getting from dna to proteins. information flow in cells protein cb 5.26
DESCRIPTION
a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein The relationship between DNA and genes promotercoding regionterminatornon-gene DNATRANSCRIPT
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Getting from DNA to proteins
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Information flow in cells
Protein
CB 5.26
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a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein
The relationship between DNA and genes
promoter coding region terminator non-geneDNA
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Five Perspectives about Genes:1. Genes act as units of heredity2. Genes are seen as a cause of disease3. Genes code for proteins4. Genes act as switches, controlling
development5. Genes are replicators (selfish gene)
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Genes act as units of heredity…storing and passing on information.
CB 14.15
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Genes act as units of heredity…storing and passing on information.
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Genes are seen as a cause of disease
Mutations in the gene GPR143 lead to one form of albinism (http://www.albinism.org/publications/what_is_albinism.html)
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Genes are seen as a cause of disease
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Protein
Genes code for proteins
CB 5.26
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Proteins are the “doers” of the cell.They act as:•Enzymes•Structural Support•Transporters•Signals
Genes code for proteins…
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Genes act as switches, controlling development
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Genes act as switches, controlling development
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Genes are replicators(selfish gene)
CB 21.7
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CB 19.4
Viruses infect living cells, take over, and produce more virus.
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Bodies are vessels for the transmission of genes
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a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein
The relationship between DNA and genes
promoter coding region terminator non-geneDNA
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Five Perspectives about Genes:1. Genes act as units of heredity2. Genes are seen as a cause of disease3. Genes code for proteins4. Genes act as switches, controlling
development5. Genes are replicators (selfish gene)
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Protein
Genes code for proteins
CB 5.26
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Chains of DNA nucleotides store information:
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CB 16.7In cells, DNA is a double-stranded helix
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?
4 nucleotides in DNA
20 amino acids in proteins
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How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?
If
Ratio(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations
1:1 41 = 4
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How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?
If
Ratio(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations
1:1 41 = 42:1 42 = 16
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How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?
If
Ratio(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations
1:1 41 = 42:1 42 = 163:1 43 = 64
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CB 17.4
Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
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How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?
If
Ratio(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations
1:1 41 = 42:1 42 = 163:1 43 = 64
There are more possible combinations of nucleotides than amino acids: redundancy
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CB 17.5
the Genetic Code
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Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a single nucleotide change in the hemoglobin gene CB
5.22
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Changes in DNA can change the protein
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CB 17.4
Changing the number of nucleotides in a gene is more dramatic than changing a nucleotide
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The fat cat ate the rat.change one letter
The zat cat ate the rat.
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The fat cat ate the rat.change one letter
The zat cat ate the rat.
The atc ata tet her at.
delete one letter
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CB 17.4
Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
What does RNA do?
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Protein
RNA moves the information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where the protein is made?
Both proteins and RNA are involved in the processes
CB 5.26
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Differences between DNA and RNA
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CB 17.4
DNA is long and contains many genes;RNA is short and represents one gene.
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Only a small percent of DNA codes for proteins
CB 19.14
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DNA Composition:In humans:•Each cell contains ~6 billion nucleotides of DNA.•This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide.
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Width of DNA
Length of human DNAin each cell
The length of DNA in each of your cells is longer than you are tall.
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DNA Composition:In humans:•Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA.•This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide.•~1.5% directly codes for amino acids•~25% is genes•In a single human cell only about 5-10% of genes are expressed at a time.
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Information flow in cells
Protein
Fig 5.26
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Fig 13.5
As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to the next generations.
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Mitosis Fig 12.6
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DNA replication precedes cell division
Fig 12.6
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DNA nucleotides come in pairs Fig 5.27
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Complementary base pairs suggest how DNA replication occurs
Fig 16.9
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When DNA is replicated, mutations occur.
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Fig 13.5
DNA must be replicated before it can be passed on. How it is passed on and how it gets modified impacts evolution.
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Mutations: Sickle-cell anemia Fig 17.22
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Correlation of malaria and sickle-cell anemia
Fig23.17
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How do individuals and groups with different genes arise?
Evolution…
What is it?
How does it occur?