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GHSGT Science Cells and Heredity 2 (GHSGT_Science_Cells_2)

GHSGT Science Cells and Heredity 2 (GHSGT_Science_Cells_2)

Name:_____________________________________________

Date:________________________

1.

Which characteristic is shared by most members of Insecta?

A. hard scales which protect and camouflage B. metamorphosis from larvae to adult C. a two-part shell that encloses a soft body D. an endoskeleton that supports internal organs

2. Plant and animal cells have many similar components, but plant cells contain two that animal cells do not. One of these is

A. a nucleus. B. cytoplasm. C. chloroplast. D. a cell membrane.

3. In living things, whether plant or animal, the carrier of hereditary instructions is

A. DNA. B. genetic vacuole. C. messenger RNA. D. mitochondria in animals, chloroplasts in plants.

4. Approximately 20 amino acids are essential to living systems. How are amino acids linked together to form proteins?

A. genetic bonds B. peptide bonds C. acid-base bonds D. hydrogen bonds

5. During interphase, chromosomes are NOT very distinct when viewed under a microscope. During this phase they are long and intertwined. What is occurring during interphase?

A. chromosomes replicate B. ribosomes are linking with the DNA C. the cell is in an "active phase" prior to mitosis D. centiomeres of chromosomes attach to spindle fibers

6. The terms cellulose, glycogen, and monosaccharide are all associated with which term?

A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. polypeptide D. proteins

7. Earthworms are often found on the surface of the ground after a rain. Which of these statements best explains this fact?

A. They are looking for food. B. They are laying their eggs on the damp grass. C. They can't get enough oxygen in wet soil. D. They are sunning themselves to raise their body temperatures.

8. In what way are all invertebrates alike?

A. They lack blood cells. B. They lack internal backbones. C. They have an exoskeleton. D. They can reproduce asexually.

9. Which of the following phyla of worms are the simplest from an evolutionary standpoint?

A. true worms B. roundworms C. ribbon worms D. flatworms

10. Which of these is a characteristic of all mollusks?

A. They have segmented bodies. B. They use a rasping tongue to puncture their prey. C. They have a large, muscular foot. D. Their mantle secretes a single, limy shell.

11. Which of these statements is true of all arthropods?

A. They live primarily in warm environments. B. They have an outer skeleton. C. They have two body segments. D. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.

12. Which of the following functions is associated with the stomach?

A. bile production B. acid production C. insulin production D. hormone production

13. Fish fins and grasshopper legs are similar to the cilia found on many protozoans because the main function of all three structures is to aid in

A. secreting hormones and mating. B. seeking shelter and excreting wastes. C. movement to obtain food. D. controlling metamorphosis and moving.

14.

Which organelle is a membrane-bound sac which stores nutrients within the cell?

A. endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi complex C. nucleus D. vacuole

15.

Which statement describes passive transport?

A. Substances harmful to a cell are excreted. B. Large molecules move across a membrane. C. A foreign organism transports substances it needs into the cell. D. A substance moves across a membrane without using cellular energy.

16. Because water tends to move from regions of low solute concentration to regions of high concentration (such as the cell), animal cells have developed the need for

A. water. B. homeostasis. C. nucleic acids. D. active transport.

17.

Why is mitosis important in multicellular organisms?

A. Mitosis is essential to cell replication, tissue development, and maintenance of cell size. B. Mitosis ensures that diploid reproductive cells divide twice, forming four haploid daughter cells. C. Mitosis is responsible for passing on genetic variability and beneficial mutations to the next generation. D. Mitosis allows tissue growth in multicellular organisms by resulting in the formation of gametes, which then form new cells.

18.

An organism that is capable of passing on a trait for a specific disease to its offspring, but which does NOT express the disease itself, is described as which of the following?

A. a carrier B. a homozygote C. a mutant D. a purebred

19.

An example of nondisjunction would be

A. unsuccessful DNA cloning of a single-celled organism. B. a spontaneous mutation occurring naturally in an organism. C. an abnormality in the number of chromosomes within an organism. D. the manipulation of DNA segments and chromosomes within microorganisms.

