getting started we will be using ms notepad to write our html. pages will be saved to classroom...

Getting Started

We will be using MS Notepad to write our HTML.

Pages will be saved to classroom folder Pages will be viewed as they are created

in your browser.

Basics of the Internet

In the simplest sense, the Internet is a collection of inter-connected computers (servers) over shared lines.

Servers are just like the computers you use at home and work, but more powerful.

The Internet became “browse-able” in the 1990s with the creation of the HTTP protocol and creation of HTML.

HTTP & HTML

HTTP – HyperText Transfer ProtocolMethod by which a computer jumps from one page to another by clicking on links.

HTML – HyperText Markup LanguageMarkup language that allows for the formatting of Internet Documents.– Plain Text Language– Universal Compatibility– Most-recent version is HTML 4.0

What HTML Does

Turns Text Like ThisI attend Malden High SchoolWhat is your name?

Formatted Like This<html><head><title>Hello world</title></head><body><b>I attend Malden High School</b><br><center><i>What is your name?</i></center></body></html>

INTO THIS…

HTML Coding Standards

HTML markup takes the form of TAGS<tag>Marked up text</tag>

Some of these tags have attributes<tag attribute=“value”>Text</tag>

Some tags have opening and closing elements, while some have just opening<center><img src=“image.gif”></center>

Basic Web Page Tags

Each web page has four basic tag sets:

Tag Closing Description

<html> </html> Defines the area within as an HTML page.

<head> </head> Contains information about the document.

<title> </title> Identifies the title of the page, contained within the <head> tag.

<body> </body> Surrounds the text of the page.

Template For HTML Pages

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title Goes Here</title>

</head>

<body>

Page content goes here.

</body>

</html>

Try It Yourself…Create your own page: Open Notepad

<html><head><title>Hello World</title></head><body>My name is __________.</body></html>

[Name your file as index.html]Open I.E. and type in the exact address: proxy\wsmultimediab\

foldername\index.html

Adding Text

Adding text is as simple as typing text between the <body> tags, except:– Browsers ignore multiple spaces, spacing only

once unless told otherwise.– Browsers do not know when to start new

paragraphs or break at the end of lines.– Browsers do not know how you wish to format

text.

Paragraphs

The <p> tag tells the browser to insert a new paragraph.– The closing tag for this (</p>) is optional, but

recommended.

The <p> tag has one attribute, ‘align’ that controls the on-page alignment of your paragraph.– Options are left, center, right, justify– This attribute has been Deprecated in HTML 4.0.

Line Breaks

To insert a line break, use the <br> tag. Note, that this tag has no closing tag.

Ex. ‘Hello<br>World’:

HelloWorld

How <p> and <br> Differ

The <br> tag forces a one-line break, while the <p> tag creates a new paragraph with a two-line break.

The <p> tag has an align element (left, center, right, justify) while no such attribute exists in the <br> tag.

Text Spacing

Although HTML ignores extra spacing, there is a ‘special character’ in HTML that gives you that functionality: – This is the non-breaking space character, and

adds the ability to have extra spaces to your page.

Ex.: ‘There are 3 spaces between this and this.’:

<p>There are 3 spaces between and this.</p>

The <pre> Tag

The <pre> tag displays pre-formatted text ‘exactly’ as it is typed within the HTML document.

All spaces are displayed without having to use the character.

Has one attribute, width, which controls the maximum number of characters per line (options are 40, 80, 132 – not common).

Try it yourself…

Open your index.htm fileand use these spacing, linebreak, and paragraph tags

to add formatting and spacing

to the document you created.

Pretty Boring!!!

As you can see, that page has information, but is downright BORING.

So, what can we add to that page to spice it up a little bit?

If it were a word-processor document, what would you do?

Use of Color

In HTML, we can control the color of our pages, our fonts, our elements, and more.

There are 216 colors in the color-safe palette.

Colors are referenced using their RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color code or their name.

See www.loudoffice.com/class/colors.htm for a list of common colors.

The <body> Tag

The <body> tag is required for all HTML documents and defines the area where the document’s content is contained.

You can also use the <body> tag to define some of the formatting for the entire page.

Attributes taken by the <body> tag include bgcolor, background, text, link, vlink, alink, as well as margins.

The <body> Tag (cont.)

Attributes– bgcolor – the page’s background color.– background – the page’s background image.– text – the default color of all the page’s text.– link – the default color for all links.– alink – the default color for all default links.– vlink – the default color for all visited links.

<body> Tag - Margins

Can be controlled for newer browsers, but each browser has it’s own tags.

Internet Explorer– topmargin – controls the top margin– leftmargin – controls the left margin

Netscape Navigator– marginheight – controls the top margin– marginwidth – controls the left margin

All sizes are in pixels, or 1x1 dots on your screen. This attribute should be used sparingly.

Try it Yourself…

Go to the Class Notes Section on the LoudOffice.com class page.

Click on ‘Fun with Fonts and Colors’ and play with the different page color

combinations to see what looks nice and what doesn’t?

