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Ghana: Age distribution and school attendance of girls aged 9-13 years

UNESCO Institute for Statistics

20 December 2012 1. Introduction This document provides an overview of the pattern of school attendance of girls 9-13 years old in Ghana,

based on data collected with a Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in 2008. Results are presented for

the total population of girls aged 9-13, as well as by household location (urban and rural) and wealth

quintile. Survey data on school attendance are combined with population estimates by the UN Population

Division (UNPD 2011) to arrive at estimates of the total number of girls between 9 and 13 years in and

out of school in Ghana.

Section 2 summarizes the national education system of Ghana. Section 3 describes the sources and

limitations of the data used in the subsequent analysis. Section 4 provides estimates of the number of

girls between 9 and 13 years in Ghana between 2000 and 2015. Section 5 provides information from

household surveys to measure education coverage for the target age group.

Section 6 delves into the school attendance patterns of 9- to 13-year-old girls by education level and

grade. It addresses the question of equity by comparing the school attendance rates of girls from urban,

rural, rich and poor households. Section 7 looks at school participation from a complementary angle and

examines the age distribution of girls in primary and secondary education by grade. This analysis also

presents disparities by household location and wealth. Lastly, Section 8 presents summary tables with

data on school attendance by age and grade for ages 5-24.

2. National education system

The national education system in Ghana is divided into the following levels of education: primary

education, as defined by the country, begins at age 6 and has a duration of 6 years. The entry age of

lower secondary education (Junior high school) is 12 years, and it lasts 3 years. These two levels

combined comprise basic education. Upper secondary education (Senior high school) begins at 15 years

old and has a duration of 4 years. Tertiary or post-secondary education begins at age 19.

The tables and graphs in this document present data on school attendance according to the levels and

grades of education as classified by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 1997

(UNESCO 2006). In the case of Ghana, the ISCED classification is the same as the national education

system described above. Table 3.1 presents the theoretical grade and level of education for 9- to 13-year-

olds, according to both classifications. The actual age of students in these grades may differ substantially,

please see Section 7.2 to 7.6.

Table 2.1 Intended education level and grade for children aged 9-13 years, Ghana, 2010

9 10 11 12 13

Education system (National definition)

Primary grade 4

Primary grade 5

Primary grade 6

Junior high school grade 1

Junior high school grade 2

Education system (ISCED)

Primary grade 4

Primary grade 5

Primary grade 6

Lower secondary

grade 1

Lower secondary

grade 2

Source: Country approved ISCED mappings, (UIS 2012)

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3. Sources and limitations of data on population and education

3.1 Population data

The number of girls by age in Ghana was obtained from the 2010 revision of the World Population

Prospects by the United Nations Population Division (UNPD 2011b). UNPD generates population

estimates by single year of age from data collected in national censuses. The population estimates for

Ghana are designed to be consistent with the latest available census: the 2000 Census, as well as the

1960, 1970 and 1984 Censuses and the provisional total of the 2010 census and official estimates by age

and sex (UNPD 2011a).

3.2 Administrative data on enrolment

85% of girls of primary school age and 72% of girls of lower secondary age were enrolled in school in

2011 according to UIS data based on administrative records. Data on enrolment were obtained from the

database of the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), which collects education statistics from national

statistical authorities in an annual survey. The UIS updates its database three times per year, in January,

May and October. The enrolment data for Ghana 2011 in this report are from the October 2012 data

release of the UIS.

3.3 Household survey data on attendance

The source of the school attendance data in this report is the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)

2008. Household survey data have certain limitations. The DHS 2008 is based on a nationally

representative sample of the population (sample size: 11,778 households with 43,280 individuals),

designed to be representative at the urban, rural and regional levels (Ghana Statistical Service (GSS),

Ghana Health Service (GHS), and ICF Macro, 2009). The results of the survey are subject to sampling

errors (due to the sample design) and non-sampling errors (for example errors introduced during data

processing). Because the DHS covers households, some groups may be under- or not represented, such

as refugee, migrant or homeless populations.

The number of girls aged 9-13 years in the DHS 2008 survey sample is 3,020. Table 3.1 displays the

distribution of the target population in the sample by household location and wealth. It also provides the

number of cases upon which the subsequent analysis is based. Because the DHS is a sample survey, the

following distribution should be considered an approximate, but not an exact, distribution of the target

population in Ghana.