20. The gene for red/green colorblindness in humans is recessive and primarily affects males. It must be located on

A. the X chromosome

B. the Y chromosome

C. both the X and Y chromosomes

D. either the X or Y chromosome

21. Cells use passive and active transport to move materials across cell membranes in order to maintain a constant internal environment. What is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment called?

A. diffusion

B. evolution

C. homeostasis

D. respiration

22. A type of cell that can exist in a broad range of environmental conditions, can rapidly multiply, and lacks a nucleus is known as what type of cell?

A. animal

B. eukaryotic

C. plant

D. prokaryotic

23. Which of the following correctly shows the shape of a DNA molecule?

A.

B.

C.

D.

24. The major source of the oxygen that is released into the atmosphere is

A. cellular respiration

B. photosynthesis

C. automobile exhaust

D. the weathering of rocks

25. The observed trait that appears in an organism as a result of its genetic makeup is called the organism's

A. allele

B. genotype

C. phenotype

D. karyotype

26. Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis?

A. Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules.

B. Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine.

C. White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection.

D. Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction.

27. Which of the following pairs are isotopes of the same element?

A. atom J (27 protons, 32 neutrons) and atom L (27 protons, 33 neutrons)

B. atom Q (56 protons, 81 neutrons) and atom R (57 protons, 81 neutrons)

C. atom V (8 protons, 8 neutrons) and atom W (7 protons, 8 neutrons)

D. atom S (17 protons, 18 neutrons) and atom T (18 protons, 17 neutrons)

28. Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction. Which of the following best represents this flow?

A.

B.

C.

D.

This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.

29. A human zygote, like most other human cells, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does a zygote receive from the mother?

A. 0

B. 23

C. 46

D. 92


30. In the process of photosynthesis, green plants use energy from sunlight to make which product?

A. carbon dioxide

B. chlorophyll

C. sugar

D. DNA


31. Genetic information for a breed of chicken is shown below.

Which of the following crosses of chickens will produce only Frizzle fowl offspring?

A. Normal X Frizzle fowl

B. Frizzle fowl X Frizzle fowl

C. Normal X Feather shedder

D. Feather shedder X Feather shedder


32. DNA and RNA are similar because they both contain

A. deoxyribose.

B. nucleotides.

C. thymine.

D. double helices.


33. The picture below shows two dogs and their puppies.

The parent dogs are each heterozygous for two traits: fur color and white spotting. Both parent dogs are solid black. Their puppies, however, have four different phenotypes as listed below.

solid black

black with white spots

solid red

red with white spots

Which of the following explains how these parent dogs can produce puppies with these four phenotypes?

A. The genes for these traits are sex-linked.

B. The genes for these traits mutate frequently.

C. The genes for these traits assort independently.

D. The genes for these traits are on the same chromosome.


34. The graph below shows the amount of ATP produced in a cell during a period of time.

According to the graph, which of the following processes must have increased between points A and B?

A. cellular respiration

B. cytokinesis

C. DNA replication

D. meiosis


35. The diagram below illustrates how plant root cells take in mineral ions from the surrounding soil.

Which of the following processes is illustrated?

A. active transport

B. diffusion

C. osmosis

D. passive filtration


36. Which of the following occurs during photosynthesis?

A. CO2 is used to produce water.

B. CO2 is absorbed by mitochondria.

C. CO2 and H2O are converted to carbohydrates.

D. CO2 and H2O are combined into carbonic acid.


37. Which of the diagrams below best represents the net movement of molecules in osmosis?

A.

B.

C.

D.


38. Two spotted leopards produce a litter of four cubs. Three of the cubs are spotted and one is solid black. The black coat is probably what type of trait?

A. dominant

B. recessive

C. polygenic

D. sex-linked


39. In which of the following ways are photosynthesis and cellular respiration alike?

A. Both processes produce glucose.

B. Both processes consume carbon dioxide.

C. Both processes take place in chloroplasts.

D. Both processes involve energy transformations.


40. A cross section of part of a Golgi complex is shown below.

Part of the membrane of the Golgi complex pinches off and moves away. Which of the following is a function of this process?

