geuss 2001 history and illusion in politics intro & chpt 1.pdf

7/25/2019 Geuss 2001 History and Illusion in Politics intro & chpt 1.pdf

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HISTORY AND ILLUSION

IN POLIICS

RAYMOND GEUSS

CAMBRIDGEUNIVERITY J>RSS


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Contents

troducto

h stte olitcal asociations Violene, coerion and powr The oncept of the stae h concpt of egitima5 Authoriy

\br's moern state History and he concep of the state Anachy and the state he lgiimy o he stat

irsm1 he conxt Tlraon:- Fed

Ivdais

L, lmed a iscretonar poer

Deoa d ghts. Dccy dsi n trprta

Dc la. Pp a I a1d

p vi

22831

372752

57

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0 0 8 I _


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Prce

oowng i m o of on pol phioso

phy fo bgnnng ndgd in h o So nd c nd of Phlooph whih I hv gvn n nmb o rahr n mbidg in 99 I mmd pdo, ho wa s ofl I gv in Gmn h Univi n nkf/ din mmm of 999 nd h l dionl deLir. A b l of hi kind I imd xal caityd inllgbil nd vividn n pning gn ovr wofwh I k o b n nd of gmn h tn a stle-

oignl, r hivn of mn I hv no atd od o h ogn o hi in ol pn on heo h hi w ow i o in om of h dv of dend mpli o hi on I hv lo tid o rra as m pobl om nggng wih h nomo, nd on hlp n Iinrg onmpo li on polil losoy My thsto Po Wolfgng D nd Pr Dr Ax Hont, oth of tely o h Un o Fanu o the nvion t

akr nd fo mkin m asan ad nsttve.o and Illuion in Polii ay o ma ie e a "Y b

viou qvn o dnl isms p t blim an form ofomrr oitil y\y n acl cohc ofa ctn n w on olcal con n th ontempoy wd I


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L P!

h ss t h e wod o aa vdapos

I ow a ga db of gad n Cambdg,who hav povdd m wh an ml hng nvonmn Mmos mpoan nla db s o Jhn nn wh whom I hav

had h pvg of ondng ga snas on poal hosophdng th as v o s as hs smnas hav bn a onnngso ofnfomaon and nlghnmn fo m Hla Gaskin gav mdad ommns on sva dafs of hs mansp whh sld nsgnan mpovns on vall v pag I also ow palahanks o Zv Emmh, Mhal Fd P Gans LawnHamon Ross Hason, Go Hawhon, Anna and Isvan Hon,Ssan Jas Gah Sdman Jons avd Rnman v andavid Sdl Qnn Sknn Hn Thompson and Rhad TkNon of hs pop s o b onsd as n an wa sponsbl fo hmanng dns of hs wok


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Introduction

m bg r onnl b o vr o m h c r w Sm o h m m b o h prn

mlv o riing o n lmo nvibl mphor) romihin orv hr ir rom or bol onion whn m ol n wh o wrm m r hngr n wih o or nr hghl mi w rm vri lgrm prj w hl, hn I wih r h work Akhmov n m nw bgin orn Rn In iion h vrio morl or vliv viw w hl giv r mn rm whn, whn pron rrin pping ino h nn ill h hp, or jmpg q

mim howvr h mn r mpo o m o o mh romh b hr h r mpo mn r hmv[rn p n m rm vr o r: h Inn Rvnrvi invi n rqir m p o rn poron m lr t h rr h r h will pro gin m hroghth lgl m i I l o p) r inrm m h hr o Mngr rn prv lb prhibi m rm mkng th lb prmi n I wi b mbrr i n r o h b

as m n ron o h mb mmbr o op mokng), rni h jin hm n n piion n wll b vr ppin I r n o A hm v rp m is w r o in h gol h gg hrogh n m vrbl s ict [ su h d vrs ad,pl l itn mds s n ueas h it h is wil be nigtnd ad sussul if r wlir au h vi nt whih t he a pl t s

ppsed het ial phi sphy s ltl t i t Ulst d he s uat i hu a ag wh O td w t h h C ' t p t l ph i lsphy i t s ( 't O i 1 l t O ds t il u < h i' p i t h 's i ; s l


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groups of u g Pr o h si uai kowedge of he morempor furs of h ul wol he us ws h goverhem furher pr s kowledge of es d gees h mkeup our so d po word r propres, udg herusl properes wh s he Europ o d wh does hve he

power o do o me How re mulol orporos ru d howmuh uee do or hey hve o he egslve vy of moderses Who re he prlmery represeves for hs rego, how ge ouh wh hem, d wh hey rely do?

The pr suo he, ludes o oy url d so o-es u lso h des d oepos peope hve some suospeope do jus kok oe oher ou, rg eh oher s o moreh physl odes or s mere mls, ke exeuors drggg

odemed m o o hs fe or eemes ofrog eh oher shehole, u oe o ge very fr udersdg hum fe f oehks of exusvey o he model of movg oes ou or geghghy ompex mls o do s oe wshes Oe mjor reso for hss h peope do o smpy wsh o u hey lso wsh o desre os wys h hey d ohers w d eple, o deepssi riic o es (dely) ve suppor for pres hey hk1pat, ad s n. Dog hs requres he use of hsorly xsil! )'tc c1 ' Xp i1


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Inucin 3

s K eld demory ws erely form of desposm'se i demory mory voe s ke o wrr overridg vo of y dsseg) dvd d y of e frmers of eed Ses osio were refl o e rpbi ey

visged wod b demory' I or' ime d ple is e begiig of e wetyrs

ry i Weser Erope (d Erope's ideologi depedeesod e word) re re previlg ssmpos bo pols d good soiety wi re o less rmy ereed i or polii fed og for o lwys beig explily exprssed Oe of e mos por of ese s ssmpo ere s sgle ide model forkg bo pois Ts model s demori ber s wi

pis eoom d ommme o se of u rigs for ses Tere r ve ds eemes er berlsm demor s, e piis eoomy e dorie of m rgs b m oemporry k bo polis i is ly ssmed ese ve ims form more or less rl or y re mmlyosse d prilly oere se I w o sgges d is is m esis of s book s ssmpio is o lrg exe llso Te ojo of ese ve eemes oemporry

eser soees ws by o mes vrlly evble or eve espeillyl b s rer e res of gly oge isoril proessrermore if e idivdl prs ompos s frmework reosidered refy some of em w sow emselves o b iglyofsed or bes oly very dbiosly oere some r exremeypsble d severl be see o sd relos of osderbleio wi oer eemes i e se

We re fmilr w e kid of lim mde e ls prgrp e peopl lvg prr ime d pe wll sre r is se of oepios d ssmpios of e kid desribed If oes o dersd e polis of epo of w s s re s rd s r o sr by ryig o dersd se I is owever iy view vry impor o see xly w srd oio' msd qly mpor o se w dos o m T wih v, omo wy of prod w od os d w is broly cr c f

1 I. Kt F Zi Ahit Erse i t ai kl zu gc e Kant d. Wchekl J/M Sukp 19), vo X S T B ldit !)."(OxJI: Oxd Uwty Pn '!HB (o 7G H utl ait d> ;\:" p


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os l og y no s str o h ppochhk o oy o who rs y gle, uy,coe udeyg cocepo of h wol , ol d polcThu people xeehceuy Fo cpd The RceWodVew, people e eeehceuy B wee Vco-

, d o o Ofe hee he hf fom h pupoed hoco ocoogc fc o ee of omve hee whch e peeed f hey folowed mply d decly fom h fc, bu whch , o heco hghy peculve d hghy queobe hough h hf ely exped o my wod, opeg he mo fequelyby uo oe c ecouc volvg hee ep Ff uggeed h f wo peope ve he me ocey he me m, heywl he my cocep, vue, d vew I empc queowhh o o h ue gve ccumce, bu whe ue,

ue eoughThe fom h he cocuo dw h uch peoplegee o cohee cel e of ubve mo beef h e, le pcpe, cpble of beg cued, d h would tiueo be o be bdg by he ge, f hey we fuy rticuted

illy

t s s w he cocuo h ge he ocey coud wy,i " ws f h codo wee popou, ech mral cnsnsuswi t o s , hey he he me wodvew' H v.

iK NtlHIinws sgs{'( t t s bou he ecogo ofl is t i is I t i nk c vewoly '\ u r 1 i is ing , f keIn IHolth. iwm t 1 wr


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Inrucin 5

osure d elusive oep th oe is righ o e suspiious of su-iv lims h deped oo srogly o i Furhermore i is ess er is ofe suggsd t osesus i y of the usul d morllye seses of ht rm is potetilly uivers here simply is ess of i

ud h peopl ofe suppose, d here re resos for suspig t her re srit limits to how muh osesus ould' e tiedin y prtily sigit ses of the word oud' The ormiv eve of re' eisig osesus is ot wys uprolemti!ose i power oviousy ve ieres i limig ht ste ofirs whih ets hem ress o ste morlly idig osesus oe mus ke heir esimoy with gri of sl I geerl, th prie woud hve o e pd for it is ofe higher h iers re wiig

lo di (whih dos o of ourse, imply h it is ever rsole oy i)

I ors o h ierl view Mriss, of ourse hv lwys limed priy rreoile oi is jus s si o l eistig hu- soieies s tul or poteil osesus is Nietzshe dds o thise very stue suggesio h we se moder' idividus s iheretlyided y n d o selfevidetly ompie morliies', h is,oth diverse wys of tig d diverse wys ofjudgig io morlly

oi eists h is, o merely etwee groups u so wihi ehdividul s diverse forms of moity srugge for hegemo No erd o idividul hs ompleey ley rtiuled, sigle osist worldview Wh we ll shre' is usully overlppig umle ofoy hfdeveoped d poeily ordiory views I ieeehury Brii for iste peopl my i oe sese hve ee sid ove' or shre' he sme worldview i h virtully of hem myve fe he grdul e of risii d fud eiefs ou sttus

d hoour, d the fore of utiliri osiderios ut i did olow h yoe ar wih yoe else i y sigit or sus-ive sese First of , virully l of he elemes i his miure werldeed - ha ely ws met y hristi morlity' o giwith d seod there woud e o uiq reipe ordi to whihe igredies of he mlge hd ee omied

Nieszhe vws hum soiey ub pci bl hoh bllum so o e oduted wih s s or l y

co o h cng o wc Polc i out col itn g no oy w g

V ielzsdw1}. i \t (,'f.{/ . ( ;, ( :nli f1i'kr yt I !)(71:, V,


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nmz;n

l h hy w l l hv o expo exsg cocso mgs i h bis d lu hs ce mes dpces hee mgh e wdey ed e h socety s yhechc wh kg he h so h hee shod e esshed chch hs s comp ih dgeeme o who s

o e kg, wh he kgs specic pow e d how he kg s oe eed o he esshed chch hee my e oh gee dopposcy dssmed deeces he cocepo o wh sdemded y eso, csom decec pdece, d scpe heee so, o cose, deeces he ohe ves d poes dvdhm egs w hve, d gey dvege dgemes o heempc wod d he posses o hm co o hs woe ee god o dscod

Sce he ce wod+ hs ee commopce h oms o

gesce dsgeeme, ke w, pesppose es sme om oe cosess mog he pes coc he oops o coyA co eecvey ck hose o coy B ess he oces o Ahve coo o the ow oops, coo h wod e eecve esed o ohg moe h e oce hs s somemes moseds gm vo o es med poy o cosessdos om he osevo o he ey deveopme o hm f gh o e mshed he sme cse I eqes o geu ugg ehe cosess o coic s he excsves hu l d h o Oe hs oy s mch cosess s oes d d ge oy s mch s oe c c' ge sc ) d no mo. Sdg poos o cosesse t s d e o o h poos e m, d h d dngo d descve Oe ms ppochh wih uh e mh mo scepcsm s oe depoysywhe vss I wod wsh o ge h ocs o cocd dscod hs, es, dsc mehodoogc dvges gve he

cey o dsgeeme pocsI ur Geneale er Ml Nesche deveops ppoch o hsoywhch he cs geeogy' .s Geeogy ss om om o hsocomsm Nesche hogh h Soces hd p s o he wogck y sggesg h ws mpo o y o ge om deoso hose hm pheome h wee o he gees coe o s

