„•Ljv‡eva I AvBb †g‡b Pjvi k‡Z©|
G AvBb gvby‡li m„ó AvBb G AvBb ¯vaxbZvi ms‡KvPb bq, ¯vaxbZv cÖmv‡i Kvh©Kix| G
¯vaxbZv myeyw× I •bwZKZv‡eva Øviv cwiPvwjZ, mvgvwRK ¯v_© I Kj¨v‡Yi Dc‡hvMx ¯vaxbZv|
jK ‡evSv‡Z Pvb, cÖK…wZi ivR¨ ‡h‡nZz ‡c․i ivóª bq- ¯vfvweKfv‡eB ‡mLv‡b AvBb‡K wb‡Ri
g‡Zv e¨vL¨v Kivi cÖeYZv ‡_‡KB hvq| ‡h‡nZz gvby‡li eyw× I we‡ePbv‡ev‡ai cv_©K¨ Av‡Q,
†m‡nZz ‣bwZKZv ev mywePvi aviYvwU wfbœ wfbœ gvÎv cvq| d‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB •bwZKZv I
mywePv‡ii mwVK e¨vL¨vi Afv‡e †mLv‡b AwbðqZv I wek„•Ljv m„wó nIqv ¯vfvweK| GB iv‡R¨
cÖwZwU gvbylB A‡b¨i AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj wQj, cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wQj mgvb I ¯vaxb, Afve wQj
cªK…wZi AvBb m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li ¯úó Dcjwä| cÖK…wZi AvBb m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcjwäi Afv‡e
G‡Ki AwaKv‡i Ac‡ii n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci m¤¢vebv †_‡K hvq-Gi d‡j Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv I m¤úwËi
AwaKvi †fv‡Mi cÖkœwU AwbwðZ n‡q c‡o| ZvB •biv‡R¨i weiæ‡× wbivcËv‡K wbwðZ Ki‡Z,
124
wb‡Ri Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv I m¤úwËi AwaKvi‡K wbivc` Ki‡ZB wb‡R‡`i‡K ivR‣bwZK KZ©„cÿ
Z_v miKv‡ii kvmbvax‡b Avbvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe Kij gvbyl|
j‡Ki ZË¡ †_‡K Avgiv G wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z cvwi, e¨w³ wb‡R‡`i‡K miKv‡ii Aax‡b ev
ivR‣bwZK Pzw³i Aax‡b Avbvi †cQ‡b Rxeb I ¯vaxbZvi wbivcËvi KviY Riæix wQj; wKš‘
m¤úwË iÿvi welqwU g~j jÿ¨| ivR‣bwZK KZ…©c‡ÿi Aax‡b G‡m GB m¤úwË cwic~Y©fv‡e
iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi my‡hvM I ¯vaxbZv cvq| j‡Ki Kv‡Q gvby‡li Rxe‡bi g~j¨ ïaygvÎ †e‡uP _vKvi
g‡a¨ bq, Rxeb‡K fv‡jvfv‡e Dcjwä Kivi g‡a¨| m¤úwËB gvbyl‡K fv‡jvfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi
†cÖiYv †hvMvq| jK m¤úwË K_vwUi g‡a¨ Ab¨vb¨ AwaKv‡ii Zvrch© †`‡L‡Qb| GwU e¨w³i Rb¥MZ
AwaKvi, ¯vfvweKfv‡eB Ab¨vb¨ AwaKv‡ii g‡Zv G AwaKvi gvbyl jvf K‡i‡Q| mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q,
cÖK…wZi ivR¨ ev ivR‣bwZK mgvR Df‡qi Kv‡QB GB AwaKvi Zvi ALÛ `vwe- G `vwe‡K A¯xKvi
Kivi ev AvnZ Kivi †Kv‡bv ÿgZv mgvR ev miKvi Kv‡iv †bB|
j‡Ki ZË¡‡K Avw`evmx‡`i AwaKvi msiÿ‡Y cª‡qvM Ki‡Z †M‡j Avgiv †`wL †h,
Avw`evmxiv ¯vfvweK, kvwšÍc~Y©, DbœZ I mf¨ Rxe‡bi Rb¨ hv †c‡q‡Q wKsev cvIqvi Rb¨ †h me
c`‡ÿc i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K ev Íevq‡bi Dcjwä cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcjwäi Afv‡eB G‡Ki
AwaKv‡i Ac‡ii n ͇ÿ‡ci m¤¢vebv †_‡K hvqÑ Gi d‡j Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv I m¤úwËi AwaKvi
†fv‡Mi cÖkœwU AwbwðZ n‡q c‡o|
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 31 I 32 Rxe‡bi AwaKvi‡K mvsweavwbK Ges
AvBwb wfwË w`‡q‡Q; Zv ïay †hb‡Zbfv‡e †eu‡P _vKv‡K ‡evSvq bv eis gvbyl wn‡m‡e ghv©`vmn
†eu‡P _vKv‡K ‡evSvq| GwU Ggb GKwU AwaKvi, hv GKwU iv‡óªi Riæix Ae ’vi mgqI Le© Kiv
hvq bv| ÔRxe‡bi AwaKviÕ- Gi `vk©wbK I AvBwb e¨vL¨vq ¯úóZB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Avw`evmx‡`i
Rxe‡bi AwaKvi h_v_©B msiwÿZ nq bv, †Kbbv Avw`evmxiv AvZ¥cwiPq wn‡m‡e ÔAvw`evmxÕ kãwU
e¨env‡ii mvaviY ghv©`vUzKz msweav‡b AwaKvi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Avi m¤úwËi AwaKv‡ii w`K
we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, g~j m¤úwË ej‡Z f~wg‡K †evSv‡bv nq hv †_‡K DrLvZ, †Rvi K‡i
†e`Lj Avw`evmx Rxe‡b GKwU mvaviY wPÎ| Avw`evmx‡`i fvlv ms¯‥…wZ ûgwKi gy‡L| wbR¯ fvlv
ms¯‥…wZ e¨envi, AvšÍR©vwZK Avw`evmx w`em cvj‡bi g‡Zv b~¨bZg ¯vaxbZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
125
Gfv‡e j‡Ki ¯vfvweK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e Rxeb, m¤úwË I ¯vaxbZvi AwaKvi Avw`evmx‡`i