A. to release energy from ATP

B. to deliver proteins to other locations in the cell

C. to collect amino acids for use in protein synthesis

D. to send messages about cell requirements to the nucleus


41.

Name the class of biomolecule with all of these functions in living organisms:

I) Long-term energy storage for hibernating animals.II) Buoyancy in marine animals such as whales.III) Component of cell membranes in all organisms.

A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. nucleic acids D. proteins

42.

It is hypothesized by many biologists that many cell organelles formed in eukaryotic cells as pockets of the cell membrane folded in and enclosed cellular structures that performed important tasks. Prokaryotes, by comparison, do not have any of the membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes. Based on this assumption, which organelle probably did NOT form this way?

A. ribosomes B. golgi bodies C. nuclear membranes D. endoplasmic reticulum

43.

Which of these functions does the molecule pictured in the diagram above have in living organisms?

A. It forms most of the structures in cells and tissues. B. It is a short-term energy storage molecule used by cells. C. A double layer of these molecules surrounds each cell to form a membrane. D. It carries the coded information that organisms need to build proteins.

44.

Which of these statements is correct, with regard to the way that DNA transfers information inside of a cell?

A. Proteins are a code for DNA. B. Chromosomes in the DNA code are found as part of the cell's genes. C. The DNA code for amino acids is written in 20 letter sequences called codons. D. The DNA code is first translated into transfer RNA, and then transcribed into mRNA, when proteins are made.

45.

The molecule shown above is a starch molecule, which is a polysaccharide carbohydrate. What function does it serve in living organisms?

A. It provides a genetic code. B. It provides stored energy for metabolism. C. It is the main component of cell membranes. D. It is the main component of most structures in animal bodies.

46.

Which of these types of cells would likely have the GREATEST amount of sugar production and why?

A. A fat cell in the abdominal area, because there are many vacuoles full of stored food. B. A muscle cell, because there are many active mitochondria. C. A mesophyll cell in a leaf, because there are many chloroplasts. D. A gland cell, because there are many endoplasmic reticulum.

47.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is identified as item 3 in the diagram above. Give the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A. information coding and storage B. transport of materials through the cell C. modification and shipment of products out of the cell D. production of ATP energy from the metabolism of sugar and other foods

48.

Bob has just eaten a meal and a cell in his stomach needs to make an enzyme protein to digest incoming pancakes and bacon. Suppose the DNA code for the enzyme protein gene is:

TAC CCG CGC AAT GCT

How will the DNA of this cell transmit the information code for the protein to the ribosome?

A. As transfer RNA, with the sequence: TAC CCG CGC AAT GCT. B. As transfer RNA, with the sequence: UAC CCG CGC AAU GCU. C. As messenger RNA, with the sequence: AUG GGC GCG UUA CGA. D. As messenger RNA, with the sequence: ATC GGC GCG TTA CGA.

49.

Tongue-rolling, R, is dominant to the inability to roll one's tongue, r. Freckles, F, are dominant to no freckles, f.

Suppose that Jack, whose genotype is RrFf, marries Jill, whose genotype is rrff.

Meiosis in egg and sperm formation produces up to 16 gene combinations when two genes are involved. According to the Punnett square, what fraction of their children will have freckles, but will be unable to roll their tongue?

A. 2/16 B. 4/16 C. 6/16 D. 9/16

50.

What does the picture seen here show, and what practical use does this have in biotechnology?

A. It shows a polymerase chain reaction, which is used to identify relationships in organisms, based on DNA similarities. B. It shows a DNA fingerprint, which is used to identify relationships in organisms, based on DNA similarities C. It shows a polymerase chain reaction, which is used to make multiple copies of a single DNA sample. D. It shows a DNA fingerprint, which is used to make multiple copies of a single DNA sample.

51.

Kevin is heterozygous for the gene that controls tongue rolling (Rr), and is able to roll his tongue. His wife, Suzy, is also a heterozygote (Rr). Because of egg formation and sperm formation during ________________ there are ________ possible genotypes among Kevin and Suzy's children.

A. Meiosis, 2 B. Meiosis, 4 C. Mitosis, 2 D. Mitosis, 4

52.

What type of circulatory system is shown in the diagram above, and what type of animal would have this design?