4 Pao 35 5 dscus hs mhodca viw furthe in my 'Nilzsc ;d IH>. I\V p

A1oli!J\ nd Hstry (Cabi: mg U1


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Inucin 7

s rcy possb and appropra Nzsch hogh o sk orns o absrac s or o ars o h nara word hsrlS rang war ass or gn cod b dn h ra-s s was possb n Nzschs vw was prcsly ha sch rs

ad s whch wr no par o hsory A rang was a rl n hcnry Grc or n nnnhcnry asana and was r o war Han hsory hogh was concrnd n rs nsanc no wh ns sch as hs b wh obcs sch as rsan pnshn conscnc and oraly whch wr hsorly nhrnly aable congraons o powrs ncons srcrs bs hs obcs wr barrs o p anngs a anyi and h consaon o h anngs assocad wh any

o1c o h was consany shng Incarcan n h wh cn- has a drn ro ncon and anng ro ncacraon nthe nal syss o h nnnh cnry6 Frdo an sohngrn or hr Epcs and Hrzn hrdcnry hrsanyas no h sa as ghnhcnry hrsan hrsany hcp and h ray s wha a sccsson o hans hav adit y vr o acng n cran ways n acng popl hav drns changng vas varab nrss and hs drncs co o

rcd n h shng anng o h r Was hrsany raly ssnally hrss rscnry Jwsh way o lvng h docrnoC al or h dcrs on h nar o h rny ad by a cranrch conc Was nhrny a or o braon ro h Law or ghy rsrcv dscpn o h w Was Manchans a or orsany Was h Inson hrsan Was srcan archc-r parclarly hrsan How abo h archcr o h Asran >roq Or Haga Sopha now a os

n Nzschs orab phras, only wha has no hsory can bnd o ry o g a sng ada ora dnon o hrsan-y pnshn bras or docracy s o ss h pon Hanrds and han nsons ar nracd Words r a dvp roh acal han ss o h n w ow s grsd n n way anohr hr t i is t t t ios rmo o sv nw nds h s of a ord l i dmora or is iai y i nw o s a rrpreo of' rac o n a or aal lts o e wys n w su c i -trr t in an ta l on st drstd in a g wi


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n n

hnn ie hianity e s a hsor ha s a prcswy n whh thuh he ue nsons and words havvovd ss o h cn f c dands p on h byndvdas and grops , the nl word and ohr nsons hs s no a rdcvs vw w as ha h das popl

assoca wh hrsan h pna ys and ohr sch hngs arr' pphnona a vw hd by so vgar Marxss Rahr s h vw ha bs words hoghs nnons and concps arabsoly ssna bcas who h and h anngs hy hlphans pos on h world hr wold no hrsany o sdy Ah sa howvr h bls ha hrsans hod n any gvn raar onlypar o h ll sory o hrsan On can ak a ap or ga sysac ovrvw o drn ors o hrsany sng prcal'(hsorcal' n h Grk sns) hods b hr s no analyc shor-

c no Roya Road (or Kanan Hrs whch bypasss hsory and ylads o any sgncan ndrsandng oncps hn a any ra hoswhch rr o han phnona ar say hsorcally accadconsllaons o rahr hrognos ns

h Nzschan vw I hav s skchd ss o ndrn ha whch I arlr dscrbd as h an hss o hs book n woept Fr vraly allwordvws ar hsorcay conngn con-unn f oncps and halnarcad horcal rag-men then it i n p t ndcn o or' odl o polcal tl: it has t ha ety Sc h concps w acally s n polcs irrctcdal)ly uzzy nd pn and w can shap and warptW! i itHmnLc ebl way s or prposs hn wha'Xly i IH ott but hny? pragas varan o hsS!''OtHI bein tht a mak n any cas o worry oo chbut the hen o rcrs I hors ar ktl hn he nly ul n o as ao h s how wll hy doa arclar jo h parclar conx n whch hr ployn snvsagd Absrac spcaon abo h cohrnc' or ncohrnco drn ools s nhrnly oos

As ar as h rs o hs s concrnd s r ha I s as noobcon o or crrn poca vws ha hy ar a hsorcal blI s howvr an obcon w sr ro h lson ha s nsch a b Do w howvr sr ro hs llson Is rally nwo s ha or concps hav a hsory and ha hy do no all ohrk h pars o a gsaw pzz I s r ha on w o a mo h os proond and as poca f t pt ntu y in


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Inrucin 9

t l wi r m rcv ons hy wod ad iniviual[ abo so vn ach o y v s bras h sa h concp o rghs o capas) ha had a hsory and hy wod aso ad : t l onjncon of h v was o so xn h rs o parcar

procsss whch cod hav had a drn oco I hnk ny wod aso ad ha n ndvda cass hr gh so s i bwn sa docracy and bras Howvr hr s a krec bwn adng islaefors o hsorca conngncy and l i and sng h who array of hs v s as sysacay nc hr s aso a dsncon bwn h ndvda nsghso horss gh cach a ng gps of and xprss n < ns o spca rcon and hr aca aby o hn hrogh

t nsncs of hs onary naons fy and bodytm ysacay n hr vryday pracc as horss hr s a agan bwn hr o hs hngs and h coony shardoi bs o ravy nrcv ordnary pop Fw popl1 n ab o kp a vry r gnra grp on h nsgh ha soo t ns of or os dpy hd poca bfs ar angar apn br rvn wh cracks and non oo srdy or sab n vs and vry sd o ach ohr Gng sch a r grp I

s gh chang or poca pracc for h br Sary h 1 ha w w nvr sccd n rdcng or poca vws and ordvw o h ashcay pasng sa o od Napoon or a < ook on ahacs s no argn for fang o ry o g as car as w can

s ar as h scond objcon s ncnd on can rn h praga rgn arond h varos poca concpons ha ar ndr< sson n hs x ar no r spcaons b rahr oos or gd-

acon s a ar of so pracca poranc whhr or no a ran sa s accpd as ga and add o h nd Naonshr or no ga rghs oa cran yp ar rcognsd and hy arw hy ar nforcd Evn bra vws a o nnoy ar nndd r oward rn l pli il sh v vry gn pt n t r l wr i w w v resy en pe y rn k,wve i n k bt t e p p i t t w r

n l l t po i i viw t r i t w wn t mnmi x wi I m H p i g

o l s i o wi 0 t r l , t t i J l o i o i 1 1y l < < t l


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Inucin

basc cocpos ha drl y w of h socal ad polcal worldAog ohr hgs s h prfcly rasoabl for o ask whrhs cocpos co ro wha shap y ha ad wha coxs aks ss o ry o ac o h Alhogh cocps ar xbl hyar o abulae raae hy carry hr hsory wh h hs hsorydos o srcly dr how hy s b sd b dos ac oa ry sgca x how asy or how dcl wll b o odfyh chagg hr ag ad rfrc o drco rahr haaohr hr ar ls o how far o ca acally sccd rcgad probably or arrowly s ls o h x o whch oca ga ay corol W ca r absolly fr orsls fro hsoryad aa a absolly clar ad cohr s of acoorg wsabo or polcal world I dos o follow fro hs ad ss

slfdly fals ha w ar o br o ay rspc wh w arlghd abo or cocps ad hors ha wh w wr oI ak ha s h spr of Nzsch o hold ha as ha

bgs or a ay ra as spccally mern ha bgs w ar e agh bw wo corary plss O h o had wavoidb r o g as ch cocpal corol or h ajor of or l vs as we hs s h org of or ap o aa al l i ry sys m t ovrviw Te tradoal do was h hclor this ! ' l l j On h ohr hand oe o has flly fl h forc of

w N i< t zs w l l S i)h t J ; uh d i ion possbl hr s o c t i l l o o n g k. I n t h ol ths tw pls s o b ddI pus o C O l l l l t try o ' d ef i e w h i l e ly rcgsg w i i t l l l o h a m s a os o allt H t - l l l l s t l ; h h s tor l mp . It s h ry s t l w t y o ol i u H I ol l t a l o

So < n y l i n k t h n my gnal o or poltcal worldw hv l s x h mn w o gra porac: h sa h o wo hy wll a s cocd as a aosa Nao-

als s dobtdly a sgca forc coporary polcs ad orly backward placs Rcogsg hs howr s copabl whhkg ha h ao s o ofch al as a aalyc ool ad doso dsga a fdaal dso ofpolcs I hs as so chls ss o ha Max Wbr pos s h rgh drcoWbr was ry cocrd o rjc a cra hcry wwhch hld ha w ca look a h arh ad pck o th ao by

Max Wbcr, G

M 9G '27 r . , c l :


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Inrucin I

nc o pca pops ndpndny o h xsng os o d i I l gansaon o nsanc y angag ay aons gonI i l ) and hn as whch o s naons has s own naonsal nt o hs vw h hd ha naon s no ay a concp

l pca concps poyd y socoogss ha s a na tc ha y gopd ogh a ss o pca popst l : h hogh naon nhny xpssd a can va dg < ha s X and Y ong o h sa naon was no a ca ha : < X and Y hav ha o h sa coo Rah w a Wo o a X and wo o a Y a oh a < lc oass who a ca ass By dnyng ha a naoni nr pca concp W dd no an o dny h ovos ; ) ( ' th w can npoacay cagos d Ga as a Fnchan < I J Fsch as a Gan No dd h an spy o o hw


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Inrucin

Wb clas h conc fo (naonal solday can b xpcdo a s on ha s nhnly polcal las o bshp n hsa naon a acly dands fo bshp n h sa polcalassocaon nc h sa s h an fo of polcal ogansaon nh odn wold clas abo who blongs o wha naon a alydands abo wh h bondas of sas shold dally n osay ha wo psons blong o h sa naon s o say ha yo hnhy ogh daly o blong o h sa sa hs dos no an haa an ndvdal lvl a pacla naon dos no xs nl bogh nobng by an appopa sa h cla s no ha h s no chnaon nl h s a ch sa h was no ch sa nl hwnh cny b on can pfcly asonably spa of h chnaon n h nnnh cny h cla ah s ha o hn n

h nnnh cny of h ch naon wold hav bn acly odand ha al popl havng can pops fo xapl bon na can plac and/ o spang a can langag old fl a vypacla nd of solday wh ach oh hs solday was splavly spcd n h followng way all chs shold jon ogh nan sococonoc aangns h appopa bodn ofw n h polcal al s an aonoos od sa h zch nd t pa h ch naon b h odn gnal da a t tul pasc on h odn da of h sa Fo

l s ss i n sem o o dsv a plac aong h pl i l wdvw

l l n pay i gh wold b a wow pppi d i l y and ogn of con-p pl il is and h n h conx of pow ugg wn indivduals ns and socal ovns n h wd b l and b gnalogy h o d-ald and llnang an accon cold gv and h fh bac

cold ach My own od ofpocd n hs anscp s no allyha of gnalogy' , b o l ha of adonal analyc phlosophyh dsncon of snss of s, spcally n agnav conxsand h dscsson of wha can b on wh h Fo a vay ofasons I wll no dscss h capals conoc foaon spaay,b wll a sccssvly h sa lbals docacy and hanghs I do no s gnalogcal nqy as xcldng sandad fos oanalyc phlosophy (spcally no o conpa ans as usd


