THE HISTORY OF GIFTEDNESS www.drlakshmisharma.com

Dr Lakshmi Sharma Workshop on Giftedness Part 1

NO LIMITS TO LEARNING! BELIEVE & YOU CAN ACHIEVE!THE GIFTED CHILD

Beginnings of Giftedness

Philosophers & Gifted Relationship

Key Researchers in Giftedness

Theories of Intelligence

Flynn Effect

How it all began

Beginning of Civilisation-Identification of Intellect

ChinaMesopotamiaIndiaGreeceAfrica

Philosophy & Giftedness Relationship

Schooling & Philosophy

Plato (427–347BC) Specialized education intellectually gifted

Ancient China (770BC - 476BC)

private schools, supported scholars of various ideologies

Sui Dynasty:Keju examination >1,300 years (Qing Dynasty).

Special exam for gifted children - 'tongziju‘

Confucius intellectual philosophy & teachings

Sun Tzu (c. 544–c. 496 BCE) — military philosopher

Philosophers Timeline

Key Researchers

Francis GaltonAlfred BinetLewis TermanLeta HollingworthDavid Wechsler

Sir Francis Galton 1822-1911 British

= First to measure intelligence (western)

=1888-1894 natural intellectual measurements over 7,500 people

= Parent deviates from the norm, so will child, to a lesser extent

= Improvement by intervening in heredity: EUGENICS

= Gifted, capable, (breed) average, or degenerate (abstain)

= Most intelligent/talented "eminent,“

= Eminence related to hereditary line

= Father of phrenology-fingerprinting

• Began blind folding chess players• Mentored by Charcot (hypnotism), Influenced

Piaget• Research Assistant – SIMON• French gov (1904):how to identify low IQ students • Binet-Simon Scale, tasks age typical, tested 50 kids • Intellectual development influenced by the

environment• Intelligence not based solely on genetics

Alfred Binet 1857-1911 French

Lewis Terman 1877-1956 USA

• Stanford University 1918 adapted Binet-Simon to Stanford-Binet

• Introduced intelligence quotient (IQ) scoring for the test• Defined intelligence "the ability to carry on abstract

thinking“• Used intelligence testing on numerous soldiers• Studied 643 children scored at >IQ 140, the Genetic

Studies of Genius, evaluate 1921, 1930, 1947 &1959 • Subjects called "Termites" most extensive gifted • Disproved highly intelligent children prone to illness

Leta Hollingworth 1886-1939 USA

= Colleague of Terman's

= First in USA to study gifted education

= Intelligence - heredity, home & school structure

= Importance of early identification & grouping similar

abilities. = 18-year study 50 kids NYC >155 Stanford-

Binet, groups >180.

= Ran Speyer school NYC for bright students

David Wechsler 1896 –1981

• Taught by Charles Spearman

• Non-intellectual ability are involved in intelligent behavior

• Objected to the single score 1937 Binet scale

• Role of nonintellective factors in testing.

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)1939 Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test

• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC) 1949

• Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence(WPPSI) 1967

• Removed quotient scores of older intelligence tests (the Q in "I.Q.")

• The WAIS is today the most commonly administered psychological test

Charles Spearman - General Intelligence

Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities

Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligences

Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Theories of Intelligence

Charles Spearman - General Intelligence

Mechanical

Spatial

Verbal

Visual

G FACTOR!

Charles Spearman - General Intelligence

The g factor - intelligence is cognitive ability-measured & numerically expressed

Louis L. Thurstone

Primary Mental Abilities

7 Primary Mental Abilities

Spatial Visualisation

Verbal Comprehen.

Reasoning

Perceptual SpeedNumerical Ability

Word Fluency

Associative Memory

Howard Gardner

Multiple Intelligences

Eight Intelligences

Skills & Abilities Valued in Different Cultures

New Intelligences Accounted for

Model Updated

Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligences

Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Analytical intelligence: problem-solving abilities.

Creative intelligence: new situations using past experiences & current skills.

Practical intelligence: adapt to a changing environment.

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