A. a closed circulatory system; frog B. an open circulatory system; fish C. a closed circulatory system; fish D. an open circulatory system; frog

53.

Place the digestive tracts of these organisms in order, from simplest to most complex:

A) EarthwormB) CrayfishC) FlatwormD) Jellyfish

A. D, A, C, B B. D, C, A, B C. C, D, A, B D. C, A, D, B

54.

In which of these potential scenarios would the polymerase chain reaction, PCR, be MOST useful?

A. in bringing back a clone of a prized race horse that has died. B. if police needed to screen criminal suspects against a large DNA sample left at the scene. C. in transferring a gene for a fluorescent protein from jellyfish into sheep, to create glowing sheep. D. for creating more DNA for researchers to study, in a situation where a mummy with a tiny bit of usable DNA was found.

55.

Which of these biochemical components is found only in molecules of RNA?

A. uracil B. adenine C. phosphate backbone D. deoxyribose sugars

56.

Name the event during meiosis (seen here), that generates large amounts of genetic variability, but can also result in genetic mutations such as insertions, deletions, and translocations.

A. crossing over B. nondisjunction C. substitution mutation D. transcription

57.

Like information that can be stored on computers, a large volume of information is written into the DNA code of every cell.

A single gene is to the DNA code as

A. one letter is to one word of a document. B. one word is to a single document. C. one document is to an entire computer. D. one computer is to the whole internet.

58.

Which of these is NOT a feature of DNA?

A. double-helix shape B. adenine pairs with thymine C. phosphate groups hold the backbone together D. ribose sugar attaches to A,G,C, and T at the backbone

59.

A brown-haired, brown-eyed woman is a heterozygote for hair color (Bb) and a homozygote for eye color (EE).

This woman can pass ________ possible gene combinations for hair color and eye color to her children, according to the law of independent assortment in meiosis.

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

60.

Which of these is the process of taking up nutrients from food through the digestive system and into the bloodstream?

A. excretion B. absorption C. metabolism D. homeostasis

61.

A saliva sample is found at a crime scene. The police have four possible suspects that could have committed the crime. How can you place the guilty suspect at the crime scene with the given information?

A. compare the footprints of the suspects B. compare the fingerprints of the suspects C. compare the DNA of the suspects with that found in the saliva D. compare the DNA of each suspect with the owner of the house at the crime scene

62.

The information in a gene in a DNA sequence is as follows:

AAT CCG ATA CCT

What would happen to this information code, if it was transcribed into messenger RNA?

A. The code would change to: TTA GGC TAT GGA. B. The code would change to: UUA GGC UAU GGA C. The code would remain the same. D. The code would be changed into four amino acids.

63.

What is a major difference between RNA and DNA?

A. DNA is single-stranded, while RNA is a double-helix shape. B. DNA contains the nucleotide base uracil, while RNA contains the base thymine. C. RNA contains the sugar, deoxyribose in its backbone, while DNA contains the sugar, ribose. D. RNA is directly read by ribosomes in the manufacture of proteins, while DNA remains inside the nucleus as a blueprint.

64.

A certain organism conducts the following chemical reaction during its metabolism:

Glucose + 6 Oxygen + 38 ADP + 38 Phosphates 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 38 ATP

Which organism is likely to have conducted this chemical reaction?

A. A cow digesting grass using aerobic cellular respiration. B. A yeast in the bottom of a wine bottle using anaerobic fermentation. C. A blueberry plant producing sugars in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. D. A seaweed collecting sunlight during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

65.

Which of these will complete the mRNA strand matched to DNA?

A. CAG

B. AUG

C. GUC

D. UAC

Permission has been granted for reproduction by the Virginia Department of Education Virginia Department of Education

66. The process of photosynthesis ultimately converts light energy into

A. mechanical energy.

B. electrical energy.

C. chemical energy.

D. nuclear energy.


67. A cell with numerous ribosomes is probably specialized for

A. enzyme storage.

B. energy production.

C. cell division.

D. protein synthesis.


68. Which of the following organelles is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A. Nucleus

B. Ribosome

C. Golgi body

D. Endoplasmic reticulum


69.