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Inrucin

sd d s as a alav hsal amNi lzs hmslf as ay afl adg f Zur Gnali r Ml wl dirm, ws a df pa pa aayss; a a al sghs f Zur Gnali r Ml s ha h p gd'

: 1 s tw ds as (bad' ad v' Nzsh's pala -lncst hsal phlgy as a pal phsphal l s as wl< I d 8 I s glgy as mpmay bh hsal shl; 1 h ad aay phsphy as pg aayss s apppa wd


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CHAPTER

Th stat

P O C A L A S S O C I A O N S

In onporary world r pol d o ryxpanl and o n a or rrd wa w pak on

on and of po of fay o pol bopogndrpol b n ao or narrowly of pol a rfrrngpally o rggl for lon o gra o of aap o nn way n w powr of a wddand o on Wbr a onra n nd wn dng anarrowr noon of pol fro a wdr on narrowr noonndrand pol a a w a o do w aqon drb-i xr of a powr wdr noon po a ang d wi of raon of bordnaon a of oand onL n ide d on or n f do no ak pain c frmwrk f t or draw on ror of a Wi i n b e wo Wbran onpon ar aayL nrrw en ng w o an wn we f li . apowr n la analy or powr and no only way n w on pron an g or oa n a ran wa r ao a ral wn w pnonaof praon nn and aon ar fond In all olnar

galaran grop a wr dad fro rr of apowrfor nan n a lb r g b dagrn abo anand goa don foraon of par jokyng for pla andn or any of ng w w wold raonably al onnof a po polal ay g owr opra woror o for apowr or a knd of bordnaon a od or-ry b drbd a raon of oand and obdn No on n b raly oad anyon l o o ayn r

MWb Pobtik

Ben!', in

j)l/ii., Sd1j" (Trhngc:

! .


19/72

Poliical aciain

1 g arge a rd and wdes snse o polcs n wc desgnaes ply e process of nencng peope and geng ngs don n oney or anoer n e real of collecve an acon

log s exreely poran o keep n nd a ercs s sed o refer o a wde denson of an socal le raer1 n spy o srggles abo dsposon over saepowr eres le dob a e ode sae s one of e os poranres of e space wn wc polcs n all senss now aks pace n odern word n vew o s aes sense n ryng o ndersand cs o sar w e sae

Peraps e os wdely nena radona approac o nder-ndng e sae s one naed by Max Weber a e rn o ene cenr Hs approac s broady fnconal n a e denes sa as a wc perfors a ceran acvy sccesslly A soc-d y, ares s organsed as a sae (r a sae exss) were re s acessfl onopolsaon o e xercse olegae volenc I s s con or acvy a s cenral sae s sply waevr agency s a dscarges a fncon (sccessflly)

Wen Weber s beng os carefl e dsngses clearly bween a

e and wa e calls a polcal assocaon e gves a concepaynec accon o ese wo conceps by bdng e p graday sper noons e progresson ro assocaon o pocasocaon o sae s nended as a concepa or anayc one and saon o sory s nenonally e nspeced e basc noon froc Weber sars s a ofwa e calls an assocaon ( rban) sr Weber s a socal grop wc sases wo condons Frs xbs eran connng order wc ress fro e ac a e bers

of e grop oow a cran se o rles; an assocaon ders ro ando or accdenal assebag o persons One can reasonably dob a any ng we wod b a a neresed n calng a socal gropngd al o ee s condon e second condon an assocaons sasy s a ere s be a dsgnaed agen or grop o agens s specay carged w ananng e order e rp exbs s w sn a e rls ar observed I w call s dnade s Osees and wl aly ass or e ses ly

ol xo f al rpl ee e s

] \ tW t S'Iy t l u ; T I g iV ( ' i 1 \ i ik l. l k n d, 1 t m l uml {


20/72

1 Th a

hs a grop o pop whh s noray vry sday nh park o so Eropan y o pay hss dos no nssary orwha Wbr as an asoaon s by vr oh a ha hy oowran rs (h rs o hss) hy do no or an assoaon vn

hy agr aong hsvs oray on a s o hghy sp rhra h rs ha w govrn hir pay and ha ar dsn ro h sayapd rs o hss (sh as ha h prson sng oss o a ranr aways aks wh) hy a o ons an assoaon by vr oakng Ovrsrs a parar prson or grop o pop) whos job so nsr ha h rs ar obyd and hs h sabshd ordr anand hs s as sad a knd o dasd anayss nrodd or hprposs o aryng a ran onp In h as dsrbd n h xh brs o h grop o hss payrs wod a b xpd o b

brs o a poa assoaon (n brs sns) ha s hr wodb npa or naona po arond o nor m o h rs hagvd hr nraon sh as ha no on was physay o assaanohr \br howvr wod dsngsh bwn h grop n qs-on as a grop o hss payrs and h grop as a grop o zns (ornsan) W ar nrsd hr n h grop as a grop o hss payrs

A hs pon n h anayss Wbr nnonay avs a nbr osons opn: how h vrsrs ar appond by on brh r rpaon whh s no qsond ) whhr or no -

b i e aon s vonar how prsons bo brswe e y ree son by brh by oopaon by soronr n t w) w or no h Ovrsrs ar brs o h nd w en e vrsrs s or ay s o nsr ha hl beye. sn o h possb gay or gay h vr nd h wy n whh h Ovrsrs xrs powrs aso opn ha br avs so any o hs sons opns poran or a nbr o rasons n parar bas hos whoar no brs o h grop ay no b xpd o onor o hrs hy nor n prnp a asa passrby or kibbizr who ghno vn avy pay hss and hror a r w no b bond nang by any o h rs o h ga) ay appar sop o wah andgraday bo rognsd as on o h Ovrsrs Sh a prsonay by h s o hghy nora ans (g ponng o apdvoaons n a od saras vo sd n anann ordr o hxn o whh hs ors an assoaon xss

W spak o a pal poa assi ot j

u our) we e Oeee i dspsl n e y


21/72

Poliical associaions

a ans o nocng od and conoy o h s h s a ophysca oc onc o cocon s hs ha o h f oc whch o Wb aks an assocaon poca Fo hs n Wb wod jc h hd and wds o h h snss o

l its whch w dsngshd abo Wh h possb s ooc t a ss h s no pocs scy spakng

I L s no o b s ha a poca assocaon aways o chaacs l l o n galy poys c o g hngs don o ha pocs ways a a o h xpc ha o s oc n ac Wb hnks ocs ha a naa ndncy o pac h s o oc whch s cn wh oh ndc os o cono and ndcn so haI o dopd h soc h ss dc o s o oc h

l b n Nhss h poca s o a doan n whch h oc as anal rsor s aways psn as a a possb o spak y pac os o psason as poca s o spak o h - o h possb c on h possby o coc acon hnng body o a pa cb ha s od whn a odn sa n phaps xcd o bshp n h cb oa spccs o ak a gna nsanc o ys; hy ay ba o n- th cbhos and dp o honos pgs and bns

l 1 ha bsowd on b hy canno bak y g p n han sosy) o do h o hs hngs Canno n hsx ans ha hy y o assa I can appa o h poc n h acon o pnsh h and ha ass ha nda ccsancs hs s scn o d h ocs o h cb dong anyhng dasc a assng n hs xap ha h cb bddd n a wd c poca assocaon ha h ocs th cb ay no s onc n nocng h s s wha s an

I ayng ha a cb s nopr s a poca ogansaon n h ans

w do ca a gn cb a poca ogansaon s no by is own nna pops b by o h o t ay pay n1 e acqson and nncn o pow n a wd spe cal ly l t lan n w ich tnay sd gh tha i ll a give\ l u b a p l t i ca l gaia det h ct tha t de ece w g vice i , e e mi e

oc e a i n > ll u e b a pla ee i peni(n ia l l i ) li J n o pl i a l l ia in p ia

., W wr t i l \ 1 ' n l \ \ /I ! J ) .


22/72

In hs cas nonmnsa mm of h c mgh hav wha cod consdd o an nappopa chanc o nnc govnmnpocy and mnss who w no pa of h c mgh hogh o nappopay dsadvanagd h c wod con as poca yv of s o n nncng h dson of pow n h sa

W adds o h aov accon a fh condon whch s oddand no nay anaycay sf whch pons n h dcon of anmpoan ss namy h sas ha a poca assocaon s on whchmanans s od whn a gvn gogaphc aa connosy Onmgh wond whh h addon of a spcc fnc o a gvn xdgogaphc aa s waand ha s whh cons o cng ph concpa spac n a sf way W a accsomd o assm hah asc poca ns w gogaphcay xd and ocad and

ha hy w mpoay connos In pncp hogh on codspak of a soca od ha was nfocd hogh h ha of cocony Ovss and ha was spcd as ndng on a gop of ppl,fo nsanc on h mms of a nomadc h dscndans ofcan pop h cas of can gns o h mpoys of a cancopoaon ah han y fnc o a gogaphc aa mayw cod magn sasonay asd foms of poca pow fo nsancgosmay commands n pmv agca socs ha camno c vy smm a h gnnng of h campagnng sason

and hn apsd n h nx yaoncpay h condon of gogaphca xy and mpoa con-

ny mgh sm o smpy a conamnaon of Ws nvsgaony avy spca fas of cn opan hsoy hs cond-on howv ahogh concpay conngn s no y gondss h man knd of a poca assocaon s o nfoc s onagans physca vonc dcd y on pson agans anoh Gvnhn ha physca poxmy was fo a ong m on of h pcondonsfo h xcs of dc vonc agans psons dd mak sns o

hav s fo gang sch vonc whch w dnd fo spccgogaphc aas and connos mpods If h od w s pso ha y hng yo ghy on h sd of h had wh a hamm I fyo nacd gav a mms of yo mmda famly a c-a hamohag sva days a gadss of wh hy happndo asmana Novossk o aonk oaph dn on f hxn of a poca assocaon i o e o ovouy .h g be tue i wht w w gult w hoovt io a a t r l l t w l w w


23/72

Pliial assiains

wl i xchang rahr han who was physicay whr his discssion lo howvr draw or anion o wha is a vry iporan gnra nay h bondaris of a poiica associaion

ographic bondaris wih pora coniniy ar convnin so< hingy convnin ha w can hir incsion in h d-n pass nchangd b hr is anohr s of bondaris ha is< or crcia for ndrsanding poiics his is h qsion of wha s of han bhavior ar considrd o fa wihin h prviw of rs which dn h associaion ha is how xnsiv and how< id a s of rs is nforcd and wha doains of han i hyr

an grops afr a vary vry signicany in h muh ofif hy c o rgaion Chss cbs do no say hav rs abo h diI ir brs ar o foow and now os nivrsiis hav casd oa h rigios if of hir sdns Evn han poiica grops h ind Wbr cas poiica associaions' dir widy as rgards ind of bhavior hy ap o nforc W ar sd o highy


24/72

20 The ae

A poal assoaon bwn a gop of pop od b onsdby on apan o a l a no d s ing o onb of gop by ano s b olad and by ns-on of an Os o no s l A pb llng n boad daylg

o of a an wo was no a b of gop g b ogo b non o aa o Oss b a song a s ob lf o ngan o nddal knsp gops nod (o o gods W nk w an s wy s a sys g a a ndnyo xpand sys o s o o o and o aas of anl js as w a sn a wold b ason o onsolda sys n a opa gogap aa, b a ndny of s nd f nfa xss, s a aly spal and onngn soal a nosong ood n any y dp nss