Table 3.1 Distribution of girls 9-13 years in survey sample, Ghana DHS 2008

Urban

(%)

Rural

(%)

Poorest quintile

(%)

Second poorest quintile

(%)

Middle quintile

(%)

Second richest quintile

(%)

Richest quintile

(%)

Total

(%)

Sample size

Girls 9-13 years

42.2 57.8 19.3 21.4 21.7 20.1 17.5 100.0 3,020

Source: Ghana DHS 2008.

3.4 Limitations of age data

Reported age data may also be erroneous because children may lack birth certificates or because the

survey respondent may not know the exact age of all household members. Age data may thus exhibit

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heaping, typical around ages ending in 0 and 5. In the case of the Ghana DHS 2008, the age distribution

of women in the survey data is, on average, a relatively good match with the age distribution in population

estimates by the UN Population Division for the same year (Figure 3.1). Age data in the survey sample

are of relatively poor quality, as seen by the absence of a smooth trend, but heaping on specific ages in

the total female survey sample is not evident. In the sample of girls 5-17, age heaping can also not be

observed (Figure 3.2).

Furthermore, survey programmes such as the Demographic and Health Survey and Multiple Indicator

Cluster Survey are not designed primarily for the collection of education data. As a result there is often a

gap between the beginning of the school year and the survey collection period. At the time of the survey

children can thus be many months older than they were at the beginning of the school year. Where the

gap is 6 months or greater, the UIS adjusts the age data backwards by one year (age – 1) to minimize the

age/grade discrepancy. In the case of the Ghana DHS 2008, this age adjustment was not applied, as the

gap is 1-3 months.

Survey question on current school attendance: Did (NAME) attend school at any time during the

current school year, that is, 2008-09?

Start month of the academic year 2008-09: September

Survey collection period: September to November 2008

Figure 3.1 Age distribution in female sample of Ghana DHS 2008, by single year of age, compared

with female age distribution in UN Population Division data, 2008

0

1

2

3

Pe

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f po

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Age (years)

UN Population Division DHS

Sources: UNPD World Population Prospects 2010, Ghana DHS 2008.

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Figure 3.2 Age distribution in sample of girls 5-17 years in Ghana DHS 2008, by single year of age

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pe

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f po

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5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Age (years)


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4. Population estimates

Table 4.1 presents UN Population Division estimates of the number of girls aged 9-13 and 9-15 years in

Ghana between 2010 and 2015. In 2012, the number of girls 9-13 years old was estimated at 1.4 million.

This number has increased since the beginning of the decade and is projected to continue to grow

between 2012 and 2015. Population estimates in the remaining section of this report are for the year

2012.

Table 4.1 Ghana: Female population 9-15 years (1000), by single year of age, 2010-2015

Year 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 9-13 9-15

2010 288.6 281.4 274.1 268.1 263.9 260.7 257.6 1,376.0 1,894.4

2011 295.5 288.1 280.9 273.7 267.7 263.4 260.3 1,405.9 1,929.6

2012 302.5 294.9 287.7 280.5 273.3 267.2 263.0 1,439.0 1,969.2

2013 309.8 302.0 294.4 287.2 280.1 272.8 266.8 1,473.5 2,013.2

2014 317.2 309.2 301.4 293.9 286.8 279.7 272.4 1,508.5 2,060.6

2015 324.3 316.6 308.6 300.8 293.4 286.3 279.2 1,543.7 2,109.3

Source: UNPD 2011.

5. Coverage: Which share of the target population attends school?

Table 5.1 explores the basic issue of coverage of the target population of girls 9-13 years. Household

survey estimates show the attendance rate to range from 88.1% to 89.4%, with the highest attendance

rate observed at age 12 and the lowest at age 10.

Table 5.1 Percentage of 9- to 13-year-old girls in school, by single year of age, Ghana 2008

9 10 11 12 13

Age-specific attendance rate 88.9 88.1 89.3 89.4 88.2


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6. Equity: Which girls aged 9-13 years are most likely to be in and out of school?

6.1 Summary

Based on findings of a DHS, 11.2% of all girls 9-13 were out of school in Ghana in 2008. 1.0% of the girls

in this age group attended pre-primary education, 75.2% primary education, and 12.5% secondary

education (see Table 6.1 and Figure 6.1).

The patterns of school attendance of girls 9-13 in urban and rural areas were different in 2008. The out-

of-school rate was 8.9% in urban areas and 12.9% in rural areas. 70.6% of urban girls attended primary

education and 19.4% secondary education. Among rural girls, 78.6% attended primary education and 7.4%

secondary education.