In the cell membrane model shown above, the molecules which move large molecules into and out of the cell are known as

A. cholesterol.

B. proteins.

C. lipids.

D. carbohydrates.


70. The parts of DNA that provide the code for proteins are the

A. sugars.

B. phosphates.

C. hydrogen bonds.

D. nitrogenous bases.


71. When plants perform photosynthesis, they use sunlight to produce food. This is an example of light energy being converted to

A. heat energy

B. electrical energy

C. mechanical energy

D. chemical energy


72. Which of these is most responsible for carrying coded information from the nucleus?

A. The cell membrane

B. The ribosomes

C. mRNA

D. ATP


73. In squash plants, yellow fruit (Y) is dominant to white fruit (y). If two plants heterozygous for yellow fruit are crossed, what are the possible genotypes of the offspring?

A. Yy only

B. YY, yy only

C. Yy, yy only

D. YY, Yy, yy only


74. What characteristic do all living things share?

A. They contain DNA.

B. They are made up of many parts.

C. They reproduce by mitosis.

D. They need oxygen to survive.


75.

The picture models a cellular metabolic process. The main purpose of this process is to produce

A.

B.

C.

D.


Answer Key

1. B) metamorphosis from larvae to adult

2. C) chloroplast.

3. A) DNA.

4. B) peptide bonds

5. A) chromosomes replicate

6. A) carbohydrates

7. C) They can't get enough oxygen in wet soil.

8. B) They lack internal backbones.

9. D) flatworms

10. C) They have a large, muscular foot.

11. B) They have an outer skeleton.

12. B) acid production

13. C) movement to obtain food.

14. D) vacuole

15. D) A substance moves across a membrane without using cellular energy.

16. D) active transport.

17. A) Mitosis is essential to cell replication, tissue development, and maintenance of cell size.

18. A) a carrier

19. C) an abnormality in the number of chromosomes within an organism.

20. A) the X chromosome

21. C) homeostasis

22. D) prokaryotic

23. D)

24. B) photosynthesis

25. C) phenotype

26. D) Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction.

27. A) atom J (27 protons, 32 neutrons) and atom L (27 protons, 33 neutrons)

28. D)

29. B) 23

30. C) sugar

31. C) Normal X Feather shedder

32. B) nucleotides.

33. C) The genes for these traits assort independently.

34. A) cellular respiration

35. A) active transport

36. C) CO2 and H2O are converted to carbohydrates.

37. A)

38. B) recessive

39. D) Both processes involve energy transformations.

40. B) to deliver proteins to other locations in the cell

41. B) lipids

42. A) ribosomes

43. D) It carries the coded information that organisms need to build proteins.

44. D) The DNA code is first translated into transfer RNA, and then transcribed into mRNA, when proteins are made.

45. B) It provides stored energy for metabolism.

46. C) A mesophyll cell in a leaf, because there are many chloroplasts.

47. B) transport of materials through the cell

48. C) As messenger RNA, with the sequence: AUG GGC GCG UUA CGA.

49. B) 4/16

50. B) It shows a DNA fingerprint, which is used to identify relationships in organisms, based on DNA similarities

51. B) Meiosis, 4

52. C) a closed circulatory system; fish

53. B) D, C, A, B

54. D) for creating more DNA for researchers to study, in a situation where a mummy with a tiny bit of usable DNA was found.

55. A) uracil

56. A) crossing over

57. C) one document is to an entire computer.

58. D) ribose sugar attaches to A,G,C, and T at the backbone

59. B) 2

60. B) absorption

61. C) compare the DNA of the suspects with that found in the saliva

62. B) The code would change to: UUA GGC UAU GGA

63. D) RNA is directly read by ribosomes in the manufacture of proteins, while DNA remains inside the nucleus as a blueprint.

64. A) A cow digesting grass using aerobic cellular respiration.

65. C) GUC

66. C) chemical energy.

67. D) protein synthesis.

68. B) Ribosome

69. B) proteins.

70. D) nitrogenous bases.

71. D) chemical energy

72. C) mRNA

73. D) YY, Yy, yy only

74. A) They contain DNA.

75. B)

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