Pa o ason o passng s pon s a w a sd oyng o ak sns of odn pos og n o a wp w ga ngy by Bnan onsan5 a n ann sos pbl pows' nd w pa s o zns ogspay laws, gly s gaon o aag nian,and o, onos on foaon of olnay assoaons o xnsy an wold b og apab n odnWsn sos In on sns s s o, b s also a a wdang o ngs w n odn wold wold b gad by

pbl aos ( dos dsplnng ows sas and ldn no n ann wold onsdd pa o pb pola odand w s no oy gad by osng nsons o no on wppd on's own sla was no song alongd o a o an aon w was od by lsw onsd s nd o polal assoaon nn sos aya ognsd no n pnpl o polal nnon b yaso in ad a o ld noon o wa onsd pa of pbl od an os odn Wsn sos a In addon,of os ann sos ang as y dd sillan pn,passpo onos DNA polng, , w nny o ld n xn o w y aay cul inn n an f wasno js a sa pa sp n ann wod as a na adngof onsan g sggs b was a dn dson alog

See his !esprit de conqu d pai' (gly 1 8 4.) a De Ia bc di m ds 8t g) h i Csa J, In libte chz Irs mol il. Gu Pai Ha )Hu


25/72

Vilnc crcin an pr 2

V O E C , O R O D P O W R

nc' s o b dsngshd on h on hand ro corcon and h ohr ro powr Volnc' s I w ca bs ndrsood by

ng on advrba xprssons sch as o ac vony' Vonc ha rs o a parclar o acng or oprang I ac volny I pan on ohr hans or ac n a way ha ul nc physcal i or njry on ohrs wr hy o happn o b n h pah o h; I ( ' [ in n qson I I sr yo I a acng voln b I can alsoI d o b bhavng vony ash o wh y ss n a way had pan or physcally njr yo wr hy o co no conac wh. hs wold ran r vn yo had prdny ovd o o h i

o r Volnc (as a non) s spy any acvy ha s condcdl or consdrd as an nsanc o an acon prord volnI hror no a r ha drcs any parclar anon o h caly loogca dnson ohan acon; has l o do whwhe or no any aca nd s aand or ndd vn whhr or no y s ryng or nndng o achv an nd I a blnd drn I canI > < av vonly who havng any vry cohrn nnons or a any who nndng by ha bhavor o nr anyon n parcar vonc' o h acon ay also b ndpndn o hr bng anyh prson arond who s n ac pand by y acon h acon s n bcas s h nd o acon whch soon s wr o b s wa wold rsl n pan or physcal njr

n conras o hs corcon I wl ca s no bs ndrsood byrnc o an advrbal sag b rahr by rrnc o a vrb I ac vl e or prhaps I s volnc) b I corc yo [sohng] ' w o sggs rhr ha s or nlghnng o loo a h rans-on bwn Mabl who corcs and h who s corcd o dohng nay ro h pon o vw o h vc/objc rahr1 n ro ha o h sbjc ha s h hrncaly basc or s/h/sh/hy hav corcd or orcd) o do X or Yo avd do X' whr ha ans ha I hav bn l wit l e-v b o do X and h rason or hs s sohg u hav . ay pysay a ha ab o g avgl w l iv b t ug Mbe w h q l p il l i y i s b i ted a y t h g h o E h l i i 1 l lg , h m d a h m wh b 1 - wi t h l nd w b h h E ; sh m < V l l 1 1 I


26/72

22 s

Sary Ma ay nnd and ry o or Eh and yt fa asabot oron an b ad ravy ndpndny of th ntnonsof th an who s th prpord sb

s y xap of h drnk shows an at vonty who orngyo o do anythng y rando ashng ot wh y sts s vont, bght b so nfosd hat yo nd no tak any aont of t anvn a vony n yor gnra dron wthot tha von bngsny opnty xd o as o dpar n any nonrvaway fro h ors of aon on whh was arady barkd Eqa an or yo wtho sng von f yo ar n a sa roo whwo doors an for yo o av by door by okng door B sshard to onsr okng a door as an at of von, b t ranyhas th rs that yo hav no arnatv b to s door B

thogh to or ans to av wth no atrnav bt X, whatons as havng no atrnatv s hghy ontxtdpndn No a-rnatv say ans no rasonab arnatv o say ha okngdoor B fors yo o s door dos not tray an tha yo havno atrnatv bt o s door bas as th Stos wr fond ofponn ot yo probaby hav th arnav of sayng n h roondnt o b sr f yo say n h roo ndny yo w prob-aby d of hrst hr aftr a fw days Sn hs s not a rasonabarnav, gvn what w know abo han nat and nora h-

an prfrns w a t no arnatv f sow or qk) dah sth ony arnav to so ors of aton, dos s rasonabo say w hav no ho n ost ass, howvr wha w ont asrasonab dpnds vry h on rstans and n partar onpops bfs and prfrns On hhy sophstad b xd-ngy d) way of onrong popaons s by hangn what thyonsdr o b rasonab arnavs

Powr s sd n a nbr of ways n h rst sns t dsgnas anyaby to do sohng, ndn abts of nonhan agnts hs

an sa hav th powr of sph, or hs otor has h powrof n horss ' Many pop, howvr, hav hght that a or sharpyfosd noton of powr s or approprat and sf n soa andpota agn hs Brrand Rss dns powr as prodton ofntndd t hat s y) powr as ) abty to gt what wan 6Bas of th rfrn o wha an agnt that s so han bnor orporaton wants powr n ths sns dsnats spy han

B Rusell, Pawn: A Social Jnrd)>.li., , \ ( lon :


27/72

Viln rin an pr

s Y on h on hand I ay sysacally g wha I wan hang anyhng w wold ndpndnly wan o call pow an Bay has pond o I ay b sysacally lcky and on o h hand I ay ha wha ss o h xnal obs a lo of

who ncssaly gng wha I wan Mch dpnds on how1 ps wha I wan

s poan o aod wo coplnay saks abo h han as a bng who has wans pfncs and dss On h on : d a Han concpon of han wans as nhnly aosc 1 hly sladng A han agn s no a dsconncd bndl oflly dspaa wans and dss all of whch sand on h sa wh ach oh and ach of whch ds fo any oh only n nsiy and pacla objc n h xnal w f.

th I ha a sys of wans ha s scd ogansd and nsd o say 1 y wans a sally scd ans aong oh hngs ha I< aos ngs a ans o as fh hngs o as consns os fh hngs My wanng h o so xn dpnds on 1 1 ang can blfs abo how hy la o oh hngs I wan On h hand y wans and dss do no fo a closd conscos: d flly aclad foal sys My wans a no all always flly lad and hy chang sos xognosly sos as a l of con and sos who y bng flly awa of scng s no ncssaly copl n ha I a no ncssalyays flly conscos of how can of y dss ay la o ohs asons I ay ha fo hang a can ds o ndd whh any ason fo a all

n h psn conx s h s of hs wo pops h non-

sc na of han ds ha s lan Hl dd no jsn o annx Asa dsanl zchosloaka nad Poland and lasng hgony o nal Eop b ah h wand nad Poland in rr ns connng hgony o nalp I wold b a sak o hnk a bcas h wa abl a h wad lasng hony o Cnal e d v h pow

h s i i i H s n o w b

h did o w h wnd G eo ov o n i a i n i l i n a o s GgY n d a l ou P la o a

i In I 1wnf o r k y " . i / t'!O :p l / , ( ) x ; 1 r d x l J yI 1 S ! ) !

J H


28/72

Th sa

couruv cam a a yra y h n powr, bcaus oav powr s o b ab o g wa o l ws Evryo bygral agrm raly was o b app b f as Plao ks o bappy s o b a armoous psycc sa d as Pao assums,

yras ar vr a armoous psycc a dsp faca yras ca do ay umbr of gs do o av a powTs argum movs o cocluso a l good prso adpraps oly plosopcally lgd good prso as ay rapowr a all s cocluso s sucly slvdly als o alramos ay ubasd radr o fac a r mus b a as oaacy argum T da a o av powr s o b ab o gwa o raly was s o suc falacy

Wbr cosrus powr' v mor arrowly a Russll as o's

aby o rals o's wll v agas opposo (o mar wa aaby dpds o9 Wbr's da sms o ars cox o rygo dsgus bw powr' o o ad ad gs k uc'o or Russl's do woud sm o cosru powr cusvly a way a would clud cv ploym o uc as asac o xrcs opowr O mg k, oug a alougmy uc' could dcd a ssu w ors cocrd ad ospca rs o oucom rar a aor uc racds ms w courd ral opposo Wbr's do s

suc o dsgus avg powr from ry usg forc a al compo o do (o mar wa a aby dpdso' xplcly avs op possbly a may av ovol orocorcv mods o ralsg my wll, for sac may av a mydsposa rabl cus g brbr dcpo) wc aow m oaa my ds gsav assmbs v agas wl o a cragroup of popl T uso s wr us o suc cqusca ally b dsgusd from forms of uc' ad wa xaclys ma by agas opposo' or agas w' o ors squsos sm o a larg x rmologca

r ar owv wo objcos o s Wbra approac a doo ur o mrly rmoogcal ssus Bo o s wo obcosak up scod of wo proprs o uma subc o dsr lack of full sably closur ad sysmacy uma wag 0

Frs Wbr's usag sms o prsuppos a rar crud mod of s o powr w ay o approp i o cs bu

" Wd wr W irtshaj ( ;JI'djl, HH t ; I HJ\ 1 ( ' ,


29/72

lnc cin an pr

s o suceny deend nd sophsced o cove l cses s 1 foe no cceple s genel wy o hnng ou powe hs o hnng ppes o css n whch hee e wo cley dened1vduls o goups ech owhch hs ce w o dese o pefe-

e ou some se of s Somems o e sue hs s elevncpn of suon Suppose m vey song nd you e vey wn you money u you do no wn o gve o me Snce song howeve cn els my wl even gns you essnceI n mny cses howeve nd n y no mens he ls mpon he ple nvovd n elon o powe wl no necedeny hve clelyculed pfences h pefeences wl he e nchoe con-I dco o unomed you ovwhelmng powe ove m s sle

f he nvonmen hs my e n mpon fco n sewng hey omon o my pefeenes he em h s oen used of hsnomenon s dpve pfence fomon Humns do no lon nd he mechnsm of such pence fomon wos o ven se n whch my pfeencs e onnuly used y peng me fom even developng such pefences so he ole powe wll >y s no so mponly nd ceny no excusvey h o lowng o ge wh you wn evn gns my wsheu he h o venng me om even developng wshes of cen nd hs phe enon s even moe sng nd mpon n cses n whch hee s eme pedomnnce ofpowe on he on sde nd elvey lle posly o he pson wh lss powe o escpe necon nd n whchI nfeo hs evely undveloped nd hghly plsc peeences xmle of hs s he cse of pens n lonem ncons whdenn cses le hs you my sonly e sd o hve powe me h does no conss n you y o vrcm my essnce u

you ly o peven m fom eve en n poson o cu es nd neess h would move me o pu up essnceJ

cond even n du wh wellfomed pefeences wll no us e dle o smp pefeences ou ses of he wold u complex chy o sode secondode nd pehps hgheode pee- ny o h ess hn uly se my wn o dn nohe wn bu nwn h hve d nough wsh dd no