cÖwZw`bKvi gvbevwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi `vwe|
107 I 169 b¤i AvBGjI mb` Ges m¤úªwZ Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi AwaKvi wel‡q
RvwZmsN †NvlYv Øviv Avw`evmx RbM‡Mvôxi AwaKvi we¯Í…Zfv‡e ¯xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb I Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ BwZevPK c`‡ÿc MÖnY wbwðZ K‡i Ges eY©, ag©,
evm ’vbmn Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi wfwˇZ •elg¨ Kiv‡K wbwl× K‡i| Avw`evmx‡`i Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
gvbevwaKvi‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e| G KvRwU Kivi `vwqZ¡ iv‡óªi Ges g~j `vq msL¨vMwiô
mgv‡Ri| Zv‡`i fvlv, mvwn‡Zv¨ I ms¯‥……wZ iÿvi Rb¨ we‡kl cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avw`evmx‡`i ms¯‥…wZ, HwZn¨ hv‡Z †Kv‡bv fv‡e ÿwZMÖ ’ bv nq †m e¨vcv‡i cÖkvmb Z_v miKvi†K
K‡Vvi n‡Z n‡e| me wKQzi Rb¨ `iKvi Avw`evmx‡`i m‡½ A_©c~Y© Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv I msjvc,
Avw`evmx‡`i Av ’vq G‡b KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e| miKvi ev cÖkvm‡bi fywgKv G‡ÿ‡Î Aek¨B j‡Ki
aviYv Abyhvqx BwZevPK n‡e, Zv‡`i G AwaKvi cÖwZôvq mnvqK n‡e| Avw`evmxiv RbcÖwZwbwa
wbe©vPb Ki‡e †Kej AwaKvi myiÿvi Rb¨ hv mvgvwRK ev bvMwiK Pzw³i cÖwZdjb ejv hvq|
Avw`evmx‡`iI mn‡hvMxZvi g‡bvfve wb‡q GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| †fwiqvi GjyBb Zuvi Avw`evmx
RMr eB‡q wj‡L‡Q- Òcvnvo I mgZ‡ji HK¨ RvZxq ¯v^v‡_©I †hgb cÖ‡qvRb, †Zgb cÖ‡qvRb
cvnvo I Ai‡Y¨i gvby‡li ¯^v‡_©, Avgiv ci¯úi ci¯úi‡K mg„× I m¤¢ebvgq Ki‡Z cvwi|
Avw`evmx‡`i Avgiv A‡bK wKQz w`‡Z cvwi, Avevi I‡`iI A‡bK wKQz Av‡Q, hv Avgv‡`i †`evi
gZ|Ó14
cve©Z¨ GjvKvq mwZ¨Kv‡ii RbcªwZwbwa‡Z¡i kvmb e¨e¯’v cªwZwôZ Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| Aci
w`‡K mgZ‡ji Avw`evmx‡`i †ÿ‡Î RvZxq I ’vbxq chv©‡q Avw`evmx RvwZ¸‡jvi kw³kvjx †bZ…Z¡
†bB| ZvQvov RvZxq ch©v‡qI Avw`evmx RvwZ¸‡jvi gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi NUbv ZË¡veavb Kivi
‡Kv‡bv mvsMVwbK wfwË ev KvVv‡gv †bB| ZvB Avw`evmx RvwZ¸‡jvi gvbevwaKvi iÿvq RvZxq
gvbevwaKvi Kwgkbmn mKj gvbevwaKvi msMVb¸‡jvi †Rviv‡jv f~wgKv Acwinvh©|
126
Dch©y³ ev¯ÍeZvi †cÖwÿ‡Z Avw`evmx‡`i gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Y wb‡g¥v³ mycvwik we‡ePbv
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:
Avw`evmx‡`i AvZœcwiPq, ms¯‥„wZ I AwaKvi‡K ¯xK…wZ w`‡q mvsweavwbK AwaKvi I
¯xK…wZ cÖ`vb;
Avw`evmx AwaKvi AvBb cÖYqb, †hLv‡b f~wgi AwaKvimn Zv‡`i ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK
I mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKv‡ii ¯xK…wZ _vK‡e;
cve©Z¨ PUªMvg Pzw³ h_vh_fv‡e I m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ev¯Íevqb Kiv Ges Pzw³i mv‡_ mvqyR¨c~Y©
K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYqb Kiv I ms‡kvab Kiv;
RvZxq Avw`evmx Kwgkb MVb Kiv;
AvB Gj I Kb‡fbkb -169 Aby¯vÿi Kiv|
127
Z_¨ wb‡`©k
1. evsjv‡`‡ki gvbevwaKvi cwiw¯’wZ 2013: AvBb I mvwjk †K› ª Gi ch©v‡jvPbv, c„. 1, m~Î:
cÖ_g Av‡jv, 5 †g 2013|
2. cÖv¸³, c„. 2|
3. cÖ‡dmi wc‡q‡i †ewmb, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi DcRvwZ, Abyev`-mywdqv Lvb, evsjv GKv‡Wgx,
1997, c„.101|
4. gvngy`, wd‡ivR, evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`evmx, evsjv‡`k gvbevwaKvi mgšq cwil`, 1992 c„. 22-
23|
5. cÖv¸³., c„. 38|
6. cÖv¸³., c„. 28|
7. Gm Gg †`vnv, evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`evmx mgv‡Ri BwZe„Ë, AwK©W cÖKvkb, XvKv, 2005,
c„.138|
8. •`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, 10 AvMó 2013, AvšÍRv©wZK Avw`evmx w`em|
9. kohli, A.S., Sharma, S.R., Encyclopedia of Social Welfare and
Administration, Vol.5, (Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1996),
p. 133.