A comparison of school attendance of girls 9-13 from the richest and poorest household quintiles reveals

large disparities. 9.3% or girls from the richest quintile and 26.3% of girls from the poorest quintile were

out of school in 2008. In the richest quintile, 65.7% attended primary education and 24.9% secondary

education. In the poorest quintile, 69.2% were in primary education and 3.4% in secondary education.

Table 6.1 Ghana: School attendance by level of education (%), girls 9-13 years, 2008

Group Total Urban Rural Richest quintile

Poorest quintile

Pre-primary education 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0

Primary education 75.2 70.6 78.6 65.7 69.2

Secondary education 12.5 19.4 7.4 24.9 3.4

Out of school 11.2 8.9 12.9 9.3 26.3

No data 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Analysis of school attendance by grade shows that the largest percentage of girls 9-13 could be found in

primary grade 4 (16.9%), primary grade 3 (16.3%), and primary grade 5 (15.3%) (see Table 6.2 and

Figure 6.1). In urban areas, the grade attended by the largest percentage of girls was primary grade 5

(16.9%); in rural areas it was primary grade 3 (18.1%). There was a large difference in the pattern of

school attendance by grade between girls from the richest and poorest household quintile in Ghana.

Among girls from the richest quintile in school, the most common grade was primary grade 5 (18.7%).

Among girls from the poorest quintile in school, the most common grade was primary grade 3 (19.0%).

Tables 6.3 to 6.7 and Figures 6.2 to 6.6 offer more data on school attendance by age, level and grade of

5- to 17-year-old girls in Ghana. Section 8 provides summary tables of school attendance for the age

range 5-24.

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Table 6.2 Ghana: School attendance by level of education and grade (%), girls 9-13 years, 2008

Group Total Urban Rural Richest quintile

Poorest quintile


Primary education

Grade 1 3.4 1.7 4.6 0.7 5.6

Grade 2 11.2 8.5 13.3 3.7 15.0

Grade 3 16.3 13.9 18.1 9.9 19.0

Grade 4 16.9 16.1 17.5 16.7 14.2

Grade 5 15.3 16.9 14.1 18.7 8.5

Grade 6 12.1 13.6 11.0 16.1 6.9

Secondary education

Grade 1 7.2 10.7 4.7 11.3 2.6

Grade 2 4.0 6.5 2.1 9.8 0.5

Grade 3 1.1 1.9 0.5 3.2 0.3

Grade 4 0.1 0.2 0.3

Grade 5 0.0 0.1

Grade 6 0.1 0.1 0.3

Out of school 11.2 8.9 12.9 9.3 26.3

No data 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 6.1: School attendance by level and grade, girls 9-13 years, Ghana 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pe

rce

nt

Total Urban Rural Richest quintile Poorest quintile


Pre-primaryeducation

Primaryeducation

Secondaryeducation

Tertiaryeducation

Out ofschool

Nodata

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6.2 All girls

Table 6.3 Ghana: School attendance by age, level and grade (%), all girls 5-17 years, 2008

Age (years) 5-8 9 10 11 12 13 14-17

Pre-primary education 27.0 2.1 2.0 0.6 0.4 0.0

Primary education

Grade 1 24.8 9.9 4.3 1.0 1.3 0.2 0.2

Grade 2 18.6 26.3 14.3 6.8 5.1 3.2 0.6

Grade 3 8.9 25.5 23.7 15.1 10.7 7.0 1.3

Grade 4 2.0 18.7 20.3 19.4 16.1 10.9 2.5

Grade 5 0.4 4.9 17.2 22.9 20.2 12.8 5.0

Grade 6 0.1 0.9 5.2 16.7 19.0 19.2 9.6

Secondary education

Grade 1 0.1 0.3 0.3 5.3 11.4 17.6 12.5

Grade 2 0.1 0.3 1.3 4.7 12.5 16.7

Grade 3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.5 4.3 15.2

Grade 4 0.1 0.2 3.8

Grade 5 0.1 3.7

Grade 6 0.2 0.1 2.0

Tertiary education

Out of school 18.1 11.1 11.9 10.7 10.6 11.8 26.9

No data 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 6.2 Ghana: School attendance by age, level and grade (%), all girls 5-17 years, 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pe

rce

nt

5-8 9 10 11 12 13 14-17Age (years)



Primaryeducation

Secondaryeducation

Tertiaryeducation

Out ofschool

Nodata

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6.3 Girls in urban households

Table 6.4 Ghana: School attendance by age, level and grade (%), urban girls 5-17 years, 2008