' J s cr Su CmjH'.I !di1. in l Sbvlio oanafy (Canhidge: Cbdge Univesty Prss,I J :> ) ! S . ! p

tT I Nat/ira/ ( l . d u b 1 a ' 97 Cu frlht dicsso F: d i nl C d w PC vt h f

ha ) 1 1 / d " )< s !ss 1 )H


30/72

//

wn nr gl wne. mt h y gho ecseo som he did h ic h m d ly i H 'O V< I i I d m, lso wsh Idid no h w m I mr ephnseIn ddon m n J nces nd ll-hngsconsded peeen That my hae peences oes o son hs e r prne scly nd nsolon so pehps ey d n t of ns when I ccon o a spcs o gen con n hs I pe edwne o whe wn (primaaci , l hn d on som occ-sons I my pe ood nd nexpense whe wne o n oepcedmedoe ed Een I he ely ce, omed nd xedpmafcipeeences ( se o s whch mgh wll s I he s sd nohold, my sl e he cse h he exisence o n endng on

o pow my sew my llhngsconsded peences n nme owys. hs phnomenon s o ge polcl mponce, mos ooslyehps n he cses o smll cones sed ne lge nd powlones ( .e h Pondsyndome

I hs ccon o powe s oghy coec, powe s cey denom oenc ecs I cn he powe y e o eng le o nmy ends hoh y o mnpon, nd ey s no om oncon o physcl njy. Eqy I cn e ey oln (o xmp,when dn who hng he powe o do mch onyhng cny

no nyhng h ees hmn oncenon I I cn coee yo odo X I he he powe o ng X o my pow o eec Xess on ly o e yo hs s no slly hogh o s om ocoecon. hs ls em s sjec o he escon menond o coecon js mens h I lee yo wh no esone lene ,hee mgh e ses osocey n whch wod e hogh nesoneo n down n oe whch n noe conex o socey wold cons e.

oh Rssell nd Wee nlys powe s popey o he nnonl

con o hmn nddl Dng he ps wo decdes, hogh,nde he nence o Foc mny heoss he emped moen he decon o moe sc nd less scly enonl ndesndng o phenomen le powe nd coecon In hs dscsson ohe hsoy o pen sysms Foc dscsses enhs pojc o pnopcon 4 he pnopcon ws wy o ngn h spce n

'f M. F Survier fJunir s: a ad 975 c. pp G c o h c Ia ir i P Sc H) ;1 1d ow d K1owld' i K e C o lo1 T d1: - !?


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Vilence cein an per

1 1 h he pisones el h hey wee unde consan suveil-) J cn i hey wee no Foucaus poin is ha in such a pison he 'HT claly suec o a vy disinc coecive powe u his i no oviousy es nalysd as a pope o h inenionl

o ny human individul o goup o individuls I is as i wee 1 ' : o he pison isel which is poweul nd coecive

sue he pisons would no e sujec o his powe i hy 1 en condemned y a juy snenced y a judge assignd o i. in ahe hn nohe y n dminiso. he immedia ce o penal powe will a goup o guds ocs nd w ; . Howeve hese wadens nd guads opeae accoding o ! ; in and o he possiiiies inhen in he insiuions uidings i hich hey nd hemseves I one goes c noh anyH l idvidus and hei inenions will appea in he gnealogicl he legislaos who dend he cimes o which incacion S h pen he peons who oissioned hose who desied 1 1 l e who culy uil h physicl sucu o he pison and so 1 1 gens oo wi have hd inenions in cing hough hei 1 1 ' i may have een highy vious. In addiion hese inenionsw i l l v hd lile o do wih he acual mode o opeion o he powew l 1 ges ply s a esu o he acions hese gens peomed l in uding may have oignay een consuced as oss who had no idea ha nuis le i would seve as a plce ion nd mny memes o he juy my hve hd only y vagues noion o wh i ws he condemned peson would e 1 he ee one undesnds he pison sysem h wide1 1 1 ' h n in he pesen nd pas he moe he vey idea opowe I ' L t c l

o wh ny individul wns o inends gs los is no concened as We I hin was o disinguish shply V ( pow (sicly soced nd such hings s inuence he u in gmm o onsuing moden sociey a h ous o s ne wok omnp u n mnipon pow" sms sgn cn l y o bl and as ic way of app hi g he C p h eed he i i

1 h n u : 1 t d w V l e e i ] WtT d s i i f s i l l l t !hor{ t: J (P s . r r , p r s r : I 1 1 w w ' w i < k d .a pt Y " 1 1 i i i l rv ' 1 1 : t i pt ) J i of 4 d I t l l r t s s i Wl p l i y i l t i l w d i i l y l s i o\ t a s / l I a t ! l l l t l l l t i 1 i -t j l l t t l i t 't t t ' S ' c t

I , . l g c q c ' p


32/72

u

ndvdul nvi bn gs uch cheme hv poweo he exen o whch h v sc lly la nd condioned ilieo do hng

T H N PT F ' H E S A T ESe o We e poliicl ocion which i wo fuh on-diion F o ll he ule h coniue he od of he ' eimpe on ll he meme o ome dened goup opeople o n-nce on ll hoe who nd hemelve n cein geogphic e oon ll ho who e he ologcl decndn o cen goup o po-ple wheh he people in queon wih o gee o ujec o hoeule o no Adheence o he ule of he e i no h i volun

lhough policl ocon' in Wee' ne could n pncple hveen complel volunh clm h n ocion i compleel volun i miguou

ewen l wo que diinc hing 7 An ocon cn evolun in h cn e full up o me whehe o no join h m ennce no he ocion cn depend on m ee deconSecond cn e up o m o lev h ocon n me o whennd unde wh condion I exi om he ociion cn e meo m choice lone Ovoul oo n ocon cn hve involun

ennce u e volun ex concened o vce vehe con in h epec eween policl ocon nd

cn e ough ou imgning o innce uon in whch hic nuion of he ih e hd ll oen down nd we hduned o condion o ne nch nde uch cicumnc ndome pcul ndividul ohe o nnce lge goup of peoplewho lve in he hovel h once wee he y o mdge could hvecome ogehe volunl geed on e o ule o goven ou necion (ken ov pehp om n old Euopen non hndoo which

hd uvivd nd nmed ome Oveee wih powe o coce u ofollow he ule we hd geed on We migh lo hve llowed e xi

7 Oosly weher o o he re o or e o assoco s oary s dscueso fom he eo wher he sso s he fes ses fee. A e assoc e es ses woud e oe whch ws o oly e se ey d x w laybu also o whch was racsed by hrd o feae aly h membrs ohe assoc hd soe kd coro oer h ar f hr iteaco (. or h osu e ssoao wh hy w mmbr ofth soit. I will diuss som hes h h 2 > . alo Hirh> > , , >rl and IJ!'lv C idgM: Harvad Urty P < 7o)


33/72

The cncept q the state

l , i H gh i coditios outsde' wee sucietly gi we ght hesitate 1 ully e exit) yoe who had ot thus volutaly o at V xpicity eteed the abidge Potica ssociato' as w h I s yl ouslvs, ad who did ot volutay a i the assoca 1 l ot be subect to the ules ad thus ot subect to the authot I sees We ght siply be uiteested i oeiges sua rs o the xt sh, locals who did ot wish to oi o ev deec t 1 u ssocatio those who had ot joied ou assocatio ow hd lt ad ot ake ay attept to ipose ou ues o th

howeve, is ot like that Peopl who d theselves i Facew l l jct to the cocive authoity o the Fech state whethe theyw i ot Face wll be ocd to post pubic otces o y 1ss Fech whethe a a citize o ot, ad eve i ost o y1 t c paks abc: will be oced to use Fech postage staps o eve thik Bitish staps ae aestetcally oe pleasgI o ths usdicto oy by physicay avig the titoy o s Ths is a udaetal act about states ad oe o the easos pts to egtiise the state by eeece to the coset o the t c rs - o istace, soca cotact theoes have a uphil battle 1 1 I he vey stat, ad do ot have uch pospect o al success States" t 1 1 ad ae ot iteded to be voutay assocatios t is a gat f Webes accout that he is ot obsessed with tyig to suae l by psetig as volutay soethg which s selevidetlyd1Ty ovouta Ths allows hi to avod the adcal bad aith o s a cotact theoes

ibig the Cabdge Polia ssociato was caeul to c ad to iagie a situatio i which thee was o state the 1 l l sns o the wod, ad this was ipotat i gettig the exape I i at o ou co udestadg o the state oe which saes that a state exsts it s ulkey to toeate patices s i up h Cade Pltca ssoiato T a 1 mopo s a t aot ae ha t nvlaine 1 s wha ke he sae onvonay An ssi f r .c be ivlu y wi t hu beig wh ay agy pts l s t h us o r b h s nl s h s v bc y t w i t h gghi c rr r w e er

1 k d 'gcogr:p i n d , a ! S w ; H -g UK T; q y d j f l l u s. l L d J h If e l ( \ < { l t a t v


34/72

The ae

ikely to be ovoltar i oy becas it w aow votary exiro he associaio. Those who break th rs tha gover he se oorce wih a xd area caot be rited sly o aoce therexit a libium, he Ovrseers are o aitan a oooly o the se o

orce ay rea seseThe secod codto he, which a oca associaio st sa-sy i order o be cotd as a sa' i Webers sese is that t ssccessly ooose the legiae exercise o vioec. 9 oicaassocatio Webers sese as we have see, has a echais or s-g orce to ata s res, bt hose res ay be very ltd adecoass oly a very sa shre o ossible ha actos stateis a oiical associato whose set o res (ad ths aso whose order) isso extesv that se o violece is excded o regatio ad oly

violece athorised by he assocato s deeed o be egitate0To t i aoher wa or a oca assocaton o exis her s

detoally or Webr) be secaly desgad class o voletactios those ohe oeta eorceet o the rles ohe assocatoSch a cass o actios s exst athogh i s a oe qesto howch orce ay be sd ad der what secc circstaces, or orha aer, whethr orce ever s acual! sed. I addo he Overseerss actaly scceed throgh whaever eas cdg perhap orc)i aiaig he exstig order o he associatio, hat s, revetgi ro beig dssoved by oobservace o the res art ro thisothig s said eiher abot how the bers o the assocatio are tohk abot the ora sadg o he orce sed by he Oversers, orabot wha warrat he Overseers ght be thoght to hav to se orce( ecessary. rtherore, othig is sad he deio abot ayher acs o coercio or volece hat ay exs h sociey Wheherhey wll be at a regaed by h rles o he assocatio, ad, i so,in wha wa is soehg he deio leaves oen or a sae as o

osed o a ere oltical assocatio, to exis there are desigatedcasses o vioe actios The rs class ecoasses actios seccalyathorsed by the assocatio ad desigated as egtate. Thse wilncde b ay ot be lted to actio dertak by the Ovrsers o

9 W B' 506 O o g ere o \b iw t t g cco f po

i withouy f it i p h enVeer p of potis ion iv t oti oti o t t n timn be s snu t l 1 i J


35/72

Th nt q lgtmay

1 e he ruls Thus he assoaio ay auhorise pares o hasise l r idre, hry redrig his aio legiae . The sod l ss nludes all oher as of vioee ha igh ake pla whi he o hese are desigaed a legae'.