10. cÖ_g Av‡jv, 26 RyjvB 2015|
11. W. WMjvm jviUb, iæR‡fëÕm d‡iBb cwjwm, 1933, 1941: d«v¼wjb wW iæR‡fë, Avb
GwW‡UÛ ¯úxP (†Uv‡i‡›Uv: jsg¨vbm wMÖb, 1942), 324|
12. H. H. Risely, Tribes and Castes of Bengal, V-1 (Printed at the Bengal
Secretariat Press, Calcutta, India, 1891), p.171.
13. †gmevn Kvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ m¤úvw`Z, Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôx, evsjv‡`k mvs¯‹…wZK mgxÿvgvjv-5,
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU; 2007, XvKv, c„.34|
14. nvwdR iwk` Lvb, Avw`evmx Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZ, (A¨vWb© cvewj‡Kkb, XvKv, 2009), c„.67|
lô Aa¨vq
128
lô Aa¨vq
Dcmsnvi t gvbevwaKvi ev¯ Íevq‡bi Zvrch©
gvbevwaKvi welqwU eZ©gvb we‡k¦ ivR‣bwZK gn‡j we‡klfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡”Q Ges Giƒc
AwaKvi miKvi Ges Zvi bxwZwbav©iK Øviv MwVZ mgv‡Ri wbKU `vwe Kiv nq| gvbevwaKvi‡K
Ô‡g․wjKÕ e‡jI eZ©gv‡b AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq, KviY gvbeRxe‡bi gh©v`v Ges Ab¨vb¨ D”PZi
gvbewPšÍv m¤úwK©Z bxwZgvjv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| e¨w³ AwaKvi AR©b K‡i Zvi ¯vaxbZvi
gva¨‡g| AwaKviY Avevi e¨w³‡K Zvi AwfÁZv I `ÿZvi wfwˇZ K‡g©i †fZi †_‡K ¯vaxbZvi
†PZbvi D‡¤§l NUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| AwaKv‡ii aviYv GKwU kw³i ms‡hvRb †h kw³ ¯vaxbZvi
D‡¤§l NUvq ev KLbI wbt‡kwlZ bv n‡q eis cÖevngvb _v‡K| cÖwZwU AwaKvi Dc‡fvM Kivi
wcQ‡b we‡kl Ae ’v‡bi `vwe _v‡K hv AviI `x©NvwqZ n‡q Ab¨vb¨ AwaKv‡ii ms‡hvRb I bevq‡bi
w`‡K avweZ nq|
6.1 gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevqb
gvbevwaKvi ev Íevq‡bi welq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e gvbevwaKvi
ev¯Íevqb ej‡Z wK †evSvq, AvšÍR©vwZK ev Íevq‡bi Amyweav, mgm¨v Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨
ev¯Íe m¤§Z mycvwik wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
mvaviYfv‡e RvwZmsN mvivwe‡k¦ gvbevwaKvi ev Íevq‡bi GK weivU `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
wKš‘ D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, AvšÍR©vwZK Kvh©µg Kj‡Z ïay RvwZms†Ni Kvh©µg‡K †evSvq bv|
wewfbœ AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb, L¨vwZgvb we‡klÁ‡`i mycvwik I M‡elYv BZ¨vw` e„nËi
AvšÍR©vwZK †cÖÿvc‡Ui AšÍfy©³| e¯‘Z AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ‡NvwlZ gvbevwaKvimg~n ev Íevq‡bi †h
‡Kv‡bv e¨e ’v hw` GKwU ivóª KvVv‡gvi D‡aŸ© I‡V ev¯Íevq‡bi e¨e¯’v †bqv nq, †mwUB AvšÍR©vwZK
ev¯Íevq‡bi AvIZvq c‡o|
GB msÁv MÖnY Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY KvVv‡gvi gvbevwaKvi ev Íevq‡bi †hme
c×wZ Pvjy Av‡Q †m¸‡jv m¤ú~Y© ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Mfxifv‡e we‡kølY
Ki‡j welqwU ¯úó nq| hw`I AvšÍR©vwZK ev Íevq‡bi AvIZvq iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY ev Íevq‡bi
129
e¨e¯’v¸‡jv cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e we‡ePbvi welq bq, wKš‘ AvšÍR©vwZK ev¯Íevq‡bi e¨e ’v Ggb cvwi‡ek
m„wó K‡i hvi d‡j ivóªxq KvVv‡gvi Af¨šÍ‡i me©Rbxbfv‡e ¯xK…Z gvby‡li AwaKvimg~n ev¯Íevq‡bi
Rb¨ GKwU Av`k© cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjvi Pvc m„wó nq| d‡j H AwaKvi¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Dchy³
e¨e¯’v M„nxZ nq| AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e gvbevwaKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î gvb wbw ©ó Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mB wbw ©ó gvb
AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ‡Póv MÖnYB n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖv_wgK
c`‡ÿc| Gme AvšÍR©vwZK cÖ‡Póvi d‡j wewfbœ iv‡óª wewfbœfv‡e gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi e¨e¯’v
M„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i| gvbevwaKv‡ii jÿ¨ AR©‡b GKwU ivóª wVK wK e¨e ’v MÖnY Ki‡jv †mwU
AvšÍR©vwZK ev Íevq‡bi AvIZvfy³ bq| †h e¨e¯’vB †bqv †nvK mwVK A‡_© gvbevwaKvi ev ÍevwqZ
