• trench warfare – battle technique used largely on the Western Front (France-Germany) where men hid in trenches to avoid machine gun fire.

• “no man’s land” – the area between enemy trenches that soldiers had to charge across against machine gun fire

• WWI technology – machine guns; airplanes; tanks; U-boats; controversial use of mustard gas by the Germans

• doughboys – name given to the American soldiers by the Europeans when they arrived because they were “fresh”

• Vladimir Lenin – Marxist leader who was in exile in Germany but sent to Russia during the war and helped overthrow Czar Nicholas II.

• Bolshevik Revolution – installed a new communist government in Russia and ended their involvement in WWI

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – treaty between Germany and Russia signed in 1918 that allowed the Germans to focus their military efforts on the Western front.

Ch 14 Sec 3: A Bloody Conflict

Intro 4

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Chapter ObjectivesSection 3: A Bloody Conflict

• Discuss the fighting techniques used in World War I.

• Characterize the American response to the Treaty of Versailles.

Section 3-1

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Guide to Reading

After four years of fighting, the war in Europe ended in November 1918.

• “no man’s land”

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• convoy • Vladimir Lenin • Treaty of Brest-

Litovsk • armistice

• Fourteen Points • League of Nations • Treaty of Versailles

• reparations

Combat in World War I

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• By 1917 World War I had claimed millions of European lives.

• Americans, however, believed their troops could bring the war to a quick end.

(pages 464–466)(pages 464–466)

Combat in World War I

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• Soldiers dug trenches as a means of protection from modern weapons.

(pages 464–466)(pages 464–466)

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• Trench WarfareThe Outbreak of World War I (cont.)

Combat in World War I

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• “No man’s land” was the space between the opposing trenches.

(pages 464–466)(pages 464–466)

• Soldiers would charge the enemy by scrambling out of the trenches.

• This inefficient military move made soldiers easy targets.

• In major battles, both sides lost several hundred thousand men.

Combat in World War I (cont.)

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(pages 464–466)(pages 464–466)

On Christmas Day 1914, the fighting stopped, and British and German soldiers met in no-man’s-land to chat, play soccer, and pose for photographs. Officers quickly ended these goodwill meetings and the soldiers returned to war the following day.

The Christmas Truce - 1914

German and British Officers together

British Rifle Brigade with German Saxon Troops

German Officer in a British Trench

German and Russian soldiers on the Eastern Front

• To break through enemy lines and reduce casualties, new technologies were created.

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Combat in World War I (cont.)

(pages 464–466)(pages 464–466)

The first German U-boat (Unterseeboot – Undersea Boat) was built in1906. During World War I, Germany was able to put several types of U-boats into service.

• Poison gas, first used by the Germans, caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation.

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Combat in World War I (cont.)

(pages 464–466)(pages 464–466)

• Tanks were unsuccessfully used.

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Combat in World War I (cont.)

(pages 464–466)(pages 464–466)

• Airplanes dropped small bombs on the enemy and engaged in air battles.

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Combat in World War I (cont.)

(pages 464–466)(pages 464–466)

Three pilots who flew bombers in World War I were among the best-known fighters of the war. American Eddie Rickenbacker shot down 22 planes during the war.

Flying aces from other countries also became famous. Manfred von Richthofen of Germany, known as the “Red Baron,” was credited with 80 victories.

Ace The term ace originally referred to a pilot who shot down five enemy planes. It later came to mean anyone who was exceptionally good at something.

The Americans and Victory

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• “Doughboys” was a nickname for American soldiers.

• They were called this because they came into the war “fresh”

(pages 466–468)(pages 466–468)

Time Notebook 12

Take one American infantryman. 1. Arm with 107 pieces of fighting

equipment, including:

• rifle

• rifle cartridges

• cartridge belt

• steel helmet

• clubs

• knives

• gas mask

• wire cutters

• trench tool

• bayonet and scabbard

• grenades

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This feature is found on pages 462–463 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Time Notebook 13

Take one American infantryman.2. Add 50 articles of clothing, including 3 wool

blankets and a bedsack.

3. Equip with eating utensils and 11 cooking implements.

4. Train well.

Total cost: $156.30(not including training and transportation to Europe)

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This feature is found on pages 462–463 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Americans and Victory

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• Although inexperienced, the American soldiers boosted the morale of Allied forces.

• American Admiral William S. Sims proposed convoys, in which merchant ships and troop transports were gathered into groups and brought across the Atlantic by warships.

(pages 466–468)(pages 466–468)

• Although Russians supported the war effort, their government was not equipped to handle the major problems of the nation.

• In 1917 Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party, overthrew the government and replaced it with a Communist one.

The Americans and Victory (cont.)

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(pages 466–468)(pages 466–468)

• Lenin pulled Russia out of the war and agreed with Germany to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, removing German armies from Russian lands in exchange for territory.

• This closed the Eastern Front for Germany.

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The Americans and Victory (cont.)

(pages 466–468)(pages 466–468)

John Reed was an eyewitness to the 1917 revolution in Russia. Back in the United States, he wrote Ten Days That Shook the World and helped lead the Communist Labor Party. For his Communist activities, Reed was indicted for sedition. In 1919 he returned to Russia and was elected to the Second Congress of the Communist International.

Health Although the Russian people had faced war, revolution, and civil war, their greatest danger came in the form of lice. Lice carry Rickettsia bacteria, which causes typhus. After the revolution of 1917, Russia experienced the worst typhus epidemic in history. Between 1917 and 1921, over 2.5 million Russians died of typhus. The use of fumigants prevented a similar outbreak on the Western Front.