T H E C O N P F L G I T M A C Y

ep of legiay s o suh ovious porae or ay pol losophy ha aspres o e oeed wh oeprary ways I ng aou he soia word ha i is worh disussig i a sighy egh

iay' is a er ha ours i a uer of dire, ahough us o oplely ureaed, oexs ha have a dire earl l n ois Frs here s gay' as a er eraoa law\ l ial eiy (or orgasaio or assoaio) s legae' i s ' d ad aeped y he oher esalshed iioal eies l t g he sadig of a possile parer for speied kds of rasa- s he queso of egiay' a arse aou a uer o diere s Thus oe a ask aou he egay o a paruar orga-

o r orporao ha akes erai lais for isel s arle X aq ae ieraoal arrier?' eas has is oforiy wih various ds ee reogsed y ad he appropriae oher ra- odis Is he Roaa Psyhoaayi ssoiao a legia n isuo?' eas wl s eraes o quaao e reog- a sue o alow oe o praise psyhoaayss i a variey ? sualy (a leas ases ha will ieres us) legiae'II ' 1 1 rogsed as a soverig sae' ad hus apal o eerg

sp relaos wh other sovereg saes o odiios of or1 1 1 : qua Thus Croaa aas egay hs sese whe eough ' I (ogsd) saes are wlig o sg era kds o reaies ad V s wi i xhag aassadors wih i, ad so o

dd i h qesti of legiay o a era oe 1 sk y f a si ov r ri I rsn w h s vs a rs hus h rr r e al n Gera ld rar

nd Jsk schn s s e rpes ves . ( ( > y h g v l l l C I pd s h rrsn vs f i d R( ' pu J o t l < y, Y s h U N s


36/72

The sae

NTO, the Euopea Uio E), tc his sese i s a egal ad so-ciologcal act ike ay othe act hat the Fdeal Republc o Geayis legiiae' ad he Schd /Fische adisaio is ts legtiategoveet. Oe ca suppo hese clais by poducig elevat -

eaoa docues ad obsevg he behaviou o eevat pates,such as dipoats ad ohslthough is a ac that X has the saus o beig legtate bg

ecogsed as a subect o vaious puposs), the ascipto o this satusis usually ot abitay o oe has yet ivied the tustees othe WhiteyGaley, he Day Faes ssocao, he Geate Bei MycologicalSociey o to becoe a be o the Uied Natios UN) Secuiyouci togethe wih ha, the Uited Kigdo, ec.). 2 hose whopeo hese acs o ecogiio geeally ca to b acig o the ba

sis o a evaluaio o the extet o which the etty questio satsescai ceia Thee ae os oe eoed Fs he agecy thatis a cadate o ecogio as a legtiat stae acually has ectvecool ove a gve eioy which i clas. This eas that i acteectivey oopolises the use o oc wihi that aea: ay oc thats used s ued by the ageces o he cadidat stat o delegats adsuogaes whch auhoses. This codo is oe gossed as quv-alet to he cai that the cadidatesate acualy succeeds getgts coads obeyed3 That this coditio is satised is a ate haeaves oo o a ceta aou o itepetatio. o eally existg 'social agec ate al, eve { oopoises the use o oce, becausecie exss eve i the ost cie ad epessv egie h co-ued existce o soe violece is, the o obstacle to gitiacy buthow uch is too uch? Stil that this codito s saised is pcpea epical atte povded oe takes a odeatey geeous vw owha ca cout as epiial' he sudy o hua societies.

The secod codtio s oe that tes o ake accou o how he po-

ple who a subect to th powe o the cadidaeagecy i questio seehei stuato ad ha agecy he agecy satises ths secod cod-to i those subect to is powe do ot eely coo to ts deadsad uctios i the way i whch o bows o heats o ovewhelig

h rma at atruto f lgay wll oght n R M arh Lawl Got ( Pioso Poiis and Soci!\ Tid i, . at a W Ruc xfor Blackll r , but th y uld ay g th ) pa h ato a ay abary

h f ha X lc t v mooi vioe' g i onobed a hl o be qual i tk hoJ I old i 1 k < Y 1hhu aul io o d O I in o o


37/72

Th nt q gtmay 33

e e subjecs in quesion give ose inuncons a eas soe 1 1 i a oa sandng o ake e o ave soe udinay noa- \ c baus ey ave ben ssued by a agenc In e ea wod l i ics one can sp ino poenay conusng siuaons n wc a

I 1 H I f ccuaiy aises: e EU ecognises Bosnia and is govenen 1 1) because EU ocas ink os Bosnans accp a e diec \ f is govnen ave soe noave sandng bu e fac a E U ecognses e govenen ay give e Bosnians eseves eason o ake wa coands seousy. s no cea a 1 is anying wong wi s kind o ccuai Bosnans ay ink 1 whee o no a given ge wic cais auoy ove e is < ( ( gn by EU as giae is of gea pacca poance o

l 1 nd ey ay aso be sucieny sopscaed and/o sucieny s o nk a ecognon by e EU s gy eevan o decdng l 1 acica aud ey soud esves ake owads a ege ay ue easonaby ake e fac a e EU ecognses e gov- ' as a sgn a i woud no ony b puden o confo o s nds, bu a ey oug o gve is coands soe independen ve weg. S nenaona ecognion s unkey o be e' o Bosnans wi weg up in ying o decide wa o nk o )i o wc ey ae subjeced and n pncpe i ay no be aL a

h s second condiion is aso an epica one in a boad sense ug depends on akng audgeen no us abou ow a goup ee acs bu aso abou ow ey ink ey oug o ac, andwy t h nk ey oug o ac in a wa Te d condion s a o peo e ac of ecognion (eg ocias a e UN woud ug a te agency as acquied and s wiedng powe in e

y hy .e. e ocas a e UN nk oug, and us a el pl wo a subc o ae g o ink a ey oug o obey l i t h s gup t h t y uh d t ' ' j d y is n t h s s 011 w t k t l t id


38/72

3 The tate

So the recogises Croatia as legitiate whe it belies that thegoeret with its seat i Zagreb actually is able to cotrol iolecewithi a esigate area wh the E uges that ost) people iCroatia thik they ought to o what the goeret i Zagreb co

as ad whe the relat agecies i Strasburg a Brussels agrewith the opiio thy attribut to those i Croatia that people i Croa-tia ought to do as the goeret i Zagreb says As we ha se ithis cocrete case the tail wagged the dog because satisfactio of thsecod a thir coditio was deeed suciet e i the abseceof eectie cotrol oer soe parts of the atioal trritor Thre areof course other factors apart fro the three cite that ight aect adecisio to recogise a state as legitiate Oe obious such factor isthe existce of historically existig boudaries or historical cotiuity

with preiously existig regies or states or cultural factors Aotheright be cosideratios of ecooic iabilit Obiously the eect orecogitio or orcogitio o powerpolitics is likly to be of crucialiportace but also eually ulikely to be explicitly cited as reaso fora ecisio to recogise or ot to recogise

The use of the word lgitiate (lawful) to esigate a corporatioor other etity which is rcogise i the way outlid aboe stroglysuggests that the etity is rcogise beause it satises ateceet rules orstaards Strictly speakig this is o ore true i the case oflegitiat'

tha it is i the case of other perforaties pricipl the N coul giea sat o the Security Coucil to ayoe whether or ot they satise theaboe three coditios fact it was origially argued that Croatia coulot be recogised as a legitiat state because it i ot cotrol all of thatioal territory which it claie a large portio ofthat beig occupiedby Serbia forces Croatia was eetually recogis espite this factn priciple a bad of terrorists ight put theseles i a sucietlyagerous strategic positio for it to be pruet to treat with the as the

legitiate goeret of a particular area ee though irtually ooe i the iteratioal agecies i uestio thought they had acuireor were wieldig power i a acceptable wa or thought that thosesubect to the power of the terrorists belieed that thir irecties hathe slightest oratie staig t ight be so uwise as to costitutea act preteratural folly to recogise such a roup a ie the aseat o the Security Coucil but thre is othi abou liiacy (ithis sese which ake uh i iossil o cohn .

o o s i on ins t e er le iy

l so sd in a n n x T nx s wh h we


39/72

Th ont q lgitima 35

a d sablishe iaioal agecies cooig a caiae- ! I io wih who ey s ecie o a o o i oe way o l r . his sco se ees o a siaio i which peopl who ae! l w i a esabishe poliical associaio ae cooe wih

isios coas iecives o eaces a a sio , , N he saig o sch ecisios. Oe ca see he coecio o ' s o legiiae wih he seco o h two coiios o which p l ' poey base hei jge ha a egie is legiiae i l ' C o ieaioal aw.

; s whehe a give ecisio is legiiae ses o be o ask a wo l esio. h etyology o he wo legiiae o Lai c ha h esio is o abo h eaio o he ecisio o

w o le o picipe a so he s pog o his sio h ecisio coo o laws o picipes o os i ollow t l pe way o ls his s vesio o h sio p ds o he sace ieio o he ey abo he egiiacy o ' t a i n oa o ecisio a i soe coexs asweig i hisy ig b lly aeae o saisy he peso who aske he es- xaple i he esio was pose i a exaiaio o lega evehless he eal iio i askig he geeal es- 1 ao legiiacy is o o iscove whehe soe eace has t in oa o pocea popies b o eeie wehe ha has oaive saig o e a i so i wha wa Oe ; roably y o aswe a esio abo legiiacy by ciig co- i t y o accepe les becase o oe siply asses ha i he i t iv oes coo o ceai picipes o les i wi be biig 1 c is asspio is o cose o always waae Pehaps n lgal syse o which h iecive coos is isel eeply l o oaly phsib. h seco pog o he esio abo l l i t y o cisio coa o iecive is he: Shol o s take on o he ca i y acio a i so i wha

l 1 ph s od g o h ul n uon o lg t iy nl l sp c l , n n n h it n nc no hi ng mo hn c l i to th usual rcosc l , pv i l ng ws oing h i ngs n

t l xc l c l t o i c v u w ri t t ru l s a lt r d ona l

wys o prc l T h u c st o whctl c a ds io is l i i m a t

J s i : usi : H T pr H h ' ivc k d o f , l 1 S I ' tg i t f S S I ' a a t i ) W l l ' V ; W I l j f j c t , I V i n \ i i g, 1 . : u 1 l I' Ol t / \ I J N d C i iV y


40/72

The sae

the sese o eg coormale to the perhaps vague ad uwrtt)rues ad the uesto wheher s dg are two dstct uestos a-though certa radtoal ways o thkg phlosophy have perhapseded to colapse the wo I s however eually mporat to kep

md ha ve a decso order or eacme s ackowedgdas dg o someo t s a urhe op ueso what t sdg

Up o ow I have spoke o ormatve sadg moral orce dgpower what o ought to take accout o what oe ought to oey arelavely ucotrolled wa ad as these were all clearly deed ermsha were aso all more or less terchageale There are however aumer o very dert ways whch purportedy legtmate drecvesmght ee see o ear o my aco Eve w ke what mgh sem

to e he clearest ad arrowest o he coceps ha o havg dgpower ths ca mea a umer o dere thgsTo say hat somethg s dg s to say that thee s a acto

assocated wth volatg Thus a law s legally dg there arelegal pas assocaed wh rasgressg prcpe s morayd volao o t warras moral codemao The dcatso raso may e dg tha I show mysel o e a oo I a toosere hem I may gve you vry good grouds or thkg I am rash I gore couses o prudece ad that sese they may e sad to have

some) dg power I some o hese cases he sacto' s eherl he extreme u s stll mportat to dstgush ewee sacos oderet kds a prso setece or showg oese to e a rash persoad stregths ad t seems seseless to speak o dg power wthreerece o some sacto To cosder a exampe a medcal caseI may summo oe specas aer aoher The opo o a specasmay have more stadg tha my eghours ohad oservatosaou how I look oda ut h opo o ay oe specals may ot edeve we ow ha physcas somemes dsagree er umerouscoereces however a large umer o specalss may all come oagree o a dagoss ad recommeded treamet ad ths may wellreprese th es that prevag medca scece has to oer I goreths advce I may show mysel to e a ool ut I wll ot ecessary haveshow mysel to e mmoral

Smlarly there mght exs such hgs as a stuon oardo artrao whch s set up o da wt dsp e kW ht ow k wee rtan r g m by ts w

g m mng whh h b ws n u l dc


41/72

Auhori 37

l t usoay ules goenng such hngs and whehe poceeded 1 1 \ pope way o ge udgeen Een hese condons wee, s cd gh sll e he case hough ha he judgeen gen was1 1 1 adso o hoao and ha copance wh he ndng of