n‡jv wKbv †mwUB n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK ev Íevq‡bi we‡ePbvi welq|
gvbevwaKv‡ii AvšÍR©vwZK ev¯Íevqb Ggb nIqv cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z mviv we‡k¦ gvby‡li AwaKvi
cÖwZôv Kivi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ e¨e¯’v cÖwZôv Kiv nq| †hgb- Av`vj‡Zi wePvi ÿgZv, D”PZi
Av`vj‡Zi ixU ÿgZv, wewfbœ we‡kl UªvBey¨bvj MVb, miKvix Kg©Pvix‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY Z`viwKi
Rb¨ we‡kl c×wZ D™¢veb, b¨vqcv‡ji c` m„wó I Z`viwKi ÿgZv BZ¨vw`| GQvovI ivóªxq
msweav‡b †g․wjK AwaKvimg~n we‡kl gh©v`vcÖvß| Gme AwaKvi‡K msweav‡b AšÍfy©³ Kivi
gva¨‡g m‡e©v”P gh©v`vcÖvß AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ †`qv nq|
Zvn‡j GZme iÿvKe‡Pi c‡iI AvšÍR©vwZK ev Íevq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc Kiv nq †Kb? mgm¨vwUi mgvavbK‡í ivóªxq KvVv‡gv‡Z wewfbœ e¨e¯’vi my¯úó weavb _vKv
m‡Ë¡I we‡k¦i A‡bK iv‡óªB †m me weavb I iÿvKeP evievi jw•NZ n‡”Q| AwaKvinxb gvbyl `vwe
Rvbv‡”Q wek¦gvbeZvi `iev‡i| wek¦gvbeZvi mw¤§wjZ B”Qvi ewntcÖKvk N‡U AvšÍR©vwZK Kvh©-
e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g| †mRb¨B AvšÍR©vwZK ev Íevq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I e¨e ’v MÖn‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ GZ
AwaK|
A‡b‡K G iKg gZ †cvlY K‡ib †h, AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³i gva¨‡g m„ó AwaKvimg ~n
ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡ mswkøó iv‡óªi Ici m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †Q‡o w`‡j AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡
Gov‡bv hvq| Zv‡`i „wó‡Z GwUB DËg I mwVK e¨e¯’v| g~jZ ivóxq KvVv‡gv‡ZB †Zv gvby‡li
AwaKvi ev ÍevwqZ nq|
130
GB „wófw½i Av‡jv‡K ev¯Íevq‡bi e¨e¯’v‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e RvZxq welq wn‡m‡e †`Lv
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ivóªxqfv‡e hw` gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖwZ h‡_ó kÖ×v cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡Zv ev ev Íevq‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e ’v MÖnY Kiv n‡Zv, Zvn‡j AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ev Íevq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbB wQj bv| hw`I
AvšÍR©vwZK `wj‡j ivóªxqfv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bi e¨e¯’v ivLv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zey Zv AvšÍR©vwZK
ev¯Íevqb ev AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e gvbevwaKvi msiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î h‡_ó bq, weKíI bq|
ZvQvov AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e m¤úvw`Z Pzw³I AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi AvIZvfy³| Pzw³i ‡Kv‡bv
cÿ hw` Pzw³i kZ©vbyhvqx gvby‡li AwaKvi ev Íevqb bv K‡i, Zvn‡j Zv AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi
„wó‡Z Pzw³f‡½i ch©v‡q c‡o I Pzw³i `vwqZ¡ ei‡Ljv‡ci Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡b MÖnY‡hvM¨ me
e¨e¯’v †bqv hvq| A_©vr AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³i gva¨‡g ivóªxq KvVv‡gv‡Z gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi e¨e¯’v
ivL‡jI PzovšÍ ch©v‡q Pyw³i wfwË AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bB wbwnZ|
131
6.2 gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevqb welqK g‡Zi chv©‡jvPbv
eZ©gvb M‡elYvi g~j welq n‡”Q ÔAvBbMZ I •bwZK „wó‡KvY †_‡K gvbevwaKvi PP©vÕ|
G‡ÿ‡Î M‡elYvc‡Îi Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q Avwg AvBbMZ w`K †_‡K AwaKv‡ii ¯iƒc Ges AwaKvi
m¤ú‡K© `vk©wbK‡`i AvBwb ZË¡ Zz‡j a‡iwQ| we‡kl K‡i Rb Aw÷b Kxfv‡e •eÁvwbK „wó‡KvY
†_‡K AvBb‡K e¨vL¨v K‡ib Ges AvBb Kxfv‡e AwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zv Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GQvov PZz_© Aa¨v‡q •bwZKZvi mv‡_ gvbevwaKv‡ii m¤úK© I ¯iƒc wbY©q Kivi †Póv