Age (years) 5-8 9 10 11 12 13 14-17


Primary education

Grade 1 24.9 6.0 2.7 0.5

Grade 2 20.1 26.2 7.0 7.1 3.0 1.1 0.2

Grade 3 12.5 25.8 21.8 11.6 8.9 4.3 0.7

Grade 4 2.2 25.6 20.2 16.3 13.0 7.8 1.3

Grade 5 0.2 6.3 26.8 22.4 20.3 10.8 3.6

Grade 6 0.1 1.2 6.0 22.4 17.9 18.9 7.2

Secondary education

Grade 1 0.1 0.5 0.8 8.5 19.0 20.8 11.5

Grade 2 0.4 2.3 8.0 18.1 16.6

Grade 3 0.5 0.2 0.8 6.7 16.4

Grade 4 0.2 0.5 5.7

Grade 5 0.3 6.2

Grade 6 0.5 0.2 2.8

Tertiary education

Out of school 11.4 6.6 10.6 7.9 8.7 10.6 27.8

No data 0.2 0.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 6.3 Ghana: School attendance by age, level and grade (%), urban girls 5-17 years, 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pe

rce

nt

5-8 9 10 11 12 13 14-17Age (years)



Primaryeducation

Secondaryeducation

Tertiaryeducation

Out ofschool

Nodata

10

6.4 Girls in rural households

Table 6.5 Ghana: School attendance by age, level and grade (%), rural girls 5-17 years, 2008

Age (years) 5-8 9 10 11 12 13 14-17

Pre-primary education 26.3 2.3 1.8 0.4 0.6 0.1

Primary education

Grade 1 24.7 12.4 5.4 1.3 2.1 0.4 0.4

Grade 2 17.6 26.4 18.8 6.5 6.5 5.1 1.1

Grade 3 6.6 25.3 24.8 18.4 11.9 9.5 1.9

Grade 4 1.9 14.3 20.4 22.3 18.2 13.6 3.6

Grade 5 0.5 4.0 11.4 23.4 20.2 14.5 6.3

Grade 6 0.1 0.7 4.7 11.5 19.8 19.5 12.0

Secondary education

Grade 1 0.2 2.5 6.2 14.8 13.4

Grade 2 0.1 0.2 0.5 2.4 7.5 16.8

Grade 3 0.4 0.2 2.1 14.0

Grade 4 1.9

Grade 5 1.2

Grade 6 1.1

Tertiary education

Out of school 22.3 14.0 12.6 13.2 11.9 12.9 26.0

No data 0.0 0.2 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 6.4 Ghana: School attendance by age, level and grade (%), rural girls 5-17 years, 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pe

rce

nt

5-8 9 10 11 12 13 14-17Age (years)



Primaryeducation

Secondaryeducation

Tertiaryeducation

Out ofschool

Nodata

11

6.5 Girls in households from the richest quintile

Table 6.6 Ghana: School attendance by age, level and grade (%), richest girls 5-17 years, 2008

Age (years) 5-8 9 10 11 12 13 14-17

Pre-primary education 22.7

Primary education

Grade 1 26.9 3.0 0.9

Grade 2 23.3 14.2 5.4 0.9

Grade 3 18.4 21.3 16.5 7.9 5.7 1.4 0.6

Grade 4 2.7 39.0 20.2 11.0 10.4 7.7 1.3

Grade 5 0.3 13.3 32.3 26.0 17.5 6.1 3.2

Grade 6 1.6 12.2 26.5 22.0 16.1 4.6

Secondary education

Grade 1 1.1 13.7 21.8 17.4 7.5

Grade 2 2.1 16.2 26.2 16.2

Grade 3 0.9 12.7 18.4

Grade 4 1.1 8.9

Grade 5 8.8

Grade 6 1.2 0.4 4.9

Tertiary education

Out of school 5.9 7.7 10.1 11.8 5.6 10.3 25.5

No data 0.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 6.5 Ghana: School attendance by age, level and grade (%), richest girls 5-17 years, 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pe

rce

nt

5-8 9 10 11 12 13 14-17Age (years)



Primaryeducation

Secondaryeducation

Tertiaryeducation

Out ofschool

Nodata

12

6.6 Girls in households from the poorest quintile

Table 6.7 Ghana: School attendance by age, level and grade (%), poorest girls 5-17 years, 2008