I I >d was ouna I gh e uneasonale o unfa o oalr t t t gnoe he decson u ha decson een f s eached n away h ollows all he ules gh also no e legally ndng Een son i ndng' n he sense ha ges a dene judgeen I 1 I would e eeely unwse o fa o ake no accoun does no l l o ha ha a obligae o ob

I gie hese eaples n pacula o pess hoe he pon no usl : l ee ae a aey o deen was and deen degees o whch

hng an hae noae foce fo e u o coune a cean 1 1 i 1 1 aon ha one soees nds I s soees suggesed ha hee iple and ehause dchooy hee eween soe judgeen o n hang no sandng fo e whaee and hang he sandng l in asoluey and caegocal ndng so ha us e oeed ! oss and unde any ccusances So fa fo hs eng he case I c s uch oo eween hese wo eees and s n hs space 1 os of polcs s locaed

acua dece deand, o nuncon s usuay ssued ym agen o agenc he Boad o Aaon says ha Rchad no J ) should ge he dspued cow he asseed docos ecoend oheapy he Chae oDepues esoles ha acon X shal el kn Once one has egun askng aou he legacy of an gen g specc dece wh specal efeence o s noae sandng m and has eceed he answe ha has sandng ecause wass y soe peson o agency accodng o ules s naual o go

' 1 sk why ha peson o agency can ge e a dece (adedly


42/72

e

auhoy wth espect o f A b l v h h as eason to takewhat B says wth espec o seously sy bcu s B who says tand specve of any ndpenden m y make abou The vaous senss n whch auhoy s ca l be ed no hs

schema.25The st of he snses n whch auhy s s s epstec au-hoty. Ths s he popey I have by vtu ossessng theoecalknowledge beng a elable souce of nfoman o a sklful pacone of a cean caf Thus f a an auhoty on the poy ofCatullus o th funconng of he human lv and you take e to besuch an authoy then you hnk ha you a wl avsed to ely onwha I say abou the metcs of Catulus' poems o about the longtmeects of excessve consumpton of alcohol. You also thnk tha you ae

wel advsed o do ths ndependenly of any ancden vews you mghhave abou Caulus o he human lve My vew on these subjecs caeswegh wh you smply bcause s my vew bcause t s who ho andpopound . To say I am an authoty on Caullus o that you take meto be an authoty on Caullus n no way pes ha I have a waantto gve you odes o ha an expec o be obeyed f gve odes (e.g.abou the puncuaon of a patcula Catullan ext o about wha detone should follow n ode o maxmse one's chances ofhavng a healthyve. s a enea pncple s not even necessay foolsh to gnoethe assetons of soeone wth epsemc auho Decsons on how opuncuae a tex mght pfecly easonably be goveed n exclusvelyby he decve of those wth authoy abou Catullus bu by psonswho ae sensve o aesthetc pltcal o comcal conseaons.Havng a healthy lve may no unde al cumstances be the nn lusult of human lfe.6

Phlosophes have epeaedly been empted to consue all foms ofauhoty on he oel of epsemc auho Thee s a consevave

and auhoaan vaan of ths staegy whch one can n n Plao7and Gadae8 whch aempts hs assaon n ode o cast a glowof supeo knowldge and wsdo aound exstng elatons of polcal

S h exe dss o uhoy J Rz The Morali f Fm (Oxd: OxrUy Ps 8 te -+

Plo s hs o fore>y rous ey ogu g G 5 1 5I .7 Po Rpubic, paim2R G. Gd Waet Mt : hr 6o - d h

n De im (Frn /M Sr, 8o). pos nd Wh h \hy n Poliim hilo.f;/!'V, inton

f r l !J (7


43/72

Auhoriy 39

or ad a lbral ara as Raz2 whh uss h aalog whm auhor o argu ha polal auhor should b od lmd sop ad ssall adsor

rhlss o our usual opo a a ra, polal auhorS ms o dr sgal rom psm auhor A prso who holdsal auhor s o jus posssso o kowldg whh would uws o gor o dd rmao abou h subj so bu has a warra o ommad o som kid ad should b o xp o b obd h paprologs ma or ma o b abl oy dl ad auhoral ha a ra srap s rom sod- ur Egp, bu ohg muh llows rom hs or m ao ulssI app o b a hsora who s abou o publsh a ojur hapds o a parular dag o hs parular srap I ma h, bws r m o gor h paprologss w bu ha wll dpdr muh o m ow purposs ad s o a ss mmoral or h paprologs a wa or obd Epsm auhorms ord h rs sa wh dlara proposos: Thsprus ragm s rom sod ur Egp r lr wll o bl o olra ha amou o rgular osumpo o alohol hg ru "Glubi hs pom probabl mas Polal auhor h ohr had, sms hararsall ord wh ommadsd prohbos

Th sod possbl ss whh auhor s usd s o dsgaa s somms alld aural auhor . 3 h usual xamps whh o llusra hs lud ha o a shp dsrss Thr ma bmo o board who defo b ru o som qurk o prsoal apabl o moblsg o a hgh dgr h s or oorm

d mulao ha s par o h psh makup o mos popl ad g hm o ollow drs3 W usuall hk o ompladr suh rumsas as bg oluar or a a ra o hul o xral oro or ar o pushm, alhough s prhapsl ru ha rspos o suh aural auhor s kr ad srogr uao o lar xral dagr do wha h prso uso bu hr somhg abou hm or hr ha posl adrcivey imesss rs m Suh a prso ma hold o

r p i r c d hu h wrra. a h popl z R P " l rs, H i ly' i 1 HJ!ilim 1ho. fJI ' n . \ . < Lui t lo x r U r r

h . wl ! : t x : 1 l : 1 y ' ( ,'t Jdhu) p


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s

n a underng hp wh h n l w a r r < l s o rderthe captan and cer may be naab ofg t hmv byedmay ack th natura authry an i s i i n 1 r nu theact that they have the rma warran k o t oy may be

very k eptemc authrty at eat o onss pist authrtyucenty brady t ncude matery ski s pen prptna knwedge. The rean ob a tin rn n thhp wthut akng quetn r tryn o m on nn abutwhat hud b dne may b that th per m o b a expert nrganng pepe r n gettng thng dn tl On hr handnatura authrty an nteretng phenmn cis aue I maynt b abe t ay xacty why I thnk I have rea a ruy whata prn wth natura authrty ay

A thrd en authrty the ft ptca auhrty ecrbedabve n p 2 certan pepe actuay cntr a crtan ara; theymnpe th ue vence and ucceed n gettng ther cmmandbeyed The act that a weetabhed ptca regm r ccupatnrce have verwhemng trength and ue t ruthey may gve mgd rean t d what they te me, at any rate n certan area eSmtm ft ued expanvey t ncude bth th ene andnatura authrty but when th w are beng dtnguhed pepeuuay mean t emphae that ft ptca authrty may cntan

a trng eement cmpun r the threat u phyca rce,wherea th thught t be abnt when we peak natura authrt

In the urth ene certan pepe may have what caed jur au-thrty' that there a aw that precrbe that pepe hud beythem. Thu the captan the underng hp ha jur authrty nthat he ha a warrant t cmmand th cmpany tatute and the nter-natna aw the ea precrb that he t be beyed wthn certanmt He may have th jur authrty whe ackng a natura au-thrty and ackng ft authrty n the cae n quetn n ne payany attentn at a t h cnued cmmand.

Many phpher hwever have nt ben ated wth dtnguh-ng merey the ur ene authrty and have thught that me-thng mprtant t et ut That the captan a hp abe t geth rder beyed ut a act r nt a the cae may be that he haa warrant n the ene n whch th ha been dcued up t nw a ut a a (perhap a cca act Prhap we can trae thaoi o aat back og a r p t th -

ig omp, e o soe ki o n ionl boa of mai a,I H i n t c m ; d q L o ry ag i ( ' s outs nul l o


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Authori

th mmmorl, customr lw o th s, d ts dr m b m-ccb ll th w bck ut t trs out to obscur dtrmcSom hosohrs h rud tht th xstc o such wrrtm ts b o mor th urthr socoloc ct wth o r or

mt std W kow tht t somtms hs tht wrrts rorm ul ordr d socolocll comlt uqustod soct t w l r to rct thm Thus som ct so-cts thr wr csd slctchrs. Ths m dd ot sml decto t w wth ctch d sl ss th m w h hdwrrts tht stsd l th th xst rus, drd rom th bstxst uthorts, d wr cctd wthout qusto b ll th thst ll d oltcl sttutos St w m d tht th hd

'dejure uthort' to ctch ol s sls o ss 'dejure uthort' bcus we thk tht thr ouht ot to b such uthort orsuch wrrt. Tht s, w rcos tht th xst morl, l, doltcl sttutos r rt ths wrrt Th slctchrs tht ss h 'de jure uthort' uthort drd rom lw butw thk tht ths s s tht th whol oltcl d soc sstm s, ths rtcur tur t lst, ormt dct Ths s th ss uthort' .

ths th ss t s ot suct or X to h wrrt tht s corrct or coorms to some st o rus clud th most hhlrdd cotmorr ruls X hs uthort' ths ss ol Xs wrrt whch wll std u to som urthr morl scrut thtuld b brouht to br o t d o th whol sstm o cctd rusm whch t drs Tht s, X hs 'dejure uthort' ths th ss X hs wrrt tht ouht to ' b obd, whr th ouht' s rt tosm mor or ss rstd morl udmt w mk. wl so m

i cll ths de jure uthort th hosohc or ul ormtsen', d cotrst t wth 'dejure uthort' th urth ss sd b, whch w mht c th dscrt' or socoocl' ss

[ n ss lk tht o th lcsd slctchrs we m b tmtd to.< ty th deto th hd th uthort to do ths, but ot 'dejure tho u g h t o h b rmttd to do ths Ths dcts ottl ' ) l us io wh r om th ttmt to orc wht s ct trrtt< l s i n c i n i n b in ar m decto/dejure). Th trrtt dstcto s

w en : ( p u ey faco hor tht o rso who ctl hs( ' r l , regardls whehr th prs hs wrrt t ll th a bove) b u hor y ( .. rh th socolocS ! S ao a t of a person ho as rr t h s urll od ; ly ; d V I l ( X n las) rard lss oh h


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T s

tat pern can acualy ucceed in ein bed ad rre al fwa may tin abu weter warn t rry weigweer e law' frm wic i div t hld, nd c 'd jurauriy' (in e fu nrmative en) th t f


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br\ modrn sa 43

the egitimate ue of foce without anything being aid about how thimonopoiation tae pace how it i intitutionaied and o on To givea nctiona account of the ind Webe popo i peciy no to givea teeoogica account which attibute to an entity an inheent goa

pupoe o aim Thu it i often caimed in the ancient wod vaiouphioope thoght that the L had the inheent goa of aowinghuman to ive the bet if poibe fo them, and Hege ditinguihedpetty cay betwen the function a tate had to dichage eeping theeconomy unning by deft intevention fom the inhent and deningoa of the tate: aowing the membe to ead a univea ife 33

One obviou dience between Web functiona anayi and theteeoogica appoache that ae pehap moe chaacteitic of a cetainind of phiooph i that Webe tat fom obevation of uccfuunctioning. A tat xit whn egitimate ue of coecion i uccefuymonopoied in the ociety; othewie no tat xit Succe i not buitnto the teeoogica appoah an entity may be inheenty oiented towad the attainment of om goa and yt fai to each that goa. A Hegeay 3 a ic o demnted human being who may be incapabe of adinga univea ife i ti a human being a neuteed tomcat who i incapabeo attaining hi inheent goa of epoducing hi pecie i ti a cat