K‡iwQ| G‡ÿ‡Î Ô‣bwZKZvÕ Z_v Ôb¨vqwePviÕ wfwËK wewfbœ `vk©wbK ZË¡ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q
†h¸‡jv‡K gvbevwaKvi ev¯Ívevq‡bi AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`Kwb‡ ©kK c×wZ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Ki‡Z
cvwi| wb‡¤œ AvBwb I b¨vqwePvi welqK wewfbœ (Aw÷b, ‡cø‡Uv, ijm I bwRK) `vk©wbK‡`i
AwaKviZË¡ g~j¨vqb I we‡kølY K‡i gvbevwaKvi ev Íevq‡bi Zvrch© Zz‡j aie|
weªwUk AvBbwe` I `vk©wbK Rb Aw÷b AvBb ej‡Z eywS‡q‡Qb mve©‡f․‡gi wb‡ ©k‡K, Zuvi
gZvbymv‡i AvB‡bi †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q mve©‡f․‡gi kvw Í`v‡bi ÿgZv, •bwZK m~Î ev cÖ_vi mv‡_
AvB‡bi ‡Kv‡bv m¤úK© ‡bB| Aw÷b cÖPwjZ cÖ_v ev bxwZMZ aviYvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z AvBb‡K e¨vL¨v
K‡ibwb| Zvui g‡Z, mve©‡f․g n‡jv AvB‡bi Drm| mve©‡f․‡gi msÁvq Aw÷b e‡jb, hw` ‡Kv‡bv
mgv‡R ‡Kv‡bv wbw ©ó EaŸ©Zb (e¨w³ ev e¨w³msm`) Ab¨ †Kv‡bv D”PZi KZ…©c‡ÿi ek¨Zv ev
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wewkó A_©bxwZwe` AgZ¨© ‡mb ij‡mi b¨vqwePvi Z‡Ë¡ Av¯’v cÖKvk K‡ibwb| hw`I wZwb
ijm‡K mgmvgwqK hy‡Mi b¨vq Z‡Ë¡i me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx Ges bvbvfv‡e me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯ªóªv
e‡j ¯xK…wZ Rvwb‡q‡Qb| AgZ¨© †mb g‡b K‡ib, Rb ij‡mi Z‡Ë¡ ¯vaxbZvi AMÖvwaKvi‡K †hfv‡e
cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡q‡Q †mwU mwVK bq| ij‡mi g‡Z, ¯vaxbZvi mgvbvwaKv‡ii bxwZwU my‡hv‡Mi
mgZvi bxwZi Av‡‡M _vK‡e| Avw_©K cÖ‡qvRb‡K e¨w³ ¯vaxbZvi wb‡P ’vb †`Iqvi ‡Kv‡bv KviY
_vK‡Z cv‡ibv| ¯vaxbZvi AMÖvwaKvi _vK‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ AgZ¨© †m‡bi g‡Z, GB gZev‡`i Ggb
‡Kv‡bv djvdj n‡ebv †h Avw_©K cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K D‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨w³ ¯vaxbZv‡K Ab¨vb¨
my‡hvM-myweav †_‡K c„_K K‡i †`Lv Ges e¨w³ ¯vaxbZv‡ZB ¯vaxbZvi msNvZ Dcw ’Z n‡j
cÖvavb¨ †`evi ijmev`x cÖ Íve‡K W. †mb mg_©b K‡ib bv| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, cÖvavb¨wU g~j cÖkœ
bq| cÖkœ n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³MZ myweavi (Avq, Dc‡hvwMZv BZ¨vw`)
Zzjbvq wK cÖvavb¨ †c‡Z cv‡i? W.†m‡bi g‡Z, ¯vaxbZv‡K mijfv‡e GKwU myweav wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
KivB †kÖq (†hgb AwaK Avq), †h myweav e¨w³ IB ¯vaxbZv †_‡KB jvf K‡i| ijm D`vi
MYZvwš¿K e¨e ’vq M„nxZ e¨w³i †g․wjK ¯vaxbZv wb‡q cQ‡›`i AMÖvwaKv‡ii bxwZ‡K mg_©b K‡ib
wb| †m‡bi g‡Z, ivR‣bwZK AskMÖnY, gZvgZ, ag©xq ¯vaxbZv, AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mgvbvwaKvi cÖf…wZ
D`vi MYZvwš¿K ivR‣bwZK ¯vaxbZvi gva¨‡g ¯vaxbZv‡K iÿv Kiv m¤fe| ¯vaxbZvi ivR‣bwZK
I bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii MVbg~jK f~wgKvi Ici AgZ©¨ †mb ¸iæZ¡ †`b|11
ij‡mi b¨v‡qi ¯”QZvi
cÖwµqvi mv‡_ m¤ú©wKZ Ab¨vb¨ we‡ePbv †hgb †hvM¨Zv ev mvg_©‡K K`vwPr cwi‡ekb Kiv nq|
wKš‘ b¨v‡qi GB Z‡Ë¡ G‡K Aek¨B GKxf ~Z Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hvM¨Zv I myweavi bxwZ ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| e¨w³i AwaKvi j•Nb ~i Kivi Rb¨ G ywU bxwZ weKí wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ges mبenvi
Ki‡Z n‡e e‡j W. †mb g‡b K‡ib|
138
e¨w³i AwaKvi mgybœZ Ki‡Z ievU© bwRK Zuvi Anarchy, State and Utopia MÖ‡š’
¯vaxbZvev`x D`vibxwZ cÖPvi K‡ib| wZwb b~¨YZg iv‡óªi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek¦vmx, †h ivóª‡K wZwb myiÿv
mwgwZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib| e¨w³i Rxeb, e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv I e¨w³i AwaKv‡ii evB‡i ‡Kv‡bv
ivR‣bwZK ev mvgvwRK ms ’vi AMÖvwaKvi _vK‡Z cv‡i GK_v wZwb ¯xKvi K‡ib bv| bwRK
b¨v‡qi Ggb GK ¯Z¡ZË¡ cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb hvi g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv e¨w³ ¯vaxbZv I e¨w³i m¤úwËi
myiÿv `vb| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb ivR‡bwZK ev mvgvwRK ms ’vi Aw¯ZZ¡‡K †Kej e¨w³i cÖ‡qvR‡b