Age (years) 5-8 9 10 11 12 13 14-17

Pre-primary education 17.1 2.1 0.9 1.2 0.7

Primary education

Grade 1 21.4 14.6 6.6 0.6 3.2 0.6

Grade 2 16.4 24.8 19.2 11.0 8.4 8.8 2.5

Grade 3 5.6 16.4 25.3 24.9 15.5 13.6 2.4

Grade 4 1.6 5.6 11.5 24.7 22.2 10.4 6.0

Grade 5 0.5 2.6 7.1 9.2 12.7 12.0 8.8

Grade 6 0.2 1.1 3.0 3.8 11.8 15.5 13.2

Secondary education

Grade 1 0.6 1.7 2.7 8.8 11.6

Grade 2 0.4 1.0 1.2 8.7

Grade 3 1.2 0.0 7.8

Grade 4 0.5

Grade 5 0.2

Grade 6 0.4

Tertiary education

Out of school 37.1 31.1 25.3 23.0 21.8 29.7 37.4

No data 0.1 0.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 6.6 Ghana: School attendance by age, level and grade (%), poorest girls 5-17 years, 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pe

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nt

5-8 9 10 11 12 13 14-17Age (years)



Primaryeducation

Secondaryeducation

Tertiaryeducation

Out ofschool

Nodata

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7. Location: Which education levels and grades do girls aged 9-13 attend?

7.1 Summary

As seen in Table 2.1, according to the national education system, children aged 9-13 should be in grades

4-6 of primary education and grades 1 and 2 of lower secondary (junior high school). Based on findings of

a DHS conducted in Ghana in 2008, the grades girls 9-13 attend are different from the theoretical grades

for their age. The grades with the highest shares of the target group are 3, 4, 5 and 6 of primary

education; more than 50% of the female students attending those grades are 9-13 years old. Primary

grade 4 has the highest share of 9-13 year old students (83%), followed by grade 5 (80%) and grade 3

(65%).

The age-grade attendance patterns in urban and rural areas were similar. Due to late entry into school,

repetition or temporary dropout, female students in rural areas aged 9-13 are more likely to attend lower

primary grades than their peers in urban areas. The data show that in urban areas, the grade with the

highest share (84%) of 9-13 year old female students is in grade 5, and in rural areas the highest share

(82%) is in grade 4.

A comparison of female students from the richest and poorest household quintiles in Ghana reveals large

disparities in the grades they attend. Female students aged 9-13 from the richest households are most

likely to attend grades 5 (85%), 4 (83%) and 6 (79%). In contrast, female students from the poorest

households are most likely to be in grades 3 (72%) and 4 (72%).

Table 7.1 Ghana: Percentage of female students in each grade who are 9-13 years old, 2008

Primary Education (ISCED 1) Secondary Education (ISCED 2 and 3)

Gr 1 Gr 2 Gr 3 Gr 4 Gr 5 Gr 6 Gr 1 Gr 2 Gr 3 Gr 4 Gr 5 Gr 6

Total 13.5 40.3 65.4 82.7 79.6 63.1 43.7 23.1 7.7 1.8 0.7 1.5

Urban 8 34.3 56.8 84.6 83.9 69.2 52 31 10.3 2.6 1 2.1

Rural 16.7 43.9 71.5 81.5 76.2 58.4 34.6 14.7 4.6

Richest quintile 3.2 17.2 40.6 83.4 84.9 78.5 59.8 37.2 14 2.8 3

Poorest quintile 19.3 44 72.1 71.7 58.6 44.2 25.8 7.2 3.7


Tables 7.2 to 7.6 and Figures 7.1 to 7.5 offer more data on the age of female students in Ghana by level

and grade.

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7.2 All girls

Table 7.2 Ghana: Age by education level and grade attended (%), all girls, 2008


Age Gr 1 Gr 2 Gr 3 Gr 4 Gr 5 Gr 6 Gr 1 Gr 2 Gr 3 Gr 4 Gr 5 Gr 6

5-8 85.8 58.1 31.0 8.5 1.9 0.4 0.3 0.3

9 8.1 19.6 21.2 18.9 5.3 0.9 0.4 0.4

10 3.5 10.5 19.3 20.3 18.3 5.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.0

11 0.6 3.9 9.7 15.1 19.0 13.8 5.1 1.2 0.1

12 1.1 3.9 9.2 16.8 22.6 21.2 14.8 5.9 0.7 0.5

13 0.2 2.5 6.1 11.5 14.4 21.6 23.0 15.7 6.3 1.2 0.7 0.5

14-17 0.6 1.5 3.6 8.2 17.5 34.0 51.0 65.5 70.0 68.2 61.1 33.8

18-24 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.0 2.6 4.9 11.1 22.3 30.1 38.2 64.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 7.1 Ghana: Age by education level and grade attended (%), all girls, 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Perc

en

t

Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6

Primary Secondary


Ages5-8

Age 9 Age 10 Age 11 Age 12 Age 13Ages14-17

Ages18-24

15

7.3 Girls in urban households

Table 7.3 Ghana: Age by education level and grade attended (%), urban girls, 2008