A econd dieence between functiona and teoogica view i thata ocioogit ie Webe i adicay diiuioned the deciption of theccefu nctioning of the tate i a view om oud, which do nottomaticay invite moaiing The tate i mey an agency opeatingd execiing powe in a ctain way. Pat ofthe obect being obeved be ue i a t of beief about egtimay hed by the membe of tate unde conideation but the ocioogit ay o may not beeted in aeing thee beief moa Th teeoogica view on the( > h hand i one fom the inide, that i one that vituay cie out fo ae a commitment to o tae a poition on the deignated goa h ate a a way to tive to attain that goa The teeoogica view il a y ininuatin. he poition we tae may b poitive we endoe the t a n dntify with it vaue o negative (a phioophica anachitW y r ta and a it wo but it equie a geat eot of agnaton o m n ta in th face of th ind of anayi

/s Wbr ntnu is dscso howeve, he beg to add tuc ; L h s n f L t u o intance immediatey

"' ( : . W io mi 1 '/loj!J k. N ?Cf Brk, cd. E olenhaur K M i J , . I (r: d ' / M b 7 ) , v"l. V ,

(


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44 Th s

ftr dning diingu l l y frm ft frm tr frm T diint d lg tr dmn-in lt tw f wi rr nt r culr d i t n funnbu pi truurl ftur f t ct in. Frt

mdrn t rrd by priu r r t ntrnl ruur wi prmdrn tt l Prd r irglitrin i t wi mny trbl c , y xbt rigfrwrd biprtit rutur f v' nd v wld pwr nd t w d nt rulr nd ubjt I drn tttr r nt w ut r lgilly ubnil uninlly dtngrup rulr (plitl) ldr 2 funtnr niriv f-r burur vil rvn t nd (3 t m f t ppulint ruld. n prinpl dinin bwn I (2), nd (3 i b

twn w m t din t w rry u dinnd t w r ubjt t t pwr f t w m nd rry ut din l f t mddl grup f funtnr n mnynnt nd mdvl plitil itin wi m tm vry frnt frm mdrn . u n ftntury Atn virtully ldmnitrtv futin wr dirgd by rdnry n in rtin(wi lp rin numbr f publ lv w wr nt itznt ll) Snd t ntl fr t xn f mdrn t t rulr nd l t funinr mmbr f dmnrtivt d nt wn r v tiv privt ntrl vr rur ndintrumn ud in dminitrin. Tu in m prmdrn Wt-rn t rtn mprtnt publ funtin wr xrid by fuddgntri Wn t Kng wnt t wr ummnd i brn wpprd wt h trp T brn my v d m indpndnplitil uriy f ir wn nd will fn v wnd (n n tv lgl n) mu f t mltry upmnt ud u rwpn r. A brn uld ld ur nd try lgl in building

mlf wnd n wt w mgt ll prvt u. n t mdrn wrld dmirl d n wn rrftrrir y mmnd nr

3 Oe polr eory of deory s oted to he l t s olt sytegoups d 3 re dl d os su toes te s o p for dst gopke 2 Webrs t s e r ste tded s sooogl drpto of ts ode stes he deort eoy s tedd s or ew. re s potqesto wtr or w s obl wt t so ety Wbe desrbs (sge s desbe ore o less oetly

JG A stdad or eant of dal ocit s M Bo Fudal Chcg: Uivy g ss 96 , ols) On fn a god io o wkgs nf Ahl'nianlm(Tcy I . s rh !lthirm >nov i 1/w ;g' { nuh. (< )xfOd: B ! )


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bers modern sae

doe a jude o he buidi i hich he o he peide The iiayappaatu of a ode a ta helicopte bae etc i ot thepiae popey of ayoe eihe of hoe ho die he a o ofthoe ho ode the o be die i oe dicio ahe ha aohe.

Thi appaau i feetadi ad ca be aciaed o diected by ayoe holdi th pope aa Thi acua plit beee h iapopty of idiidual ad the public appaau of adiiaio ihioicay cucia o oly i he foatio of he ode ae a aacuay exii ei but alo i he i of the ey idea of a tatea a fetadi, abact ocu of poe ad (poetial auhoit

The ode tae i a abact tuctue of oce doed ihpo aat ad eouce hich ae ditiuihed haply fo

he coit hua occupat of hee oce Th a auabactly fo o aait he leiiacy o deiabiliy of hi etity Thati oe ca aue abou hehe i i a ood idea ha hee be uch athi a a at a abtact ce o oce hai coo oe acetai y exteie appaau of coecio ad oe ca aue fo oaai ai hi etiy ceai fuhe poe ad eouce All heau ca be coducted to o x independen of oe ieabout he actua poe ad oal popetie of he peo ho ae the

icubet of the aiou taoce at ay ie tie ualy oeca deelop a abtact loyaly o diappoal of the hole tuctueidepedt of oe judee abou h oude of eeal poiciei puu the ido of paicua dciio it ae ad he oalityof the paticula po ho happe o hod oce peai of heae o the ode ae hae othi diee i id fo theoee o the fo of oee. The fo of oeedeiae he paicula eaio ha hod betee pecic oc ad

he oeet efe uuay o he diict oup ofpeople ho occupyho oce A ode at ca eai he ae depite a chae ioeet he Majo i dfeated ad Bai elected o ee i fof oeet he Face o Italy udeo cotitutioal efo

hi ad atualy o he thid feaue Webe cai o obee is ode a a appeal o a paicula id of leiiacywhi h s alioa 37 I peode fo of ociey peoal

n st i is l s hrcv kinds ordjac) gy ii and ratiol-legl.Thi i s ' is t i, in rl; i l e id ofca> 1 pep hav r ing tht ive u H wyl, t i w; t lh) :w wys l wy \ drets o' th i iginatig frl l w s l : rso\ HTs!rs), lwr:ut ' pTson : strkng psonl rr es lwu l y l d d i : : qr'S l w i ( I H T of s k 1 (p. 1 J ) .


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The sta

ttbutes d chctestcs c pv n t l ds wth do dfco wt to cmmd, tht y v l l wes to wtto obey Webe spes o chsmtc rsh n s l ths I mode stte, howeve, te bstct nn-rn tue o the

stuctue s whe mes tht egtmy m mtte bstc esog d ml ues I m sh w rk my d whtEthe sys becuse I le e, becuse she ds w w cl tuluthoty', d becuse sh s obvousy me hgs thtmtte ude ths ccumstces such s ood p, th I m wht sh cs teds t be dgestble, wht I th t stwys coI vmt up wth hl hu I hweve, thl ws th Txtuthoty, d s ddt meey mgy cmptet d wholyoboxous pes, I wl ed set moe geel bstct ess

(eeg pbbly t oms o egst t be mved to th Iught to ow he dectves (thugh, s we wl se te, the megd ce hs ught w b ope to questo

Mx Webe ws t the oly e to popose uctol udestdg the stt secod uct ppoch to the stte s tht Mx. Fo h the stte hs the uct extct, stog, d dstbutg ecom supus. b sue, ode t dschge ths tsecetly, t s ecessy to mt cet degee o publc odeThs mes tht ct thee wll vtuy lwys be gecs exe

csg coecve ce the socets, becuse e cot, stce,hv the ges b t ad lbum Hw these geces e g-sed wl vy thugh hsty, d Mx ths tht vewed om sucet hstc dstce ths vto w y be see t depd te eve o techcl cotl o the wold d ecoomc poductvy.I the codts o etvely lw dvelopmet hum techologclpwe tht hve peved th wld utl eltvey ecetly, Mxths, to mt the ecmcy ecessy mml pubc de

equed the exstece socgcly dstct stuctue o cec,tht s med me wh e t themseves dect poduces but suppoted telly ed by the dect pduces. Th mtece such ode, hweve, s dstcy subodte ucto d e whchthe stte dschges de t be be t get o wth ts m ts comc mgemt It mght ot be thught t mtte tht much th gcutul wes bet ech th up uultd wy l vts eolly m upduv sn s s s y nn t drw w n lg h l wrk n

h r dd n t t h t d whh csry r h


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Hso and he conce q he ae 7

cllectin nd ngeen n ecnc urpu i uc weerrequreent n monopolisaion egtme vlnce nd in e Mrxicee nrl vlence mrely men wic t ue n dening eure

Mrx dd nt ue te ngug unctn' cure wc tr-cy d n yet eblid el r wy tining buce Rer e pe pwer' Te te pwer reguinbu ee pwer re cted in et niutn ntby e plcee ndng rm nd te bureucrcy wc epre r te re cie t ember te iey we precly d no vedirec cntr vr te. Te plce ep n t so e enrged inbitnt te wn r yncing e lcl drug dler nd r e pce be uly ubec ppulr cnrl wud render unble t d ti.Fr Mrx te r e n pu pliticl tte' ext wen ucpwer ecnc rgntin r cted n eprte tructure38i i wy e y r expe e United Se w n e ne nineteen cenury (becu prumbly i d n tndng rycenrled plice rce nd n) Te dincin btween te pwer e (dern e nd e crctertc intutin rucure uc

te i ne crucil iprnce r Mrx. Te nex tg tr e n r cety in wc e pwer rgn-in crceriic e mdrn e re retined but re n lngerlcted in dinct cerciv pprtu; nted ey re e y tbe rebrbed nt cety wle' Tu nted cenrliedntn plce rce cl pepe n ec twn wuld uperve trcinvetgt cr etc perp ung ym rttn t nne w tuc wi ny ne r ng cnic pnning wud

be in te nd te de prducer w ctuy wred n tectre nd n.

H I S T O R Y A N D T H E C N C P T F H E T E

Wen t w trcl tme d we begin t nd mng egen n e wrld nt ju ndividu ilie ribe cite nd eudg n nd ner bu prper e'? Wever gt be

w g oc pl o blc e grup medpro o po oc n y ng' ny i i me o oxt w pop v u


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he stat

disincns bewen rma and inrm, nd an uncnted,auhrised and unauhrised knds vie ps nt scnecssa fr hem hav a snge wrd h i, becausehuman anguags ae vr xibe and ph n es and e-

cent Ths aws us t atibue t cerain pas imenr fms cncps which the ma have had n dii . uinisatn,hwever is as a pervasive eaure huma i i apppiaeauthrised ared gangs bece a rguar eatur huan scewe can expec h a usua wa eering h nd distinguishingthem m the gups) wi eventua estabish se thugh he wa reeng t hem ma seem pecuar t us Thus the wd cses ur pice' in th cenur Atc sees have ben he Skhans,desgnating rigna the nainai he statesaves emped r

purpses mainainng pubic deSma emaks app the stae Because f the basic seness

hisica bewn wds, cncepts and scia ea, w can expect ncunte a cean uncai cncernng bh he ppe meaning fms ik sae as usd b agens in he pas and he rait the sciainstiun i purps designae. The sud the histr cncepsis hweve a paticuar futfu wa ganng nta access upracica centra human insiutns.

The wd sate is evn da nus ambiguus in Engish be-

tween a ve genea use that has n parcua pic cnntains aa and a sense hat puprs pck ut a ver specic kind pitica entit speak f the sate fm huse , efeng t th accumuated thf amst a decade hat ies swn aund in vaus pats f the abric is use he e in the rs hese senses he state mus intervene in theecnm pevent he grwh f unempment' s an iustratn spica use As Quentin Skinner has shwn ver cnvincing,3 nve gradua in the ate sxeenth and ear sevnteenth centues didthe wd state and is anagues n ms Westen Eurpean anguagesce acquire a specica pica meanng, as reerring t a distinctent enrused with execising cvi auhrt hugh a sepaae suc-ure f ces and pwes. Ber

geuss 2001 history and illusion in politics intro & chpt 1.pdf

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