How does color relate to usability?

Headings

Headings help you better structure and format your documents.

Heading tags are <h1> to <h6>.– Each has an opening and closing tag– <h1> has the largest font, and <h6> the smallest.– Like <p> has an align attribute, which has been

deprecated in HTML 4.0.– <h4> - <h6> are actually smaller than your normal

text font and should be used sparingly.

Basic Text Formatting Tags


<b> </b> Creates bold text.

<i> </i> Creates italicized text.

<u> </u> Underlines text (use with caution).

<big> </big> Big text. Can be overlapped (a bigger big).

<small> </small> Small text. Can be overlapped (a smaller small).

HTML Coding Standards

Nesting HTML Tags: When you create an HTML document, you are going to

have overlapping tags.– For instance you may have a bolded sentence with an italicized

word. You must close a nested tag before you can close the

tag it’s nested in.– For instance, you cannot have

<b><u>Text</b> more Text </u>– It would have to be:

<b><u>Text</u> more Text </b>

Try it Yourself…

Format your home page (index.htm) using these formatting tags (<h1> - <h6>, <b>, <i>, <u>, <big>, <small>).

Get really daring and try nesting multiple tags.

Other Text Formatting Tags


<sub> </sub> Creates subscript text.

<sup> </sup> Creates superscript text.

<em> </em> Puts emphasis on text. (Similar to <i>)

<tt> </tt> Renders text as teletype or mono-spaced.

In the NCD HTML Guide, read the section

on Font Formatting for additional tags.

THE <FONT> TAG

The most-used method to change the look of text on web sites is through the use of the <font> tag.

The <font> tag has three attributes:– face – controls the font type– size – controls the font size (range from 1 – 7)– color – controls the color

The use of <font> is deprecated in favor of style sheets in HTML 4.

THE <FONT> TAG

Face– This attribute determines the type face of the font

(what the font looks like). The three most common font faces are:

ArialTimes New RomanCourier

– The font selected must exist on theuser’s computer or else it will not display correctly.

THE <FONT> TAG

Size– There are seven basic sizes ranging from 1 to 7

– Font Size 1 = 8 pts




–Font Size 5 = 18 pts



Color– There are two ways to assign color using the color

attribute, with the name or RGB (red, green, blue) hexadecimal value:

Red #FF0000 Green #00FF00 Blue #0000FF Black #000000 White #FFFFFF

– For a list of colors and their numerical equivalent, see http://www.LoudOffice.com/class/colors.htm

THE <FONT> TAG

Try it yourself…

Modify your index.htm file with the <font> tag with it’s face, size and color attributes, or create a new

page…

The Comment Tag

If you wish to add comments to an HTML page that does not show up on the browser, you can use the following:

 The comment tag can be at the beginning or end of

a line or on it’s own line, it can also span multiple lines.

Even though it does not show in the browser window, the text is still part of the source code for the web page, and can be viewed online.

If you do not close your comment tag, the rest of your page will be invisible.

The <div> Tag

The <div> tag helps you add structure to blocks of HTML.

Takes the align attribute, with options being left, right, center, and justify.– Alignment has been deprecated in favor of style

sheets.

The <center> tag is the same as <div align=“center”>.

The <hr> Tag

The <hr> tag helps structure your web page by inserting horizontal rule lines.

Attributes:– align – controls alignment (center, left, right).– noshade – displays the rule without shading.

<hr noshade>– size – controls the size (the height) of the rule.– width – controls the length of the rule.– color – the color of the rule (Internet Explorer).

Note that there

Naming Conventions

As you’ve picked up, all HTML files end with the extension ‘.htm’ or ‘.html’.

When naming your file, there are a few rules you should follow:– Only use the letters a-z and numbers 0-9, as well

as hyphens ‘-’ and underscores ‘_’.– Keep the names as short, memorable, and

descriptive as possible.– Do not use spaces or any other characters.

How a Server Works

All HTML documents, as well as images ands other media, are stored on computers called ‘servers’.

Each website has it’s own directory on the host computer which is normally controlled by the website administrator.

This directory traditionally carries a structure with a root directory, an images directory, and a cgi-bin.

How a Server Works

The relationship between a website server and a web surfer’s browser is called a client-server relationship.– The browser is the client and receives finished content

from the website server.

When a page is ‘requested’ by the client, the server determines the file type based on extensions, performs any processing, and transmits the file to the user’s browser.

How a Server is Structured

Browse to LoudOffice.com/class/empty/ to see how I would structure a website.

The number of subdirectories I put on a site depends upon the number of pages I expect to have under each category.– I use subdirectories for categories with multiple

pages.

I try to separate HTML pages, images, “active media”, programs, and databases.

Homework #1

As we said, the class project will be a simple personal website.

Your assignment will be to decide on the content of your site (sections) and to jot down some ideas for each of the sections.

Before the next class, you should have completed the index.htm (Welcome) page and the interests page (to be named interests.htm).