5-8 92.0 65.2 41.0 9.3 0.9 0.4 0.6

9 5.3 20.3 20.2 25.8 6.0 1.2 0.5

10 2.2 5.2 16.4 19.5 24.4 5.6 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.5

11 0.4 5.2 8.5 15.4 19.9 20.4 7.4 1.9 0.2

12 2.5 7.5 14.1 20.7 18.8 19.0 7.9 0.9 0.7

13 1.1 4.2 9.9 12.9 23.2 24.4 20.8 8.7 1.8 1.0 0.7

14-17 0.5 2.3 5.5 14.1 29.1 44.4 62.8 69.3 73.7 72.4 34.3

18-24 0.5 1.1 1.2 3.1 6.2 20.3 23.8 26.6 63.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 7.2 Ghana: Age by education level and grade attended (%), urban girls, 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Perc

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t


Primary Secondary


Ages5-8


Ages18-24

16

7.4 Girls in rural households

Table 7.4 Ghana: Age by education level and grade attended (%), rural girls, 2008



5-8 82.2 53.8 24.0 8.0 2.6 0.3 0.6

9 9.8 19.2 21.9 14.6 4.7 0.8 0.3 0.8

10 4.2 13.6 21.4 20.8 13.5 5.4 0.3

11 0.7 3.1 10.5 15.0 18.3 8.8 2.7 0.5

12 1.7 4.7 10.4 18.6 24.1 23.1 10.1 3.7 0.4

13 0.3 3.3 7.4 12.5 15.6 20.4 21.5 10.3 3.5

14-17 0.9 2.1 4.5 9.9 20.3 37.7 58.4 68.4 70.8 56.0 33.7 32.8

18-24 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.9 3.6 7.0 16.2 24.5 44.0 66.3 67.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 7.3 Ghana: Age by education level and grade attended (%), rural girls, 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Perc

en

t


Primary Secondary


Ages5-8


Ages18-24

17

7.5 Girls in households from the richest quintile

Table 7.5 Ghana: Age by education level and grade attended (%), richest girls, 2008



5-8 96.8 82.8 57.1 10.2 0.9

9 2.4 11.3 14.8 33.1 10.2 1.3

10 0.8 5.0 13.2 19.7 28.7 11.5 1.1 2.1

11 0.9 6.8 11.6 24.8 27.1 15.2 1.7

12 4.2 9.5 14.5 19.5 21.0 11.2 0.7

13 1.4 9.4 6.7 19.0 22.4 24.2 13.3 2.8 0.9

14-17 2.3 6.4 14.1 21.5 38.4 59.3 76.7 88.7 81.5 42.8

18-24 1.7 3.6 9.3 8.5 18.5 54.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 7.4 Ghana: Age by education level and grade attended (%), richest girls, 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Perc

en

t


Primary Secondary


Ages5-8


Ages18-24

18

7.6 Girls in households from the poorest quintile

Table 7.6 Ghana: Age by education level and grade attended (%), poorest girls, 2008



5-8 78.8 51.1 22.8 8.9 3.9 1.1

9 11.2 16.1 13.7 6.3 3.9 1.6 1.3 3.5

10 5.4 13.4 22.9 13.9 11.7 4.6 1.3

11 0.3 4.5 13.2 17.4 8.9 3.4 2.4

12 2.4 5.4 12.8 24.4 19.1 16.5 6.0 2.9

13 4.7 9.4 9.6 15.0 18.1 16.1 3.0 0.1

14-17 1.3 4.2 5.2 17.6 35.0 48.8 67.4 66.3 59.7 23.3 11.9 24.8

18-24 0.6 0.6 1.9 2.5 5.9 6.7 26.5 36.7 76.7 88.1 75.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


Figure 7.5 Ghana: Age by education level and grade attended (%), poorest girls, 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Perc

en

t


Primary Secondary


Ages5-8


Ages18-24

19

8. School attendance by age and grade Table 8.1 summarizes school attendance by age grade as a percentage of the female population between 5 and 24 years of age in Ghana, based on data from the DHS 2008. It shows the percentage of girls by single year of age who are in and out of school. Table 8.1 Ghana: School attendance by age and grade (% of population of single year of age), female population, 2008

Age (years)

Pre-primary

ed.

