Girls

Boys Boys

Girls

80

90

100

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

31.5

35.4

39.4

43.3

47.2

51.2

55.1

59.0

63.0

66.9

70.9

74.9

0

8

16

24

32

40

48

56

64

72

80

90

0

17.6

35.3

52.9

70.5

88.2

105.8

123.4

141.1

158.7

176.3

194.0

Cen

timet

ers

Pounds

Age in Years Age in Years

Height Weight

InchesK

ilogr

ams

Growth in Height and Weight from Two to Eighteen Years

Countries Arranged by Rank for Calories per Day

Daily caloriesas % dailyrequirement

Children stuntedage 0-5

Children age 0-5underweight

Eth

iopi

a

Hon

dura

s

Indi

a

Vie

t N

am

Chi

na

Bra

zil

Jam

aica

Uni

ted

Kin

gdo

m

Mex

ico

Per

cent

age

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

105

120

135

150

Can

ada

Japa

n

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Fra

nce

Physical Impact of Poverty on Growth

DELAYEDINTELLECTUALDEVELOPMENT

Brain damage(sometimes reversible)

Lethargy andwithdrawal

Minimalexploration

of environment

Loweredexpectationsof child from

adults becausechild appears

young

Lack of educationaland medical resources

Delayed developmentof motor skills such ascrawling and walking

Delayed physicalgrowth

IllnessMalnutrition

Poverty

Areas of the Brain

Cerebral cortex

Motor cortex

Broca's area

Auditorycortex

Sensory cortex

Visual cortex

Wernicke'sarea

BrainstemMidbrain

Hindbrain

Piaget's Three Mountains Experiment

Variations on Three Mountain Experiments

Semantic Relations in Two-Word Utterances

Relationship Example

Agents + actionAction + objectAgent + objectAction + locative (location)Object + locativePossessor + possessedAttribute + objectDemonstrative + object

Baby cryEat cookieBobby cookieJump stairTeddy bedMommy sandwichBig dogThere Daddy

2 to 5 Year Language Explosion

• Prelinguistic: crying signals, gooing, cooing,

babbling, squeals, yells, inflection by 9 months

• Holophrastic: One word means many things. Starts

about 1 year. 40 to 50 words by 18 months, 300

words by 2 years.

• Telegraphic: Two or three word phrases (“Where

go?” “More milk.” “No bath!” “Big boat.” “Mommy’s

dress.”). From about 18 to 24 months.

• Stage II Grammar: Includes plurals,

overgeneralizations. From about 2 to 3 years.

• Adult-like Speech: Starts at about 5 to 6 years.

• Prelinguistic: crying signals, gooing, cooing,

babbling, squeals, yells, inflection by 9 months

• Holophrastic: One word means many things. Starts

about 1 year. 40 to 50 words by 18 months, 300

words by 2 years.

• Telegraphic: Two or three word phrases (“Where

go?” “More milk.” “No bath!” “Big boat.” “Mommy’s

dress.”). From about 18 to 24 months.

• Stage II Grammar: Includes plurals,

overgeneralizations. From about 2 to 3 years.

• Adult-like Speech: Starts at about 5 to 6 years.

Broca'sarea

Primaryauditoryarea Wernicke's

area

Motor cortex

• Social Learning Theories: Language acquisition through imitation or

modeling

• Reinforcement: The child is conditioned to perform verbal behavior. (B.F.

Skinner, 1957)

• Innateness: We are “pre-wired” or “preprogrammed” to learn language

through a language acquisition device (L.A.D.) in the brain. (Chomsky)

• Combined View: Includes predisposition and input from the environment, but

the child plays an active, creative role in learning language. Perception,

cognition, motor, social and emotional factors are all involved.

• Social Learning Theories: Language acquisition through imitation or

modeling

• Reinforcement: The child is conditioned to perform verbal behavior. (B.F.

Skinner, 1957)

• Innateness: We are “pre-wired” or “preprogrammed” to learn language

through a language acquisition device (L.A.D.) in the brain. (Chomsky)

• Combined View: Includes predisposition and input from the environment, but

the child plays an active, creative role in learning language. Perception,

cognition, motor, social and emotional factors are all involved.

Theories of Language Acquisition

• Brain continues myelination process and formation of neuronal connections.

• Body proportions becoming more adult-like.

• Large and fine motor coordination are maturing.

• Brain continues myelination process and formation of neuronal connections.

• Body proportions becoming more adult-like.

• Large and fine motor coordination are maturing.

Summary of Early Childhood Physical Development

• Preoperational thinking, not yet logical,

unable to see another’s viewpoint.

• Child has gone through “language

explosion,” emerging with vocabulary of

over 14,000 words, and syntactically

correct usage.

• Preoperational thinking, not yet logical,

unable to see another’s viewpoint.

• Child has gone through “language

explosion,” emerging with vocabulary of

over 14,000 words, and syntactically

correct usage.

Summary of Early Childhood Cognitive Development