¯xKvi K‡ib| ivóª ev Ab¨vb¨ ms ’vi AMÖvwaKvi e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv, m¤úwË I AwaKv‡i wbqš¿Y I
k„•Ljv Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cv‡i hv Kvg¨ bq| ivóª e¨w³i Rxeb, ¯vaxbZv I bvbvfv‡e AwR©Z I cÖvß
•ea m¤úwËi Ici ‡Kv‡bv ej cÖ‡qvM bv K‡i eis myiÿv Ki‡e| gvbylB ivóª‡K ÿgZv w`‡q‡Q|
gvby‡li AwaKvi mywbwðZ Ki‡ZB gvbyl iv‡óªi g‡Zv GK msMVb m„wó K‡i‡Q| ïay mvnvh¨ I
cwi‡mevi evB‡i iv‡óªi †Kv‡bv KvR †bB| m¤úwˇfvMx gvby‡li Kv‡Q GB ivóª m¤úwËi iÿK
gvÎ| m¤úwËi ‡Kv‡bv n¯Í‡ÿc ev j•Nb n‡j ivóª‡K ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e| b~¨YZg iv‡óªi
•bwZKZvi ‡Kv‡bv miKvwi ev mvgvwRK AwaKvi eÈb, ‡Kv‡bv aviYvB Zvi Kv‡Q ¸iæZ¡ cvq bv|
bwR‡Ki ¯vaxbZvev`x D`vibxwZ ZË¡‡K mgv‡jvPbv I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g mgKvjxb
ivR‣bwZK `k©b‡K AviI GwM‡q †bb †Rgm eyKvbb I †ivbvì Ww©Kb| †Rgm eyKvbb Zuvi The
Limit of Liberty (1975) I Freedom in Constitutional Contract (1977) MÖš’؇q
ivRbxwZ‡K cÖvwZôvwbK I mvsweavwbKfv‡e Ggb K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi civgk© †`b hv‡Z ivRbxwZwe`
I Avgjv‡`i ¯v_© mxgve× K‡i e¨w³MZ cQ›`‡K wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| wZwb
bwR‡Ki Gi g‡Zv ivóª‡K msiÿYKvix b~¨bZg ivóª wn‡m‡e bv †f‡e, Drcv`b I RbKj¨v‡Yi
†ÿ‡Î ivóª wb‡qvwRZ †nvK Zv †P‡q‡Qb|
‡ivbvì WwK©b Zuvi Taking Rights Seriously (1978) MÖ‡š’ ¯vaxbZvi m‡½ mvg¨‡K
Ry‡o w`‡q (me gvby‡li mgvb gh©v`v I ¯vZš¿¨) D`vi‣bwZKZv‡K ivR‣bwZK mgv‡Ri hyw³hy³
ZvwË¡K fvebv wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, miKvi ev kvmbe¨e¯’v‡K wbi‡cÿfv‡e
cwiPvjbvi ¯v‡_©B, gvby‡li fv‡jv Rxe‡bi ¯v‡_©B mgZv‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| bwRK ivóª‡K
ivR‣bwZK e¨e ’vi cv‡k GKwU ÿz ª ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, e¨w³i Ici †Kv‡bv evB‡ii
n¯Í‡ÿc Kvg¨ bq| WwK©b e‡jb, e¨w³¯vaxbZv _vK‡e Ges iv‡óªi ZË¡veav‡b (mvsweavwbK MYZš¿)
139
I mgZvi `k©b †g‡b ¯vaxbZv cÖwZwôZ n‡jB fv‡jv|12
Zuvi g‡Z bwRK RbKj¨vY‡K Amyweavi
KviY wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb Ges iv‡óªi cÖwZ wbf©ikxjZvi ms¯‥…wZ †_‡K gy³ n‡Z Pvb| bwR‡Ki
¯vaxbZvev`x GB Z‡Ë¡ ivóªwe‡ivaxZvi †h cÖeYZv Av‡Q Zvi †cQ‡b GKw`‡K Av‡Q mgvRZ‡š¿i
wec` †_‡K ¯vaxbZv‡K euvPv‡bv, e¨w³i `ÿZv, D‡`¨vM I `vwqZ¡kxjZv‡K cÖmvwiZ Kiv Ges
evRvi A_©bxwZi bv‡g cyuwRev`x •biv‡R¨i GK Ae¯’v‡K ¯vMZ Rvbv‡bv| WwK©b ev ijm
D`viZvev‡`i GB evRvwi †gvn †_‡K m‡i G‡m G‡K mgZv, b¨vq, •bwZKZv I RbKj¨v‡Yi c‡_
cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z Pvb Ges iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`b|
140
6.3 gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevqb †K ev Kviv Ki‡e?
RvwZmsN cÖYxZ me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvcÎÕ Gi ‡Kv‡bv ev¯Íevqb c×wZ †bB| Z‡e
Gi Aax‡b †h Pzw³¸‡jv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi †hme †K․kj wbav©wiZ Av‡Q †h¸‡jv LyeB
ye©j| d‡j RvwZmsNmn ivóªmg~‡ni Ab¨vb¨ ms ’vI gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi `vq`vwqZ¡ iv‡óªi
nv‡ZB cy‡ivcywi mu‡c w`‡q‡Q| †m w`K †_‡K iv‡óªi cÖv_wgK KZ©e¨ n‡jv gvbevwaKvi‡K m¤§vb,
msiÿY Ges ev Íevqb| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, ‡Kv‡bv ivóª hw` gvbevwaKvi j•Nb K‡i Zvn‡j
civkw³¸‡jv AvšÍ©RvwZK ms ’v¸‡jvi gva¨‡g (†hgb RvwZmsN) mswkøó iv‡óªi gvbevwaKvi
cwiw ’wZi DbœwZK‡í n ͇ÿc K‡ib| wKš‘ Zviv Zv‡`i AvKv•Lvi m‡½ ev ÍeZv‡K G‡jv‡g‡jv K‡i
†d‡jb|13
Dcmsnv‡i Avwg gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi `vqfvi wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z PvB| G‡ÿ‡Î
wZbwU Abywm×všÍ Zz‡j ai‡Z cvwi-
cÖ_gZ : gvbevwaKvi mgybœZ ivLvi `vwqZ¡ e¨w³i;
wØZxqZ : gvbevwaKvi ev Íevqb I msiÿ‡Yi `vwqZ¡ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c iv‡óªi ev mve©‡f․‡gi;
Z…ZxqZ : e¨w³ I ivóª DfqB gvbevwaKv‡ii D‡Ïk¨/jÿ¨|
cÖ_gZ: e¨w³ wb‡R gvbevwaKvi j•Nb Ki‡ebv- G `vq Zvi| ZvQvov, miKvi hv‡Z
gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖwZ kÖ×v cÖ`k©b K‡i †m e¨vcv‡i miKvi‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi `vwqZ¡I Zvi|
MYZvwš¿K bxwZgvjvi AvIZvq wbR wbR miKv‡ii Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ e¨w³ ch©v‡qI wKQz `vwqZ¡
_v‡K| ÔRbM‡Yi Øviv MwVZ miKviÕ G AvßevK¨wUi g‡a¨ mZ¨Zv _vK‡jI ivR‣bwZK Askx`vwii
AwaKvi RbM‡Yi `vq`vwqZ¡|
gvbevwaKvi ZË¡ Abyhvqx, gvbyl KZ¸‡jv AwaKvi wb‡qB Rb¥vq Ges †mme AwaKvi Zvi
e¨w³‡Z¡i Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| gvby‡li GB ¯fveRvZ I Awe‡”Q`¨ AwaKvi‡K mnRvZ ev cÖvK…wZK
AwaKvi e‡j Awfwn‡Zv Kiv nq| GB AwaKvi¸‡jv mnRvZ I cÖvK…wZK e‡j GKw`‡K Zv ivóªxq
¯xK…wZi D‡aŸ© Ab¨w`‡K ivóªxq n ͇ÿc ev wbqš¿Ygy³| me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvi cÖ_g
Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q ‡h, mKj gvbyl mgvb I ¯vaxbfv‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| Zv‡`i i‡q‡Q we‡eK I
hyw³ev`x gb Ges Zviv G‡K A‡bi cÖwZ åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡a DÏxß| GLv‡b gvbe gh©v`v I hyw&³ev`xZv‡K
141
gvbevwaKv‡i wfwË †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| •bwZKmËv wn‡m‡e gvbweK gh©v`vi G welqwU Kv‡›Ui `k©‡b
jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Kv›U Zuvi Metaphysic of Morals MÖ‡š’ e¨w³‡K D‡Ïk¨ RM‡Zi AvBb
cÖ‡YZv wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib †hLv‡b e¨w³ wb‡R †mB AvB‡bi Aaxb| Kv›U ‡evSv‡Z Pvb e¨w³
†hgb wb‡R‡K jÿ¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡e Abyiƒcfv‡e Ab¨‡KI we‡ePbv Ki‡e, KLbI Dcvq
wn‡m‡e bq| d‡j e¨w³ †hgb wb‡Ri AwaKvi‡ev‡a m‡PZb n‡e †Zgwb A‡b¨i AwaKvi, ¯v‡_i©
nvwb NU‡e Ggb AvPiY Ki‡e bv| Gfv‡e gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡b e¨w³ `vwqZ¡ Gov‡Z cv‡i bv|
wØZxqZ : gvbevwaKvi ev Íevq‡bi cÖavb `vqfvi miKv‡ii| me©Î RbM‡Yi AwaKv‡ii
cÖwZ gh©v`v cÖ`k©‡bi `vq`vwqZ¡ iv‡óªi| e¨w³i gvbevwaKvi mgybœZ ivLvi `vwqZ¡I iv‡óªi| G
„wó‡KvY †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, gvbevwaKvi me©Rbxb I ¯vfvweK n‡jI G¸‡jv msiÿ‡Yi
`vwqZ¡ iv‡óªi IciB b¨ Í| G „wó‡Z AwaKvi n‡jv ivóª KZ©„K ¯xK…wZ I msiwÿZ `vwe|
‡cø‡Uv, Gwi÷Uj mn cÖvK…wZK AwaKv‡ii mg_©K Ges mvgvwRK Pzw³ev`x wewfbœ `vk©wbK
AwaKvi iÿv I wbivcËv mywbwðZKi‡Y iv‡óªi `vwq‡Z¡i K_v e‡jb| nKm, jK, iæ‡kv cÖgyL
`vk©wbKM‡Yi gZ Abymv‡i ejv hvq, gvbyl cÖK…wZi ivR¨ †_‡K AvB‡bi iv‡R¨ G‡m‡Q wbQK kvwšÍ
I wbivcËv cÖwZôvi D‡Ï‡k¨ bq, Zvi AwaKvi myiwÿZ I cÖmvwiZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨| mve©‡f․g
ÿgZv‡K AvBb cÖYq‡bi kvmbvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Q RbMY| †Kbbv ivR‣bwZK mgv‡R gvby‡li
cwiPq bvMwiK wn‡m‡e, †h AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e, Avevi AwaKvi e¨vn‡Zv n‡j cÖwZ‡iva I we‡ ªvn
Ki‡e|
GB `vq`vwqZ¡¸‡jv †Kej †bwZevPK bq (j•Nb Kivi bq), BwZevPKI e‡U (mgybœZ
ivLvi ev ev ÍevwqZ Kivi)| eû‡`‡kB Zv‡`i f~L‡Ûi Awaevmx‡`i AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ gh©v`v cÖ`k©b
I AwaKvi¸‡jv mgybœZ ivL‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| d‡j G `vwqZ¡ RvwZms‡Ni g‡Zv AvšÍR©vwZK
msMVb‡K ‡`qvi AvMÖn evo‡e wKsev H AwaKvi¸‡jvi `vwqZ¡ †bqvi Rb¨ AwP‡iB GKwU wek¦ivóª
wKsev wek¦miKv‡ii Afz¨`q NU‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|
Z…Zxq: gvbevwaKvi ev Ívevq‡b e¨w³ I ivóª Dfq‡qiB `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| DcwiD³ ywU
Abywm×všÍ AvcvZ „wó‡Z ci¯úiwe‡ivax e‡j g‡b nq| wKš‘ gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevqb I msiÿ‡Y
142
e¨w³ I ivóª‡K c„_Kfv‡e we‡ePbv bv K‡i eis Df‡qi GKmv‡_ djcÖm~ f~wgKv‡K Zz‡j ai‡Z
cvwi Ges †mUvB n‡e hyw³hy³| gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³ †hgb wb‡Ri I Ac‡ii
AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj I hZœevb n‡e †Zgwb ivóªI AvB‡bi kvmb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g e¨w³i
AwaKvi‡K mgybœZ ivL‡e| `vk©wbK wePvi we‡køl‡Y Df‡qi f~wgKvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †hgb †cø‡Uvi Kv‡Q