Primary education Secondary education Tertiary

ed. Out of school

No data Total (%)

Total (n) Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6

5 56.0 13.9 2.9 0.5 26.4 0.3 100.0 590

6 33.0 31.7 13.8 1.6 19.9 0.1 100.0 707

7 17.3 31.7 25.5 6.9 2.0 0.4 0.3 16.0 100.0 647

8 6.4 20.8 29.7 24.3 5.5 1.1 0.2 0.2 11.6 100.0 736

9 2.1 9.9 26.3 25.5 18.7 4.9 0.9 0.3 0.2 11.1 100.0 615

10 2.0 4.3 14.3 23.7 20.3 17.2 5.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 11.9 0.1 100.0 632

11 0.6 1.0 6.8 15.1 19.4 22.9 16.7 5.3 1.3 0.1 10.7 100.0 481

12 0.4 1.3 5.1 10.7 16.1 20.2 19.0 11.4 4.7 0.5 0.1 10.6 100.0 650

13 0.2 3.2 7.0 10.9 12.8 19.2 17.6 12.5 4.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 11.8 0.1 100.0 642

14 0.2 0.9 2.4 4.0 10.2 15.9 18.9 18.2 11.4 1.3 0.7 0.2 15.9 100.0 561

15 0.2 0.6 0.6 1.6 3.0 4.1 10.2 13.6 17.9 18.3 4.7 2.1 0.1 22.9 100.0 552

16 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.8 7.1 11.3 19.8 18.2 5.3 6.3 1.2 25.1 0.3 100.0 452

17 0.4 0.1 1.0 1.2 3.2 3.6 10.2 13.3 4.6 6.9 7.5 48.1 100.0 435

18 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.7 3.0 6.7 11.6 2.7 3.3 5.7 0.9 62.0 1.2 100.0 568

19 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.6 2.8 4.0 2.3 3.3 2.6 3.1 78.4 1.1 100.0 379

20 0.4 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.3 0.4 0.6 3.7 2.5 87.2 1.6 100.0 528

21 0.1 0.1 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.8 4.6 86.5 2.5 100.0 331

22 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.2 1.4 1.5 5.0 85.4 5.5 100.0 442

23 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 5.9 89.0 4.2 100.0 354

24 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 2.2 92.7 3.8 100.0 348

Source: Ghana DHS 2008. Note: n = number of observations in survey data (female population 5-24 years per single year of age).

20

Table 8.2 summarizes school attendance by age and grade for the female population between 5 and 24 years of age in Ghana, based on data from the DHS 2008. It shows the age distribution of girls in each category of education status. Table 8.2 Ghana: School attendance by age and grade (% of education status category), female population, 2008

Age (years)

Pre-primary

Prim grade 1

Prim grade 2

Prim grade 3

Prim grade 4

Prim grade 5

Prim grade 6

Sec grade 1

Sec grade 2

Sec grade 3

Sec grade 4

Sec grade 5

Sec grade 6

Tertiary Out of school

No data

5 44.1 10.7 2.0 0.4 4.0 1.9

6 30.5 28.6 11.2 1.5 3.6 0.7

7 14.8 26.6 19.3 5.8 2.0 0.4 0.4 2.7

8 6.3 19.8 25.5 23.3 6.5 1.4 0.3 0.3 2.2

9 1.8 8.1 19.6 21.2 18.9 5.3 0.9 0.4 0.4 1.8

10 1.6 3.5 10.5 19.3 20.3 18.3 5.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.9 1.0

11 0.4 0.6 3.9 9.7 15.1 19.0 13.8 5.1 1.2 0.1 1.3

12 0.3 1.1 3.9 9.2 16.8 22.6 21.2 14.8 5.9 0.7 0.5 1.8

13 0.2 2.5 6.1 11.5 14.4 21.6 23.0 15.7 6.3 1.2 0.7 0.5 2.0 0.7

14 0.1 0.6 1.9 3.9 10.6 16.4 22.7 20.9 15.4 6.7 3.2 0.8 2.5

15 0.1 0.5 0.4 1.2 2.6 3.8 9.6 14.9 18.7 22.6 22.4 9.5 0.3 3.2

16 0.3 0.5 0.9 2.2 5.5 10.3 17.2 18.6 21.1 23.2 4.5 3.0 1.4

17 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.9 2.5 3.2 8.7 13.4 18.0 25.3 28.2 5.6

18 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 1.6 3.4 7.4 14.9 13.4 15.3 27.3 5.4 9.2 7.5

19 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.2 2.0 3.4 7.4 10.1 8.2 11.5 7.6 4.7

20 0.3 0.5 0.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.7 16.6 13.4 12.2 10.0

21 0.1 0.1 1.3 4.3 3.6 5.2 15.9 7.7 9.7

22 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.0 5.2 6.0 23.4 10.3 28.9

23 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 22.2 8.7 17.9

24 0.2 1.8 0.8 0.7 8.0 8.7 15.5

Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total (n) 715 760 842 771 640 553 575 486 496 424 100 121 116 78 3,892 81

Source: Ghana DHS 2008 Note: n = number of observations in survey data (female population 5-24 years in each grade or level of education).

21

Table 8.3 summarizes school attendance by age and grade in absolute numbers. For this analysis, school attendance rates from the DHS 2008 were applied to UNDP population estimates for Ghana for the year 2012. This assumes that attendance rates in 2012 are the same as in the most recent year with household survey data. Table 8.3 Ghana: School attendance by age and grade (1,000), female population, 2012

Age (years)

Pre-primary

ed.

Primary education Secondary education Tertiary

ed. Out of school

No data Total Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6

5 187.3 46.6 9.6 1.6 88.4 1.0 334.5

6 107.9 103.4 44.9 5.2 64.8 0.3 326.6

7 55.1 101.0 81.1 21.9 6.3 1.3 1.1 50.8 318.5

8 20.0 64.7 92.3 75.4 17.2 3.5 0.6 0.7 36.1 310.4

9 6.5 30.0 79.7 77.1 56.5 14.8 2.6 0.9 0.8 33.7 302.5

10 5.9 12.8 42.2 69.8 60.0 50.9 15.2 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.6 35.0 0.4 294.9

11 1.9 2.7 19.5 43.6 55.9 65.9 47.9 15.4 3.8 0.3 30.7 287.7

12 1.0 3.6 14.3 30.0 45.1 56.7 53.4 32.0 13.2 1.3 0.3 29.8 280.5

13 0.6 8.8 19.1 29.7 34.9 52.5 48.1 34.2 11.7 0.6 0.4 0.2 32.2 0.3 273.3

14 0.4 2.4 6.3 10.8 27.3 42.5 50.5 48.5 30.4 3.4 1.7 0.4 42.5 267.2

15 0.4 1.7 1.6 4.2 7.8 10.7 26.8 35.9 47.1 48.2 12.4 5.6 0.2 60.3 263.0

16 1.3 2.1 3.3 7.3 18.4 29.5 51.5 47.3 13.8 16.3 3.1 65.3 0.7 259.9

17 0.9 0.3 2.5 3.2 8.2 9.2 26.1 34.1 11.8 17.8 19.2 123.4 256.7

18 0.4 0.5 1.1 1.3 4.2 7.6 17.1 29.4 6.8 8.3 14.4 2.4 157.3 2.9 253.8

19 0.7 0.6 0.6 4.0 7.1 10.1 5.7 8.3 6.5 7.7 196.2 2.8 250.2

20 0.9 1.4 0.8 3.5 3.2 0.9 1.5 9.0 6.1 214.0 4.0 245.4

21 0.2 0.3 4.0 3.4 3.1 4.3 11.1 207.3 6.0 239.7

22 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.3 0.6 3.2 3.6 11.7 200.1 12.8 234.3

23 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.5 13.4 203.8 9.5 228.9

24 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.5 4.9 207.1 8.4 223.4

Total 385.8 368.0 399.2 356.6 297.2 279.4 275.6 235.3 254.2 223.9 61.3 67.3 62.5 57.4 2,078.8 49.1 5,451.5

Sources: Attendance rates: Ghana DHS 2008. Population estimates: UNPD World Population Prospects 2010.

22

9. References

Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Health Service (GHS), and ICF Macro. 2009. Ghana

Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Accra, Ghana: GSS, GHS, and ICF Macro.

UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). 2012. “ISCED 1997 Mappings”. Montreal: UIS.

http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/ISCEDMappings/Pages/default.aspx.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2006. ISCED 1997:

International Standard Classification of Education. Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

United Nations Population Division. 2011a. “Data Sources. File 0-2: Latest Data Sources Used to Derive

Estimates for Total Population: World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision”. New York:

UNPD. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm.

———. 2011b. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. New York: UNPD.

ghana: age distribution and school attendance of girls aged 9 ......5 4. population estimates table...

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