ivóª n‡jv| †mB Av`k© hvi g‡a¨ gvby‡li mnRvZ cÖe„wË I ¸Yvejx cÖwZdwjZ nq| Zuvi g‡Z,
mywePvi cÖwZôv KivB iv‡óªi ag©| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³Rxe‡b †Kgb K‡i b¨vqwePv‡ii Av`k© weKwkZ nq
g~jZ †mB welqwU †evSv‡Z wM‡q wZwb iv‡óª b¨vqwePv‡ii Av`k©‡K cÖPvi Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi †_‡K mvaviY gvbyl‡K ewÂZ Ki‡jI †cø‡Uv Zv‡`i Avw_©K ¯vaxbZvq n ͇ÿc
K‡ibwb| e¨w³‡K †M․Y ev †QvU K‡i ‡`Lv †cø‡Uvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj bv| AwaKvi‡ev‡a bq, KZ©e¨‡ev‡a
I †meva‡g© m‡PZb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †cø‡Uv e¨w³gvbyl‡K| Gfv‡e e¨w³‡K iv‡óªi m‡½ GKvZ¥ K‡i
iv‡óªi Kj¨v‡Yi g‡a¨ e¨w³i Kj¨vY †LuvR K‡ib|
Rb ijm Zuvi Ôb¨vqwePviÕ Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g AwaKv‡ii †h ZË¡ DÌvcb K‡ib Zv‡Z wZwb
Avkv cÖKvk K‡ib ‡h b¨vqwePvi‡K P~ovšÍfv‡e Kvh©Kix K‡i Zzj‡Z bvMwiK wePvieyw×, Abyf~wZ I
HKgZ¨ RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e | A_©vr wZwb e¨w³i f~wgKv‡K Zz‡j a‡ib| Avevi †`Lv hvq ij‡mi
MYZvwš¿K ivóª my „p •bwZK wfwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ| GB ivóª bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi‡eva I †PZbv‡K
g~j¨ †`q, bvMwi‡Ki wewPÎ •bwZK I ag©xq Ae ’vb ¯xKvi K‡i| A_©vr gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvq iv‡óªi
f~wgKv AMÖMY¨| Avevi ievU© bwRK Zuvi b~¨bZg iv‡óªi aviYvq mvnvh¨ I cwi‡mevi evB‡i iv‡óªi
‡Kv‡bv f~wgKv †bB e‡j g‡b K‡ib| m¤úwˇfvMx gvby‡li Kv‡Q GB ivóª m¤úwËi iÿK gvÎ,
m¤úwËi †Kv‡bv n ͇ÿc ev j•Nb n‡j ivóª‡K ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e|
bwR‡Ki g‡Z, e¨w³ wb‡RB Zvi ¯^vaxbZvi KZ©v; e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv I ¯^-wbqš¿‡Yi K_v e‡j
wZwb e¨w³i gh©v`v‡K D‡aŸ© Zz‡j a‡ib| e¨w³ wb‡Ri AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj n‡e GUvB wZwb
Avkv K‡ib| G e¨vcv‡i wZwb e¨w³ I miKvi Df‡qi KZ©‡e¨i K_v e‡jb| miKvi ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³i
AwaKvi j•Nb bv Kivq `vqe×| Gfv‡e ievU© bwRK gvbevwaKvi ev Íevq‡b miKvi ev iv‡óªi
`vwqZ¡†K cÖavb wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb| ‡gvU K_v gvbevwaKvi ev Íevqb I mgybœZ Ki‡Z e¨w³ I miKvi
ev ivóª Df‡qi †h․_ f~wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
143
6.4 gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ
AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e wewfbœ c×wZi gva¨‡g gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡q _v‡K ev
†bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gme e¨e¯’v ev c×wZ‡K (K) ivR‣bwZK I AivR‣bwZK ev Íevqb, (L)
AvBbMZ ev Íevqb, (M) cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ ev Íevqb BZ¨vw` bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| ev¯Íevq‡bi
ev¯Íe c×wZ I e¨e ’vi Av‡jv‡K Gme bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GiKg wbw ©ó mxgv‡iLv ‡U‡b
GK c×wZ †_‡K Ab¨ c×wZ m¤ú~Y© c„_K K_v m¤¢e bq| †Kbbv GKwU e¨e ’v Ab¨wUi mv‡_
IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ Ges GKwU c×wZ Av‡jvPbv K‡iZ wM‡q Ab¨ c×wZwU G‡m cov ¯vfvweK|
cÖ_gZ: ivR‣bwZK I AivR‣bwZK ev¯Íevq‡bi g‡a¨ ‣ewkó¨MZ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e n‡jI
AivR‣bwZK ev Íevq‡bi e¨e¯’v‡K Avevi AvBbMZ ev AvBbMZ bq GiKg fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
wØZxqZ: c‡ivÿ I cÖZ¨ÿ ev Íevq‡bi g‡a¨I cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv P‡j| G ai‡bi †ÿ‡Î
AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³‡Z m`m¨-ivóªmg~nB †Kej m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| iv‡óªi bvMwiKMY iv‡óªi gva¨‡g
c‡ivÿfv‡e Gme Pzw³i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| hw`I †h‡Kv‡bv Pzw³i jÿ¨ RbMYB, ZeyI Zviv G
ai‡bi Pzw³‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK †dviv‡g mivmwi wb‡R‡`i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| bvMwiKiv
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